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Northern Star (1837-1852), 16th January 1847, Edition 1 of 3, Page 5, Untitled Article

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    • Colonial aito Jtoffen ftfto' efo. ^rtinnial anh tfhmmt iiriritin.
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      The Kcoants receited this week from tbe Cipe pf Good Hope and New Zetland are of m pacific jiarteter . tndthe probability exists thst , ere lfi pg , pic e nill be re-established in both colonies . The great fact of the ' week has been the opening of the French Chambers with the usual " Speech " from Louis Philippe . This precious production will be found at full length in our Foreign Intelligence .

      We lament tbe distress under which so many o the Freneh people ore at present suffering , and which is prominently noticed in the " Speech . " The measures intended to be brought forward by the government are undefined ; tbejaragraph is a vague expresoon of sympathy "—nothing more . There appears to be an end to ihe entente cordiale of which for years we were used to hear to much . Instead of the fudge about the " friendship , " intimate relations , " and " cordial understanding , " between tbe governments of France and England , so consp icuous in former speeches , we have merely an in significant paragraph , setting for th the co-operation

      of tbe two governments in endeavouring to effect a se ttlement 0 / the affairs of the River Plate . The M ontpeosier marriage has blown up the entente cordiale . Since the delivery of the speech , some fre-and- twenty documents in relation to the marriage question have been presented to the Chambers . So f ar as a glance at them enables as to judge , it appears , that , first , Guizot contrived to humbug Aberdeen on the occasion of the snug little meeting at £ u ; that , second , Paltnerston got up , or became a party to , a dirty intrigue on the part of the English government , to saddle one of the Cobarg vermin upon the Spaniards in the shape of a husband for the

      Spanish Queen ; that , third ^ Guizot seized upon this intriguing of Palmerston as a pretext for throwing overboard the " cordial understanding" come to with Aberdeen , and lost no time , nor scrupled at any means , in pushing tbe claims of Montpensier ; that , fourth , Palmerston and the Coburg were outwitted , and the " artful dodger ' s" young hopeful carried off the prise ; that , fifth , Palraerston , when he found he had lo » t the game , lost his temper , and , in the wordy conflict with his wily antagonists which followed the marriage , exhibited himself to but little advantage ; and that , lastly , the correspondence communicated to the French Chambers exhibits the '

      knaverr of the French , and the imbecility of the English Government . Louis Philippe has the unblushing assurance to speak of the confiscation of Cracow as " an unexpected event , " which J \ e follows up by the intimation that he has " protested against that infraction of the treaties . " He says this much , because h oust jay something on the subject . Some nine diplomatic documents on this question have been supplied to tbe Chambers . There will be long winded discussions , and perhaps the usual barren paragraph in favour of Poland , introduced into the " address , " but this will be all .

      And what else can be expected from such a body as the Chamber of Deputies—we say nothing of that mockery of a house of legislature , the Peers-Louis Philippe ' s lacqueys ? The Chamber of Deputies is composed of four hundred and five nine members , contains , 66 lawyers or notaries , 7 physicians , 44 officers of the array , either on half pay or in active service , 2 officers of the navy in active service , 82 magistrates , 52 administrators , 13 civil engineers , 27 merchant * or bankers , 8 manufacturers , 8 ironmasters , 9 ministers , 15 members of the institute . 5

      diplomatists , and 6 literary men , 3 of whom are clue editors of daily newspapers . The remaining 115 Deputies are mostly landed proprietors . These too , be it remembered , are elected by a constituency of two hundred thousand elector * , the citizen class of a nation of 35 millions . As long as this system lasts , there u no hope for Poland so far as French sympathy is concerned . But this system will not last for ever , nor will Louis Philippe and Guizot always rule the roast . "Every dog hat his day , " and these nongrelg will have theirs , but another day ia Coming .

      The disturbances in the French provinces are on the increase ; several serious collisions have taken place between the starring people and the authorities , and a numberfof . the disaffected have been irrested . If " coming events " may be predicted from the shadows at present overhang ing Spain , then a renewal of the sanguinary scenes of former years may be anticipated . The Carlists appear to be making great preparations for a re-commencement of the

      struggle , in which they were before worsted . It b esserted , that the rising of the Carlists will be immediately Mowed by a general outbreak of the adicals , against the party in power . Weannounced last week the arrest of Senor Olozaga , who stil l remains in custody . His aged father expired on learning the arrest of his son . What will they do with Olozaga ? Will they charge him with high treason , put him to a mock-trial , and murder him , as they have done with so many other victims ? The royal tigress , Christina , is quite capable of such an atrocity , and it is well known that she tu commanded the present outrage .

      Switierland 13 again the theatre of disturbances . Ahe latest accounts represent that the insurrection « tie Fnbourg radicals had failed . Before reachugtbo city they were fired upon by the Government troops , and compelled to fall back on Mor at * itb . the loss of some killed . * ounded , and pri awers . Th 8 authorities of Fribourg had caused a enmber of persons to be arrested , and on the 8 th the ooops of the Government , composed of infantry , «* rabmeera , and ar tillery , marched upon Morat , the oead-quartersofthe insurrection .

      The most awfui distress prevails in Flanders ana Germany . In Flanders the scenes taking place in Ireland find their ^ counterpart . In the district of Elberfield in Rhenish Prussia more than eight tbou-« md working people are without employment , many dying of { starvation . The { most frighful misery exu ts ^ hroughout Silesia , ' and even Berlin , the capital of ' . Prussia , is not exempted from the «[* t 8 of the Bcarcity of provisions and « g « eral distress . In this state of things Comttanisra is rapidly advancing , and finds eager contens amongst the unhappy people , who begin to see Wat nothmg short of a great social as well as poll , tual revolution will afford them relief .

      The King of Sweden has sent a " protest" to Vienna against the confiscation of Cracow , which « w . d to ha . 7 e excited a great sensation in dinlo-SSsSf l ? ° e' tJ ™* "M ^ a great kW I- ; She bas a lon 8 ««™» of " ™ S * and fc ^ utions to «««•• » d efface , and her sons t for

      W » the struggle . Italy U in a 8 tata o { ^ exciUment From ^ and a ^ tremUy of Cahbri » ' cur 3 M ^ h loud CounS "' ^ * ' 11181 Ao 8 tria- Thefuseralof Cn frS ?* ^ "fr tofcri «¦ celebrated at Mi-Jf «» the 30 th nit ., in theChnrch of San-Fedele . Uckd- « ° f the V ° ? vbti < m thronged the streets , tos ad P * trieian families and Count-Casati , POOe Sta Ofthsritr Aftar thm Aammnnn tk __

      falon * IMCribe *** DSmes at the PaIaao Gtmt&uh hl 8 m 0 Teinent of the poDulation caused so wiU ** 1011 ' ttattheaathorites in the evening BteS ? the » tre tobeshut , to prevent any further « & A letter from Bologna states , that Cardi . awed ! , , the late legate , took his departure on lega ted !!! . ° f Snndiy « *• 3 rd iB 8 t - m *«» new 4 ki 0 * * f * rriTed at Bix toe wmeeveni [ m n Wa f . receiTed ! ' 7 the people with acclama P « Q Ple « £ u next d * » at twtIre aboat 2 000 wun white burners and bands of music .

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      assembled ia the square of St . Petrtmio , and with the students at their head , followed by the wli « cal offenders included in the amnesty , of whom M . Ga . letto was the leader , marked fa procession to the P . laao Pobheo , and . topping tinder the grand bal . cony . exelMmed repeatedly , " Long livepS IX . ! - Long live Cardmal Amat ! -Italian independence for d i sorder . In the evening there was a general illu . ruination . « S 8 emblediB &t ** aare of st ^ rTr , -,,,. , „ ,, „; , "'

      On Wednesday , the Cambria arrived at Liverpool from the United States . Taylor and Santa Anna have not yet met . The Mexican Commander had sent out a detachment of 2 , 000 men to destroy the water-tanks between Saltillo and Siyn LuisPotosi . Congress had been occupied chiefly with the discuswon of the President ' s Message with regard to the Mexican war . The debates were extremely sharp . The duty recommended upon tea and coffee would not be imposed it was believed . From Philadelphia we learn that Mr . Baker , oi Illinois , jutt returned from tke army , had delivered a speech in the House of Representatives , by which the greatest excitement bad been produced . He represented " the otter incompetency of a handful of men to conquer Mexico

      —that an overwhelming force was necessary—that the Mexicans were more united than ever , women even joining them to repel the invasion . " From the contemplation of this war so disgraceful to the United States , and so injurious to the cause of liberty , we turn to the struggle in the Caucasus , where again the slaves of Russia have been made to feel the vengeance of the heroic Circassians , fighting for their homes and freedom . So perish the minion s of tyranny in every conflict , so triumph the champions of right in every struggle .

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      JOHN WEST . We give insertion ia another column to a letter addmsed to the Chartist Executive , and the Executive ' s response thereto , from which it will Joe Been that the Chartists of MaccleiBeld suggest the raising of funds to present Mr . John West with a testimonial of respect for his lon » and valuable services in the cause of Democracy . It will also be seen that the members of the Executive have given this suggestion the stamp of their approbation , in terms which reflect honour upon them as well as Mr . West . We , too , must record onr approval of the scheme , and must express our thanks to the Maceleafield men for bringing this question before the democratic publie . If ever there was a man who " deserved well of

      his country , " that man is John West . In the dark hoar , when persecution had consigned tbe majority of our geod and clever men to dungeons and silence , and when humbugs and shams traversed the land , roaring for " cheap bread" to mislead the masses from tha pursuit of their rights , John West manfully came forward and met the jugglers , teeth to teeth . His admirable speech oa Corn-Law Repeal , first published , we believe , in the Champion , and copied into this journal , called attention to his extraordinary abilities , and led to the Chartists persuading him to leave his home to work for them in the public arena . To our certain knowledge that

      step was a fatal one for friend . West , as far as domestic comforts were concerned ; but as regards popularity , he at once won " golden opinions" from the Chartist body . Our Sheffield friends well remember when he first visited their town ( we have not forgotten it ) and " how he came , he saw , and conquered" all hearts . Of all the men who ever battled with the Free Trade humbugs , John West was the " man of men" whom they most feared to encounter . lie never flinched whether knave or tyrant was the foe . On his trial at Derb > on a trumped-up ' charge of sedition . he played the part of a fearless patriot , and his manliness and

      ability extoited compliments from bis judge and accusers . We have known John West not only in public but in private life-but few can have known him better , and knowing him well , we pronounce him " every inch" a man . Ilis late seclusion from public life has been a sore misfortune to the cause of progress . Surely with agitations ior a National Petition , a National Co-operative Land plan , and Trades * schemes of regeneration , public employment might have been found for such a man . We know

      nothing of Mr . West ' s present wants and wishes , it is the people we are considering , tor they are the sufferers wanting his advocacy of their claims . The proposition to present a national testimonial to Jehn West has our cordial approbation . If the middleciass subscribe their thousands for Cobden , surely the working classes will give their pounds , their shillings , and their pence , to a man who is infinitely greater than Cobden . Let the Maccle&field friends mature their plan and lay it before the country ; it shall have our hearty support .

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      POLAND . • War to tha Knife . "—PalafOM . Shall Boiilan , ihall Frniiiui , chall Anttrian rag * ^ weep Poland away in iti mercileti flood , Shall Metternich tackle bis waiting old age On her marrow and bone * lapped down with her blood . Shall Cracow , the remnant of Poland ' s existence . Slavishly set ia the autocrat ' s crown . No , aerer , while lives in oar arm resistance , We'll perish , like freemen « r lire with renawn . Shall the Despot of Fnuiia and cold blooded Czir , Pity at king-craft for nations with Austrian cheat , While oar tyrant ! at bome fear the juitica of war ! Lett their own tlavish bondsmen skould rise on their feet ;

      Shall Britons rebel for free trade in ber plains That our merchants may traffic in blood and in grain While Poland is bound by ber tyrant * in chain * When the flash from our thunder would snap them ia twain . Don pay for onr soldiers , our tyrants , and tars , Bat to cat our own throat * and feed iadolentdowns , Can we boast of our sarage and barbarous war * While wo tremble and crouch beneath despots in crowni . By heaven each Pole should his slave hovel fire , As beacons to rally round liberty ' s cry And tend their proud Tyrants tohell for a choir To cbaunt to OLD NICE , as the three DET 1 LS fry . When despots conspire , let freemen combine

      To reverse tbe decree , that mock * nature ami mind , That divinity ' s laws to tyrants assign The right to man ' * homage , the role of mankind . If men no made equal by Him who sires life , What Infidel , autocrat , Bishop , or Priest , Oan plead Hearen '» laws , that forbid brother ' s strife . As their title to sit , witb their God at th » fsast . Away witb inch folly , the dark days are past , When Kingcraft and Priestcraft commanded submission The young ( hooting genius of times flies too fast In tbe dlsbandad army to hold a commission . If brother * we be , let us enter the feld ; But if msakind of ma « terdom still stands in need , That the few from the many their birth . right withhold , Is net writ in God ' s Bible—it ' s not in man ' s creed .

      Up , up , tb « n , for Poland ! the yonng and the brave , Let ber vflleys ¦» crimsoned with blood to th * knee ; Let Poles for their fatherland sleep i n their grave , Or from despots and tyrants their fstherland free !

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      s » CHARTIST CO OPERATIVE LAND COMPANY . THE CLOSING OF TllE SECOND SECTION , AND TllE APPROACH 1 NC BALLOT . The Sob-Secretaries and Members are hereby informed , that the Second Section will close on Thursday , January 21 st , after which date all members joining will be enrolled in the 3 rd Section ; the Secretaries will send in immediately to the Corresponding

      Secretary , P . M'Gratb , the names , trades , residence , < £ c , of all members whe may at that date have joined the Second Section , in addition to the returns previously sent . The Ballot for the location of Second Section , is postponed from January 18 th , to Monday , 22 nd ot February . Persona to be eligible to this ballot , must have paid np their shares with all demands , on or prior to Monday , February 15 th . FlABODS O'CoNSOB Thomas Clark Chki 9 tophkb Doile Phiiip M'Grath \ »_ .. Thomas Mabtix Wheelbb f Secre » ne « -

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      ^^*^»^ ^»^»» ssssssssssssy » s » sssssi ^ sssssssssiBssss » Wsssssssssssss ^ — ¦¦ - * ™ — - —»^_^_^^ - » . ^^^^ S ^^^^ ^ ^ ^ W > Wi »»»» sssssssf » 1 > First .--A scrutineer shall be appointed by each branch on the first meeting night or day in every month , whose duty shall be to attend the branch meetings , and receive the subscriptions . The Secretary shall , before the dissolving of each meeting , sum up the receipts , when the scrutineer shall immediately hand them over to the Treasurer . He shall keep a check book against the Secretary nnd Treasurer , and be present at the audit of the Branch books , and report to the shareholders as to their correctness . '„ . .

      ! s | Second—Every braneh shall appeinttwo auditors , I whose term of office shall be six months ; their duty ! shall be to examine the Branch books , and report | thereon at the first meeting in every month . I Third . —Letters enclosing money must distinctly ! set forth the respective funds to which the whole : amount belongs . i Fourth . —In all letters requiring certificates it must be stated whether they are fo » mem- i ben of . the first , second , or third sectioa . And whether the certificate required be the first orsecond , and if the second , the number of the first must be given . The certificates will not be sent to the request of letters in which this rale is not observed . Fifth . —All communications , whether enclosing money or otherwise , must be addressed as follows : — To the Directors of the Chartist Co-operative Land Company , 83 . Dean-street , Soho , London .

      . All monies mustbc remitted in Post Office Oiders , or b y Bank Order payable on demand to Feargus . O'Connor . All Post Office Orders must be made payable at the General Post Office , St . Martin s-le-Grand , London , as none other will be acknowledged . The person ' s name applying to the local post office for the order must be written at full lertgih at the top of the order , and who must see the order properly stamped , and the order must be made payable to Feargus O'Connor . All letters containing money mustbe addressed as follows , fer "The Directors , Land Office ,

      83 , Dean Street , Soho . London By Order of the Directera . Psoir M'Gbath , Corresponding Secretary

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      NATIONA L TRADES ASSOCIATION FOR THE PROTECTION OF INDUSTRY . _

      "UrtttfortheMMto * . " The 1 Central CommitteToV the above InUftation held their nroal weekly meeting on Monday last , at their new offices , 11 , Tottenham Court Road , T . S . Duncombe , EBq . M . P ., | n the chair . Lettera were read containing the adhesion of persons from all partsoftbecountrMsalso amass of other correspondence , amongst which wasla communication frwn the executive committee of the Basket Makers' Sowetv of Great Britain , explaining the position of the turnout in thai trade , clearing proving , if there is such a thing as conspiracy , the employers in that trade are eminently guilty , as the following document will show : — COPY OP A LETTER SENT TO A MASTER IS MANCHESTER , BY THE SECRETARY OP THE , "MASTERBASKET MAKERS UNION . "

      Nottingham . o _ Nev . 28 th , 1816 . rr wiU n 0 doubt tWnU me unworthy to fill the post of Secretary to the " Master Basket Maktn Union , " —for I regret to gay , I ha » e not had your name in our book , through losing of your letter dated 6 th October , which 1 then duly ooawersd , bnt have not received from you a further communication . I ought to haie had your name entered in the book , but jour letter was lost , and this day found after nearly eight weeks missing . The object of our Union you are fully aware from the contents of the enclosed circular , of which I sent you a copy about the 10 th ultimo . *

      If you fully coincide with us , let me hear from you ;—and , though our work is well nigh done , the Journeymen ' s Society being well nigh don « too : we shall be glad of Lancashire aid , not so much for money , for that we do not ask so much ; at that , you either strike or cause some men in your neighbourhood to fall on the funds of the Journeymen ' s Society . I said / tmtfo , though it is thought they are insolvent , and that there arc no funds connected with their union . If we win the battle , and we have as nearly won as this , —that we cannot find the enemy to beat bin : —I sny if we ultimately triumph ( as wo shall ) lrt us not do it without Lancashire aid . Dublin bus turned offitsjsixty men on the 91 st inst ., and nut a society man works in that city . ¦ '

      Nearly two hundred Society men ( if they have asosiety ) are unemployed ; so you will perceive we have dons something without Lancashire , for Lancashire hag not struck nor sent money to aid our friends at Wolverhanipton . We can win without you , that is certain ; but , a bplvndid triumph certain and laBting , which shall effectually settle tiie question , cannot be achieved without your aid . I shall be glad to hear of your convening meetin g * in Lancashire , and doing what you can to help us in the strike . I am Ac , yours truly , W . H , Watti . 9 , Angel Row , Nottingham . P . S . —Our deputation did , ( bo doubt ) all they could to effect a strike , —now if you in the locality can do what we strangers cannot , you will confer an obligation on the trade .

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      "" a ship carpenters had , at th « bidding of their roanr commenced sawing , which , while it beipolco tbe « mand there was for work , and the expedients that tbe ™ »» « s were put to in order to have the worteseecufed . even a how " ^ Principled some workhig men tw weIi , e . toward « o * her « , by engaging with work whieb ract t ? e « T ! 8 te , " ret ™> ' «» «*«* tended to proneaVetVn w ' , ' > 0 WyeM ' thitt had U 0 W ^ ^ :: ^ : iTco h T dupoMdof - * " " cord 8 n rioas

      ^ arrangement . m »^» . * . P " ™ " > pre 5 = TSrSi-i 3 Sr ~ Si = p * were not of the committee , th ., ^^ »! v " 1 Association United Trades wouldbo « JJ » ?"""? present meeting , and a . Utmertitfi ™^ , ° * containing . »„„„„! , competef * ti / ob £ tt and purpo ** , 4 e . He would not oecupy more of f » Hme byanyprelimmary . rernarks , as the subject wit no doubt be , W » dHcribri by Mr . Jam .. Bui ? who he then introduced to their notice , and who was received with cheers .

      Mr . Dunk , on rising ? , g peke as follows 1—Mr . Chairman andjfellow-townsmen , in accordance with the request of your committoe and others of your members , which wai apressed in a rosekition passed nt their meeting on Friday lust , 1 appearbefore you to discharge the doty which you then required me- to undertake . At tbat meeting I presented the rules of the National Association of United Trades , which I wrote for by your desire , nnd I have looked over them and other printed Documents which were sent along whh them , and will now attempt to give , as yon required , a brief sketch of their contents , as an outline of the ejects and purposes of the National Association of United Trades ; together with its form and constitution , and mode of proceedings , iic . iu . doing which I to have crave yonr indul . gence , as I have had no opportunity of witnessing any of

      the Asjoclatton ' s proceedings from personal observations , consequentl y my conceptions m » y bo directive on some points , ns my information i » exclusively derived from reading the Northern Star , together with the rules an . i other documents in question . So far , however , ns T am nabled to judge , the National Association of United Trades is an institution intended for , and well calculated to effect the protection of industry , by ennMSng those of the working clasien who become its members , to assist themselves and each other to secure an equitable compensation for their labour , in whatever part of tbe countrj they reside , or whatever may bo their trade or employment , ami on terms proportionate to their respective in . comei . The penernl business of the Association is con . ducted in London , where its office is situated ; and where the principal officers , who are called the Ct-ntral Com .

      mittee , meet and confer ; they hear or examine all statements from any part of the country , and promote further inquiry on any subject in which it may be requisite -and after due deliberation , they determine according to the best of their judgment . They also have power to appoint agents to go from oic part of the country to another , to explain the objects of the Association where required , or U urge the claims on any class of working ni * -n , or to mediate in cases of disputes , Ac , &c . The Committee consists of thirteen per < ons—vU ., a President and Vice President , and six members all reiiding in London , who transact all business requiring personal attention , and five committee men residing in different parts of th » country , who aid and astist by correspondence . Th « writing and accounts , Ac , are performed by the GenerHl Secretary , who also reside in London , and holds office si

      long as he gives satisfaction . He is required to give security to a given amouut , as a guarantee for the safety of the money passing through his hands . The Association ' s funds are deposited in a bank , and no money can be with , wrn but by a cheque signed by the President and Vice Freiident . The working people of every part of Great Britain , whether men , worr . en , or children , are all eligible to becornn members ; this is done by ( he work people of each branch of business residing in the same locality , forming themselves into a tradea society or union , which they may conduct under any legal form of government they please , as the Association does not interfere in the pririte concerns of trades society , but merely with what relates to their connexion with tbe Association . The several trades , or other branches of business in a tewn , city , borough , form a district branch of the National

      Association . District Committees are appointed for tli « general consideration of business relating to the several trades or occupations , in the said town , city , borough , and a district secretary it appointed who corresponds with the general secretary on all matters requisite . An annual Conference is held in such large towns as may bo previously appointed , which Confvtence consists of delegates elected by each trade in proportion to its number of members . Printed papers are sent to each district one month previous to conference meeting , containing statements of the business intended to be brought before the consideration of such conference . The sentiments of the trades are communicated to the respective delegates , who thereby areienabled to represent their districts more effectually . The power of making or altering the rules of the association is exclusively vested in the Conference , na is 11 U 0 the election of the Central Committee

      and the geniral secretary . A baUrace sheet is published quarterly , in which each trade i > uameri , and tha sums subscribed and owing by each is mentioned together with the expenditure in detailed items . All the important and interesting proceedings of tbe Association are published in the columns of the Nortlurn Star . The expenses for managing the Assoriaton are defrayed by contributions from each member of one-halfpenny per month , and the present number of its registered members

      1 understand exceeds seventy thousand . The means of supporting the members in caies of strikes , < fcc , u by levies on each member on an uniform scale of twopence out of every twenty shillings of th » ir enrnings . Workmon earning twenty shillings per week , therefore pay twopence of a levy per week , in such cases , while others pay less in proportion to their wapes . The amount of support giveu by the association to its members in cases of strikes , tie , ( where the parties cannot he profitably employed , ) is also is proportion to their wages and contributions , according to the following scale : —

      per week . ¦• ' s . d . To persons earning 3 the support given is 2 6 > , 6 „ 50 » 11 8 » CO i » > i W „ 7 G » .. 12 „ 8 0 »> 16 „ 10 0 1 . 18 „ 11 4 ii •» W „ 12 6 ¦ 1 i ) 24 and upwards u 0

      Every trade mu « t contribute , six months to the funds of tlio Association before its members are eligible to obtain support , and , previous to a strike , the particular circumstances under which the strike is required , must be correctly reported to tbe Central Commlttre , who wii : decide according to the merits of the case , if they sanction the proposed strike , the members are , of course , sup . ported to the amount before mentioned , but , should they not deem a strike commendable under existing circumstances , they advise accordingly , and should the trade strike contrary to such advice they are not allowed any support from the funds of the Association .

      I hope the statements I have already made , will be found sufficient for the intended purpose of giving all who have heard them , a tolerably correct idea of the outline , form , and construction of tho institution , together with its mode of operations , and intended objects , and purposes . If what I have said be sufficient for this purpose , I consider it would be useless to enter into a minute detail of particulars en ouy peculiar points , which can only be Interesting to those who are inintiated as member * into the Association , which none of us , at present , are , Our present position is that of enquirer * afct-r truth on this particularly interesting subject , and so far as the inquiries have npiio , I , for one , feel perfectly satisfied with the expediency and efficiency of the Association , and , ns a working man , I heartily congratulate all who are present , and i will add , tho whole of the working people , in Britain , in the formation of an institution so befitting and well adopted to their present and intended future condition and circumstance !) .

      Every person muBt admit that , in tUc tel&tWo position of master and servant , it is a lii ^ st important matter to arrive at a proper adjustment of the intrin sic value of labour . The disadvantages that arise from the frequent disputes on this subject , are numerous anil very injurious to both parties . Hitherto thera has been no institution that has made the adjustment of wages , n pri . mary subject of consideration with a view to give an equitable amount of labour to the ninttcr , for an equitablo amount of compensation to the servant , or in other words to decide to the satisfaction of reasonable men o ( each party what was a fair day ' s wages and a fair day ' s work .

      This the association will endeavour to effect , not on the principle manifested by the gentlemen of the law , cacti pulling for his client , but with a view to discover the truth , and to award justice accordingly , so that both parties may yerceire the correctness of their tletision in all important matters of dispute in which the associations interference may be required , nud seeing their impartial adjudication be perfectly satisfied . The powerrosted lu the central committee to examine and determine oa all cases where strikes are proposod , is an exceedingly judicious arrangement , it will operate as a corrective against tbe influence of impetuosity ariaing from local circumstances , which occasionally may bo viewed in iiugnitude by those immediately concerned ; it will also check the precipitancy oi ruth inconsiderate or imprudent advisers , or of self-interested and designing ( ivrscui !) , and such effects being noticed and appreciated , wiU ptoduce feeling * of r » spect and confidence even in th « minds of employers , who , in cases of an opposite decision , will in many instances acquiesce from ruspect to their judg .

      meat . By this means , together with the efforts of intelligent I agents acting as mediators , there is good grounds of hope that , after th * association has been a littlo time in existencs a » d its equitable , conciliating and relieving character , becomes generally known , the eruptions produoed by strikes , either between masters and servants , or between servants themselves of opposite opinions , will rarely , if ever occur . a » strikes will selttom be resorted to , except in cases whore they are obviously requisite , in which ca » e » , masters of reasonable character will dafend them , whoai influence will tend greatly to reconcile I their opponents , and a similar degree of reconciliation 1 may be expected by the influence of tbe centra ) committee and mediating agents , when differences arltn b « -

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      Jween workmen . Another grand feature of the as « oc »* . tlon is . there are no secret plots on mysteries in its proceedings , all its objects are open ind avowed cons * - queutly there cs , u be no ttmm from « pie « or Informers . Its oitfj weapons are reason and truth aidtd b * the instrumentality of the Printing Press . The principles on which the association are founded are those gf Mutual Co-operations to promote the greateit attainableamonntofhappiness for the greatest number withtbeleastpositiveinjury , orcauseof dissatisfaction to any . This principle of mutual co-operation is the rery same as that on which the several Shipping Insurance Associations of this and other large seaports is effecttd , Each member pays a proportionate contribution to de . "

      fray the workmpr expen * s , and when losses occur , each member contributes proportionately to make up tho greater part of the los » . No person , therefore , can con * sUtontly object to the labour Protection Association , without also objecting to Mutual Shipping Insurance Associations . As a proof that the Labour Protection Association ia trictl / lesal in its constitution , it id only necexsnry to com pare it with the Chambers of Commerce , and Ship . owr « r > Association * , and other similar Institutions , mat exi » t in almost every larr * town in Britain .

      . Sin !! Lr lil * ri'liotl * of merchants , manufacturers , and SQipowiver , , fn tho | 0 lnstUn 4 fenf t are strjctly wUh R 11 C miTT ** * ' facilf * to 'he interests of ship . advo « . « tW " 7- BB ( 1 Comulew ' an ( 1 ifit i 8 * "M *• " ieSreld ^ f "" ' ""«««« " « for the par . of tleh-Sf T tOmaI ( e ' »"" a principal subject cL t boTmnro r \ CoUeoave ""^ deration , wherein modi J HTrSbl ' ^ WbnS 6 ^ ™**« Me comis tne truo value of their labour ; ami whin it ia r-f . n nd or . tempt , are made to d . priv- thm „ " . '" U jft » for them to agre . to mutua . iy assi * ^^ K ? each

      The constitute of Britain doc * not reeognhe any nehpr . ne . pf . a , one code of laws fo , tho rich an < W ther for the poor . The , ame law . therefore , that enable . Boards of merch ant * , shipowners , manufacturers landowners . co » I . owmrs . or any other elass of British sub . jects , to assemble and deliberate , and mutually act in conjunction , and to support each other , abo enables tho working classes to concentrate their energies , i . nd to act in conjunction for thoir mutual benefit . The n . Mi whodrecttbelnw , who wield the liammer , or whopi'detbe plough or the helm , have each their respective intereststo support , one of vhich . to each and all , U . to procureand mtiintain a fair day ' s wage for a fair day ' s work . This erent object ii now more likel y to bo permanently maintained than at nnj former period . A new era appears to have dawned on the moral , intellectual . ar . fi educationslconrfiiioB of the working classes by the instituion of th * National Association of United Trade « That

      institution will help thenee'ful to help themselves . All that Is wanted is for the woi kins men generally to pive it their suppwt , and to be puided by tho aWe direction of those who are appointed as its central committee . TVouzh they may generall y ba unknown nut of their own localities , the countenance and co-operation of Mr . Duncombe —the frimd of industry—is a sufficient guarantee for thrir ability and integrity . I hove only , in conclusion , to a «? d , that so Ion ? as your department ia characterised with that exemplary degree of order that I have hitherto observed , you may command any efforts of mine in any way that I can aosist you in » o laudable a proceeding . ( Immense cheering )

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      TO THE TRADE 8 OF GREAT BRITAIN . PlSTLl Till SECOND , ON LANDLOR S , LABOUR LORDS , AND LOAN LORDS . Landlords , their Rights—The People , their Rights "The earth is the lords and the fulness thereof . " " He hath given the ' earth' to the children of men . " The land of a country belongs to tbe people of ths country ! Every child born into this country is a share .

      holder ,--by right of birth in the soil , water * , air , and light , in the fish , il-sh . and fowl , in short , all that nature brinReth forth without the labour of m ? n ! No man orparty in a country can have nny just rijjht to more than his natural share in Nature ' s gifts , unless by common consent of Society duly given by voto of the majority . And even . after lruvi and other natural produc tions have been so parcelled out by one generation , every succeeding generntion has a ri (; l . t to consider , alter smtnd , or abrogate the » aid Inw of appropriation , and divide and appropriate it anew as they deem best .

      The present holders of land in this country , therefore , can have no risiht to the soil itself , hut they may have a riehtto the implements , and the improvements on and in it this alone , can constitute their property , nnd of this property I think I can prove o ( treat part belongs of right to the labourer , which for the present I wave as my subject is on the land na ' UMlly , —at thin eomo arti . ficial men , whose heads and hammem , bear good fellow . shi , or whose minds and bodies are bound to the block , the bench , Hie loom , frame , factory , er nnvil , may , ia the momentary awakening of their drowsy faculties , ask what has hand to do with the trades ! I replied by ant other query , what have , the traneo to do withfaodt Why do they complain of dear bread !

      Indeed ; Land , labour , food , " cMlon , " and all other materials forthe trades , are so intimately connected , that you can scarce treat on one without beins forced on tothe other ; If then , I substantiate for the trades , a right In the liinds of their country , which inclndet quarries , mines , woods , river " , const ? , and their conteHt * , I pain them morally , an important position , in estnbliihing ' their right to regulate tho appropriation thereof to their sdvantage , that is , so that it will produce the greatest amount of food and other necessaries of our present artl . ficial "jstero , that all the people may have plenty of food , fuel , furniture , clothing , and comfortable dwellings , " which , if the present system do not confer on Society , " depind on it , " There Is something rotten in the State of Britain . "

      S . M . P . S . —The next epistle will be en System , Ac . I have thus divided my subject into short epistle * , that they may b « read , and the readers profit by retaining " the chief m » tter in memory .

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      NATIONAL UNITED TRADES KOR THE EMPLOYMENT OF LABOUR . NoTTisonAM . —At . 1 mcctins of His District C'lnimit-Ico held at tho Assembly Rooms , Doveard Ilninhow . Parliament Street , on Monthly , . January the rlth , it was announced that Mr . C'latk , the reposjniccd agent , had now opened a workman ' s own shop , at o . > , Gliisshouso Street , wliirli is abumlitntly Kuppiicd with all kinds of Boots nnd Shoe . IYoim the London * Workman ' s Own Shop , " mid to wkich the trades and their friends , are requested to pive tiicir support . Working men support your own onkr ! Rules of Urn Association , information , anil shares maj be obtained on application at this depot . A Shoe Club in sun ^ rt ol the same , is opened at Mr . Meiloracii , the ! v « s ( Jeorgo on Horseback , Gregory ' s Buildings . Mr . Mark WoAky , tko District Secretary will supply any and e ^ ty information required rvlative toi either Associatiwu '

      Untitled Article

      D « D on tha 10 th inBt ., at Great Crown Court , Wes End , London , Mrs . Pebell , nfttr a long and pninful ill ness , wlfooiJohnDobell , oldest dauber of Mr . Osbarn Bristol , Wing six children , varying in age from tight days to ten years . Died , tbe well-known William Jones , Newsvendor of Northampton , after a protracted illness , in the COth year of his age . He was a man that was welUrcspectedJby kU tbat knew him ; he died as he bad lived a true pa * triot . Died » t DiPXronp on the 8 th January , 1817 , EHm « b » ta Ann Floyd , aged 75 , nho has beon married S 3 y « ar « I * kiudinotb . tr , and an affectionate wlf «(

      Colonial Aito Jtoffen Ftfto' Efo. ^Rtinnial Anh Tfhmmt Iiriritin.

      Colonial aito Jtoffen ftfto ' efo . ^ rtinnial anh tfhmmt iiriritin .

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      NOTICE TO DISTRICT SECRETARIES AND TREASURERS . All district Secretaries and Treasurera to th « Chartist Co ^ peralWe Land Company , v *> hereb ) strictly enjoined to attend to the following regulations in ail transactions with the Directors . Nc circumstances will be admitted as a reason for departing from these rales in any c&sa where thej apply .

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      * The following extracts from the circular referred to , will be sufficient to explain tho designs of the Master ' s Union . At a meeting of Master Basket Maker ' s from various parts of the country , held at Birmingham on Monday the 5 th of October , 1846 , tbe following resolutions were unanimously adopted : — Resolved . —That the masters supporting this resolution , do engage to employ no journeyman connected with , tUe Journeymen ' s Society , afttr the 17 th day of October instant . Resolved . —That the said Master ' s offer the rate of ivagcs ( to the workman ) giveu about the year 1830 . Uesolved . —That the Members of this Union do pay after tbu rate of sixpence for himself uud for each and every of the meu in his employ , for contingent expenses as often as the Cuuiinitteo shall levy , to the Secretary of the branch or district ; who shall remit the saino to the General Treasurer . Resolted . —That the United Society of Journeymen Basket Makers , resorted at to an expedient at once dishonourable and unjust in the case of the late strike at Wolverbampton ; at that towu a demand wbb made for a considerable advance in the rato of wages , this th « Mas . ters ' s refused to give . To tffect their purpose , the Journeymen ' s society supplied , and are now supplying with material , a shop designated a " Beehive . "

      To overthrow these designs , this meeting do recommend that the committee do render such pecuniary assistance to the employers of Wolverhampton as shall enable them to undersell the Journeymen ' s shop ; and as it is hoped , will effectually and for ever prevent the recurrence of such dastardly mean attempts . Chairman , Rodibt Rains , Market Place , Leicester . Secretary , \ V . H . WaTT « , 9 , Angel Row , Nottingham , N . B . —The Union numbers considerably more than 100 employers .

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      • # * All orders to be made payable to tho Treasurer and forwarded to the Secretary , to whom all communications must be addressed . The smallest subscriptions will be thankfully received and promptly acknowledged . Chbisiopbe * Wasdah , General Secretary , at Mr . Clark ' s 34 , Bridge-street , Manchester . Hembt Clabk , General Treasurer , 34 , Bridge-street Manchester . If anything were wanted to convince the trades of England of the superiority i » f National Association over even National Individual Trades Union , they might take tho case of the Basket Makers , who have a well-organized association , with branches iu every large town in the three kingdoms , and yet their union is all but destroyed by the counter union of

      their employers , with their superior monetary power , which enabled them to undersell the workmen in Wolverhamptun , and so defeat what they please to term " a mean and daBtardly attempt" on the part of workmen to better their conditioa by self-employment . The monetary power of the employers must therefore be met by the superior monetary power of national organization , and the superior Utilities such a body possesses for the disposal of goods when manufactured . The committee much regret the Basket Makers have not previously joined the National Association , for they and the well-organized trades of Britain , may rest assured that nothing can withstand tbe money power of the employing classes but national combination among their workmen . The iolowing report was received from the society ' s missionary in Scotland , Mr . Jacobs : —

      GLASGOW . District Committee met on Friday Evening Nelson Street , Chapel , present , —Delegates from the Iron-Moulders , Carriers , Tin-Wate Workers , Bakers Shoemakers , Tailors , 1 'ipe Makers , Upholsterers ' Weavers , Joiners , Ship Carpenters , and Nailers Several members were absent , but we did not take down their trades . The minutes of the last tneetinc were read by the secretary , also a letter from the general secretary , which gave thorough satisfaction 1 he question as to fining the absent members was then moeted , but ordered to stand ovor . Mr . Jacob was called on to report the progress of the association , which ho did to the approbation of all . Arrangements were made for the missionarv ' s lecturing to the several trades during tho ensuing week . b The following resolutions were agreed U unanimously : —

      " That Mr . Graham be District Treasurer . " "That it is recommended that the subscriptions be paid mi on Friday night , and sent off to the central committee on Saturday . " That the convener , treasurer , and secretary , be a sub-comruitteeto conduct the ordinary business of the same » ' * ^ ^^ ™* * meetin 8 s ot > . w'lJS ^ fu . $ l * lriot committee meet every alternate Friday in Nelson Street Chapel . " luat the sub-committee meet as often as they SSk"B 5 L « *• ^ »¦ "A Mr . Jacobs has met the officers of tho following 2 'i " ngthe we - ' aud arran ^ for SZ £ C ^ awCSl bodies ' Cotton Spinne "' Mr . Lenegan , the society ' s agent in Wigan and its neighbourhood , reported he had visited the Shoemakers oi \\ arrington and was well received , he also attended a meeting of power-loom weavers , who sent in their adhesion , to tho number of 480 : at Newton ,

      lie wtdiesscd a large meeting of mechanics , they agreed to call a summoned meeting , and invited Mr . Lenecan to be present ; attended a meeting of power loom weavers at Farrington , expecting to meet Mr . K . Oouper , of Manchester , general secretary to the above body , who , it appears , ia opposed to the principles of the association , but that gentlemen did not attend ; he likewise attended a meeting of the carpei ! tCr k ™ Asuton , this body is in a disorganised state , but hope they will rally and join the standard ot national union .

      A report was also received 4 ' rom Mr . Peel , giving an account of his tour for the week , and stating he would attend a public meeting at Rochdale , to be held m the Public Hall , on tho 22 nd instant , and also a meeting at Over Darwin , in the large room of the Commercial Inn , on Tuesday , the 19 th instant , ii ir w rre spondence u » vin S taken place between 1 { ' o Parke «" , of Mauchester , ( late of London , ) and the Central Committee , it was resolved , " That that gentleman be appointed missionary to this association . It is understood he will be able to commence his tour in about & wtek .

      SUKDERLAND . On Monday last a general meeting of the Sawyers of Bunderland was held ia the large room of the Dun Cow Hotel , New Hopper-strset , Mr . William Bell in the chair . Several matters , relative to their present strike were dis . « ussed , duiins which the Incredible fact was stated that

      Untitled Article

      ' ?' The following communication has l * een received by Mr . Webb , the secretary of the United Trades Association for the Employment of Labour : — NOTICE . We , the Ribbed-top Society of Frame-work Knit , tew . held at thesign oftheKingofthe French , NottinRlmm , do hereby invest in the names of the four individuals undersigned , the sum of £ 5 in the National Associatiou for the Employment of Labour , at four per cent , per annum interest , and that prior to the withdrawal of the £ 5 so invested , we give one month ' s notice in writing , such notice to have the signatures of each and all whose names are underwritten ; in witness whereof we have set our hands , this 11 th day of January , 1847 . Richard Marriott , Ribbed-top Frame-work Knitter . Wilmam BrjxTOS , ditto ditto William Bkwinotox , ditto ditto TnoMAB Simpkin . ditto ditto .

      Tho Board of Directors hope the Trades of England will follow the noble example set them by the Frame-work Knitters of Nottingham , nnd invest their funds with the Association , to be used to carry out the great principle nf self-employment , instead of being invested to give accommodation to your employers . f& ~ The Central Committee beg to call the attention of the Trades to the fact , of their having tnken possession of their new premises , No . 11 , Tottenhamcourt ro » d , where all communications arc in future to be addressed .

      Meeting at Asutox . —A public mcesinj waa he'd in the Chartist meetina room on Thursday evening last , \ t \ order , as stated in tbe bills , " To ' e . ns ' sder the state of tho basket and skip maker * ni >« - on strike , who have been turned out tor bi'inn members of an union . " The chair was taken by K . 1 'iliing , and the meeting was addressed « y Mossv * . Wanlall , Noble , Shawcross , and Pyburn . The resolutions prepared by the committee wero uiu \ iiiin >» usly agreed to .

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      Janu ary 16 , 1847 . _^_——«___ TH F N n r r ' . - — . 5

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      - BECMPTS OF THE CHABTIST CO-OPBRAT 1 TB LAND COMPANY . FSR MR . O'CONNOR . SECTION No . 1 . BABII . * » . d CriefF .. .. ... 0 1 0 Bradford .. .. .. 500 Thomas Moore , jun . .. .. 020 Joseph Wade . Boulogne .. „ 010 tt Westminster .. .. .. 056 Derby « .. .. 280 Camberwell .. .. ,. 010 0 Warwick .. „ .. 036 Come , per Hay .. .. .. 030 Nottingham , per Sweet .. „ 1 15 3 Shrewsbury , per Powell ., „ o 7 0 Norwich .. * ., ., l 13 8 Sinners Town .. .. .. 0 110 Whittington and Cat „ ,. 486 Cheltenham „ ., .. a 2 0 MerthyrTydvi' , per Morgan .. .. 080 Blackburn .. .. .. 2 U 9 Bilston . ' . „ .. 200

      Oldham .. , . .. 106 Kidderminster .. ,. „ l 15 4 Ash «« n .. .. .. 100 bunderland , per H&inei ., ., 0 18 0 Rochdaid .. .. „ 1 0 6 Hull .. .. „ 0 6 6

      £ 31 3 9 SUCTION Ko . J . m ~ ~ HASH . Lambeth .. ., .. 166 Elderslie .. ,. 0 2 0 Banbury .. ., ., 1 19 i 0 Crieff .. .. ., 2 11 0 A . W . Mells „ .. .. 444 Hath .. .. .. 130 Charles Pattiion .. ,. .. 030 Wellingborough .. .. .. 116 Alva .. .. .. 0 17 4 Smethwick .. .. .. 3 11 6 Ketford .. .. .. 3 11 3 Alfred Frelghton .. .. .. 0 18 0 James Moore .. .. .. 020 Thrapstone .. .. „ 0 1 U

      Belper .. „ .. 4 15 9 J . bishop .. .. ., 010 W- Nicholion .. „ „ 0 2 10 George Barton .. .. „ 0 10 3 Easington-lans .. „ „ 0 2 6 George Terry .. » . ,, 010 Cripplegata „ .. .. 300 Greenwich , J . Robertson .. « , 3 17 2 George Duuham .. .. n 0 10 0 JohnCary .. M 0 2 6 Benjamin Howktt „ .. 026 Westminster .. „ ... 0 1 6 Do . YT . Rogers „ „ , u 5 0 Do . .. .. .. 9 8 ' / Julian Harney .. .. .. 020 Derby .. ., .. 316 A Wilson , Lincoln ,. .. 100 W . Cuin .. .. .. 030 Bridgewater , per Tweedy M .. 360 Plymouth .. „ .. 500

      Nencastle-on-Tyne „ ,. 700 Curbridge .. ,. .. 100 Hmdley , per Cook .. .. 200 £ »* & ** .. .. 806 Stockton-on-Teei .. ,. .. 3 12 0 Norwich .. .. „ 6 12 8 Barnstapte » .. .. 195 Clitheroe .. ,. .. S 0 0 Nottingham , per Sweet M .. 795 Shrewsbury , per Powell ,. .. 0 6 0 Lynn , per Burton M „ 5 11 0 Helper .. .. .. 3 16 2 SomersTown .. .. , , 180 Whittington and Cat .. .. 0 118 Cheltenham „ „ „ 4 18 0 Tredegar .. ,. „ 0 Vi 6 Grandiffeth . .. .. „ J J 2 Kilmamock .. .. ,, 140 Greenwich .. .. ,. 400 Birmingham ( Red Lion ) .. ,. 096 Charles Tinham „ M 1 1 10

      Leicester , per Astill » „ 5 0 0 John Mill * , Mere .. u ,. 394 Merthyr , per Morgan u ,, 060 St . Gertnaius de Livet H .. 558 Howsell „ .. ,. 1 9 11 Blackburn .. « H 8 2 6 Uilston .. .. ,. 800 Monchton Deverell .. ,, 490 Ledbury , James Bennett .. ,. 014 Oldham .. .. ,. 300 Torquay .. .. .. 9 1 » Falkirk .. .. .. 4 4 10 Kidderminster .. .. .. 0 14 0 Teignmouth .. .. .. 6 14 2 Ashton .. .. .. 040 Leigh .. .. .. 4 13 3 Sunderland , per Hains .. ,. 5 11 0 William Lester .. M .. 050 Daventry ,. ,. .. 0 7 ( J

      Rochdale .. .. .. 400 Hull .. .. .. 0 19 10 Thomas Harrison , Stanhope .. „ 0 12 0 Swindon .. .. .. 500 Marylebone .. .. ,. 1 10 0 £ 195 3 8

      TOTAL UNO FDND . Mr . O'Connor , Section No . 1 ... 31 3 fl Mr . O'Conner , Section No . 2 ... 195 3 8 £ 226 7 5 HEPATMENT 8 T O MrT ^ CONNOR ON ACCOUNT

      OF DEBT DUE BY DEFENCE FUND . Received at tha " Northern Star" Office . York , per J . Jefferson .. .. 0 12 0 Nottingham , per J . Sweet .. .. 038 Dunfermline , per J . Gordon .. .. 075 South Shields , per W . GilfiUan .- .. 0 11 G Burnley , per W . Frankland .. .. 176 Prescutt , per J . Robinson .. .. n 5 6 Wigton , per T . Bell .. .. 040 The Chartist Association , Heywood , per Thos . Wrigley .. .. .. 0 10 0 Oldham . per W . Hamer .. .. 1 12 6 Preston , per J . Brown ,. ., 2 00 Westminster Committee .. .. 083 _ £ 8 _ 2 4 Received by Mr . T . M . Wheeler . mmmmm £ ?" »»<* , .. .. 0 C 0 KicUatd Burke .. .. . 020 W . H . Burke .. ., " g 2 0 A . Wilson , Lincoln „ ,. 006 Wolf Moses .. ,. 0 2 0 William Plumb .. M ., 020 Charles Tristam .. ,. .. 020 Nottingham .. 10 0 Arthur Munson .. „ ! . 0 1 0 Messrs . r inulaters ,. .. 090 _ £ 2 6 6 Per "Mr . Christopher Dojle . Berrnondiey % . .. .. 0 18 0 Corbndge „ „ .. 026 Garndifteth , Thos . Pfaillipa .. .. 0 1 0 Do . Wn > . Jones .. .. 006 Merthyr , per Morgan .. .. 079 Warwick .. .. .. 036 Mr . . Wright .. „ .. 006 CityofLoadon . .. .. .. 0 i 6 Torque .. .. .. 080 K- K > - , n .. 006 £ 1 19 j >

      VOl KM . JONM . Mr . W . Smith , Liverpool .. .. 010 VBTBBAB 8 ' , WIDOWS , AND OBPHAM ' S FOKD . Manchester .. ... M „ 01310 , South London Hall .. n 2 0 Thomas Harrison , Stanhope , .. .. 0 1 0 » o » jobs wisx From George Smith , Halifax . ., 006 Tbe money announced from the WhitUngtoii and Cat , %£ & £ BiSSSWS 1 * hWi *« from tha

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), Jan. 16, 1847, page 5, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1401/page/5/