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Northern Star (1837-1852), 12th September 1846, Edition 1 of 3, Page 7, Untitled Article

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      Untitled Article

      - And I mil war , « leaitin Tverdf , ( An 3—should mj dunce so happen—dee ** , ) Withal ! whowarwith Thought !" -1 think I hear a little bird , who sing » Tie people by and by mil fee the stron ^ r . "—Biion . REVEL A TI O N S OF RUSSI A . so . ec . Peiss of matter compels us this week to confine OUrselTes to the following extract . Oar readers will Snd compensation for this brevity in the " Report , " g iven b e lo w , of "The Democratic Committee for Poland ' s Regeneration" : —

      5 CSSIAS 30 LDIEE 3 . In general the whole army of the line presents a -very -wretched appearance ; the dirty brownish grey great-CO » tF , the asaal habiliments of the soldiers , their sallow complexions , their half-starred meagre frames , and the mean appearance of their officers , are far from offering an imposing spectacle . With the imperial guards the case is different : His seen fertbe first time at a review , they itrike the beholder almost with awe ; for though he may hare seen many finer regiments than any which pass

      before him . nowhere in the world can he have seen so large a hod ? of fine-lookinR troops together . The impelial jmard , which has always been the hobby of the Bagelan sovereigns , and 1 b so peculiarly of the present Emperor Nicholas and his brother Michael , consists of 41 , 000 infantry and artillery , and ef 15 . 000 cavalry , and , -with fhead ition of the regiments of the young guard , or grenadier corps , does not fall far short of 120 . 000 men . The force is stationed in ihe government of St . Peters-Irargb , principally in and about the capital , and is under the command of the Grand Duke Michael .

      The guards , the picked men from the whale army , are all either fire feet eleven inches in height , or exceeding that stature . On the first View an observer is struck to find them all dark , and bearing to each other as remarkable a similitude as the sheep of a flock . When his eye wanders orer thousands of faces , he cannot readily point Out one man who might notpasi for brother of the one most dissimilar to him ; thoy getm as if nature had moulded them all by ukase , according to a given pattern ; and the precision and uniformity of their attitude and equipment , make one man look the reflection of the one beside him . This similitude of personal appearance lie afterwards finds to be tnuch owing to their general dusky

      and sallow complexions ( probably produced by the excessive warmth of the artificial atmosphere in which ihey live , and the abnse of tbesteam-bath ) , as well as to the black moustache , of exactly the same cut and trim , 4 nd which , whatever its original colour , receive ! the same dark gbRsby being anointed and plastered with an -onctnous compound , something similar to our English . oart-grease . This is applied by order . An " ukase " alao £ xea the length of a soldier ' s or an officer ' s hair at a Bagels triith , and determines on which side it must be brushed , and how loir the whiskers may be allowed to invade the cheek . These orders are the same for the . general as for the drummer .

      As long as we see these soldiers of tbe guards em . bodied , they are very imposing . High of stature—of martial , tbongh rigidly stiff carriage—they are clad in tasteful uniforms , of which the materials , though coarse , have been fashioned with all the skill of art , and fitted to each man individually ; they are worthy of having -come from the hands of the late King of Prussia , of whom ihe Empef * Alexander said that Fortune had spoiled an admirable master-tailor in giving him his crown . There is ona effect , however , strikingly ludicrous , in the attempt to improve the fignreB of brth soldiers and officer * : —their trovers are tightened so much by a band at tbe waist , that the stomach

      protrndrs roost ndsracefully , particularly in the soldier , vbo eats enormous quantities of his black bread . When we com ? to examine the soldier after the review , without his " making up /' we are surprised to find bow miserable a creature be is—how meagre , narrow-chested , and ill-shaped—what a want of muscle , sinew , and elasticity to animate that great body , which reminds o ; . e of an overgrown schoolboy—how different from the healthy cheek , tbe athletic form , and tbe symmetrical figure of Our own lifr-guardgman . There is carcely in these re . gimentF , which are considered as the pride of the im"perial army , one man in ten whose shape Is not glariHgly defective .

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      POLAND'S REGENERATION . The nsnal monthly meeting of the " Democratic Committee for Poland's Regeneration , " was held on Wednesday evening , September 2 nd , at the Bull ' s Head , Uew Oxford-street . In the absence of the President , Mr Ernest Jones , occasioned by illn «?? , Mr . Thomas Clark -was called to the chair . Two additions wre made to the Committee , Dr . M'Donail . rnd an infiuv ntial Polish patr-ot . The bringing np of the "Monthly Report" was postponed for one week . The Secretary read a communication from the continent , -which excited an interesting conversation , in the course of which much valuable information on the state of Poland and prospects of the cause , was imparted to the Committee by the Polish members . The meeting then adjourned .

      On Wednesday evening . September 9 th , the committee re-assembled . Much regret was expressed at th&cinse of the President's absence—severe Illness . Mr . Christopher Doyle was called to the chair . The Secretary brought up and read the " Monthly Report , " which will be found below . On the motion of Mr . Kean , seconded by Mr . Moy , the report was unanimously adopted . It was then resolved that the report should be sent to the Northern Star for pnblieaiion . and that a pamphlet edition with the | addition of other interesting matter , should be printed . On the motion of the secretary , seconded by a Polish member of the committee It wa 3 unanimously resolved : —

      ThatMr . Christopher Doyle , member of this committee , being about to visit Scotland ; and Messrs . T . Clark and P . 11 'Grath . also members of this committee , beinij about to visit different parts of England , the said members are hereby authorised to represent thwjeommittee , and are instructed to employ their effortsin making knowi its organisation and objects , obtaining the adhesion of " honorary members , " and otherwise aiding the Polish cause for the advancement of -which this committee is established . Mr . Dotle promised for himself and Messrs . Clark and M'Grath ( unavoidably absent ) that to the best « f their power the resolution should be acted up to . " It was then resolved that a copy of the " Monthly Report—No II" ( when printed ) be seat to each member of the late Chartist Convention . The committee then adjourned till Wednesday € venins , October 7 tb .

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      MONTHLY REPORT OF OCCURRENCES IN POLAND , A ND FACTS CONNECTED WITH THE CAUSE OF POLAND'S REGENERATION . No . II . August , —September , 1 S 4 G . Since the publication of the Cenraitiee ' s Re p ort for Julv , further revelations of the

      MASSACRES IN GALICIA , € xcited by the Austrian government , have been made known to Western Europe . Letters from the survivors , and personal statements from the lips of some who have escaped frcm the scene of carnage , prove beyond dispute the guilty participation of the Austrian despotism in those organized murder 3 . The subject ha 3 attracted the attention of the British parliament , and the atrocious acts of the Austrian government have been unanimously condemned by both houses . In the course of the debate in the House of Peers , on Tuesday , August 11 th , Lord Beaumont , speaking of the proclamations issued by the authorities of the circle ot Tarnow , offering rewards for the noble 3 dead or alive , said : —

      The result of the proclamations he had alluded to was , that the peasants rose , not immediately against tlieir ' ovm masters , hat peasants not in immediate connexion with the proprietors rose against them , and people from a distance marched to attack distant castles , merely for" reward . Xnmbers of peasants traversed the countrv , attacking castle after castle , inassaereing men , -women , and children . lie had seen letters from some of the survivors , describing these horrid scenes ]; one from the only surviYins memtiersfa&inih ( the daughter ) who bad seen her father and mother murdered . Another was from an individual whose wife and a ! l his children had been murdered . He had a list of names of families who had thus suffered : in one no less than SO or GO individuals , including servants , had been put to death , one alone surviving . Lord Kinnaird in the course of an able and patriotic denunciation of the oppressors of Poland , said —

      When in April last this subject had been brought before the house , confidence in the character of Prince iletternicll was pleaded as a reason for disbelieving such atrocities . Ye t now they were admitted to have taken place ; and it was established that horrors had occurred wowe than anything which had happened in the French devolution . The government of Vienna had conferred rewards upon those who had issued the orders which authorised the atrocities , and bjsd doing th # v had rendered themselvesresponsiulefor the atrocities themselves . It appeared that the prisons were ' opened , and the

      peasantrv were encouraged bj the local authorities to massacre the nobles . He would mention one of these atrocities , to show that the perpetrators were instigated by the authorities to commit those acts , and that the ? had Since been rewarded . A gentleman of large property in the neig hbourhood of Tarnow observed a multitude approaching his place of residence . He at first thought this was some insurrectionary movement . He was soon undeceived . The first attack was made upon hU steward , who was murdered . They then attacked his house . Hii wife rushed down to appease them . They knocked her down . He . rushing to her assistance , was struck down .

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      A child , too , was slain , and the assailants were on the point of slaying a lady who was with the family , when , taking her fop the lady ' s maid , they suffered her to escape ' and desired her to lead them through the house that the * might search—for what ! For knivesnhich tht prefect ofTarnawhadtoM them thU and other Tidbits had to cut tht throats of thetwuant * . Such horrors as those were ftar ' ful to describe or contemplate . One of those unfortunate victims , the wife of the owner , had to drag herself a abort distance from the house . The multitude afterwardj

      returned with carts for the bodies . Why ? That they might obtain tbe price offered for every head . They were accompanied with gendarmes , and the living having been thrown into the same cart with the dead , and removed from the scene of slaughter , the perpetrators of this outrage dug a larg e grave , and were on the point of casting the owner ' s body into the grave when symptoms of Ufa were discovered ; his wife implored them to save him . AH this took place in the presence of gendarmes . But thev cast him alive into the grave : they buriedhimalivf . Had notthe Gawrnmentat Vienna rendered themselves

      parties to such deeds , by rewarding those who first stimulated the outrages This subject also occupied the attention of the House of Commons , on Monday , August 17 th , when the Austrian atrocities were denounced by several members of that home . Mr . Monckton Milnes quoted the proclamation issued by the authorities ot Tarnow : — Would the house believe , that an order to such an effect as the following had been promulgated on this occasion I " I call upon the inhabitants of this district that th ? y take possession of all tbe turbulent spirits therein —that , armed with their scythes and their hatchets , they shall deliver up such parties to the government ; and I am anthorised for this service immediately to gite to

      those who so deliver these parties up a sufficient recompense . " Could they wonder , therefore , that such an order as that would be followed by tbe most disastrous and injurious consequences I But that was not all . The peasantry were told to bring these people to the government , if the 5 could , by fair means , but to bring them at all events ; and the local authority who gave this order , declared that he bad been fully authorised to do so . How had that order been followed % No less than 1 , 478 proprietors and individuals had been brutally murdered and brought to the government . Of these there were between seventy and eighty priests , the teachers and religious instructors of the people of the district . A large portion ef them also were ladies . These were historical facts , and they were uncontradicted .

      Lord Palmerston admitted the truth of these atrocities , and added , that " they were without examvl in tbe modern history of Europe . " In proof of what was asserted in these debates respecting the rewards conlerred by the Austrian Government on the directing assassins , we refer to an order of the Emperor of Austria , dated the 18 th of July , conferring on the prefects of the districts of Tarnow and Przemysl , in Galicia , MM . BreineVon Wallerstern . and Gzetch Von Lindenwald , the cross of the Leopold order , frei of the usual tax . The same order elevates the prefects of Wadowitze , Bochnia , Sandetch , and laslo , MM . Von Loserth , Bernd , Bochinski , and Przybyl-9 ki ( without paying the tax ) , to the rank of

      "Noblemen . " Well may the Reforme add to this " order " : — " Tarnow , Bochnia , laslo ! what frightful recollections they evoke ! These dens of assassins wanted for their hellish renown nothing but this official consecration by Government . The civilised world may now know that the Austrian Government has officially honoured and ennobled the prefects of Galicia who ordered and directed the slaughter , received the corpses of murdered Poles , and paid the assassins . " The latest accounts from Galicia assert the discovery of a new conspiracy , and the arrest of three "French emissaries , " who are incarcerated in ihe prisons at Lemberg . The

      MILITARY COMMISSION AT CRACOW , headed by the Austrian general , Castiglione , appointed to investigate into the events at Cracow in February last , has given notics of the termination of its inquisitorial proceedings . 1250 prisoners were examined . Of these 830 were set at liberty ; 200 have been delivered up to Austria and Russia ; aud 220 remain in prison in Cracow , to undergo a trial before a Civil Commission . This commission will be c o m po sed of two Prus sia n , two Austrian , a nd two Russian members , with an Austrian functionary acting as Chairman . Each member will have thus to invtstfeate the case of thirty-six accused . It is supposed that a whole year will elapse before the termination of the trial . This would be very serious ,

      if the judges were impartial ; but , when the trial is to be conducted by enemies , the length of " prevent i ve im p risonmen t" may prove a benefit in comparison with the dreadful captivity by which it will probably be succeeded . It 13 stated in some of the German papers that a correspondence has been discovered at Cracow between the prisoners and the emigrants . " A spirit of discontent" is said to " reign" in that city , and the Austrians , who still occupy the city , are constantly on the alert to prevent an outbreak . Fraro Posen we have but very meagre intelligence . M . Jarkowski , the Director of the Establishment of General Credit of the province of Posen , was arrested on the 1 st ot'July , and taken to Sonaeburg . M . Kournatoffski , who was arrested and put in prison

      at Sonnenhurg , just after the last insurrection of Posen , for publishing a revolutionary lithographic print , attempted to commit suicide by stabbing himself in four places , but was expected to recover . The Prussian Minister of the Interior haa refused his sanction to the publication of five monthly journals in the Polish language . From Dresden ( Saxony ) we learn that Tyssowski , ( member of the provisional government in the late outbreak , ) is still in prison , and still the object of an interchange of notes between the Saxon , Austrian , and Russian cabinets . Russia demands his extradition and banishment to Siberia , or at least his detention in a Russian fortress until the entire pacification of Poland , which means imprisonment and torture during his life . We have now to notice the DESIGNS AND CRUELTIES OF THE RUSSIAN TYRANT . It has long been the established pofty of the Tsars to represent themselves to Europe as the friends ot the peasantry , whom in their own dominions they were anxious . to emancipate , but were prevented doing this by the opposition of the Russian nobility . It is notorious , however , that the Russian nobility were long since coerced by the Tsars , and that since tha failure of their ^ insurrection in 1825-26 , they have been reduced to utter impotency by the present Emperor . If , therefore , Nicholas desired the desj truction of Russian serfdom , he has but to will it , and the work will be forthwith accomplished . But instead of this we find him the largest slave-holder in the world . The whole number of serfs in the

      Russian empire amounts to forty-five millions , ot these twenty-one millions are " owned" by the Emperor as his " private property , " the remainder being the " property " of the Russian landlords . The Ru-sian serf is as much a Slavs as the negro worker in Cuba . The Rus s i an Emperor has s h own no i nc l inat i on t o liberate his own serfs ; on the contrary , he has watched every opportunity to add to their number , bv confiscating the estates of the disaffected and suspected amongst the proprietors , and adding the serfs of those estates to his own immense stock of miserable slaves . Remembering these simple facts , the European public will be better able to comprehend the motives of the Autocrat in putting himself forth as the liberator of the peasants of the " kingdom of Poland . "

      For some time past the German papers have contained rumours respecting tne intended liberation , by Nicholas , of the Polish peasants throughout the " " kingdom of Poland . " This " Report" was already prepared when we became informed of the following facts ;—The Warsaw Gazette , of the 23 th of August , publishes an ukase , signed by Nicholas , abolishing certain feudal services to which the Polish peasants have beeu hitherto subjected , and setting forth other provisions relating to them . The following are the principal clauses : —

      Peasants in towns or villages , who cultivate to tke extent of at least three acres of laud , shall henceforth , as long as they fulfil their obligations , enjoy a life interest in those lands . and the proprietor shall not take the land from them , or increase the charges thereon . The peasants shall be free to move from one estate to another , provided tUey fulfill the police regulations , and give three months notics of their intentions . The proprietor of the estate shall , within two years at the farthest , place other peasants en the lands thus abandoned , and shall

      notincorporate the said lands with those which constitute his signorial estate . The Council of Administration shall suppress in private domains all feudal services which are not established by law . The Council shall recommend to the authorities to watch that the obligations enforced towards the lords do not exceed those winch , after the suppression of the feudal services , not established by the law , are founded on valid titles , ana which , existed previous to Jan . 1 , 184 C . Tkey are also to see that in trials between the lords and the peasants just ' ee is equitably administered .

      This pretended " liberation" is a fraud , not intended to benefit the peasants , but to deceive Western Europe . We must defer until our next Report an exposure of this imperial juggle . We are confadert that from the best sources , and by the revealment of " facts , " wo shall be able to prove that this ukase confers but little good upon the peasants , while in some some things it adds to the restrictions previously imposed upon them ; that it adds to me power of the police , who will uso that power to oppress still more both nobles and peasants ; and lastly , that the great object of the ukase « s to impose upon Europe the false idea that Nicholas uesi * ns the elevation of the Polish people .

      If anything more ia required to exhibit the profound hypocrisy ef the tyrant Nicholas , s uffic ie nt proof will be found in the following facts . The Ruusianised Polish provinces of Volhynia , Podolia , anil Lithuania are , at this very time , under martial law . What atrocities are going on in those unhappy provinces we know not , but there can be no doubt that the usual barbarities attending Russian martial law

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      are not wanting . In the " Kingdom of Poland " from thr . e to four hundred prisoners arrested at tbe « ime of ins late iT- nts at Cracow are suffering und < r the infernal tortureg to which the patriots are invariably subjected . Some idea of the fate of theBe , < ur unfortunate brothers , may be gather d from the following extract from a letter from Warssw , of the 27 th of Augi-s : — Yesterday the Warsaw Conner published a new ukase from the Emperor , which states that all persons condemned to hard labour for life in the Kingdom of Poland , and even all those condemned to hard labour and to imprisonment for stated periods , if their imprisonment has yet five years to run , shall be sent to Siberia . The first-named shall he employed for 20 jeara in the mines . and shall be colonists for the rest of their days . The others shall be employed in mines or at fortifications for the half of their time which their punishment would have lasted in Poland , but they are also to remain for the rest of their lives in Siberia .

      We must here warn the friends of Poland against the plottings of certain emissaries of the tyrant Nicholas wh » are prowling over Europe preaching up what they call Pantlavisnm , that is the unity of the w hol e of the Slavonic nations under the sceptre of the Tsar . We understand that this idea is also propagated by a few miserable Polish aristocrats who have the astounding effrontery to recommend a voluntary union of Poland with Russia , ! Some of these are rather to be pitied than condemned , being frightened out of their wits by the lamentable excesses in Ga li ci a , and therefore ready to throw themselves into the arras of any power capable of affording them protection . Some , however , have a worse m o tive for their p ractical tre a son t o Pol a nd ; t h e know that the rest o ration of P o lish n a ti o n a lity must be accompanied by the ascendancy of democracy and the destruction of " caste "; and , rather than see this ,

      some of the Polish aristocracy would for ever renounce their nationality , and own themselves slaves to the Tsar . In justice to the Polish nobles , we must add our conviction that the above sections of Pllilo-Russian Poles , both combined , number but a miserable minority of their class . We do not think it necessary to do more than allude to this subject , and that chiefly with the view of directing the attention of the Polish democrats to the machinations of these emissaries and traitors , so that their abominable conspiracy may be nipped In the bud . Further comment from us cannot be neoded . The idea of an union of Poland witn Russia is too preposterous to ho seriously entertained ; we might as rationally suppose the union ef the lamb with the wolf ; or the dove with the vulture , as suppose the possibility of Poland voluntarily uniting with her relentless and merciless enemy and oppressor .

      We must now briefly glance at the recent occurrences in other countries connected with the cause of Poland . The recent tour of the Sultan of

      TURKEY through his Danubiaa provinces , was followed by a letter from Nicholas to the Sultan , in which the Tsar inveighs against the Poles located in the European provinces of the Turkish empire , asserting that they are engaged in a conspiracy for " the destruction ot all law and order . " This attempt to enlist the Sultan in a line of policy eminently Russian , for the pretended maintenance of bis own authority , had been preceded by an imperial protest against the hospitaity whiek distressed Poles received inServiva . The Porte is well aware that it is not Polish , but Russian intrigue that it has to dread . It affords us sincere gratification to record more reverses of the Muscovite arms in the Caucasus , and renewed

      VICTORIES OF THE CIRCASSIANS . The late splendid enterprise of the renowned Schamyl has been ( as is the invariable rule ) represented by the Russian gazettes as a "defeat . " Letters from Constantinople show the falsehood of this tatement of the Russian papers . Schamyl descended from the mountains of Daghestan , with 30 , 000 men . lie has entirely swept away all the Russian colonies alonsthe river Terek , which have been established for forty yeara . He ha 3 crossed the Terek , and opened a free communication with the chieftains of Great and Little Cabardah . which has ended in a

      complete fraternization , and an extensive insurrection against Russia , of provinces that have been long under h e r q uiet domini o n The apathy of the British government as regards this war of Russia against Circassia , is as criminal and suicidal , as it is dishonourable . Should the independence of Circassia be ultimately overthrown , there will be no obstacle to the march of Russian supremacy in the East . As that supremacy could only be based upon the ruin of prostrated nations , we hail with joy every success achieved by the gallant Circassians over their ruthlos s invaders .

      We should here state a fact not noticed by any of the English journals . Schamyl recently published two proclamations , the one was on the occasion of Uis learning of the recent Polish outbreak ; when addressing the Poles in the most fraternal spirit , he urged them to maintain the struggle against their common enemy ; the other proclamation was addressed to his own people , decreeing the suppression of all hereditary inequalities . Those two proclamations prove Schamyl to be no mere barbarous warrior , but on the contrary the worthy leader of a nob ! e race fighting for independence , fre e dom , and pro * press . Address to the Electors of

      FRANCE , whichi besides appearing in the Northern Star , was also published in the He / orme , National , and several other Trench journals . The 200 , 000 electors of France have elected such a body of representatives as for corruption and political profligacy , never before assembled in the Chamber of Deputies . From these deputies Poland may , therefore , expect nothing but lip sympathy and practical enmity . Nevertheless , this Committee regard their " Address" as having been not is 3 ued in vain , if it effected nothing more than the informing our French and Polish brethren , that the Democracy of England do heartily sympathise with Poland . Tliat this sympathy is appreciated

      by our Polish brethren , is proved by the address of " The Central Committee of the Polish Democratic Society" established in France , to this committee , which was published in the Northern Star of August loth . To the "Democratic Society" we return our acknowledgments , and pledge ourselves to unceasing : exertions to aid their holy cause . We must also notice the generous sentiments of the Refornic and National , which journals hailed the address of this committee as unfolding "the basis of those democratic ideas on which the future much-to-be desired union of the people of both countries ( France and England ) is to be founded . " May such a union be speedily effecte 1 ; one of its great objects must be the restoration and freedom of Poland .

      As regards the DEBATES IN THE BRITISH PARLIAMENT on the occupation of Cracow ( from which we have above quoted ) , we have to complain that nearly all the speakers expressed views of the Polish question far too limited to be either just or generous . Mr . Hume insisted that England for her own honour ought to insist on the maintenance of the treaty of Vienna towhich she was a party . Now we recognise the treaty of Vienna as only another " act of partition , " to which England to her own dishonour was a party , although she reaped no share of the spoil . We re p u di ate t h e treat y o f V i enna , and further , we assert that the British Government is longer bound by it . Lord Palmerston said , "It was impossible to denv that the treaty of Vienna had been violated

      in the late transactions at Cracow , and he hoped that the Governments of Austria , Russia , and Prussia would recollect that if the treaty of Vienna was not good on the Vistula , it might bo equally invalid on the Rhine and on the Po . " Now , if two parties enter into a mutual contract , and the first part ; wilfully violates the engagements of that contract , it is clear that there ia an end to the contract , and that the second party . is no longer bound by it . This is exactly the position in which England stands towards the " three powers" in relation to the treaty of Vienna ; ' and we trust that the Parliamentary friends ^ . of Poland will insist upon thi < incontrovertible fact . The British Government boing released from all further recognition of the treaty of Vienna , the Government is certainly at liberty to question the original acts of spoliation under which Poland was dismembered , to which the British

      government was not a party , and which the British people have never failed to protest against . Unlike some of the Parliamentary advocates of the Polish cause we cannot express our satisfaction at the speech of Lord Palmerston , we are , therefore , g lad to learn that it is the intention of Dr . Bowring to bring the question o { Poland ' s full and entire national restoration before the next session of Parliament . Before Dr . Bowring introduces his intended motion , this committee purpose to take measures to obtain an expression of public opinion of the British people on this question , through the medium of petitions . We trust that our friends throughout the country will bear this in mind , and that when Parliament again assembles they will be prepared to aid in procuring such a manifestation of the public sympathy , as shall convince the government of the pro-> riety of obeying the national voice , in demanding

      THE RESTORATION OF POLAND , AND ENFORCING THE RIGHTS OF THE ENTIRE POLISH PEOPLE . Ernest Jones , President . G . Julian Barney , Hon . Sec . London , September 9 th , 181 G .

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      THF FRENCH IN ALGERIA . AmoBgat ; the most determined enemies of the b ! £° V n n- lca ' are t ( > ^ enumerated the Ka byles , rSfT *^ ^ , ? ran 2 M of the Le 33 er AtlM , * TL «! " Mor ° cco . Of different race from the Aratw , they are believed to be the aboriginal inhabitants Of Northern Africa . Secure in their wild valleys , they have ever preserved their independence Carthaginians , Romans . Van d als , Arabs , all faile d to subdue them ; and although some of the tribes , whose territory is the least inaccessible , are now partially under the rale of the French , the maritime range , from the east of the Metidjahto Philippeville , remains unconquered . Their numbers are inconsiderable , roughly estimated at eighty thousand . This would give a fighting population of at most from

      sixteen to twenty thousand men ; but that small force has been found efficient to preserve from foreign domination the almost impregnable fasteneasea in which they dwell . Although the tribes wage frequent war amongst themselves , a common enemy unites them all . The attachment of the Kabyles to their country and tribe is remarkable . Like the Swiss , or the Spanish Galicians , they are accustomed to wander forth when young , and seek their fortunes in other mnd 9 . Kabyle servants and labourers are found m all the towns and villages of Northern Africa . But if they learn that their tribe is threatened or at war , they abandon their situations , h owever a d vanta g eous and h as t e n h o me , and to arms . They are very brave , but barbarously cruel , giving no quarter , and torturing their prisoners

      before cutting off their headB , Their weapons are guns six or seven feet long , pistols , and yataghans , chiefly of their own manufhcture , and the materials for which are found in thpir mountains , where they work mines of copper , lead , and iron . In their rude way , and considering the badness of their tools , they are tolerably ingenious . Amongst other things , they make counterfeit five-franc pieces , sufficiently well executed to take in the less knowing amongst the Arabs . Their industry is great , and , besides the valleys , they cultivate the steep mountain Bides , forming terraees by means of walls , such as are seen in the vineyards on the Rhine and in Switierland . Possessing few horsey they usually fight on foot ; and in the plain , their untutored courage is unable to withstand the

      discipline of the French troops . Their charges are furious but disorderly ; and when beaten back , they disperse to rally again at a distance . In the mountains , where the advantages of military organisation llftYe less weight , they are sturdy and dangerous foes , fighting on the guerilla plan , disputing each inch of ground , and disappearing from before their enemy only to fall with redoubled fierceness upon his flank or rear . No foreigner can penetrate into their country , and even Arabs run great risk amongst them . Not long ago Captain Kennedy informs us , a party of Arab traders suspected by the Kabyles , of being in the French interest , were

      murdered to a man . Most of them understand ami speak the Arabic , but they have also a language of their own , called the Shilla or Sherwia , whose derivation it has hitherto been impossible to discover . They profess Islamism , but mix up with it many superstitions of their ancestors , and ascribe certain virtues to the symbol of the cross , which they use as a talisman and tattoo upon their persona . " It would seem from this , " observes Captain Kennedy , " that at least the outward forms of the early Christians had at one period penetrated into the heart of their mountains . " That , however , like all that relate to the p arly history of the Kabyles , is enveloped in doubt and obscurity .

      A barbarous practice , prevalent in Algeria , before the French invasion , is still , Count St . Marie tells us . adhered to by the Kabyles . The ampu ' ation of a limb , instead of being surgically performed , is effected by a blow of a yataghan . The stump is then dipped Into melted pitch to stop the bleeding . The barber is the usual operator . Until tbe French came , re gular physicians and surgeons were unknown in Algeria . Besides the Zouaves , the French have raised various other corps expressly for African service , Conspicuous amonjjst these are two regiments of light cavalry , composed of picked men , and known as the " Chasseurs d'Afrique . " They are mounted on Arab horses : and in order to obtain a sufficient supply , each tribe has to furnish ahorse as part of its yearly

      tribute . The arms of the Chasseurs are carbine , sabre , and pistol ; their equipment is light ; their uniform plain , and well suited to the nature of the service . Wherever engaged they have greatly distinguished themselves , and are proportionately esteemed in the army of Africa . The reputation of the Spahis stands less high . These consist of four regiments of native cavalry , under the command of the Arab general Yussuf , whose history as related by M . St . Marie , is replete with romantic incident . It has be ^ n said that he is a native of the island of Elb , i , and was captured when yet a child by a Tunisian corsair . Sold to the Bey ,, he was placed as a slave in the seraglio , and there remained until an istrigue with kis master ' s daughter compelled him to seek safety on board a French brig , then about to join tho fleet destined to attack Algiers . He made the first campaign as interpreter to the General-in-Chief . His talents and heroic courage rapidly advanced him , and when the first regiment of Spahis was raked , he waa

      appointed its colonel . Previously to that he had rendered great services to the French , especially at Bona . when that town was attacked by Ben Ai ^ su . Landing from a brig of war with Captain d' Armamly ami thirty sailors , be threw himself into the citadel , then garrisoned by tho Turkish troops of Ibrahim , the former Bey of Constantina , who professed to hold the town for the French Government , but had left his post . The Turks rose against their new leaders , and would have murdered them , but for the energy of Yussuf , who killed two ringleaders with his own hand , and then , heading the astounded mutineers , led them against the besiegers , who were totally defeated . The exterior of this dashingchicf is exceedingly elegant and prepossessing . When at Paris he vsa called "le beau Yussuf , " and caused quite a furor , especially among the fair sex . His portrait may still be seen in the various print shops , aide by side with Lamariciere , Bugeaud , and the other " sreat suns" ( if the " Armee d' Afrique . "

      The first foreign legion emp loyed by the French in Africa was transferred to Spain in 1835 , and there used up , almost to a man . Another has since been raised , composed of men of all countries—Poles , Belgians , Germans of every denomination , a few Spiniah Carlists , and even two or three Englishmen ; the legion , like most corps of the same kind , is remarkable for the reckless valour and bad moral character of its members . The Polish battalion ia the best and most distinguished . The others are not to be trusted ; and only a very severe system of punishments preserves something like discipline in their ranks , where adventurers , deserters , and escaped criminals are the s taple commodity . Bad as they are , they are eclipsed by the condemned regiments , mown bv the sl ang name of'' Lea Zephyrs . " These

      are punished men , considered ineligible to serve again in their former regiments , and who are put together on the principle of there being no danger of contagion where all are infected . A taught hand is kept over thf m ; they are insubordinate in quarters , but dare-devils in the field . It will easily be imagined that the duties assigned to these convict battalions are neither the most agreeable nor the lonst perilous . At present , however , a detachment is employed on no unpleasant service , the care of an e . xlerimental military farm near the camp of El Arrouch , in the district of Constantina . Here they cultivate a c < nsiderable tract of land , both farm and garden , breed cattle , and supply the colonists with seeds , fruit trees , and so forth . Workshops are attached to the farm , for the manufacture of

      agricultural implements . The men who work as artisans leceive threepence , and the field labourers three halfpence , in addition to their daily pay . " Since the commencement of t « c experiment , " says Captain Kennedy , " the offences that have been committed bear but a small proportion to those that formerly occurred during a similar period in garrison . " In these < iays of reform in our military system , might not some " hints be taken from such innovations as these ? If employment is found to diminish crime amongst a troop of convicts , it might surely be expected to do as much in regiments to which n < i ¦ stigma is attached , and the vices of whose members are often solely to be attributed to idleness and its concomitant temptations . —BUtckwood ' s Magazine for September .

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      THE CAFt'RE WAR . The South African Commercial Advertiser of the 20 th of June , received by the Guard , Captain Paiue , arrived at Liverpool , which on her voyage from Zanzibar called at the Cape , contains the following official dispatches relative to the engagements with the Caffces on the frontier .

      OFFICIAL DISPATCHES . Fort I'edilie , June 8 , 184 G . Sir , —I have the honour to acquaint you , for the information of his Excellency tho Comniander-in-Cliief , that hairing directed sixty waggons to proceed this morning to Trompetter ' s Post under an escort of 250 mra , I felt it necoisury to make a diversion with tho troops in the direction of the Iirnals of the chief Stock . I accordingly detached u force of 300 native infantry , under CaptainSize , 100 Fingoes under Field Captain Syraons , accoii )|> ai ) icil by i body of the Fort I ' eddie Fingoes under the cliiel" Tan > 5 » u > into this 151 ui > River last night , with orders to nioru at Jaylitfhl up Ihu valleys of Touka mill

      Miinciraftnii streams , between Trompotter a and Oommittus . I moved with two- gans under C »() t : iin Drown , Reyal Artil e » y , one troop 7 tli Dragoon Guards , -under Capt . Sir II . DdrrelJ , 100 Cape Mounted Hitles under Captain Napier , Field Captain Lucas , Free Troop , and 100 of Commandant Miller ' s Burghers , to the uead of the Tocka stream , in the direction of Stock ' s kraal , at six a . m . This morning , and at half-past seven o ' clock 1 observed a largo l / ody of the enemy at a short distance below us , having horsos and cattle with them . 1 immediately advanced the guns and Cape Mounted llilli-s to the attack , supported by the troop of 7 th Dragoon Guards , detaching U \ c Burghers tQ my left ttank , and

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      having thrown out a strong body of skirmishere of the Cape Mounted liifles , Captain Brown opened his guns on the enemy with effect . The enemy commenced a sharp fire against the advance , which was returned by the Cape Mounted Rifles , and the attack was continued for Borne time . Observing the enemy endeavouring to escape to our right I moved with one gun of the 50 th Cape Mounted Rifles , and one division of the 7 th Dragoon Guards , towards the kraal of the chief Stock , to intercept them , and about ens hundred and fifty of the enemy ,, who were posted there , retired into the bushy kloofs iu

      the rear . I destroyed the chief ' s kraal , leaving the burial hut of the late chief Eno untouched . At half-past seven o ' clock the infantry I had detached to the Manenzana kloofs made their appearance on tbe heights and passed over Into the Tocka valley . Whilst tUe movement was going on , Captain Donovan headed a gallant attack on the enemy with a small body of the Cape Mounted Rifles and some of the Free Troop , rushing on the enemy , ho was immediately surrounded , but being well supported , he cut his way out , killing five of the cuemy and taking all their sung .

      The Native Infantry and Flngoes , having got into the valley , attacked the enemy in the most spirited manner , killing several and capturing twelve horses . The enemy made several attempts to escape to the right , but were immediately driven back b y the George Burghers , who behaved with great spirit , taking four horses ana two guna from them . At half-past 12 o ' clock , finding the fire slackening , and the enemy beaten and retiring , I assembled the force , and proceeded up tbe Tocka , crossing the small neck of land which separates the Tocka from the Gwanga itreain , in order to off saddle and refresh the horses . Immediately on rising the ridge , the flankers obnerved some of the enemy running across the flaU , and on moving rapidly ' with the troops I came suddenly on a lar £ « hoiy of Caffres , al leasi 500 strong , who were evidentlv

      proceeding to join the others in the Tocka valley . I im . mediately advanced with the whole of the troops . Major Gibson . 7 th Dragoon Guards , who commanded th « cavalry force , with Sir II . Parrell ' s troop , made a brilliant charge upon the enemy ' s column , the Cape Mounted Rifles , under Captain Nnpier , flanking them , and riding in amongst the enemy . The troop were « o mixed with the enemy that the gun could only open once upon them effectually . The enemy retired across the flat as fast as they could , endeavouring to seek shelter among the thick thorns of the Gwanjja , at Buck-kraal , but the attacks of the troops was so vigorous and well-directed that it was inpossible they could escape , and the enemy was de . fented with great loss , leaving upwards of 200 dead nn the field . About 100 stand of arms , 20 horses , and a very large number of bundles of assagais were cap . tured .

      The troop of the 7 th Dragoon Guards , under Captain Hogg , and a party of the Cape Mounted Rifle * , undci Ensign Philpotts , who ivera sent out from the Fort b , v Lieutenant-Colonel Lindsny , made a diversion on our flank , and turned those of the enemy , who were endea . vouring to escape by the Kieskamtna , killing six strag . glers and taking four horses . The loss on our side has been 3 officers wounded , 7 privates of the 7 th Dragoon Guards wounded , 1 corporal of the Cape Mounted Rifles killed , 1 Free Troop wounded , 1 Finpo killed and 3 wounded . . Total—16 tvouuded ant ] 2 killed . I have the honour to be , Sir , Your most obedient servant , H , SOMRSET , Colonel , CommamHiv ; , ' the Second Di . vision of FieM Fon e . Lieut .-Colonel Cloete , K . H . D . puty-Quartermaster General . Graham ' s Town .

      Sinca the receipt of the above dispatch , Colonel So . merset has reported that the enemy attacked by him on the 8 th inst ., in the Fish River Bush , has evacuated it , and retired across the Kieskamma . Our patrols had eaptured a few head of cattle and two horses .

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      RELIGIOUS DISTURBANCES AT MADEIRA . Madeira , Aim . 17 , —The religious agitation which has been carried on in this island for some years , has at length led to the committal of some serious outrages against Dr . Kalley , and other Protestant British and Por . tuzuese . On the afternoon of the 2 nd of August , the Canon Carlos Telles , accompanied by a mob of the lowest rabblu in the town , assaulted several individuals , men and uro . men , who were said to have been in the housu of the Misses Rutherford { two English ladies residing fat'i'e far their health ) , for the purpose of rending the Bible and praying . The priest , with a crucifix in his hand ,

      commenced the affray by beating one of those persons who was quietly walking home . At night the same mob broke into the house of th ; Misses Rutherford , and und-r the pretence of searching for heretics , rummaged all the premises , * ven to the chamber where one of the Indies was lying dangerously ill . The pjlice , on being called to interfere , entered the house and pretended to endca . Tour to restore order , but it was evident that it was their intention rather tn encourage than queil the riot ; tluee men only out of nn immense crowd who filled the house , were taken up , and even these were allowed to escape umierthe plea that they were quietly passing by at the moment , and were only accidental spectators .

      On the Monday and subsequent days it was publicly talked of In town that a large mob intended , on the Sunday following , to attack the house of Dr . Kalley , destroy and burn his property , and put the Doctor forcibly on board the English steamer , which was expected to arrive on that day , and thus expel him from the island ; the signal fnr the gathering of the mob to be a rocket fired from a certain house in tho town . Sunday noon the expected rocket was fired , anri an immense mob , armed with clubs , began to gather on the Praca Constitucional , and very soon afterwards commenced their march to Dr . Knlley ' a house . It is hardly credible , but not the less a fact , that they were accompanied in their march by the civil governor and police-mastir , the brother of the latter being one oftlie principal rioters . Arrived at Dr . Kalley's house they forced open his doors , broke into tliehouse , destroyed his furnitxre , opened every chest , drawer , and closet in the house , threw all his li . brary and papers into the street , and set fire to tliem . The soldiers offered no resistance—th « mob had evertliing

      their own way ( the civil governor and policemaster being present , and in the house all the time ); and such a scene of ontrage ensued as would disgrace the darkest age of monkish persecution . Fortunately the doctor had luft the premises some time before , owl find while they ware engaged in the destruction of his house , fcffeeted his e . icape on board th » English packet steamer . When the mob were informed that he was already safe on board , they compelled the English Consul t > pvocetd on board and produce the doctor , that they might be convincoil of the fact , threatening violence to his ( the Consul ' s ) person and property if he refused ; the consul , thus compelled , accordingly did go on board , and induced Doctor Kalley to appear to those who had gone off in boats . Since then no inquiry has been made , no proceedings liave taken place against the authors and perpetrators of this most infamous act ; and such is the panic , in oonscquence of the shameful apathy and connivance of the authorities , that several English families have already gone on board the vessels in the roadstead , in order to be secure from insult . —Chronicle .

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      ¦ 1 UH" PROSPECT OF AN EUROPEAN FAMINECRITICAL STATE OF FttANCE-SCARCITY AND ISCENDIAltlSM . The Pretse states , on the authority of a private correspondent , that—Wo arc about to outer on one of those calamitous years in which the ordinary resources are not sufficient for the food of the people . The wop of 1845 ( adds thu Pnsse ) is entirely exhausted , and that of 1 S 46 has produecd less than n fair average . The rye harvest lias so completely failed throughout Franci ? , that it will scarcely produce sufficient for the ensuing year . Some fiiniKTii have not thrashed their crop , as they found it WOUld not pay the expense . Wheat is , in general , of

      good quality , out , contrary , to the expectation of the farmers , tho produce is less than that of the year 1845 . The oats have been scorched by the sun in several d < - partments . They are inferior in quantity ar . d quality everywhere , but particularly in the departments where they serve for the food ot the inhabitants . Dry vogo . tables , such as pens , beans , and lentils , will no * produce a sufficient supply for the ensuing winter . Cabbages and carrots are exceedingly scarce . Potatoes have , been , attacked with the prevailing disease in twelve departments , and cause serious npprehvnsions far the future , So much for France . Let us now ctnminu tbe prosum

      in foreign countries . In Uelgmm there are no coin , plaints of the harvest , but it will not produce any oyitplus for exportation . In Holland no decline in the >> riee of provisions is expected . It is further > ai < l , that in the opening of the States General , the Government will demand an extension of tho bill passed last year to . ? iicouniBC the importation of foreign « rain . PortusaJ is in .- , inued with an approaching famine , ami Spain is . loo poor to assist her neighbours . Switzerland will be ciniipt-Hed . to seek provisions ft om abroad . Amongst tUa countries which commonly export corn , Poinerania hiss no whesi > to spare . Mayence cannot suffice for the flunnnds ar Switzerland and of Alsace . Ali-sandrla snd Odtsaa have no wheat in their stores , and the piic * s were j ^ nc rally rising even before the failure of ilu ? potatoti crop in Ireland was known . It may , therefore , be asserted as a . general proposition , that Europe is . placed in a aim-CUlt position with respect to the supply of hen-

      populntioM . France , partieuWly , has ruitstai to be . scriousl } 1 uneasy , lid us suppose , in tact , that the present harvest is merely bad , and that even if we do not take into account the loss of potatoes and other vegetables , we should require , accoi ding to tho calculf . tions of M . de Muiuveran , li supply of CQyn for MUi > , rt » ys , But to this deficiency of fifteen days , we nius c add at Icist fifteen days more taken by anticipation from the crop uf 1845 . Franco must , therefore , ti ' . nl a month's supply from abroad . We must , I'onscqn-ji . tly , import during tlu > course of the year , 0 , 000 , 000 hectolitres of grain . Hut nil Europe has iievtr colleuteil iu he * stores move thun 14 , 000 , 000 of hectolitres for sale—merely a ti-ifl .- more than double the quantity j \ which Fiance has need to c . mplctc her stock of com . lint let us admit that fi > - vc un countries can supply us with the graia nccrssar ) until next harvest , " > nd lot us see whether our merchants are capable of fuelling the duties of a national purveyor . Wa can refit ; to oue year iu which the imports ap-

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      proached to the amount required at present . In 1832 , we imported food for twenty-one days , amounting to * , 7 G 7 , 796 hectolitres of corn , weighing 3 J , 5 G 3 . OO 0 metrical quintals . There irero 3 . S 75 ships , of i « least 100 tons each , employed to convey this grain . This year wa must import one-third more , and we may add that this immense enterprise will require a capital of 120 . 000 . OOOf ,-and that the consumer * , nu » t » opport :. surpl us of expense to the amomnt of 30 . 000 . 000 f . Had we wished to pene . jtrate into the details of the com trade-bad we taken into calculation the influence ot tho deficient mode of communication , or tho poverty oMhe small comumert , and of tha rapacity of speculators—the picture would appear overcharged , and we shonM defeat our object ; but it is sufficient for us to have demonstrated that the situation of the country is grave , imd merits the anxious attention of tne Government . A firm and provident activity will be sufficient to overcome all lirHieul ' . ies aud tocarry us to the next harvest .

      The Ji ' eforma states that the progressive rise in the p rice of wheat has caused a corresponding rise in the price of flour in the Paris market . Letters from Paris state that Irish appears not in the market . Meat is- extr » va < Rantly hu * h . The finest piece ( fi ' eld ' aloyav , the ' Sunday sida" of tho sirloin ) to Us 36 sous ( 18 ' , 1 U' 9 pound . ; pood veal , 'J 2 s-ua . Bread 19 rising ; Ve » et : iblt ; s ( jujuild price—the best potatoes , for example , are three francs ( half-a-croivny the boisseau , or stone of 14 d . ; epgs , 14 d . the dozen ; everything else in proportion ; and bear in mintl that we are yet only at the commencement of September . The most alarming incendiary fires lirtvR lately ravaged the north and east of France , and tin evil seems to be on the increase . The Constitutional

      says—Incendiarism continues to scatter deeolation througft a very extensive portion of France . Alter having been for a long time concentrated in the basins of tbe Saouna and Yonne , it is penetrating gradually into the surrounding provinces . Catastrophes multiply , and sometimes under very singular circumstances ; now an isolated divelliriff becomes a prey to the flames , and nw half a village is consumed—again a five brinks out unaccountably in a wood . Districts which , after hnvins suffered frightful ravages , seemed to have been relieved from tlm scourge and restored to peace am 3 security , suddenly becomes the theatre of renewed visitations . At times thu progress of the tire is stopped by prompt ? . nd judiuious measures , but too often the disaster is complete . The Quotidien 7

      iesnys—The scourge of fire is / jrndunlly gaining ground , and , like the march of the cholera , sevmi to spare nothing ia its way . From the Yonne , whireit caused such great ravages , it has passed on to the Cote-d"Or , and has now reached the Cher , ft invaded the srat of tiie Countess deMontalivet , and we now learn that it has deTnstnted a forest belonging to the Count de Chambor . l , in tha Haute Marne . At the present day , as in the first months of 1830 , thtre is a deep mystery in these fires—on ¦ of those hideous seer ts which defy all the intelligmce of honest men to discover . The drought of the summer .

      the imprudent use of uhemiual matches , iti fuct all kinds of secondary causes have been suggested as a reason for this Btatii of things . This might suffice to explain rites when they ar » scattered up and down , but which give * no explanation at all uh » n the Hamps : > re seen to devcur a department , and where tliis is preceded bj written threats . For a tew letters sent by Imaiin : ? school-boys , er other silly people , there are a great many others that bear a serious character , and betray a guilty origin . Up to the present day , the police have noi been ablo to maka any discoveries , nor the armed force to prevent tha evil .

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      DEGENERATE STATE OF PERSIA . Tabris , ^ June 30 th . —The Government is in a most woeful stnte , and it has here become almost proverbial that no Government , properly speaking . cap be aaid to exist . The Shah is a weak , invalid prince , who ia governed by his Prime Minister , Hadgi-Mirza-Aghassi , in whose hands tbe pow -r of the State has fallen , and who plays tl-. e part of a rodent . He has also a number of favourites , ehitfly Makulis . i . e . natives of Maku , a fortified plnce on the Turkish frontier , whence the Ilailui himself comes . The most important offices are ¦ riven to these Malkulis , who often , under his influenco , are appointed to high places , even in their childhood .

      The Court of Teheran is at present divide *! into three parties , who are each at enmity with one another . These are—the party of the Walint , or heir to the throne ; that of the mother tn the Shah , which is believed to be the most influential in the country ; and finally tho Madia ' s party . It may thus be believed that the power of the latter is not quite so unlimited , and that he cannot effect everything . However , this division of parties explains the state of anarchy , of disorder , and internal dissolution in which the country ia p ! un » ed . M . irrovrr . tl !

      of these , Bebram Wmm , the successor of Karnmun Mirza in the important post of Governor-Genera' of Aierbijan , has lately given a proof of this , he having cut down the magnificent trees at Kelat-Puscl-fin , a pleasure castle belonging to the Crown , a farsang and a ha'f from here , and pub'iuly sold the timber for , 800 tomfins , and pocketed the proceeds . The m ilitary administration is in as miserable a state . While S 00 pieces of cannon are headed up at Teheran for the pleasures of 'he IJ ; ld » i , there Are only three pieces here at Tiibris , the mo » t pnpuioua and most important town in the kingdom , and the nearest point to the frontier ; and these guns even are kept in the old fortress , the Ack , where they are not the least earthly use . The garrison here numbers about 200 Serba < $ e 9 ( theiv a > ' 6 » o other tf » oj > 3 . ) who usually do duty in the Shaiizide-Mek ' fm , tb . 8 court yard before the paUice of the Prince Governor , In , bearing , clothes , equipment , and even arms—for

      the arms are of native manufacture , and a ba > i imitation of European . inns—nothing win bo imagined more lamentable and unsoldierlike than them , and I have not the slightest doubt that the regular troops oi the Khan of Iiockara would make a far more imposinii figure . There is not a proper number of soldiery here for the defence of the town , and yet the state pays about 1 G 0 . 00 O Servnsso-s at the rate of a tonifui ( Us . ) a month to the privates , or rather tho state grants the money therefore . As , however , scarcely 20 , 000 of these so-eallcd regular troops are in active service in the whole kingdom , the rest being allowed to stay at home , and nominally called out once a week to exercise , a great part of " the pay remains in the hands of the Sirdars , Mimba » lii- - , and other Makulis , or favourites of the lladgi , or probably even comes to the iiadgi , under the rubrics of uniform , equipment , &c .

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      announce that the extreme heat had entirely dried up tho country parts . The peasants could find no water for their cattle , which were perisliing of thirst and nuiking the air resound with their erics . The s-hepherds saw their sheep dying daily b ( -f- > re their eyes for want of pasturage . The govmnmnt was occupied in dispatching water tn the dist'icts which suiVeivd most from tltfr drought , at a certain rate , of quantity per family . In some parts of t '; e country water was sold at the price of w ' u e . The capital alone was exempt from the Pi-ifterin . s of this ox ' raordinary drought , which had already led to tumultuous movements among the people . A vulgar oi'iniop had spread that . Mount Vesuvius had dried up all the water in-the country sin-rounding it . The volcano was emitting neither iire nor s < mfkr , and this cave rise to the fear of a sudden and humble eruption . Jtwasstatodth . it she volcmui was throwing up from time to time quantities of boiling water .

      A 1 ttiA'ca Kissed in a D < : kl .-- Guatz ( S-itria ) , Auq . 23 i . —Owing to > nn ulti rcatinn which took plnoe at » ball between the Prince of Tour ; ind Taxis , Lieutenant-Col , of Hussars , and Captain Selsnedt , df the Infantry , a meeting with pistols tr . ok place , and the former-was killed on the ! -pi > t , Inning re » ceived the bullet of hismivsrsary i » U ebrenst . The event caused a painful sensation at tir . iiz . DRKADF'JIi . A-GGIDUSS AT UiMBl'ltOH . — dl th& morning of ' the 31 st ulc , while thu wuikme at tli& Hamburgh Theatre were imisving to its ; lace & splendid bronzechaiidielierior . ' . nr , ikhts . just roughfc to London ,. nnd-wftigliLug aU-vft . lit . Sllljli ! - ' ., tllO llVia broke , and the enormous-mass , filling to tht roi !» cL wns broken to pieces , critshimr two hiii ^ u-mum who had gome over to superintend its beins ; suspcii led .

      PviHSiDENT we- - the ( ITkjjfki * States . —The following description of tilts ofHce iitnL ^ ualilicatioiM n ijuiriid tW ttie Presidentship of the tniteii States , way be fannd of inJciTst ,. as . it describes tbe p : \> viy ,, | . rivi-. feges , anil profits , attaint ! ' * ' to that vosiiinn . It is noted from Kaight ' s- Pditicol Dictiuimi v : ¦—The ¦ execut ' nci } -pnwun-is-seated in ii President , w ' jo is comlnandorsn-chiuf of the lumy and navy , collects and disburses the kcvlmiiw according to law ,, ami makes treaties with foreign natim ? , but in tlis-t-x-ivise of tho treatj-waking power , the cuncuneiiti : cftvotjiiirds . o £ the senators present is squired , lie nominates and , with thu advice ami mms ' iit of the SenatCj appoints ambassadors , othev public- min-. istcrs , and consuls , and judges t \ the Supreme Court , and other inferior uUiem .. lie has also a qualified negative on the laws tuacted by the two

      Houses , which becomes absolute uidos it U subsequently countervailed by two-iainls of each Ilnuse . He is provided with a readj-ftiwiishrd house , : tod his salary is 25 , 000 dol ' ars . \ ifi is chosen by a determinate number of electors ; lilt ? voteis in on-h S : ; ito elect as many electors as nrei'fjuiU to-ilo members which such State sends toboili Houses of Gi-iijress . Every State has its own electoral collete . inul all the colleges give thciv \ oles on tlio sunn ; day . aud UV ballot . The votes arc aent sealed to ti . e Piv . iai .-nt ot the Semite . If no person has a majority of the electoral votes , tho election devolves upon the House of Representatives , when all the reprrtenlaiivwota State give but one vote . Tlio President inustba thh ty-livevcars of age , and he is re-ehgibo tor . hte but the t » me has been never to electee « una person for wire than two terms ot lour j « a » eucll .

      Foxtiqn Ifttoements*

      foxtiqn ifttoements *

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      Trisce CzABTOhTsiu . —Lord ]) uuley Coutts Stuart has contradicted the statement published in the Frankfort Journal , to the effect that the sequestration which hid been laid on the property of the Princess Czartoryski , in Gallicia , had , in consequence of au august mediation ,, been withdrawn , but that the Prince , her husband , was to sign an engagement not to interfere henceforth iu Polish affairs . His Lordship says , " Those , indeed , can know but little of him ( the Prince ) wha can suppose for a moment that he would close , by the barter of his conscience for estates small in comparison to those he haa already surrendered at the call of duty , a life spent in the service of his country , andro aae Uj , 6 f saerificts in her cause ;

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      September 12 , 1646 . ¦ THU NORTHERN STAJ ?

      Grkat Drought Is Italy.—Letters From N-Iple3

      Grkat Drought is Italy . —Letters from N-iple 3

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), Sept. 12, 1846, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1383/page/7/