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"TZi I wmwar . » t leartin werds , . ta-tbonldsy chance so happen—deeds , ) 1 ffithaU who war with Thought !" „ r . hint I hear a little bird , who sings pepeop leby andby willoe the stronger . " -Bi . ox .
T 1 IE AMERICAN AGRARIAN REFORMERS . ffelnnounced last w ^ k the ' ^ "SwjS wt ^ Mwm iriil testify : — T « HECE ««« OF A liSDID D ^ OCBACI IS OBDE * TO PlESrt « « SOVEKIGKTI OF THE PEOPLE . tre »» t "My appeal to the history of every government and ' erery conn try in the world , to prove that per-LientsoTcreignty of the people canuot exUt where the Mil is mon opoliisd by the few . A sovereign Democracy , ~\\ a landed Ariitocracj , cannot coexist , they are Lom nibl « . It may be stated as an axiom , that jut ! the pro [« rtion that the number of landless men Increase in a conntry , will the sovereignty of the people decrease The peop le of all nations derive their chief
ranport from the soil ; and when the soil is monopolized ire the f « -w , dependence and want are the condition of the soy It ' i « the highest duty of a free government to preven t a monopoly uf the soil , as that is the only method \ i pressing the sovereignty of the people . That our fSantle 3 , mUIions of acres of rich and fertile public land * shonld be disposed ( of in unlimited quantities to those i , ho can paj 1 dollar 25 cents the acre , is an act of gross ioiailu * to the landless millions of the present and fatare generstions . Tbat they should be a source of jfrennc to defray the expenses of the government is also B mnst . These lands btloni ; eqaally to the rich and the pwr , tlu-y are the property « f the whole people . The true principle of raising revenne to defray the expenses of » oTernment , is to draw it from the people in proportion to their ability to pay . or in propertioa to the value of the i roperty each man has to protect . It is certainly onjas t to sell . ' the lands of the poor , to protect the pro-« rty ofthericb .
If th 3 Government would allow every man who hns no Jin J to talc ; possession of as much as he could cultivate free of price , or at a price barely sufficient to defray the eipenwofasurrey , it would derive more revenue from pursuing such a policy than it does from a sale of the jind at 1 doL 25 cents the acre . It may be asked . bj those who are not very far seeing , how this assertioa can be proved . Let us state the grounds upon which we make tat ass ? rtion . It will not be doubtei that freedom of the Public Lands to those who wish to cultivate them would increase largely the number of tax payers . Thousands who now loiter in idleness in onr great cities , and subsist
upon charity , having no means to purchase land , would , in a few years , become independent farmers , and tax pavers . They would consume largely of imports upon which duties are laid ; and it is no exaggeration to assert that in five year * they would pay as much moaey into the Xati nnal Treasury in the shape of duties as Government charge * now for 160 acres of its best lands . The withdrawal of these landless men , from our cities and towns , to become independent farmers upon the fertile soil ot the great West , would greatly benefit the labouring classes in the places whieh they left . There would be sn increased demand for the labor of those who did not rhose to become farmers .
We do not intend now to exhaust the argument tti fiTjar of this policy in relation to the Public Domain . We siuplj throw ou ; a few suggestions with a view to swakea pablic attention to one of the most important subjects of governments ! duty . We assert that the adoptisn of this policy would enrich the Trea&ury of the gottrement , perpetuate th « sovereignty of the people , increne the demand and compensation for labour , and promote the welfare and happiness oi the American pejple . While it would fill the coffers of the Nation ' s Treastiry . Kt would create a wider market for our domestic manufactures . It is a democratic measure , though it onght not to be a party one . It is 60 abs lutely necessary to the perpetuity of the sovereignty of the people that " the Democracy of the Union will be forced to adcyt it , or it will cease to be the Democratic party . It
is a rrform , in a long-established , but erroneous govcrr . msntal policy , that cannot be delayed much longer ., ' Ve live in an age characterised for its progress , and in oneia which " the mere name of Democracy , without ths ! ab : ta ; vx , is fast losing its hold on the minds ef the reflecting men . " We warn the intelligent and sincere worshippers at the altar of the Democratic liberty , of the danger of disregarding , or attempting to check the spirit of progress that eetlmbe amelioration of the dependent condition of the toiling millions . This spirit was never soacticeas a : this day . Tne time ha been when its workings were confine J to the great Democratic party of ths Union—it has now invaded the ranks of the opposite party ; and in a great majority of cases , in which our opponents have obtained political power , their victory has been wholly oning to the infusion of this spirit into
their ranks . Tbtse remarks of ours , though they contain suggestions that we have long thought of , are intended as a mere introduction to the following letter w « received last evening from a liberal minded man , and a pure Democrat , who resides in Sew London , Connecticut . New London , Nov . 1 C , 1846 . Sir . —Tbe result of the recent election in the State of New York has convinced me that tbe Democratic party c < n aj longer sustain its supremacy in this republic , on mere surface measures of reform . It must place itself on those which are deeply and thoroughly Democratic , or the Democracy will leave it and join some other party , as tin j are already too intelligent to be longsr deceived with i-artr names . They desire realities , possessing
intrinsic value , and will have them , being convinced that aristocratic institutions and nsages have been engrafted vyzi this government by wicked men , which must be I-.-oprU off , er the government cannot stand . They are awars tbat machinery of tbis go . eminent and the macfc : r ry of our social system do not operate harmoniously , and tuat their inherent opposition to each other is the cau « 3 of this mighty enL They know that this governneut is based on the sovereignty of the people , and see Clearly that the moneyed power , sustains our social systeia , imported from monarchial England by our progenuors , and not changed when ibis government was established . It is fe irful' . y obvious to the Democracy that Our a : onarchial social sjstsm is rabidly destroying the sovereignty of the people of this Republic , and sinking them to a level with the degraded subjects ef kisgly despits , Already they behold , with soirow , in the
manufacturing establishments of the moneyed power , sovereign operatives degraded and oppressed by sovereign proprietors and overlookers . In tbe agricultural district , sovereign tenants and sovereign landlords , sovereign wjges slaves and sovereign employers . On the cceac , sovereign common sailors and sovereign officers , la a word , they see in every direction the sovereign poor a :. d the sovereign rich , sovereign beggars and sovereign silli' nsires , fuodless , clotheless and sheltless sovereigns , and 3 overtigns who tare sumptuously everj day , are dotk-d in purple and fine linen , and dwelt in very costly aai s plendid mansions , Ttiese sights , and the appalling traih s they manifest , are rapidly convincing the Democracy that the machinery of our social system must opelate : n accordance with the fundamental principles of O'Jr government , or the sovereignty of the people will ooc oe destroyed , and the government become a complete Qon . yed aristocracy .
Iu vie a- of these mighty evils , and the dreadful conse-Q'J-r . rrs that will be produced by them , unless they are sjseily destroyed , the Democracy , will insist upon the thy . ion of measures tbe most potent for good , the most prof' . unil , and the most efficient . Neither a high nor low krifi . nor even free-trade will satisfy them . M . asures mast be put in operation that will permanentl y elevate labour and thus prevent the destruction of * - ; e sovereignty of tbe people . Legislation must cease to b « a passive instrument of tbe monied power to rob ^ labouring millions and aggrandise the non-labouring thousands ; but it ma « t do justice—perfect justice . It Oust co-operate with those who obtain thuir bread by the twtat of their brows to democratise our monarchical sotiil system , by the enactment of tqual and righteous laws The sovereignty of the people of this great nation sms : not be a falsehood , but a truth—practical , and not to -M : eiical . Our property system must be based on tbe
* -. ' «' . rights of the people , and operate in accordance * i"h them . The slaves of capital must be emancipated ja eien part of this Republic , and the workers upon the sad and the sea be placed in a condition to work for tita selves . Bounds must be set to the rapid strides of ems' avarice towards universal dominion ; and the most aauitrious , most useful , and most virtuous portion of hum inity be freed from its iron grasp . Land monopoly Slot be annihilated , and tbe people ' s land placed beyond tte teach of capital , and within the reach of labour . It Cusi be possessed , in limited quantities , by actual set-Utrs and cultivators of the soil , and not by speculators ; 12 < nectual barriers must be set up , durable as time , ^ Jsmst the inroad of capital upon it . On tbis laud a wunia tion must be laid deep enough , broad enough , and Kro : g enough , to sustain , permanently , a mighty Landed "ao -craey , without which a pure Republican govern-Csi >? cau no more exist than can a monarchical govern-* " ? > . without a Landed Aristocracy .
In my humble opinion , measures less far-reaching * ? adieai than the abovenamed will not be approhat-d "U Democracy ; I hope , therefore , that the D * mocr » iic ^" . S as the party of reform and progress , will not only *' ; t thini , but do all in iu power to carry them iutu iff \ yf 0 do ' S » W'H not on'y totne majority party , ^ » ill souu become the party of the millions iu oppo-K - !\ to the party « f tbe thousands . Will the Demo-^ iio j . ar ty act wisely , ! I hope it will . Your 6 truly , Cbables Docclas . t - *' ter reading the above , can any sane man doubt k , ? vcntual triumph of the American Agrarians ? J > article in the Globe called forth the following ' - ^ in the New York Trilune ( of Nov . 21 st ) the *• = »' - organ of the Whigs :-
k * " ClAt of yesterday has an able and truthful ^ - on the necessity of a radical reform in the mode fc ;« iiag of the Public Lands , introducing a cogent letter q * l > r , diaries Douglas of New London , Conn , urging "me truths , " which in substance have been re-{ n 7 % commtnaedinour columns . " « • The v MttUj cosfniei tbat the reign of Sham Democwy
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0 Ver tbat it lies buried in tbe political coffin of it * contriver and master spirit , Salas Wright . The party which has so Ion ? flourished and fattened on the perverted name of Democracy must now take a st » p for . ward or lie down irrecoverably in the trench wherein its own faithlessness to principle has thrown it . Is not this worth far more than its cost ? It is . The defeat of the " Democratic" party at the recent election is already laying the foundation for the triumph of real democracy . The " Democrats " must advance or perish as a party , making wayfr the National Reformers ; any way the triumph of Acrarian Reform is certain . «! S ^^ i !! l ^ ^ . ^ S' !! S i ! l :
. President Polk finding himself " short of money xo carry on the aggressive war against Mexico , has recently advertised twelve millions of arce ^ of the public lands for sale , to enable him to command the " needful . " Of course these lands will he bought up by speculators ; to the exclusion of the mass of the American people . Polk himself in his me ^ a ^ e to Congress , before he had ensascd in the wicked war against Mexico , denounced this system oi land-selling in the following terms : —
It has been found by experience , that in consequence of combination of purchasers and other causes , a very small quantity of the public lands , when sold at public auctiou , commanis a higher price than the minimum rate established by law . —The settlers on thepublic land ; are . however , but rarely able to secure their'Jhomes an-1 improvements at the public ' sales at that rate ; because these combination !! , by means of the capital they [ command , and their superior ability to purchase , r nder it impossible for the settle to compete with them in the market .
By ] iu ! tin ; down all competition , these combinations of capitalists and SPECULATORS are usually enabled to purchase the public lands , ggr INCLUDING THE IMPROVEMENTS OF THE SE TTLERS , at the minimum price of the government , and either TURN TIIEM OUT OF THEIR IIOHES , or EXTOAT from th m , according to their ability topty , DOUBLE or QUADRUPLE , the amount payed for them to Government . After enlos'ring "the hardy pioneers of the West , " he added that " they should be protect < d from the grasping speculator . " lie now affords t » speculators the opportunity of buying at once six times the quantity of public lands they hare been heretofore able to purchase in one > enr : and th < - " settlers" will be driven from their homes untos they can compete with the speculators on the d ; iy ot purchase .
One of the recent acts of the > iational Reformers has been the adoptien of the 'following resolutions in relation to tlm iniquity : — Whereas , nearly twelve millions of acres of the People ' s Lands are now advertised for sale by the President , to speculators , notwithstanding tl . at this Association and its auxiliaries throughout tbe United States have brer for two years remonstrating against tbe traffic in tin-People ' s Lands ; and whereas , the President himself has informed the people , in bis first message to Congress , tbat tbe combinations of capitalists and speculators "by means of the capital they command , and their superior
ability to purctase , render it impossible for the settler to compete "ith them in the market . " and that "by putting down all competition , these combinations of capitalists and speculators are usually enabled to purchase th' - lands , including the improvements of the settlers , at thr minimum price of the government , and either turn them out of their homes or EXTORT from them DOUBLE or QUADRUPLE the amount p : iid for them to the government ; " and whereas , we believe , as the President xpresied himself in that message , that the settler "should be protected from the GRASPING SPECULATOR . " therefore
Resolved , That we solemnly PROTEST against the proposed sale of the People ' s Lands . Resolved , that tde landless people have a right to Hip free use of the public lands in limited quantities as actual settlers , and that ic 'is the doty of the government to secure that right . Resolved , That should the proposed sales of the People ' s Lands to tbe sp'culators be effected , they ought to be considered null and void by the settlers and by the community . Resolved , Tbat Ja copy of these resolutions he transmitted to the President , snd to each member of his Cabinet . ~ On the subjects of the " war" and the " sale of the public lands , " Young America remarks : —
Already two or three ' thousand poor men have been sacrificed in this aggressive Mexican war , and their wives and children , relatives and friends , throughont the country , are now mourning their loss , in numbers of which the election tables may enable you , Mr . Polk , to form some idea ; and yet the game is still to be carried on , and that , too , by stealing the people ' s lands and increasing the number of the landless ! Better , by far , to stop the war at once , on the easiest terms you can , or even to back out . You are in the wrong ! The paltry dollar ? due to some of our rich capitalists might have been cause for non-intercourse , but could not authorize one man . illed limb , much less all the slaughter that has been enacted . Those who were houseleess and homeless in onr midst far more demanded the protection of the govern , merit than the speculators who could afford to send pro
perty ont of the country . SjWill the speculators dare to buy these lands ! And if tbey do , will the standing army be increased to protect their purchases from the Anti-Renters that will spring up upon them ! These ' questions are worthy of consideration where it is not too late . Some of them may bi bought , as it is no donbt intended they should be , hj slave-holders ; but is not this a pretty way for a de . mocratic administration to " extend the area of free , doro ! " Well may the "Union" call public ( specula , torsi ) attention to the fact that no snch opportunity wiL be likely again to occnr of obtaining " such large boditj of fresh and fertile land ? , at the land sales ; " for if th < public attention were not already aroused to the stupendous iniquity of ' this government land-jobbing , most assuredly this " manager ' s last kick" would wake it up .
We have now brought this sketch of the history o the Agrarian Reformers down to the present time ; a few words will suffice to conclude , and first as recards their principle ? . Their bond of Union as has been already stated is a " Pledge" which binds the persons subscribing to it to vote only for the candidates for public office ? who will undertake to support and vote for the reforraa set for in the Association ' s " pledge . " Thr first" pledge , " adopted at the outset of the society ' s existence was in our estimation faulty , because n * . t going far enough ; as , however , that " pledge" has been set aside for another and a better , there is no need for us to state our objections to what haB now ceased to exist . The amended pledge is as follows : —
NATIONAL REFORM ASSOCIATION PLEDGE . We whose names are annexed desirous of restoring to man his Natural Right to Land , do solemnly agree , that we will not vote for any man for the Presidency or Congress who will not pledge himself in writing to use all the influence of his station , if elected , to prevent all further traffic in the Public Lands of the States of the United States and to cause them to be laid out in farms and Lots for the free and exclusive nse of actual settlers ; or for any man for the Governorship of the legislature who will not so plenge himself to the freedom of the Public Lands , to tbe limitation of the quantity of land to be obtained by any individual hereafter in tlii « State , to the exemption of the Homestead from any future debt or mortgage , and to a limitation to ten of the hours of daily labour on public works or in establishments chartered by law
We think this " pledge" is unexceptionable . The reforms therein set forth once established in the state of New York , will speedily be demanded and enforced throughout the Union . Should this happy consummation come to pass America will have no need to T ? : ir , rob , and murder to add to her territory ; on the contrary , nations will be too happy to " annex" on the understanding that they are to be equal sharers in her ( then ) glorious institutions . The men who are engaged at the head of this movement appear to us to be fully competent to work out tbe great objects of their mission . Goorge 11 . Evarsf > , John Windt , Lewis Masquerier , W . J . Young , J . Comeford , Lewis Ryckman , John De La Montavne , Henry Beeiily . Egbert Manning , James
Maxwell . Dr . Lagham , Ransom Smith , T . A . Devvr , H . Beenly , M . Tl O'Connor , Albert Brisbane . A . E . Bovay , Mike Walsh , W . West , W . L . Mackenzie , and Herman Krige , are amongst the best known of a whole host of talented and energetic men who have devoted themselves to this great work . Besides these , are such eminent men as Parke Godwin , Josiah Warren , Vf . H . Channing , GerrU Smith , aiid Horace Greeley who though not identified with the Association give their support to its objects . We say nothing now of the patriotic and talented men who in Pennsylvania , Massachusetts , Illiaois , and other states of the union are working in this great movement . We shall ^ have occasion hereafter , we doubt not . to record their names .
Yovwi America , the principal jeurnal of the new movement , after struggling with enormous difficulties , is , we believe , at last thoroughly and successfully established . The Reformers of Pennsylvania have two or three journals devoted to their cause , one of them a " daily" with a very large circulation . " The Voice of Indxulry" and other papers in Magsachuseites are identified with the movement ,, and so likewise , are several papers published in Illinois , Michigan , Ohio , and ; other states . Mr . Devyr . besides the Ami-Renter , is engaged with some friends in attempting to establish a daily evening paper in Albany ; ' we suppose and hope that Mr Devyr will be the editor ; he has our warmest wishes for his
success . ' 1 he principal organn of the " Democratic and " Whig" parties in New York , the Gtofceand the Trihme , are both favourable to the new movement , and their influence will do much to accelerate success . Several " Liberty" papers come out boldly for the whole of the principles and objects of the National Reformers . We have seen with much satisfaction that , in the recent election some of the most enlightened of the " Libtrty 7 party , ( the Slavery Abolitionists ) , have been the first to cast their lot with the Reformers . This is well , this proves them to be thorough haters of slavery—white as well as black By adopting the Reform principles , they will find that they have not only done right , but they have also done well ; we are convinced that «•* true policy of the Abolitionists mil be to W / & with
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National Refermem , it being understood that the latter will vote the abolition of black slavery . This the Reformers will do , and will also guarantee a ' eal freedom to the emancipated—exemption from wages thraldom as well as whip slavery . We might say much more , but we have already pxceeded the limits to which we should have confined this article . Henceforth we shall take care not to fall into arrears with our American friends , hut as fast as the arrivals come to hand , we will duly announce their progress . , * ° ^?" ^
With earnest and hearty wishes for their success , we conclude this sketch of the history of our brother Reformers . As ihey have struggled against adversity , cnlumnyand hostility in the past , so will they have to struggle -against other difficulties in the future . N it ths least of these difficulties will be the ( i-afty wiles of : > arty charlatans and political adventurers , who-vill try to take the lead of the mover cent for their own selfish and villanious ends ; but ' f snch knaves we shall have no fear as long as the Reformers hold fast to their great palladium "the pledge . " and that our noble friend Evans Mandstothehclm .
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INDIA AND CHINA . Despatches have been received from Marseilles in anticipation of the overlanil mail , which left Bombay on the 16 Ui ult . TIip news from the kingdom of Lahore and the new kineriom of Jummon represent them as both i'ropneri up by the British troops . In Jntnmoo there are four armirs besides the troops of the numerous mountain R"jahs The four armies arc—first , that of Ghnolab Singh , who is struggling to obtain possession cf his purchased sovereisnty , composed , as it is , <» f the mojt ' iscordant materials ; second , the army ( the stronsth ot which is unknown ) of the Sheik Kman-ood-Dern , who . secure in the valley of Cashmprp refuses to submit to Ghoolnb : third , the fnrce
und' -r thp Lahore general , Tej Singh , which hns ronp « n the ( to them ) most repugnant mission of fiehtinc for the traitor Ghoolab ; and fourth , thctwo Riiti « h divisions commanded by Generals Littler : » nd Wheeler , who are in possession of Jummoo , the ' ¦ atiita ' . which they have undertaken to protect for Ghoolab , while he himself i * engaged in the field . The position of Ghoolab is ludicrously critical . He has no riaht or title to the aovercienty of the Hazirah (« r hill-country ) , save that he bought it from the British , who were never in possession of it : and as be is looked upon a » a traitor by the Sikhs , and as an
• nfidelby tlie Mnhommedaiis , Lc va : i Lav- isn hope , event through his money ( the spoils of Runjeet Singh ' s treasury ) and through the protection of the British . He has bought and paid for the government , lint the Hill tribes , who are Maliommedans , refuse allei'ianre to him . The British authorities cann t waste blood and trraeure in putting him in possession ot mountain districts which he will not be able to hold . !!•¦ is becoming daily more and more embarrass * d and indebted , and will have to yield the rule of his newly-ncquired country to other petty sovereigns , who may , perhaps , pay him tribute for a few seasons .
Sheik Eman-ood-De . cn , whose resources appear not . to be understood , has contrived by various shifts to put off the day of surrender until the snow fell in I November . The latest news from Sir John Littler ' * force , which wps encamped at Bukreewallah Ghat , on one side of the Cohenab . and Brigadier Wlieeler on the other , is to the effect that they wore nil diaappointed at the non-surrender of the Sheik , which j oupht to have been effected before the 30 th , but had not taken place . The united Lahore and British forces wpre delayed several days by heavy rains . From Scinde there is no news of importance . Sir Charles Napier wns at Kurrachee , where the climate was pleasant . Preparations arc going forward for the removal of five native regiments from Seinde in the course of January or February next , unless their presence should be required by any disturbance without the frontiers . In the interior of India tranquillity prevails .
NEW ZEALAND . Wellington , Jult 25 . The Native ( or Maori ) Chief Rauparaha , or , as he is familiarly termed by the whalers , Rnbutln , who is a relative by marriage of the rebel Chief Rangihaietta . has laterly professed great amity and friendshi for the Pakehas ( or white men ) , and has been visiting the camp at Porirua constantly , and had interviews with the naval officers , and , only ten days since , with the governor , but has always refused to joined them in attacking Rangi . By those who have known him for years , and by all the friendly natives ,
he is considered the most cunning , crafty , and theacherous of all the Chiefs , and it now appears he has been playins his usual double game . An emissary ef his was arrested with a letter on him from Rauparaha addressed to Rangihaietta , in which the former iaformed the latter that he had arms and ammunition for him . The result has been the arrest of Rauparaha and three or four others , together with thirty-seven stand of arms , and six or 3 even kegs of powder . The prisoners will probably be sent to Norfolk Island . A reinforcement of troops lias just arrived from Sydney .
GOVERNMENT OF NEW ZEALAND . Some important documents respecting the future sovemmentof New Zealand , hare just been published , of which the mo < t interesting is that containing the instructions from Earl Grey to Captain Grey , the Governor . This dispatch is accompanied by a copy of the New Zealand Charter , which repeals that of 1840 , and creates powers , municipal legislative , and administrative , by authority of the , Queen . The following extracts will afford our readers an idea of these documents which cover more than an entire page of the daily journals . The first relates to the establishment of the New Zealand Constitution : —
" For the institutions established under the charter of November 1840 , it contemplates the substitution of municipal corporations tor the government of each separate district which is or shall be settled by colonists of European birth and origin . Every such district is to be erected into a borough ; every such district is to elect a common council , from which are to be chosen a mayor and ci . urt of aldermen ; every such common council is to elect members to serve in a House of Representatives , firming one of the three estates of a Provincial Assembly . For this purpose the whole of New Zealand is to be divided into two or more provinces . In every such Provincial Assembly , laws will be made from the province by the House of Representatives , by a legislative council , and by the Governor , who
together will constitute the provincial legislature . But as there are many topics of general concern to all the inhabitants of New Zealand , respecting which some uniformity of legislation and administration will be indispensable , it is further provided that a General Assembly of the New Zealand Islands shall be holden by the Governor-in-Chief . That General Ass embly will be composed <> f himself and of a Legislative Council and of a House of Representatives ; but no one will be a member of the legislative Council of the General Assembly who is not also a member of one of the Legislative Councils of the Provincial Assemblies ; neither will any one be a member of the House of Representatives of the General Assembly who is not a mamber of one of the Houses of Representatives of the Provincial Assemblies . "
For the purposes above mentioned fije superior appointments will of course be necessary—a Governor and Lieutenant-Governor for each province , and a Governor-in-chief ; but for the present all these offices will be combined in tw » persons , the Buperrior remaining with Captain Grey , and the lieutenant-governorships being given to Mr . Eyre , of Australian notoriety . The members of legislative councils will be appointed by the Crown . With respect to the inferior , but hardly less important appointments , these , 'it seems , are to be intrusted to the coloniul authorities . Tb . 6 despatch states , that from the institutions above
described" Will flow all insubordinate powers , judicial , fiscal , magisterial , or of whatever other name they may be . Tbe respective Legislatures will progressively mould these derivative organs of Government into such forms as the exigencies of society will require . To a great extent it will bo competent to those Legislatures so as to mould even the institutions which the charter itself creates , by regulating the elective franchise and tbe whole systems of elections , municipal and legislative , care having been taken that no such enaotments be either repugnant to the text , or at varianee with the spirit of the act or of the chnrter . "
The " sale of lands" is thus disposed of . All public lands not actually cultivated by the aborigines are declaied vested in the Crown , which is also to have the exclusive right of purchasing from the native tribes . But individuals , as distinct from tribes , are to be free as heretofore to dispose of their own property . This matter is explained in the following extract : — "The first and most important step whieh you will have to take with the view of introducing n
regular system with respect to the disposal of land will be to ascertain distinctly the ownership of all the land in tlie colony . The extent and limits of all that is to bo considered as the property either of individuals , of bodies politic or corporate , or of the native tribes , must , in the first instance , be determined , and the whole of the remainder of the territory will then be declared to be the Royal demesne . The results of this inquiry must be carefully registered , and a regular record henceforth preserved , showing to whom all the lands of New Zealand belong . "
The principles of the proposed system are then de * elated to be—11 That the power of the Crown over land should never be employed for any purpose of patronage , influence , or favouritism ; that the Crown shall not be at liberty to make a gratutious alienation of any extent of land , however small , except with a view to public works , in which tht if kolo society may hava
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a more or less immediate interest ; that the » liena « tion of such lands to any private persons , or for any ! private purposes , shall always be preoeded by a careful survey of the land , and followed by an immediate , registration of the grant ; that no such alienation ' , shall be made without a previous public auction ; : that at all such auctions all lands shall be offered for j sale at a certain up-set price ; that the selection of the lands so to be put up to auction shall be made exclusively by the Government ; that the up-set price of each lot shall depend on tlie class in which it is placed , the three classes being town , suburban , and rural allotments , the last class being again subdia more ? simmediateinterest ; aliena- ;
vided into land * which are , and lands which arc not , believed to contain valuable minerals ; that lands once offered for sales by auction , without finding a purchaser , may afterwards be purchased without auction at the up-set price ; that the first application of the land revenue must be towards defraying the expenses incident to the administration of the Crown land department in in all its branches ; and that the surplus or net land revenue should bu applied towards the introduction of manual labourers from tlm country , unless when the exigencies of the public service may render the application of it to other loca 1 purposes indispensable . "
The third and last point of importance is the manner in which the aborigines are to be dealt with by the colonial authorities : — " The laws and customs of the native New Zealanders , even though repugnant to our own laws , ought , if not at variance with the general principles of humanity , to ba for the present maintained for their government , in all . their relations to , and dealings with each other ; particular districts should be set apart , . within which such customs should besoob-MTVcd . .... The chiefs or others , according to their usages , should be nl ' owed to interpret and to administer their own laws . Even beyond those precincts the same practice should be followed in all cases , whether civil or criminal , in which the natives alone have any direct and immediate interest . " FRANCE .
A Temiific Storm visited France on the 22 ud . A number of vessels have been wrecked on the coa-t . Several towns have been inundated . The storm of wind and rain was accompanied by thunder and lightning . The French democratic journals of the last few days have contained some excellent articles on the Polish question , but we have no room for extrao ' s .
SPAIN . The New Cortes . —The ( Court or Afranccsado party , that is , the Government of its naming , should the present one fail , will have a majority of between 170 and 180 in the Cortes . Several RoMiers of this garriBon have nearly been frozen to death , and contracted fatal pulmonary disorders , in consequence of not being permitted to wear their cloaks during the intensely cold weather wo are experiencing . ¦ PORTUGAL . The Civil War . —Nothing decisive yet . Baron Cazas , with about 2 , 000 of the jQ ^ een ' s troops , has b ? en in the vicinity of . Oporto , trying , by me ns of bri l . ery , to get up a revolt in the town , to favour his attack ; his plans , though favoured by some paid agents , covered with British privileges , have not succeeded , and the consequence has been the arrest of many people , and the discovery of a number of arms and a quantity of ammunition ; as well as to
manifest the weakness and demoralisation of the Queen ' s Government , who have no confidence in tlie forces , but only trust to seduction . The citizens show no disposition to flinch , but , on the contrary , seem determined to fight it out , and as they muster about 4 , 000 well-armed and tolerably well-drilled men , it does not seem likely thnt the Queen ' s troops will be able to force their way in . The Mieuelitos arc progressinjr . There is no doubt that Macdonald has a well-organised force with him , of about four thousand men in the Minho ; that Dom Miguel has been proclaimed with all the formalities in the several towns of Minho , Trasor , Montes , and Beira Alta , where Juntas are organised and governing the country in his name . Even thing in Lisbon is at a complete stand still : the Bank notes at a discount of 25 per cent , with few or no purchasers ; all the silver has disappeared ; provisions are rising in price , and distress and despondency the prevailing feeling throughout all classo- * of society .
SWITZERLAND . The new ambassador of France in Switzerland , Count dc Bois le Comte , presented his credentials on the ICth to Dr . Zehnder , President ; of the Federal Directory . Expulsios of a German Rrfiioee . —The Government of Zurich has recently ordered the expulsion of a political refugee . This individual , a Prussian subject , named Ilcinzen , had ( men denounced to the Swiss authorities by the Bavarian Government , as having lately published at Zurich , and spread throughout Germany , to the number of several thousand copies , a pamphlet entitled The German Tribune . The text of the judgment pronounced against him is— " that lie has yiolated the conditions under which political refugees obtain a legal asylum in Switzerland .
GERMANY . The Communist Arrests . —We understand that the greater part of the persons arrested here at Berlin on the 9 th of this month , on suspicion of seditious intrigues , have been already set at liberty , and only six now ranain ' under arrest . The person whom the authorities announced to be most deeply implicated is a young merchant ' s clerk , named Ottensossor , who is accused of having read prohibited pomes in a public place .
GREECE . Lord Palmerston has been administering a " gentle reproof , " to M . Colletti , denouncing the Greek Ministry ' s " systom of bad government , " whicli truly says the English Minister has created '' hrigaiiila n e , oppression , murders , and insecurity of property . " To this M Colletti , with matchless assurance , replies : — " No ; robbery , violence , and murder aro not encouraged in Greece by the fact that they are left unpunished . Everywhere , and always , notwithstanding numerous obstacles , the firm willot ' the Government has caused the laws to be respected . The life
and property <> i peaceful and laborious men are in ! perfect safety . " This specimen of political lying , is sufficiently exposed by the fact that the very arrivals which bring us iV . Colletti ' s " reply , " also bring the account of a long li-st of atrocities committed by the brigands , in which robberies , rapes , and murders ¦ committed upon unhappy victims of both sexes , I shine conspicuous . We have no room tor the revolt- 1 ing details . Greece is in a wretched state . Why j do not the Greeks kick out the imbecile Otho , and ; the rascally agents of the old mischief-maker , Louis- ! Phillipc ? There will be no repose for Greece till this is done . UNITED STATES AND MEXICO .
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flie wrongs which we have suffered from Mexico linost ever since she became an independent power , nd the patient endurance with which we have ornethem , are without a parallel in the history , of iod « rn civilized nations . ¦ Hie following extract will give an idea of the TL . wiwi « whW , « , h . « ... *«*! a ™ . .. u .
„ CIIAROKS AGAINST THE MEXICANS . i uTi ^ } Mexico achieved her independence , winch the United States were the first among the nations to acknowled ge , when she eommence-1 the system of insult and spoliation , which she has ever since pursued . Our citizens engaged in lawful commerce were impruoneu , their vessels seized , and our flag insulted in her ports , if mnnev wns ' wantcH i the lawless Reuiire And confiscation of our merchant vessels ana their curves was a r .-iu [ y reS ( ltm : e ; am IL ! 1 :. : " }! ' ' tllCir P " *?*? «»« ni « necessary to imprison the '
owners , CAptains , and , rew * itW done . Rulers supersede rulers in Mi-xico ' iu nmii succession , but still there was no chant >» in thesvtern of depredation . The government ol the Unitjii Stater made repeated rcclnm : ; tiens on behalf of it 8 citizens , but these were answered by t ' . e perpetration of new outrages . Promises of redress m .-ulibv Mexico in the most solemn forms were postponed or evaded . The tiles and records of th « Department of State contain conclusive proof of numerous lawless acts perpetrated upon the property a ^ d persons of our citizens by Mexico , and of wanton insults to our
national flng . 1 he interposition of our Government to obtain redress was a . aaip ami n ^ ain invoked , under circumstances which no nation ought to disregard . ¦ ' It was hoped that these outrages would cease after the treaty of amity , commerce , and navivntion of ; April 5 , 1831 , was concluded between tin ; two It-publics ; but this hope soon proved to be vain . " The President then proceeds to relate the several efforts of Presidents Jaukson and Van Buren to obtain " redress , " whieh were unattended with any success beyond fair promises on the part of the offenders . Negotiations between the two governments at length resulted in the " convention of the 11 th of Aiiiil ,
1889 , ' for the adjustment of claims of citizens of tho United States of America upon the Government o ! the Mexican Republic . '" Tlie mixed commission , was , according to the convention , to sit not morethan eighteen months . At the conclusion it was found thnt oiriya portion of the Unikd Stat .-s claims had been considered . The Mexican commissioners , however admitted claims against their <; ovL'rnmeiit to the amount of " two millions ' , twenty-six thousand one hundred and thirty-nine dollars and sixty-eight cents . " Time to cash up was asked for by Um Mexicans and granted . But the debtor * have ion ^ since exhausted the patience of their creditors ) ; and Mexico has " twice violated the faith of treaties" by " failing or refusing" to pay the money .
TUB ANNEXATION <> F TKXAS To the United States constituted no just cause of offence _ to Mexico . The pretext that ' it did so is wholly inconsistent , and irreconcilable with well authenticated facts connected with the revolution bv which Texas became independent ot Mexico . The President then proceeds to relate the history of Texas from the time of the overthrow of the Spanish power in America to its annexation to the United States . Attt-r giving his o » n vei > ioa uf this history , he add * : —But there are those who , ci needing all this to be true , assume the ground that tlie true western boundary of Texas is the Nueseos , instead of the Rio Gramie ; and that , therefore , in marching our army to the east bank of the latter river , we passed the Texan lino , and invaded the territory lor Mexico .
io refute this assumption the President gives a " simple . statement of facts , " intended to prove that tlie Rio Grande was always the western boundary of Texiis . On the annexation of Texas , hostile demonstrations on the part of Mexico , induced the United States government to prepare tor War . The United States forces proceeded to occupy the east bank of the Rio Grande . There they were attacked by Mexican troops , who crossed trom the opposite side of the river . Thus , after all the injuries wo had received and born from Mexico , and after she had insultingly rejected a minister sent to her oil a mi > sion of peace , and whom she had solemnly agreed to receive , she consummated her long course of outrage against our country , by commencing an offensive war , and shedding ' . the blood of ' our citizens on our own soil .
The President then relates the several" honourable efforts" made by Mm to obtain peace , and recites the various revolutions in Mexi . o within this last two years , lie accounts for Santa Anna bcinj ; permitted to pass through the blockading fleet on his return to Mexico on the ground that Santa Anna was belk-ved to be friendly to peace between thu two countries .
SUCCESS OF THE AMElilCAN ABMS . 1 congratulate you on the success which has thus attended our military and naval operations . In kss than seven months after Mexico commenced hostilities , at a time selected by herself , we have taken possession of many of her principal ports , driven back and pursued her invading army , and acquired military possession of the Mexican provinces of New Mexico , iNuw Leon , Coahuila , Tamauliuns , and the Californias , a territory larger in extent than iliat embraced in the original thirteen Slates of the Union , inhabited by a considerable population , and much ot it more thuu a thousand miles from the points at which we had to collect our forces and coininuivc our movements . By the blockade , the import and
export trade ot the enemy has been cut off . Well may ihe American people bo proud of the energy and gallantiy of our regular and volunteer officers and soldiers . The events of these few months afford a gratifying pr ; of that our country can , under any emergency , confidently rely for the maintenance of her honour , and the defence of her rights , on an effective force , r .: ady at all times voluntarily to relinquish the comforts of home for the perils and privations of the camp . And though such a force may be for the time expensive , it is in the end economical , as the ability to cnniimtid it removes the necessity of employing a lar ^ e standing army in time of peace , and proves that our people love their institutions , and are ev « ready to defend and protect th . m .
i i ] ; THE WAR TO BK CONT 1 NUKD WITH VIGOUR . The w . ir will continue to ba prosecuted with vigour , as thu best means of seeming peace , k is hoped that the dfcision of the Mexican Congress , h > which our last overture has been referred , may result in a speedy and h > . n >> urable peace . With our experience , however , of tho unreasonable course oi the Mexican authorities , it is the part of wisdom not to relax in the energy of our military operation ;) until the result is made known . Iu this view , it is deemed important to hold military possession of all thu provinces which have been taken until a dofiuitire treaty of peace shall have been concluded and ratified by the two countries .
1 ho war has not been waged with a view to conquest ; but having been commencid b y Mexico , it has been carried into the enemy ' s country , and will be vigorously prosecuted there , with a view to obtain an honourable peace , and thereby secure ample indemnification for the expanses of the war , as well as to our much injued citizons , whoho . d large pecuniary demands against Mexico .
JklOKKV WANTKD . Near the close of your last session , for reasons communicated to the Congress , I deemed it important , as a measure for procuring a speedy peace with Mexico , that a sum of money should be appropriated and placed in t . ie power ot the Executive , similar to that which had been made upon two former occasions , during the administration of President Jcll ' erson . The reasons which induced me to recommend the measure at thu time * till exist ; and I again submit the subject for your consideration , and suggest the importance of early action upon it .
J'he President then recommends that Congress should immediately " providu by law fi > r thu trial and punishment as pirates of Spanish subjects who shall ha found guilty of privateering against the United States . " lie adds the recommendation thai Congress " should immediately provide by law for Jett . rsof marque and reprisal against vessels under the Mexican fla »\ After stating tho receipts and expenditure of the Treasury fur the past year , from which it appears that a debt of upwards of six millions of ilolluis has been contracted since March , 1815 , the President proceeds to demand
A LOAN tP TWKNTY-T 1 IUKE MILLIONS . Iii order t > prosecute the war with Mexico with , vigour and energy , as the best means of brin ^ im ; it to a speedy and honourable termination , a further loan will bu necssary to meet the expenditures for the present and the next fiscal years . If thu war should be continual until the 30 ; h June , 1 S 48— l » uin » tho cud uf the next fiscal yiar —• it is estimated ( hat an additional lean of twenty-three-million of dollars will be required . This estimate is made upon the assumption that will he necessary to retain constantly in the treasury 4 , 000 , 0 t » ot < L > lh \ rs , to guard against ccmingeNcics . if such surplus were not required to be retained , then a loan of JO . OOG ^ OO of dollars would be sufficient . If , however ,. Congress should , at the present session , impos e a revenue duty on the principal articles now embraced in the tree list , it is estimated that an additional annual revenue of about . t-. vo millions and a half , amounting it is estimated
, on the oOth of , ) nne , 18-1 S , to . four millions of dollars , wotiM be ibrived trow that source ; and thu loan rcqu ivd would be reduced by that amount It is estimated , also , that should Coiigres-a graduate and reduce the price of suea of the public lands as have been long in the mark-t tho additional revenue derived from that source would be annually , for several ye < jrs to com ..:, between hall a million and a million of dollars ; and the loan required may be reduced by that amout also . Should theso measures be adopted , the loan required would not probabl y exceed 18 or 19 millions of dollarsleaving ln the treasury a constant surplus of four millions of dollars . The President then proceeds to speak of the act passed last session " toreduce the duties on imports , " and at some length eulogises tho system of free trade . " These congratulations aro immediately followed by the suggestion for laying on NKW TAXES . It is submitted for your consideration whether H
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venued u& Pr 0 P ' ' " war ""»•» " > . to i' « Pwe re ff ? c ftStb ? "SKnSf' { r ,- " , ^* r ' b : accd nose mii-1 , i ., f onm 'V ue deemed proper to m « mTt S « ? > Wltha vicw l () >' lisi - > ' vonu-3 to HrF ? ft '«' " ' " ^ " ^ ^ -Jfiwsiswjssi ' Jsr ™ - Tl , » i T' 1 K rUDUC LANDS . __
ed i ; " tin ! "lr tat V »»"" mu . nrat 0 a .. th £ nstu Dvixisting laws , and rema n unsold in . hi ™ me again to recommend the subject r .. vo ur lav ,, " ° Mo cons « dcrati . ) n .. Many millim . s of a " t ¦ Csa » ' 1 >! lVe be 0 " , ° , ft m ] in tllc « ' »* --t ><> v . no , ' , Sn thirty yrar . * , and larger quantities for mom , | , tm or twenty years , and beim ; of an inferior quality they must remain unsaleable for an indefinite periml un-Icss the price at which they may bu purchaW shall be reduced . * ? * * Itcannot be a Round policy to withhold large
-_ qunn tituisot the public hinds from the usi- nndciccupatinn "' our citizens , by ri . \ i : i ^ upon them prices which exiHiii cnee has shown they will not command . On the C'Mi'i-iiry , it ha wise policy to nffi > rd facilities to our cin / A-ns to become the owners , at h \ v and moderate i . iie \ ot freeholds of their nwn , instead of twin * their ion S '» U ^ ' ! miailt » of '"!* " - " ' 't »* ai'Pro-X " { S * q « anliiKHbv speculators .. reaphi , tn , r ? " bB "Mtrirtei , in limited qua ,,-pulJSoivSS ^' *~ p ^ A i *
ADDITIONS T . I TUB Aimy AXD NAVY . I recommend to your early ,, , i lavourablo ronsi-. . ration the ineiiMirw propose ! l , tuc Secretar / at W nr tor .-. poe . hly li ; lnp up th , ,, n / k ami ' , £ ' ™\™ reoular army , tor its sire-ater elhViencv in U ,,. fijlj ardl . T raisins an wWitional fo . cu to serve during the war with Mexico . B 1 recommend to your favourable consideration the proposition to mid to each of our forriun squadrons an efficient sea steamer , and , as especially demanding attention , the establishment at I ' en .-acola . of the necessary means of repairing and rcfittim ; the vo . fSL'l . s of the navy employed in the < iulf of Mexico .
CONCLUSION . With full reliance upon thu wisJnm and patriotism of your dalibtrationn , it will be my duty . n < ic will be my anxious desire , to cv-operatt / with you in every constitutional effort to promoc the wli-fare and maintain the honour of our common country . , „ ,. ^ James K . Polk . \\ nslun 4 t 0 n , Dec . 8 . 1816 . Since the di » riU (? h of the jtmiHiits by the packet ship Ajhlmrton , the packet ship Jtf . n R . SKiddy , C-iptain Luf : i < , has arrived in the iMersey wiiii advir . es from New York to the 13 th inst . ; inclusive . 1 lie present accounts arc not unimportant . The " jneral aspect of the war had undergone im material ehajise . ^ The operations of thu American forces had Ivvij chiefly confined to an advance ag .-iinst Sal illo , the investment of Mcudova , and thu « aiwisoni : s" of Tampico .
Our iii-oounts from Washington extend to the clo > e of tlm 10 : h inst . Thu proceeding of the Senate amnu thu opening of the session on ' ihe 7 th had been almost or entirely confined to thu transaction of ordiii-iiy iHisinces ; and a resolution of instruction to the Military Commit tee to inquire int » the propriety of granting 1 G 0 acrei of land ti each vol inteor serving in tho war , and of increasing thu pay , hail been adopted , and a iiill had beeinn'roduccd to or : aniz 3 a torritmia ! government over tfec Or- < , « hi . Tii < « pro . eevdit : i .-M lithe House of Ileprcstinaivts were more intiite . iting . and a sharp discussimi upon the Mexican war took place on the 9 th inst . uurui a motion of Mr .
Davis calling upon the President for copies of all orders to irciiurals and commanders relative to the establishment of civil governments in territories conquered ilurinsr the war . On the 10 th the discussion was resumed , the motion beim ; * o modified as to make further demands of the President , calling oa him to state , through the Secretary at War , whether the present war with . Mexico was wnsed with a view to conquest , or to what extent he designed to pros « - c . ute it . After a sharp discussion thu question was informally pnss-d over ; and the house adjourned to the 14 th inst . This attack upon the Executive was thought to be the prelude to a more serious onslaught at some future and not distant period . POLAND .
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(Colonial Anil Jfomgn Ifntelltstme.
( Colonial anil jfomgn ifntelltstme .
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TUE PRESIDENT'S MESSAGE . —PROGRESS OK THE WAR . The New York packet-ship , Ashburton , Captain J Dowland , arrived in Liverpool on Tuesday . j The President ' s Message was delivered to Con- i gress on the 8 th ol December . j General Wool took peaceable , possession of Man * ! cloya on the 30 th of October . The armistice has broken up , and General Taylor has ugain commenced hostilities . Colonel Doniphon took the cily of Chibuahua , without resistance on the 2 nd of November . It was rumoured that another revolution had broken out in Mexico , and that the Santx Anna party had declared him dictator .
THE MESSAGE . This document comprises ten closely printed columns of the Morning Chronicle , yet of all similar documents it contains the least matter worthy of being reprinted . Of the ten columns not le . « B than seven arc occupied with a defence , of the Mexican war . It is impossible for us to do more than indicate the general tenour of this monster message . PROSPERITY OF THE UNITED STATES . Fellow Citizens of the Senate and of the ' House of Representatives , —In resuming your labours in the services of the people , it is a subject of congratulation that there has been no period in our past history when all the elements of national prosperity have been so fully developed . Since your last session no afflicting dispensation has visited our country ; <
'eneral good health has prevailed , abundance has crowned the toil of the husbandman , and labour in all i * s branches is receivin g an ample reward , while education , science , and the arts are rapidly enlarging the means of social happiness . The progress of our country in her career of greatness , not only in the vast extension of our territorial limits and the rapid increase of our population , but in resources and wealth , and in the happy condition of our people , is without example in the history of nations .. As the wisdom , strength , and beneficence of our free ins'tituiions are unfolded , every day adds fresh motives to contentment , and fresh incentives to patriotism . Our devote and sincere acknowledgments are due to the gracious Giver of all Guod , for tho numberless blessings which our beloved country enjoys .
FORKION RELATIONS . It is a source of high satisfaction to know that tho relations of the United States with all other nations , with a single exception , are of the most amicable character . Sincerely attached to thu policy of pcaco , early adopted and steadily pursued by this Government , I have anxiously desired to cultivate and cherish friendship and commerce with every foreign power . The spirit and habits of the American people are favourable to the maintenance of such international harmony . In adhering to this wise policy , a preliminary and paramount duty obviously consists in the protection of our national interests lrom encroachment or sacrifice , nnd our national honour from reproach . Thcso must be maintained at any hazard .
THE WAR WITH MEXICO . The existing war with Mexico was neither desired nor provoked by the United States . On the contrary , all honourable means were resorted to to avert it . The President then proceeds to relate the , causes Tf Jucb . led to tbe war , assorting that ; - *>
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MOP . K RUSSIAN BARBARITIES . Tiioiw , Dec 15 . \\ kile nothing of political influences passing on this side ( = f the frontiers , thu accounts from Poland . irovury melancholy . Domiciliary vi . Mt-s and arrests still continue , ' anil well-informed persons affirm that the number of persons imprisoned in consequence of t ! : e attempted revolution amounts to 300 , many oi whom , after a vexatious inquisitorial proceeding , have been banished to Siberia , and others hanged in the citadel of Warsaw . The noblemen find themselves s-usptcttd by the government , and believe that their ruin is intended , and the moio so because the lato half-measure relative to the emancipation of tlie peasants scums to
threaten their property and their personal i-afety . It lias frequently happened that the peasants endeavour to realise by violence the promises whirh have been made by the government to grant them landed property , and attack the estates of their lords , who 01 their part complain tbat the government dues not sufficiently protect them against iho violence of the peasants . Every traveller , whether a foreigner or a nativeof ^ Poland , is obliged to s ' mn a piper in the Polish , German , ami French languages , iu which ho declares that lie has no letters , bo ^ k * , notes , Ac , with him , otherwise he is to be punished with all the rigour of thp law . The Frankfort Journal of the 27 th inst . publishes the following extract of a letter from Berlin , dated December 20 .
1 'lie fate of Poland U decided . It i < to receive the title ot New Russia , and is to be divided into two Governments ; viz ., that of Warsaw , and that ot Lublin . Instructions istobesriven in the Russian language . Prince Paskienritsch is to be replaced by Prince Gortscliakoff . "
[ From tkt Gutttti of Tueiday , December 2 ' i . ) Mary Ann Shcnston , Brewer-street , Sowers Town , scalo manufacturer— W . W . Colcm . 111 , Soutnumnton , provision merchant—H . Drower , Great Wahham , Essex , draper and grocer-J . II . Morris , Kingston-upon-IIuU , unot and shoemaker-J . V . Mooro , l'lj month , choipfot and ' uiugBUfe —T . Morton , liimuugUani , buUflw ,
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¦« p » - THE CASE OF POLAND . TO TIIK PEOPLE OF OltlAT BRITAIN AND 115 ELANP . We have read with great pleasure the several maniiostations of public opinion lately manifested in this country in relation to the late subversion of the Republic of Cracow . Hut as regards the much talked of treaties of Vienna we think some popular errors exi > t which need correction . Citizens of Great Britain and Ireland ! It is your sacred duty to watch over the honour and safety of your country . No doubt it is a lioblu duty . ' \ Ve , Poles , enjoyint'your hospitality will not , and cannot , interfere with your national rights ; but we \ a \ w . our sacred duties , our national obligations , our uunlienable rights , to declare to our friends , and to defend them against our enemies . We . therefore solemnly declare before you and all the world .
I . 1 hut the three European governments had no right to mutilate , to divide , nml dismember the Polish empire iu 17 T 2 1703 , 1795 , and never can rightfully Require tbat iniquitous usurpation . II . That the European governments in 1813 , at the congress of Vienna , by sanctioning the former dismimi ' .-erments of Poland , acted a : aitist ai ! human and divine laws , and became ' participator * of the horrible crime , committed by t ; : e three nortiii'in tyrants in 1772 , 1703 ,. 1795 . III . That thu Polish people wore not either alieU tors or participators of the tr .-aty of V'in :. na in 181 j , ther « l . - . re . the Poles are authorised by »! 1 divine and human laws to hike up arms at every | -rnjiiiii : n . i moment , at every opportune t i me , for reconquering their ancient independence , their s .-u-rol int . in ..: ii | ty , and their imprescri ptible rights as p-JSM- ^ -d Moro 1772 . For tho < o rishts they lou-i . t in i 7 i ) l , 1807 , 180 W , 1812 , lS 3 t \ and 1840 .
IV . That to invoke the tre-ity of ISlo against the seizure of tho Craenvian rcnub ' ie , is u > acknowledge tho validity of thnt con » rcM ? , n-iiich sanctioned tfie dismembermen t of ancient Vt . lwl ; which esta-Wished the hereditary Muscovite tluws-y in P . iUml which uplitU the slawr-y of tim Polish pconle ; which stigmatizes tho :: loriomn v < i '< ution of 18 U 0 as rebellion , and tin : l ' oles a < rebels ; in one \ wim . to . invoke thu treaty of Vienna \ - to net a » aii ! st the " regeneration of Poland , and ig . iinst the restoration ot its aiii-ient imlopendi-uce-as . i ( was before the y «;» r 1 << 2 . V That all future ariMtt Rvm * nts which may be mad . ; b y the European < . oVlrumen : - n-ari ' . inu Polasii , without the consent oi' tho Polish people " will aot bind the Poles , nnd will bu considered as mig . itovy and vnid bv »! n > 1 V . U . H
^ Citizens ot Great Britain and Ireland . Surh is Ue ease ot Poland , such aro the sacrulflatusand Mialienablvj rights .. f tbe . Polish people , l ! y . m oiler your fraternal smirc , let tlnsu vmu- smi ' ee . s ! . e in accordance wish tlm rights of IV . li . nd . Ut these your services he for the re-estabii .-liment of tlie ancient , entire , ami indepeiidant 1 ' olami , u » t lor the rcstwation of the now exploadcd ami abominable treaty of Vienna . Signed by tlie Committee of tho Polish people , 011 behaif of thu Oromada Prnga . To . LuiKiawicz , Secretary . J . Si'cuknka , I'rcsidont . lGth of December . ISib ' .
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uncart 2 , 1847 . THE NORTHERN STAR . JA- ' — - ————— ¦ ' ¦ ¦ -II JMB 1 — - ** T -M „ orle tlmt the ~ '^ -i u
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Jan. 2, 1847, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1399/page/7/
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