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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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a wAlms chance so bappen-deeds . ) ^ Swho ^ rm ttThonglitr vThe-ra UtfletM , trhosings I *** i . Twanfl to **" !»<» * testronger . "—Bsaos . wv &p * 03
AMERICAN AGRARIAN REFORMERS . jflE i 5111 ( Cmtinwedfrom ourlast . ) c-veial attemp ts we hare enumerated to bring Tn r ! tofi > and Monopoly and the universal right H& ifZfnre the people were not fruitless , although to lan d . facing the wished-for result At length , slo * ° ! * yjperons effort was made to form an Agraid I ^ K ^ md this attempt has been eminently « oct *^ ^ of March , 1844 appeared the first num . cThp \ Fap tes Rights , under the editorship of K ffindt and George H . Evans . 01 the personal ^ . nf these two patriots , the Gracchi of the JL - Jl movement , we fenow but very little . Mr . ¦* " * ;„ 1329 bad commenced a paper entitled The f ^ y . Van's Advocate , which had an existence of ^ Tirs daration , he appears also to have conso ^ J ^ Ih entitled the Daily Sentinel and The ^ . L t none of these papers ever came under our J& ? jn 1 S 36 ill health compelled him to retire fl 0 Von- York to New Jersey , where he CHltivated fcfiffll ' . i L 1 1 . * 1 J _ T _ art in
-msJlft " sresa P "J "" nauus . s of time this return to nature restored J ! r . SfZ la robnst health , but though he loved his farm - rd detested the iniquities and abominations of frlife lie felt called upon to make some sacrifice f ^ ej ' . nWie sond . Twelve years' experience { boy d inaii ) 33 a mechanic , followed by eight years of a life ' « f a practical agriculturist , had sufficiently T « n 5 l r - Evans that neither description of labour e adeqnately remunerated ; thus convinced , and S ^ not the less convinced of the grand remedy for AeefH he had witnessed in town and country , he def Lined , in hisown words . to " devote a few years ot Aen rime of life to an attempt to bring about a con-S flon of society more in accordance with the narinnal professions as set forth by Jefferson's immortal L , » Accordingly Mr . Evans gave up his farm and
Sftpcdto New York in 1 SA 4 , where , as above S ite d , fie started The People ' s Bights . Of Mr . yfodt , all we can say is , that Mr . Evans describes « pas " one of the best of printers and mo-t honest pd self-sacrificing of men . " We may here slate jjjt Tla People ' s Sights was started as a tri-weekly jjper , simultaneously with which The Working JIan ' s ' tfvmte ( under the same management ) was started j 3 a weekly paper . After some time the tri-weekly rasmerged into the weekly paper , and subsequently he title of Working Man's Advocate was changed to
• bat of Toting America . Mr . ± . vans Has continued i ditor of these papers to the present time . Mr . jfjjjijt dues not now appear ostensibly in the char- » cot of " editor , " but he continues as Treasurer to ^ e Reform Association to give active and efficient -jjfe ^ raovomeufc he assisted Mr . Evans to prpgnice . As one proof of the high estimation ia which ffr Win < 5 tmustbe held by his fellow-citizens , we mi mention that we observe his name in the National Reform Ticket for this year ' s Congressional ejection as candidate for the senatorship of New
Tfehave abovespolten of Messrs . Windt and Evans , « the Gtachii of the American movement ; weshonld ttcompany this by remarking , thai we know but jittle of their oratorical powers , as their speeches tat seldom appear in print ; but what the Roman { Jiachii wrought by eloquence of speech , Messrs TTindt and Evans , accomplish by unceasing action and tie eloqnence of the pen . We are not inclined to " man-worship , " or " hero-worship ; " neverthe-] 23 « e hold it to be a duty to yield honour to whom foDOuris due ; and to these two brave , good men . Tfindt and Evans , mainly belongs the glory of ori-• inatmg and organising the National Reform Party . At tie same time be it understood , we consider iheir noble compatriots—whom we shall » hereaft « r uinse—to have also " deserved well of their country " arf their kindnow and for ever .
, Li the Terj first number of the new paper , the editors of ThePcoptfa Right * manfully avowed their determination to agitate against the monster grievance of the present system—the monopoly of the soil . After showing that in Republican America the lafonrer does not receive the reward of his toil ; flat that equality promised by the great charier of independence is not realised ; that the fear of the lash in the South , and the fear of mnt in the North , were creating races ot roasters
and daves ; that in the hitherto free West , mercenary capitalists were rapidly buying up the public buds ; that even in the free states , crime and pauperism , prisons and poor-house 3 , are multiplying : jfersbowing these things , the editors of The Peoples Biolts proceeded to announce their plan to remedy fhee evils . As that plan was subsequently adopted in- the National Reformers , and continues to be the jrai and principal object of their agitation , we shall ai once quote so much of the plan as will enable our readers to comprehend its main features : —
EQUAL BIGHT TO lull . The leading measure that we shall proposo in this pper ii ffie eqtui right of every man to ihe free use of a tsfssnf portion of the earth to WJ for fiis tuisistence . If nan has a right to zive , as all subsistence comes from fe earth , he has a , right , in a state of nature , to a por-&n of its spontaneous products ; in a state of civilizatai , to a portion of the earth to till for his subsistence . lias light is now , no matter why , in the possession of a Gmpsrath-e few , many of whom possess not only a suffitkmy . bat a superfluity , of land ; yet we proposs not to fotst them of that superfluity against ' their consent . * TFsdinpljpropose , thatthe Inequality extend nofurther ; fiat Government shall no longer traffic or permit traffic fa that which is the property of no man or Government ; Satthe tana shall be left , as nature dictates , free to flie as of those who choose to bestow their labour upon it .
PB 0 POSITION . We propose that the public lands of the States and of feUaited States shall be free to actnal settlers , and to Ktaal settlers only ; that townships of six miles square Sail be laid ont in farms and lots , of any Tacant one of « ial anj man , not possessed of other land , may take jssesaon and keep the same during his life or pleasnre , oiirith the right to sell his improvements , at any fc ^ to a ny one not possessed of other land . On this plan , it will be seen , every man will be en .
ityUthls option , to apply his labour to the culbva-&nof the soil or in any other manner that may seem fet to him , with foil liberty to dispose of the fruits of fiat lalxrar in any manner that shall not involve a sanopaljof the land . As it is right that on the first KSkmait no man shall possess more than his equivalent ? a&ra , so it » just as right that all future generations &stiii have only an eqnal share . Therefom no man Satmufer his improvements to onetcho cHreadg possesses Siportion of faad . ht to theland
Should our proposition of an Equal Rig isaSopteo , either by States possessing public hinds , or h the United States , the size of the farms and lots , inio * Hnch a township may be divided , will , of course , be a « % ct of legislative action . Our plan , after consnltafenrith nnmerous individuals favourable to the princii \ fe , to divide the township into forms of one hundred sad sixty acres and lots ( for persons engaged in agri-^^ arej of at least five acres each , proportioned , as & 2 tlr as nijj bs , according to the last census . The above plan of a township makes provision for 160
fcmfliei of formers and forty of more of other occupa-&HS , say 200 families or 1000 individuals in a township . Biere would be some waste laud or water , and there * onM be some individuals worMng for others in order to iKthe means of commencing husinessfer themselves , so Sat ihere would probably be at least 1000 individuals in atwnship when fully settled ; and then , if we consider ^ capabilities Of improving the land , ana the advan-^ of co-operation , we can easily imagine how atown-% might support four of even eight thousand indivi fcis , by femffies to the third or fourth generation WlnotarilT remaining on the homestead .
In the centre square mile represented in our diagram , nightbelaid ont a public square , of about thirty acres , < s which might front about forty Jotsoffire acres each , baides which theremight be several lots of from 12 to 20 aae 3 eacb , which wonldprobably ha chosen bymecbanics ia manufacturers , whose bnsiness required more room than ordinary occupations . In the centre of the public fjaare , should be the Towh House , where all public business should be transacted , and where all public meetings might be held , every inhabitant of the township 6 ang within an honr ' swalk of the Town House .
The first number of " The People ' s Bights" contained a call for a public meeting at Croton HalL Xew York , of working men desirous to ameliorate tieircondition . This meeting took place on theSth « f March , ISM ; Mr . John Lawson , blacksmith , in the ciair , and Mr . Egbert S . Manning , Secretary-« ie meeting was addressed by several speakers , including Mr . Devyr * ( formerly of the English Korflgrn liberator , and now editor of the Albany jftiBemer ) and Mr . Mackenzie , the well-known Canadian "insargent . " At this meeting a committee was formed for the purpose of devising a basis ftt a future agitation for the restoration of the W-e ' s right to the land ; with power , so soon as ulttr 9 n » innnn . a _ _ a . * a r ^ wffm + £ * A tn QiimTTiflTi a
^ ger meeting . ilus ever-memorable meeting was called for and «* placeonthe 20 thof March , 1844 . James A . -TFoe wasappointed chairman , and George H . | Evans , f ^ stary . Messrs . Commerford and Manning , who " » e never slackened in their patriotic labours from ™^ hour to the present time , first addressed the ?* toig ; after which , Mr . Devyr brought up and zf tbe Committee ' s report , a document . reflecting S ^ t credit upon its authors . This document has ^ dy appeal i ^^ jn the columns of the r" »« n-SW ( of April 27 , 1844 ) , we would gladly rcf £ titin entire bnt its length forbids , nevertheless , g , . * extracts we deem necessary to render this „ " * something like accurate . « a « ng made dneinqniry into the facts , the committee ff satisfiea that there is a much larger number of ir ^ Dspeople conBreeated in the seabord towns , than
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— . - ** ^ - ^^^^^^ M ^—^^ M ^^ i can find constant and profitable employment . You committee do not think it necewary to enter into statis " tical details , in order to prove a fact that is not disputed by anybody . The result of this over-ropply of labour ii a competition among the labourers , tending to reduce wages , even where employment is employed , to a scale greatly below what is necessary for the comfortable snbsis . tenee of the working man , and the education of his family . It appears to your Committee , that as long as the supply of labour exceeds the demand , the natnral laws which regulate prices will render it very difficult , if not altogether impossible , to permanently improve the condition of the working people . enn "ftnti nnnctnnt nnd nrofitn'Hitk A «** ni « . .... < . i » __ r
The "Report" then shows that the causes which nave produced the above erils are becoming multiplied in number , and more powerful . At great length the prostration of human labour by machine labour is shown , and that the power of machinery is constantly advancing . The "Report" then asks : — "Where lies our remedy ? How shall we escape from an evil which His impossible to avert !" The question admits of an answer , simple , satisfac
ton-, and conclusive . Nature is not unjust . The Power nbo called forth those mechanical forces did not call them forth for our destruction . Our eefcge is cpon the Soil , in all its freshness and fertility—oo » heritage is in the Public Domain , in all its boundless wealth and infinite variety . This heritage once secured to us , the evil ire will complain of will become our greatest good . Machinery , from tho formidable rival , will sink into the obedient instrument of our will—the master shall become our servant —the tyrant shall become our slave .
In this Republic , all that the Creator designed for man ' s use is oars—belongs , not to the Aristocracy , but to the people . The deep and interminable forest ; tho fertile and boundless prairie ; tie rich and inexhaustible mine , all , all belong to the people , or arc held by the Government in trust for them . Here , indeed , is the natural and healthful field for man ' s labour . Let him apply to his Mother Earth , and she will not refuse to give him employment—neither will she withhold from biro , in due season , the fulness of his reward . Have we not boundless territories of unsettled , almost unexplored lands f Were not those lands created for the express purpose of furnishing us with food and clothing , and happy homesteads ! Have uot those Innds been redeemed from the British Crown by the priceless blood that flowed in our Revolutien ? Have they not been redeemed from the aboriginal tribes by monies paid into the Treasury by the productive cl asses of the whole Unit ed States I
Are they not ours , therefore , by every just right , natural and acquired ? On what principle , then , should they be withheld from us , their rightful owners ? -Already have we paid for them twice over ; wherefore should we be required to pay for them again ? Your Committee does not recognise the authority of Congress to shnt ont from those lands such citizens as may not bave money to pay another ransom for them . Still less do < ve admit their authority to sell the public domain to men who require it only as an engiue to lay our children under tribute to their children to all succeeding time . TVe regard the public land to be a capital stock , which belongs not to us only , bnt also to posterity . The profits of that stock are ours , and the profits only . The moment Congress or any other power proceeds to alienate the stock itself to speculators , that moment do they attempt a creel and cowardly fraud npon posterity , against which , a 3 citizens and honest men , we enttr our mo > t solemn protest .
The first great object , then , is to assert and establish the right of the people to the soil ; to be used by them in their own day , and transmitted—an inalienable heritage—to their posterity . The principles of justice , and the voice of expediency , or rathsr of necessity , demand that this fundamental principle shall be established as the paramount law , with the least possible delay . Your committee can perceive but one way of accomplishing those objects , and that it is by combination—by a determined and brotherly union of all citizens wbo believe the principles set forth to be just in themselves , and necessary to the public welfare . We propose , therefore , that such union be organized at once . It is onr opinion that all citizens who desire to join the ranks of the National Reformers shall have an opportunity- of doing so without delay .
After mature and anxious deliberation on the matter , we are unanimously of opinion that nothing can be effected without putting the National Reform Test to every candidate for legislative office , State and National . Any one who would oppose the measure of justice for which we contend is not a Republican at all—he is a Monarchist in soul , and we should treat him as such at the ballot box . " The " Report" was unanimously adopted , and eloquent speeches from Mr . Mackenzie and the celebrated Mike Walsh , closed the proceedings of this important meeting . On the 23 th of March , 1844 , the organization of the new partv was accomplished , by the adoption of a constitution and laws : THE AGRARIAN
LEAGUE WAS COMMENCED , THE NATIONAL REFORM ASSOCIATION WAS ORGANIZED , THE BANNER OF A "FREE SOIL" WAS US FURLED . ( To be continued . )
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MEXICO . ( Continued from the &ar of November 14 th . ) REVOLUTION'S . The invasion of Spain by Napoleon gave Mexico the same opportunity it gave to Peru , Columbia . and Bnenns Avres . and it was even more promptly seized . In 1803 the Spanish Viceroy was sent prisoner to Spain , and in 1810 Mexico rose and declared her independence . She was , however , troubled by the intrigues and arms of Spain till 1812 , when she fully established her independence . A revolutionary chieftain named Iturbide became emperor , under the title of Augustin I . ; but the title or the man were unsnited to the country , and he was banished with a pension . In the midst oftheconvulaiona whioh followed he returned , was taken pr isoner , and shot .
After the overthrow of the Imperial government of Iturbide , a national representative body met , and before separating , at the end of fourteen months , agreed to a federal constitution , embracing the original royal states of New Spain . It was proclaimed on the 4 th of October , 1824 The first congress under it met on the 1 st of January , 1825 , with General Victoria as president of the federal repnblic . Rulers were overturned , or replaced , or executed . After the execution of President Guerara , in 1831 . an exiled president , Pedraza , was recalled to serve out three months of his a'lotted term . Santa Anna succeeded in 1833 . Pronunciamientos and insurrections were vigourously , and not yery Mercifully quelled by him .
In 1835 , a " pronunciamiento" was published and quelled in Zacatecaa . A few days after this victory there was another , called the " Plan of Toluca , " which was generally believed to have been framed by Santa Anna . This plan was fatal to a federal system . It destroyed the constitution of 1824 . Tested the power in a central government , abolished the legislatures of the states , and changed those states into department ? , under the controul of military commandants and governors , responsible only to the chief authorities of the republic . This last bold act of Santa Anna , previous to his capture in Texas , formed in its principles the basis of the " Central Constitution " adopted in 1830 , instead of the federal constitution of 1824 .
When Santa Anna departed for Texas , Barrigan , whom he left in his absence as president , died , and Coro assumed the administration , until Bustamente ( a former president ) , whose friends had elected him to the presidency under the new and central constitution , returned from France , where he had lived obscure since his defeat at Tenhilon , in 1830 , by Santa Anna . . In 1838 , Mexia advanced towards the capital of Mexico with a considerable army . He was met in the neighbourhood of Fuebla by Santa Anna . Mexia was defeated , taken prisoner , and immediately shot , by order of Santa Anna . Soon after Vera Cruz was blockaded by a French squadron , and attacked by the French troops . Santa Anna , while following the French , as they retreated to their boatswas wounded in the leg .
, In August , 1841 , an insurrection was announced by the " projHmeiamiento" of Paredes in Guadalaxara , and enforced by Valencia and Lombardini m the capital , and by Santa Anna at Vera Craz . The " pnnunciamientcs " of those generals were succeeded bya month ' s contest in the streets of Mexico ; a bombardment of the capital ; some conflicts between the rival troops of the neighbourhood ; the downtall of Bustaraente ; the elevation oi Santa Anna to the provisional presidency , and the "Plan of Tacubaya » by the seventh article of which he was invested with dictatorialpowerf . . . „ . „ . Bvthis nlan . a congress was to meet in 184 i , to
form anew constitution . In June ot taat year , a corps of patrotic citizens , chosen by the people , met for that purpose ' . in the capital" The provisional prci ! ent , in a speech , declared forcibly his partiality for a firm andcentral government ; butthatbeshouid acquiesce in the final dWsion of the congress . In December , 1842 , after two attempts to form a system ef administration , the provisional president dissolved the congress , and convened a junta ot notables . This junta , headed by Santa Anna , proclaimed on the 13 th of June . 1843 , " the basis of political organization of the Mexican republic . " It W not called a constitution . ( Tobeconlinued . )
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¦^^ yyvyv ^ vvvvvwTVvvyvvvvs ^^^^^ ^ vwwyvw ^ vvvvvy ^ Tyi ^ INDIA . WAR IN CASHMERE . Despatches bave been received from Calcutta of the 8 th , and from Bombay to the loth of October . The Bomba > imils of the loth of October bring important intelligence . The British troops in the north-western provinces of India are in movement , in consequence of the difficulties in which the new Maharajah , Gholab Singh , is placed . In conformity with the provisions of the treaties last March , he . for some months , lias endeavoured to obtain possession of the Vale of Cashmere ; but he has eneountered unexpected opposition from Sheik Emaum-ood Deen , the son of one of his old confederates , who has governed that district during many years . The Sheik
has raised the standard of resistance to Gholab ; the latter sent a force to reduce him , but the Cashmerian mountaineers treat Gholab ' s forces and slew the commander . Sheik Emaum-ood-Deen has assumed the title ol Emir-ool-Moomenin . and has attempted to make it a religious war against the Sikhs , whether under Gholab , or under the Lahore Government . The Mahommedan tribes in the neighbourhood appear disposed to support the Emir-ool-Moomenin . Cashmere is known as a most remarkable tract to the north-westward of the Punjaub . It is healthy and fertile , and the inhabitants have long been celebrated for their industry .
The extent of Cashme is about 120 miles in length and 70 in breadth . It was annexed to the Dnoranee empire by Ahmed Shah in 1752 , and in 1819 , Runjest Singh subdued it by intrigues , and governed it by M .-ihonimedans ; after the defeat of the Sikhs in March last , it was ordered to form a part of the kingdom which the Governor-General conferred on Gholab Singh . The Vale of Cashmere has seven passes , through which it may he entered ; they . are scarcely passable for even horses . The son of the old Governor may seize those passes , and defy Ghnlab during the winter months , that is , until Mny next . While thus embarrassed by his new and refractory subjects , Gholab applied to tho British authorities , and they have sent a force of 6 , 000 men under General Wheeler , from the Jullunder Doab , to orcupy Gholab's capital , while he proceeds with nil his forces to put the rebellion down . To render the matter more singular , the British have persuaded the Government of Lahore to aid Gholab bv
despatching " 10 , 000 men to the passes ef Cashmere . The latest intelligence is that the Emir is makins prepnrations to resist , and that the British are about ? o move towards Cashmere . The winter is a fearful season in the passes , and it is apprehended that but little can be done in them until May next , if the Emir makes the anticipated resistance . A bloody revolution has taken place at Katmandoo , the capital of one of the most powerful Indian States . Nepaul has long been notorious for its fierce , wild inhabitants . The paramour of the Queen of that country was assassinated by a faction : he was a man of low ' birth and habits . To avenge his death she procured the massacre of the Priixe Minister , and of hundreds of other influential persons . She is the second wife of the Maharajah , and she is jealous of his eldest son by a former marriage . Her husband has fled , and there is a prospect of more carnase in that wretched country .
The Nizam's dominions present the usual picture of inextricable confusion .
POLAND . The Posen Gazette contains , under the heading of " Frontiers of Poland , October 18 th , " the following notice , highly important to all those whom business or any other motive may induce to visit this unfortunate country : — The police regulationsconcerning foreign visitors to the kingdom of Poland are very severe , and enforced , especially at Warsaw , with great rigour . Every foreigner , immediately after his arrival , is obliged to appear with his passport before the police , and to take with him all papers which can in any manner prove the business which has brought him thither . There he mutt declare the object of his journey , how long he proposes to stay , and with what persons he intends to hold any
intercourse . If he does not convince the police of the urgency of the business which he alleges as the cause of his arrival , he is ordered to quit the place immediately , and to cross the frostier or to return to hig place of habitual residence . Such a person is prohibited from speaking to any one before his departure . When , on the contrary , the authorities are satisfied tbnt the foreigner has business to perform , and is in no wise suspected , then he re . eeives a card of surety for as long a time as the authorities deem necessary for the accomplishment of his business , The leave to sojourn granted by this card is never prolonged , nnless extraordinary circumstances operate in favour of the stranger . From that moment the foreigner is not for an instant lost sight of . If the slightest trace is discovered of his departure fsom the line of business
he has declared his intention to pursue , or of his mixing with persons under political suspicion , or of hihating said a word about politics or government matters , then , if a native , he is immediately subjected to an examination and imprisonment , and , if a foreigner , is carried off by Cossacks to the frontier . We , therefore , advise foreigners who intend to visit the kingaem of Po land , to furnish themselves , besides a passport , with authentic documents , which will prove the object of their journey , and as soon as they will have touched the Polish territory to avoid an ; contact with persons unknown to then , especially if tbeBe persons talk liberally and openly , as n » ne is ' allowed to speak freely and witheut restraint to foreigners , but men belonging to the police , many of
whom are to be found in all places of public resort , in low as well at high stations of society . These men assume usually the mask of officers dismissed from the army , of commercial notaries , or agents , or servants out of place ; oftentimes they appear as young , handsome , and educated gentlemen , who fasten themselves upon fo . reigners , under the pretence of showing them the lions of the metropolis . Foreigners therefore ought to bsware of all men not having regular employment , whether the ; proffer their secret legal advisers , or as scents , or as servants " to hire , or as ex-officers . All this rabble note down what they hear , indulge in the expression of liberal sentences , and lastly draw up their police reports , and thus occasion innumerable evils .
Under the title of The Poles and the Protective Powers , the Democratic Pacifique of the 18 th , tell us : — It is rumoured that in Poland " , Prince Paskiewiteh , contrary to the stipulations of the Ukase concerning the mutual relations of peasants and landowners , has ordered the peasants to fulfil until the 1 st of January following , their duties towards their landlords according to former regulations , and that the execution of the new Ukase is to be postponed till the following year . The peasauts appear disposed to resist this new order of the Prince , the government therefore has resolved to call for military reinforcements from the adjoning provinces .
If we remember , the circumstantial newa published in our last concerning the disappointment felt by the peasants when this very Ukase , at the postponement of which they now manifest their discontent , was communicated to them , we cannot but recognise that the spirit of resistance against foreign domination which animates the Polish gentry , and renders them aware of the disturbing and oppressive nature of every government measure , whether it enacts new regulations or postpones and repeals them , animates equally the people , who henceforward will be the basis upon which any national movement will be founded . This inference is fully supported by the following document , extracted from the Iteforme of the 18 : — "A letter dated from Galicia , November 4 , and addressed to the Siuabian ikreury , contains what follows : —
However incredible the fact ntay appear , reports are current chat mutiny is spreading among the Polish nobility connected with the kingdonj of Poland and the grand Ducby of Posen . Measures nevertheless of such a nature have been taken , that any attempt at revolt will he put down instantly . The malcontents are blind enough to imagine that the peasants will co-operate with them . The bloodt lesson therefore they have received has been of no avail for their instruction . The peasants have been terror-struck by the promul . gation of martial law , which will be enforced with due severity , and extended even to the emissaries who excite the peasants and nobility to revolt . The ordanance respecting passports receives the most rigourous execution Individuals having no regular papers are provisorily in carcerated . " Trade and commerce suffer severely from the unsettled condition of the country .
The tone and spirit of this correspondence shows evidently the source from which it flows . None but an Austrian jovernment-agent would complain of the insufficiency of the bloody lesson given by a paternal government to their restive children . None of our readers will therefore be astonished at the exultation of the correspondent ) , at the [ rigorous execu * tion of inartiallaw , or deceived by the skilful manner in which he tries to insinuate that this martial law was directed against those bands of privileged murderers who slaughtered the patriots of Galicia . None of them has been , as far as we know , prosecuted for his crimes , but some of them have been beaten to death for confessing the truth as to the real instigators of the slaughter . Well may the peasants , who tGok no part in this horrible butchery , have been
terror-struck by the promulgation of martial law , threatening , not the culprits , but their victims ; and this very fact explains the hopes entertained by the patriots in the co-operation of the peasants , who are threatened by the same dangers with themselves , and therefore recognise tkat they are united with them in a common cause , and in a common struggle . No supposed blindnesscould explain hopes entertained by the victims of unmerciful slaughter in the generous benevolence of their executioners ! From the very admissions of the Austrian government organs , it is therefore evident that not only hope and energy are existing among the Poles , but that experience and the manifesto of Cracow have produced their effect , and that henceforward any national effort will be of a popular nature , and supported by popular masses .
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ANNEXATION OF CRACOW . h J *^' - ?*?¦ - -Tb " e ~! oin > wing ordinances have been published at Cracow : — . " We . jFerdinand of Este , by the grace of God , Emperor ot Austria , King of Hungary and Bohemia , u " 4 £ n n rt J peace "fTienna . ofthe 14 th of October , 1800 , had detached from our empire the city of Cracow and its territory , and had added it to tlw Grand Duchy of Warsaw , but which , in consequence ot the events of the war of 1812 , the Russian troops are reconquered , our father , the late Emperor Francis , 1 ., concluded with the allied courts of Russia ami Prussia a treaty , dated the 21 st of April and 3 rd of May , to the following effect : ¦ * ¦ ~ ' "
" Cracow , with its territory , shall form , for the future , a free and independant city , under the protection of the Three Powers . Nevertheless , the express condition , and the necessary supposition of that arrangement , will be the Strict neutrality of that free town , and the duty imposed upon it not to give an asylum to any refugee who is a subject of the Three Protecting Powers , but , on the contrary , to deliver them to the competent authorities . Nevertheless , an unhappy experience of sixteen years has proved that Cracow has not fulfilled the ' conditions of its independent existence , but that since the year 1830 it has been the incessant cradle of hostile intrigues against the Three Protecting Powers . To sudi an extent has this gone , that at the end of the month of February of the same year it became the theatre of scenes more violent and moredangcrojs than ever . After the government and the constitution liad been destroyed , and that the fate of the town was abandoned to a certain number of conspirators , who had Jaken the title of the
Revolutionary Government of Poland , and excited the inhabitants of all the aiwient Polish provinces to an armed revolt a « ainsfc the existing government , an armed horde made an irruption from the territory of Cracow into the states . It was therefore necessary once more to plnce Cracow under a provisional government under the military authorities , and to occupy it with the troops of tho Protecting _ Powers . These events having placed us in the impossibility of re-establishing the basis of the liberties and independence of Cracow , which had been broken by the enemies of the order , the repose , and the tranquility of Europe ; and penetrated at the same time by the duty of placing our faithful subjects of Gallicia , and the peaceful inhabitants of the town of Cracow itself , in a position of safety from the attacks of the revolutionary party , we have , in accordance with his Majesty the " Km * of Prussia , and his Majesty the Emperor of Russia , submitted to a serious appreciation the future fate of Cracow .
" With this view , deliberations have taken place with the special plenipotentiaries of the cu'ts of Berlin and St . Petersburg . The result of these deliberations has been a convention , concluded on the 6 th of November of this year , at Vienna , by which the Three Protecting Powers of the city of Cracow revoke and suppress the treatieaof the 3 rd of May , 1815 , and in consequence that- town and its territory return under our sceptre in the same manner that it belonged before the peace of Vienna , of 14 th October , 1 S 09 , to our late father and to our ancestors . It is _ on this account that we take possession of the said city of Cracow and its territory . We join it forever to our crown , and declare that it forms an inseparable portion of our empire ,. in which we incorporate it .
"We name the Count Maurice de Deyme , our chamberlain , member of the Council and Governor of Prague , our Aulic commissioner , for his taking into possession , and we seriously invite all the inhabitants of the town of Cracow , and of its ci-devant territory , in their own interest , to obey that Aulic commissioner sent by us , and also fco the authorities whom we confirm , and whom we establish anew . We invite them , besides , to follow punctual the ordinances made and to be made . " On the other hand , we promise them the
maintenance and protection of our holy religion , impartial justice , equal division of imposts , and full and entire guarantee of the public security to those who will render themselves worthy of our grace by submitting immediately to the present measure , which is in their interest , and by their fidility and their devotion to our house . We shall always he a mild Prince and a gracious Emperor , and we shall make every effort in our power to insure to them the benefits that their union to a great and powerful monarchy is of a nature to guarantee to the inhabitants of Cracow .
" Done to oar Imperial Palace at Vionna , the 11 th November , 1846 , and of our reign the 12 th . " Ferdinand ( L S . ) "Charles Coust de Jazaouk , First Chancellor . "Francis Baron de Pillersdorff , Aulic Chancellor . " John Baron de Kruckzka , Vice Chancellor . " By the special order of his Apostolic Majesty . "Francis Ciievamer of Wadhenry , Aulic Councillor . " The following proclamation has been issued by the provisional Governor of Cracow : — " Field Marshal Lieut . Count de Castislione , entrusted provisionally with the government of the free city of Cracow , by the Three Protecting Powers , has announced in their name'that on the Gth instant they drew up and signed the following convention : — ¦
" Considering that the conspiracy which in the month of February , 1 S 4 G , led to certain events in the Grand Duchy of Posen , was a project arranged at a distance , with the assistance of numerous accomplics in tLat country : —considering that this criminal faction took arms at the time agreed upon , commenced hostilities , and circulated proclamations which excited the minds of the people to a general revolt;—considering that Cracow became the seat of a central authority which assumed the name of a revolutionary government , and that this government issued ordonnances for the direction of the insurrection ; considering that all these circumstances have put the city of Cracow into a miserable state of war , which would have authorised the three courts of Austria , Prussia , and Russia , to use all the rights
which a state of war gives ; considering that upon this one ground the three courts aforesaid might have disposed as they thought proper of a territory which had taken a hostile attitude against them * ; but , in eonsidcrinp also that the intention of the three said powers is not to subject the city of Cracow to the law of the strongest ; considering that where there is so great an inequality of force , such law . ought not to come into operation ; considering that it is no longer a question for an act of retaliation against that city , nor for its punishment , but that tlie high protecting powers only desire to reestablish peaee and order in the territory of Cracow , and have not any other object than to protect their subjects from a recurrence of events which have so seriously disturbed their tranquillity ; considering that bya treaty of peace concluded between them on the 21 st of April ( 3 rd of May ) . 1815 , the city of
Cracow , with its territories , was declared a free , independent , and strictly neutral city , and placed under the protection of the three high contracting powers , and that the three courts have desired to put into execution by this convention the articles relating to Cracow , in their several treaties of the 21 st of April , ( 3 rd of May ) , 1815 , of whioh one was concluded between His Majesty the Emperor of Austria , and His Majesty the Emperor of Russia ; and the other , of the same date , between the Emperor of Russlaand His Majesty the King of Prussia , but , considering that the existence of the tree city of Cracow , so far from fulfilliKg their intentions , has been a source of disorders and troubles , which for a period of twenty years have not only menaced the peace and prosperity of that free city , and the security of the neighbouring territories , but hnve further had for object to overthrow the state of affairs established by the treaties of 1815 : —
" Considering that numerous events of this kind , which are too generally known to render it necessary to examine them further , have entirely changed in its essence the nature of the condition of the city of Cracow , and that by proceeding contrary to the provisions of existing treaties . Cracow has on several occasion cast aside the duties which a strict neutrality would impose upon her , which proceedings have on several occasions led to the intervention of the Threo Powers , and that all tho modifications heretofore effected in her constitution , with a view of giving more strength to her goverment , have not been sufficient to prevent a recurrence to these deplorable events;—considering that the patient spirit manifested in the benevolent ordinance of the three governments , instead of leading to tho object intended , has only served to strengthen the irreconcilable
enemies ofBrder in their projects , and that the free city of Cracow is now become the focus of a new and extensive conspiracy , the ramifications of which extend in all the ancient provinces of Poland ;—"Considering that this culpable and disloyal project has been followed up by nn attack with open force on the part of Cracow , which has become the centre from which the spirit of revolt has sought to undermine the foundations of the interior tranquillity of the adjacent territories ;—considering , from this circumstance , that it appears that Cracow , as a political state , is evidently to weak to resist the continual attempts of Polish emigrants , which hold that city in a state of moral servitude , so that she no longer affords to the powers aforesaid any security against the recurrence of the attempts at disturbance so often made ;—
" Considering , further , that enterprises of this character are an evident violation of the treaty of the 21 st April ( 3 d May ) , 1815 , as also the second article of the act of constitution for the free city of Cracow of the 30 th Jlay , 1833;—considering that the convention above-mentioned concerning Cracow , agreed to by the three powers , were repeated in articles 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , avid 10 of tho general act of the Congress of Vienna , of the Oth of June , 1815 , solely in order that thut treaty might comprehend the various results oi the arrangements concluded in the course of particular negotiations between the governments ;—considering consequently that if the three aforesaid courts now agree to change in regard to
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pracow a state of thines upon which they were vol untarily agreed in 1815 , they are only adopting the exercise of an incontestible right;—"Considering all which precedes , and having taken into aerioua consideration the safety of their territories , so often threatened by the free city of Cracow , the three courts of Austria , Prussia , and Russia have agreed to the following resolutions : — "First , The said three courts of AustriB , Prussia , and Russia revoke the articles of tho treaties concerning the eitv of Cracow , agreed to , the one between his Majesty the Emperor of Russia and the Emperor of Austria , and the other between the Eillperor of Russia and the Kins of Prussia , and signed on the 2 lst April ( 3 d May ) , 1815 . "In like manner the additional treaty between Austria . Prussia , and Russia , of the sanio date , ii revoked and suppressed .
Secondly , In consequence , tho city of Cracow and its territories are restored to Austria , and reunited to the Austrian monarch , to be possessed by his imperial , royal , and apost'ilic Majesty , as it was previous to the year 1809 . ( Signed ) " CASTIGLIONE . " Craeow , the 16 th November , 184 C . " The Cracow Gazette of the 17 th publishes a lang account of the formal taking possession of Cracow by Austria on the preceding day . A salute of 21 guns was fired , there was a service at the cathedral , and all possible demonstrations were made by the Austrian authorities : The public buildinss were illuminated , but the reeling shown by the people was that ot deep melancholy . According to the Univers
tho Czar is preparing for the realization of all thy dreams of Russian aggrandizement which have been indulged in by all the Sovereigns of that empire since the time of Peter the Great . The Univers publishes a letter from Odessa , which states that the Emperor Nicholas had ordered the concentration of nn arm * of 160 , 000 men in Wolhynia . " Against whom , " asks the writer , " are these preparations intended ? Their object is surrounded with great mystery . Some believe that the Czar is intention carrying out the Pansclavism Bcheme , others that those armaments are intended for the Caucasus , where the Russian troops have of late sustained several defeats , and others connect them with the long-meditaied plan oi establishing the great Eastern empire . "
PORTUGAL . Til ? CIVIL WAR . By the arrival of the Polyphemus at P-rtemoutb , we have received news from Lisbon to the 17 th instant . Nothing of a decisive character had occurred up to that date between the armies of Snldnnha and Das Antas . A correspondent writes that news had reached Lisbon that the advanced guard of Saldanlia " had been completely beaten , with loss of ammunition , and the whole of theadvanced force taken ; and that Saldanlia had retired on Carregardo ( four leagues north-west of Cartaxo ) . It was known ( he adds ) , that Das Antas would not attack Saldanlia until the arrival at Santarem of the Conde rlc Bomfim , with the 5 th and Cth Cagadores and Cavalry , who were hourly expected , as well as General Ozorin , as the Coiint is resolved to have good general officers
to manoeuvre and attack General Saldanlia in that way that his force will be completely cut off from Lisbon . " In a postcript on the 17 th ho says— " It was stated at the last moment that thi > Conde Das Antas will attack Saldanlia on the lSih . " Great desertions , it was stated , were still talune place of the Queen ' s troopa to the enemy . The forces ot Schwalback had been routed by the Conde do Bomfim near Evora , and the former had fled to Elyas , and w ; is thus completely cutoff from nil communication with Saldanlia . All the Western Isles were said to have pronounced in favour of the popular movement . The prisons of Lisbon were full , but the arrests still continued . Findins that the public refused to take the papT trash of the bankrupt " Bank of Lisbon . " The Queen had issued the following decreu : —
" Art . 1 . Every person who shall reject a Bank of Lisbon note , when tendered in payment , shall incur the punishment of transportation , besides a penalty of from 50 to 100 milreis at the discretion of the Judge . " " Art . 2 . The same punishment and pecuniary penalty , will be incurred by all who shall stipulate for payments in coin , or who shall establish one price for payments in notes and another in coin . " " Art . 3 . All clausrs , conditions , and agreements already entered into , stipulating for payments in coin , are hereby declared null and void . " " Art . 4 . Offenders against the provision * of this decree shall neither be allowed bail nor trial by jury . " " Palace of Necessidades . ( Signed ) " The Quke » . " Countersigned by all tne Ministers . "
ITALY . A letter from Rome , of the 12 th , states that u erand dinner in honour of the possessn of Pope Pins IX . took place the day before in the Theatre Aliberti . About a thousand guests , including a number of persona who had been amnestied , were present , Several speeches were delivered and nieces of poetry declaimed , and loud acclamations iu honour of the Pooe were heard .
GREECE . Bn ' gandism is alarmingly on the increase . The Brigands have attained such a degree of nudacitv , that in the broad and open day they stop the citizens and demand from them ransoms . Piracy is also rife , several Jonian vessels having been pillaged by armed ruitians . The environs of Mount Parnassus are in fested by the famous brigand Meiissova , wlio vns amnestied under the boiiign Administration of M . Coletti , and whe has collected a powerful band of cut-throat ruffians roun < l his standard . As if the country was not kept in terror and disorder enough by btigaiulnge , the Government has added thereto by the outrageous proceedings which have ' taken place at some of the communal elections , la some places armed men have assailed the electors , dispersing those who Intended to vcte against the Government nominees , and at the village of Chryssapha three electors were killed . This is how M . ColeVti ' s Administration interprets the liberty of election .
TURKEY . HORRIBLE MASSACRE OF TIIE NESTORIANS . Constantinople , Nov . 9 . —Despite the anxiety of the Porte to . keep from the public knowledge all the details of the frightful massacre which has jus = t been perpetrated in Kurdistan on the Nestorians , by Beder Han Bey , I have learnt some particulars of this dreadful event , on the substantial truth of which you may rely , whatever small incorrectnesses may be mixed with it .
Beder llan Bey , not deterred by the demonstration the Turkish government had made to prevent the execution of his murderous design , knowing that tliis demonstration was quite futile , collected , about a month as ; o , various detachments of troops under the command of the Beys of Ilaikarai and Bevari , and taking himself the command of a larce bony of Kurds , marched into the country of the Nestorians . lie met with , and lie knew he would meet with , no resistance—so he divided his force into small bands of fifty or of one hundred men ench , and sent these in various directions to fall on the defenceless Noitorian villages . Thirty-six of these villages at the least have been thus made the scenes of tho most harrowing wholesale murders . To speak of their bavins
been sacked , plundered , and burnfc ^ . to the ground , would be to . draw attention to an ' incident of small importance in the lace of the jre iter horrors which these bloody barbarians committed . Men , women , and children crying for mercy ; the woman and children , in the agonies of terror , were put to death by every species of torture which cruelty could invent * Happy were those who were shot , or who fell by the sword , who had not their bowels ripped out of them while living , or who were not impaled . amidst the shouts and laughter of the murderers . Two of the bishops of the Is e 3 torian ? , if not more , were impaled , and several of the priests . But that was not tho worst torture inflicted . Children were torn from their mothers , some from their mother's
breasts , and in presence of their mothers , who were obliged , screeching , to look on , put in the most shocking manner to death . The mothers afterwards were sacrificed . The youth of both sexes underwent outrages which cannot bu mentioned , before their throats , in disgust and satiety , were cut . Three thousand ot the Nestorians have perished in this massacre on the lowest calculation . The most extensive slaughter took place at a large village , or township , called Bias , where Beder llan Bey was himself present . Here tho two bishops wore impaled , and from this place was sent the threo hundrad heads [ pielled ) to the Pacha of Moussoul , with the insulting message , that if the Porte presumed to molest the sender , he would send to Constantinople , instead of Nesterian , Turk heath enough to make a pyramid .
THE RIVER PLATE . Renewal of Hostilities . — According to advices from Brazil , a proclamation of the Monte Video authorities had declared the armistice at an end ; and hostilities had in consequence recommenced in the River 1 'latc on the 15 th of September . General ltiveira had left Monte Video , ancl was proceeding to Enton Rios .
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The Jews in Poland . —Warsaw , Nov . 6 . —Since the 1 st of October , the memorable day on which the Jews in this kingdom , by laying aside their national costume , made the first step towards civilization , has afforded us many ^ omical scenes through the uncomfortable position in which the Jews have been placed by it . irorn all the great cities of the kingdom respectable-looking Jews arrived in all the splendour of their most costly silk pelisses , trimmed with sable , with their beards and ringlets in the best order to obtain a delay at least for some years ; but they had come to meet their ill fate , for they were here de-Iwived of their silk pelisses , their beards , and their ocks by some barbers , who had received the orders
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of tho police , and the poor disgraced Jewsstulec ' andeatinely out of the licy . A few days ago a similar event toik place , whioh excited no ittle sensation in the _ remotest ¦ part ef the country , where "Chapietism exercises its powerful influence on the demoralization of tho Jews . A company , consis ; ing of eighty men , with their Rabbi at their head , sirrived at the sates of our c ' ty , in order t-i obtain from the l nnce-Crovernor permission t » retain their old cosv - " u at , 8 tl'ani ; e a company , which mi"hfc be distinguished at a distance by their stonirc .-esticuiations , was not permitted to enter the city without inquiry may he connived . General A- the chief Ottne uolicc . beini * informed of the stran-e party
before the city ordered that they should IkT immediately put under a good escort to tue po'iou otl ceand there , that without speaking a ivurd to thorn ' their beards and locks should he cut off . and iin ,, ^ pelisses slit- up bo . iinil . In half nn hour tho poor people felt tho cold air on their bald unprotected faces , ami when they recovered from thuirconste' -uation , they found themselves again at the gates of Warsaw , whither they had been convened . They had now no further desire thiin to be allowed to tako the clippings of their beards home , that they might bury them in the cemetrr / . These , however , were dispersed to all points of the compass , and tho travellers had now nothing more to do in Warsaw
than to satisfy the barber ' s apprentices who came for their pay , —[ i'hu miscreant whe could ? pea !» of the above ants of brutal persecution as "c-mical Kcenes , " well di-serves the gallows—nv worse , the knout ; either of these would wonderfully change his sense of the "comical . "—Ed . N . S . ]
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— ^ IRELAND . STATK OF T « E COVSTItY . DinLis , Kov . 21 . —Generally , the measures for the relief of the peasantry are iH oueeding , sitisf- > c « toriiy , although from p ome districts there are ftill very disheartening accounts ; and occasionally we have complaints of delay in public works , or uf the mode of paying tho persons employed ; but , looking to the vast extent of ihe operations of the board , and the great ( Hlliuultics they have had to encounter , it must be admitted that their arrangements have been more successful than the most sanguine could have expected at the cutset . The paramount oiiieet wna
to employ the people , and , out of tli « fruits of tlteir labour , to supply the me . jinsof saviii !; them from , starvarjon . ' !'<> accomplish tiiis groifc iliilv at once , a very large outlay was indNuensabk' , and many cumparatively useless works were , in consequence , sancti"iieil . But those who complain about th
The landlords generally nic Bering in a creclitiib ' e manner ; but they are beset by difficulties , one of the most unmanageable hi which is the want of co-operation amongst themselves in promoting productive nwks , in accordance with the Chief Si-eretarv ' s circular . GKNKRAL AliMINO OF TIIK PEASANTRY . —The Tip . perary Vindicator , a Liberal and llepual paper , cuntains the following statement : — A Popular A&Masibnt . —There is at prese&t , literally speaking , a rage fur tire-arm ;) nnionu the humbler classes of the people . The trade in guns , jilstols , powder and shot , i . i the briskest of any within several miles of Limerick , Ntnagli , and other localities . The trade is quid- a new one in JTenngh , but since it has commtneed by one or two persons , it is almost impossible to meet the demand . In a house i : i Queen-street , Nenagli , on Thursday , the crowds were enormous . It was difficult to enter the door . Groups of ea ^ er purchasers surrounded the conn .
tcr ,- nnri others gazed in at the winnows , the former supplying themselves with arms , or getting them repaired , whilst the owner of the sh » p , and an " experienced assistant , " somewhat advanced iu age , and the very tvpe of an armourer , had scarcely time to attend to their customers . The consequence is , thnt arms are almost iu ercry hand . We believe the respectable class of fanners peifeetly right in arming themselves as their interiors are dohij ! so , cut we cannot see the good that will arise from tho indiscriminate armament now going forward in almost every district we hear Irom . Keports of guu shots are frequent throughout the dny and at night . A gentleman residing nesir the Shannon , between Birr and BorrisoU . Mio , heard several volleys iritliiu the last law nights . Shots have also b . en heard in tba neighbourhood of Kilcolcman , and in other localities . We do think that this business caimut end well . A large stiaure , we learn , of arms from a English house , consigned to Ireland , was made in an Eu : lish factor ; last week , and the arms sent to the Custom-house .
The Leinster Express , a Conservative journal , give 3 the following , on the same subject from a Roscrca ( Tipperary ) correspondent : — On Tuesday last , a sale of goods of some tenants of Mrs . Egan , of Carrick , near Roscrea , was to have taken place for non-payment of rent , and regularly advertized ; but two hours before the intended buui for sale , a large mob of persons , principally from a dibtant part of the country , and several of them armed with guns and pistols , appeared on the land , fired about 100 shot =, and by intimidation and violence , prevented the sale from tailing placei The auctioneer was proceeding towards the lands , and on hearing of so many shots having ken fired , re ' . urned to town . The country people about this neighbourhood , principally small farmers' sons , and servant boys , have a very large quantity of fire-arms in their possession .
The state of this part of the country is inetreasinglf alarming . Fii e-arms and ammunition are rapidly bought up , and are getting into the hands ot the lawless ; about sixty stand of arms have been purchased in this- town lately . All ordir and government seems set at defiance . The industrious people , for twelve milrs round , are afraid te leave their homes for goods , such is the fear of hordes of armed rubbers , Cattle art- slaughtered on the hinds . Men , women , and children are robbed , and the whole state uf society in this neighbourhood is well nigh unhinged ; and we look in vain tor any active measures to suppress tho fearful outrage of the law and good faith . More Deaths in SKimjERKiiN . —The Skilibereen . correspondent of the Cork Southern Reporter stirs that four more deaths have , within the last few days , taken place on the roads near Skibbereen , causei ' . by starvation , and Mr . Franklin Baldwin , the coroner , is expected theie to hold an inquest .
County of Liukrick . —In a letter dated " Bruree Charleville , " the writer thus describes the state of the barony of Upper Counelloe : — " The people here were really in a very wretched state . In a wild barony of 60 , 000 acres ( I do not know the exact amount of " population ) , you may readily conceive how much , how very much destitution must have existed ; yet ot all the really wretched , tiiere are now \ ery few families without at least e-ne member employed on public works . The range of wages is , say Is . 4 d ., Is . 6 d ., Is . 8 d ., and !• =.. K > d .
per day , earned by task work—this so- much reprobated task work ! The outlay oi' the entire bnrony is about £ 1000 weekly . In two short works—indeed it is one road—in this district 450 men are at this moment employed . Certainly much agricultural labour is not carried on , but this is not owing to > public works—at least , by no means so much a ? so me of the Dublin papers would have it thought . Many farmers , who could employ labourers last and other years , are this year scarcely able f o provide ( tied for themselves ; and many of them are in a worse condition than those who never had land at all .
STonwoE of a Public Work . —A Kenagli- paper states : — On Tuesday night last ihe steward employed' by the Board of Public Works oa u road at Loughnrna , uithia two miles of this town , shortly after lie hud retii'nl to bed ia the houso in whilst he lodged , was . fired at when he had laid down , and the ball passed closi ? uvur hi * head , as if the parties outside knew well the- Locality within . A threatening notice was fo'iti'i uc \ t in . rmng posted on the door , threatening the sMv . ird witta death if lie did not employ aH the persons wi * of worb in iiie neighbourhood—that unless he did & ¦• , hi- would not be allowed to act over the few undt-r Ms clime . On his making a representation to the ollicei >» of Publi ? Works in Nenagh , they very propirly ordered the works to be suspended , and suiisi-quuntly 3 S > persons lmve been thrown out of employment . We understand- that it is the ordurs of the board tu suspend tiuy wurlo vrliao outrage in nnmmitted .
"What ids Rkcomk of ihe . Uk-vs ^ l ? —L ast week we aslvtfil , and asked in vaiii j . wh :. t has become of the Repeal funds ; The ilLustriuus . liberatorsays they are gone , and , moreuwr , the association is in his " debt , "" 3 ay seven hundred iiohdJ .-. " * No one can tell where they arc gone , un ^ s they , be " with tho Repeal tbat was last yeai' . " Ko \ v , therefore , we ask where ia the Hepcul ths « was last year ? And yet we fear we are just a 3 likely to get a > v ; U answer to that question , as it we asfied " where is the snow that was last year ? " Bui to the t . oiut
Our readers may not be aware ol the existence oi a body called '' Tbs Reform C 1 » V who hold their symposia iu Drnvson street . This club counts amongst its members some moderate , sume reckless , some wealthy , smiie newly members of the movement party . There me many very respectable persons with a snght sprinklim ; of " tailors ; " but upon the entire , they are rather too headstrong for the Liberator , any from the commencement havo refused to have anything to do with the Repeal pledge . Well , at their anniversary dinner given just twelve months past , Mr . O'ConnoH was requested to preside , and
he asked , would he be permitted to fcive "Uieue peal , " as the toast of the night . H « was told in reply , that he mostr ^ i tatnly should , not propose any such ioa «( , "Then , " said the Liberator , "I will not go amongst you . M y Me , njy sou ) , my whole heart , every remaining moment ot my existence , s devoted to Repeal , and where I cannot give that toast , I will not bo " The invitation was declined , for then the pledge ' of Spitalfields , » to lay his bead upon the block it in six months the union was not Repealed , was too recent , and then , too , tho anllion dupes still congregated around . Tho scene is changed . Lord John Russell is in office . Morgan John O Connell has received £ 2 , 000 a year—say two thousand—
* G * Fmti®B Ihoijtments, R ^ M ^ - ¦ - _ ¦ Ikvaftamvah^F'
* * fMti ® b iHoiJtments , r m ^ - ¦ - _ ¦ iKVAftAMVAH ^ f'
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, J ^ ownen we shall notice the Tiew here expressed ^^ Sthepreseutraceofland-Bianopolists . — Bd . Jv ' . s .
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"'Th DisriSCE Lkxds Enchaktmest , " &c « i * « —Some ladies lay the colour on their cheeks so thick , that like scene painting , you are obliged to go to a distance to judge of the effect .
©Otomal Antr Jtomgn •Sntellfgenre* . _ ~J ' ^ " '" ^ ' '
© otomal antr jTomgn Sntellfgenre * . _ ~ J ' ^ " '" ^ ' '
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Nov. 28, 1846, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1394/page/7/
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