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r And I will war , at least In wards , | in 4—rtonld my chance so happen—deeds , ) With 4 U who war with Thought ' . " „! thin k I hear alittle Vird , who sings fie people by and by will be the stronger . " —B yiojc . REVELATIONsToF AUSTRIA . * ho . m . ( Continued from the Northern Star of January 23 rd . ) Tbe following extracts illustrate the state of
IDCC 4 TI 0 S IS 1 USTBIA . The Austrian schools are dirided into three branches , firstly , the German schools , subdivided into Trivial and Jormil . Secondly , Classical schools called Gjmuasiums ^ And thirdly , Universities . The German schools , called Trivial , are fennd established in nearly all the Gallician towns , and ere grajuitoJB . The scholars pay nothing . The conrte of instruction at the 6 erman Trivial schools jssts four years . In the German Normal Schools , which are only establ ished in the principal towns , geography and iineary Rawing is taught . The professors of all three branches belong to the ^ ity , excepting the professors of catechism , who is ¦ Itr ' ajs the parish priest or his vicar .
Tbey arc appointed and paid by the government at the jjte of one hundred , two hundred , and three hundred florio » a year . All priests and professors of public in-, troction are obliged to teach from their pulpits , confes-, ionah or chairs , that it is the holiest duty , the Catholic of Ca tholic virtues , to obey the most sublime Kaiser , his bjfehls and agents , and to denounce either to the priests , prof *» oisorm 8 gi * trate * *** evil-disposed persons , their Ejects and illegal proceedings . and finall y to be discreet . instttttfwuke eys pace with the befehl of the Kaiser franris , « M <* says— "I do not want prating fuoc ? joBiries tut executors of my befehlg—submissive , obedient , and silent with regard to public aftairs . "
The course ftllnwed at tbe gymnasium lasts six years . _ Latin , Greek , Germaa , Arithmetic , the elements of mfflttrj . a little Algebra , geography , the history of Anstria ' and religion are taught there In Austria , ele ven gymnasiums exist , two of which are at Leopol . The course of philosophy is separate from the gymnasium , and takes two years . The first year , Psycholoiy , Logic , Arithmetic , Geometry , Algebra , Universal History , Religion , and the Greek language are taught . The second year , Natural phiiosophj , Mechanics . Experimental Chemistry , Univer sal History , and Religion . Xo one is admitted to the gymnasium without a cettijicate of success at the German school , or to philosophy initu-ut a certificate of success at the gymnasium . Excepting history and mathematics , which are taught in the verman language , all the other branches are taught in Lati n : up to 1330 mathematics were also tanght in
laUn . The following " artful dodge" is too telling to need comment : — The Polish villages are without any kind of school . In l SlTthe Austrian government invited tbe sobletnen to establish in each villige a trivial school , to raise fuods for that otject . and to advise the government of their having comp lied with its wishes . Three yrars after came another befehl , ordering that the funds collected shonld be secured and deposited in tie treasuiy of the Circles . As soon as this deposit was
effected , tbere came another secret be ft hi to prevent the eribluhtntn tof rural schools and to retain the collected fouls in payment of the taxes that were in arrear , and as inGallicia thereis not a village without arrears , ( becaste the tax absorbs n . ore than three-fourths of the net rtrenue . l all the fund collected devolved to government . It is fo rbidden to teach the French language in the Austrian public schoob . The spy system is so well developed that children denounce their parents and pu < & \ s tbeir children . As regards
EEUGIOX IS AUSTRIA , Christianity is professed in Gallicia by the following sects : the Catholic ; the Greek ( called Orthodox ); and the i ' rotestant ( called Evangelical ) . The Catholic is subdivided into three branches : —1 st , the Roman Catholic , or Latin ; 2 nd , the United Greek Catholic ; 3 rd , the Armenian Catholic . We cannot follow our author in his review of the creeds and ceremonies of these sects . He says , • The Austrian priests are , like all the other officials , inhuman and haughty towards the people , servile and truckling to
the Kaiser and his government , to whom they denounce all generons and virtuous men . " It is only jastice to add to this , that the events of last year proved th&t , however corrupt the higher orders of thecleray of all sects in Gallicia may be , yet great numbers of the bulk of the priesthood are largely imbued with patriotic principles . This is pre-eminently true of the clergy of the now absorbed state of Cracow . A considerable number of priests were massacred by the Austrian agents , and a large number are at this moment in Austrian dungeons .
M . Koiibrakiewicz is particularly bitter towards the Jesuits , whom he regards as the agents of the Kaiser rather than the Pope , and to whom he traces many of the misfortunes of Poland . We come next to some revelations of
irSTftU * L 4 W AMD JUEICML ADMINISTRATION . As relates to civil justice , the Austrian subjects arc dirided into three distinct classes ; nobles , burghers , and peasants ; each of these three classes has its particular tribunal . V ? hen the defendant is noble the case must be carried before the tribunal called Forma A ' o&Hieiia . There are in Gallicia three courts for the nobles ; at Leopol , Tsrnow , and Stanislaw ; about fifty or sixty leagues distant from each other . They are each composed of a president , vice president .
from five to eleven judges , and a certain number of subaltern officials to copy and expedite the business as WtU ai to preserve and earegUter the documents . To judge causes arising between Burghers there is in every town a court csllwl magistracy . The magistracy of leopol is composed of a Burgomaster as president , of a rice-Burgomaster , and from nine to thirteen judges called councillors of the magistracy , and o ! a number of subaltern emploj es All the other magistracies of theCallician tjivns are composed of a single Burgomaster who judges , ¦ abject to appeal , the causes of the cituen .
The causes of th » peasants are ju'lged fay dominical jurisdiction , that is to say , by tnelori himself , or by his employe * , called justiciaries or mandataries . These seignorial employes are hired and paid by the It U . but the Gubernium makes them undergo an examination , and grants them certificates of qualifies-Sjfl . Tbe appeal from the judgments of these three cosrti U cimed before the court of appeal sitting at Leopol , and which determines the affairs of all classes of subjects of the Polish provinces . Vben the judgments of tho court appealed from , and tiat to which the appeal is made , are not in conformity , it is then allowable to resort to the supreme tribunal iittin ; at Vienna , which is the last court of appeal . Every complaint , request , or defence , must be written in Latin or German , and signed by a lawyer . The Polish is expresslv forbidden .
We are compelled to omit the account of the forma which have to be pursued in civil actions . A simple action for debt may last two years , occasionally even longer , when the defendant proffers the judge a becoming present , and the plaintiff will not give any , or ever , refuses to pay more than his adversary , in such cases , the affair often lasts , five , ten , or fifteen years and even longer , when the plaintiff is poor , aud the defendant wealthy . On this subject our author says : _ The parties are not to know either legally or officially fte nsme of the judge , but they always do ascertain it ,
because the judge has his Jew , called factor , who pre . st&ts himself to the parties or their lawyers , and secretly informs them that their case is in the hands of such a oae . Then the parties think over the means of valuing tfctrir cause , as it is forbidden both sides uflder criminal penalties to attempt to corrupt the judges , who , nevertheless , get paid by botb , and are sure not to be betrayed : frstly , because the corrupting parry , who should first inform , wooM be condemned to CarceroA dunaa , or tfsuiMimtnii : and secondly , because the deposition of a Jew apiust a Cacholic jadge would prove nothing in an Austrian court of justice
The civil code of 1811 , compulsory for all the here"' feiry states , excepting Hungary , is modelled on the code Napoleon . Passing over our author ' s abstract « this code , we come to his revelations of iCSTBUSC PENAL JCSTICE (!) Tbe Penal Code of 1803 compulsory for all the Austrian otites , excepting Hungary , is divided into two parts : we first part treats ot crimes , the second of serious Psiice transgressions , SehxserepciUz eivUrtTeUmjen . The puniihment of death is awarded for several criuMS , * U practised bv the gallows .
" he punishment of imprisonment is divided into ^ - « degress , namely carctr , career dunu , career dur ' ts-I ''' '" :. Those condemned to the third degree are sub-J < -t to corporal punishment , which is executed with a ^ ae . called stock , far men , and with a rod for woman , " Punhhment is administered once or twice a week ^ Le naVed back during the whole period of imprison-^ ¦ a 1 \ ontil death . Generally the persons condemned r tu ' ' kilia of punishment die after a few months suffering . \ --- pel sons condemned for political offences are sent f 'Vt ib'rg or Kufatein where they are condemned to vr « 4 labour under ground . ineyic tiois who groan in the dungeons of Spielbttg . , ufst -in are more to be pitied than the Siberian "lies . , ,, v W : i 1 procedu ™ is very expeditious in Austria . The *••*¦«* of inv estition is called inquisition .
ga "' U inquisition is made by a copyist and a judge a ^ etatej to the former the interrogatorie * put to the J ^ td , and his answers : the inquisitor exercises here ^ T * """ of accuser , defender , and judge of the ac After the « umplete inquisition and instruction of the " Revelations of Austria , " by M . Koubrakiewice , exr Mtnau functionary . London : T . C . Kewby , 72 , Uor" **««« , fj * Teadj | h . . | qjj vi
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'case tho judge-inquisitor makes his report m stosio " composed of three , five , or seven judgei , and the aceused is either condemned , acquitted , or liberated for want of legitimate proof : the judgmen t is thereupon readtatha accused and executed if he dec . ares WmSttSSto or ll -th a aw ? r or ithl ^ PWty ' «>* muniCation w . th a lawyer or with the father , mother or child of the accused , is severely forbidden JS ^ t 5 f 1 Ulled ' « t t > n « jud 3 e i , authorixedto adnumster to the accused , during the inquiry , Mow , of » . » . ?«\ wV tkat the seated refuses to c 3 i \ T ° - ^ ° nOt anwer the question . T X , a ? ° * 'reCt manner ' or tb « he denies having commuted the enme without-being able to do away with the suspicion of semi-proof which tbe inquisitor cons Werg to exist agamsthim . More than twenty five blows of the stock may not be administered atone time . r ar : ^^^^^^^
This mode of extorting a sincere confession from the accused , is applied in the enquiries of all crimes and serious police transgressions , and against all persons without distinction of birth , station , age or sex . All tbe Austrian nobility , M . Metteruich and Roths , child included , all bishops and priests , all general and milit ary officers , all Austrian Ambassadors , ( Count Apponyai a Hungarian excepted , ) are subject , they their children and their wives , to the punishment of the stock or rod . M . Koubrakiewici sarcastically adds " All Austrian subjects are equal before the taw—of the stock \"
The circle and pelice magistrates have the power to administer blows of the stock to aH servants , workmen , burghers , or peasants , without any written judgment . The police and civil soldiery carry , to effect this object , canes attached to their cross-belts . Persons suspected of patriotism , or agents of the government possessed of secrets which the government would fear the disclosure of , are summarily dispatched , usually by poison . The victims sent to Spielberg for a term of years usually die there . The sudden and mysterious deaths of enemies and dangerous friends of the Kaiser , are called by that poicntate ' s subjects , " Austrian Accidents ]" Englishmen ! dont forget thai the English Government is tAe ally of the Austrian Kaiser !
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INDIA . A rapid express via Alexandria and Trieste reached London on Thursday in anticipation of the Marseilles mail . By this arrival we learn that the Panjaub Vuzeer . Lall Singh , having been suspected of w hat the British call " a treasonable correspondence" with the Cashmere insurgents , and proofs having been supplied to the British , the latter commanded his deposition . Lall Singh was accordingly deposed , and removed under British " protection " ti Hindostan . The Punjaub government had asked for an army often thousand British to remain at Lahore during the minority of the Maharajah—the
British commissioner virtually to exercise the functions of Vuzeer . This was assented to , the Sikhs agreeing to defray all expenses . The Maharajah is now a child of seven years old ; and for the next ten years at least the Punjaub is in the hands of the British Government , and controlled by a British Army . It is idle to speculate on the events which may occur before the year 1857- Just as the army on the Indus was about to be reduced from 22 , 000 to 14 , 000 men , a foray of the Booghtie tribe from the mountains has driven in our outposts and compelled a whole cavalry regiment to retire . The enemy were computed at 2 . 000 on their first appearance in the field They succeeded in ravaging numerous villages , carrying off the sheep and cattle , in the lace of our troops .
The districts around G waiter are said to ^ be ia a sad state ; murders and robberies being of frequent occurrence . FRANCE . _ KOBE DISTURBANCES . A royal ordinance has been published prohibiting theexport of meal of every description , and chescuts , whether whole or ground , until the 31 st July next . The importations of various kinds of food from forign countries has been immense within the last ten days . Disorders , however , have continued in various quarters . The price of bread in Paris was advanced on Monday ; fears were entertained of an outbreak in consequence , but no violence was attempted . In the departments several riots have occurred , and in
S !> me places bands of armed medicanU scour the country demanding bread and money . The Paris ; j -umals of Monday contain intelligence of emtvxts at Pont 1 'Abbe ( Finisterre ) , Guildo , Merdrignac , Guemene . Peufao , and various other towns in the centre and west of France . The issue of the proceedings in these cases i 3 generally a compulsory sale of the provisions at low prices , named by the people . The gendarmerie occasionally interpose , but are often defeated , owing to their comparatively small numbers . Disturbances are also detailed in the provincial journals , attended by similar circumstances at Fontenay , La Vendee , at Courcy , Pethievers , and Orleans , in the Loiret , at Yvetot , in the department of Seiiie-Inferieure and at Rouen .
The journals of Tuesday contains further accounts j of riots in the provinces . Serious apprehensions j continued to be entertained that a rising would take place in the Faubourg St . Antoine ( Paris . ) In the midst of this state of things the Deputies are amusing themselves discussing the " Address \" The Co . 'wme and the Gazette de France have been condemned , the former for publishing and the latter for copying , an article affecting the validity of oaths , which contained the following sentence , " None is bound , save to his country ; none owes obedience , save to his own conscience as a citizen . " The court condemned 51 . Carpentier , responsible editor of tbe Cofonne , to imprisonment for three months , and a fineof l , 000 f ., and M . Aubry-Faucault , responsible editor of the GazHte , to six months ' imprisonment , and a fine of l . OOOfr .
SPAIN . The ministerial crici 3 3 till continued without solution . A succession of expedients had been resorted to , and different individuals had been commissioned by the queen to form a cabinet , who successively failed in accomplishing that object . Letters from Bayonne of the 29 th ult . announce that the Queen of Spain ' s troops had been defeated at Lleyda by the Carlists , under the command of the celebrated partisan chief , Tristany . General Breton , the Captain-General of Catalonia , had shot four Carlist prisoners ; and Tristany had informed hie that he would make reprisals , by shouting all the prisoners who fell into his hands . Thus a war of mutual extermination has recommenced in Spain .
BELGIUM . A royal decree has been issued authorising the importation , duty free , of flour , from whatsoever country it mav come . GERMANY . The scarcity of corn is daily increasing in the n ru 3 sian provinces . The distress » f tho poor of Berlin is very severe , the city magistrates have , therefore , ordered that the fifty-two district superintendents of the poor shall sell daily 0 , 000 bread tickets , at four groscbens . Rye is now worth 75 rix dollars per bushel ; a price which it did not reach even in the year of scarcity , 1316 . This benevolence will , however , be scarcely ielt by the poor , for their four groschen loaves will be much smaller than those they have had in former days for three croschens .
Viewa , Jix . 21 . —Tysowski , the late Dictator of Cracow , lately passed through this city , accompanied by an escort . His destination i 3 Trieste ; by direction of the Government , he will embark for America for life .
POLAND . A letter from Berlin , of the 23 rd , says : — " The preliminary investigation into the affair of the Polish insurrection is drawing to its close . Already fifty-two indictments have been drawn up and forwarded with the corroborative documents to the supreme court of Berlin , which is always charged to take cognizance of all cases relative to the safety of tbe State and to high treason . The number of persons to be tried is not yet known , but it will not , it is thought , exceed 250 . This trial will be the longest that has ever come before tbe Prussian tribunals . It will commence probably in the beginning of February , and will lait three or four months . " On the 10 th ult ,, one of the most distinguished Polish landowners in Posen , Searrin Von Ostronski , was arrested and cunveved to Berlin .
The lime * of Monday , February 1 st , contained a engtby anonymous document , purporting to be an " authentic protest of many of the inhabitants of Cracow , against the recent act of bad faith and arbitrary power by which the independence of their Republic had been destroyed . " This " protest" concludes a statement of the perfidious and atrocious act of the Austrian government in these words : — " We await until time and the aid of generous nations shall avenge our wrongs , and call into action that spirit within us which seems to acquire new strength in proportion to the efforts made to extinguish it . "
TURKEY . Progress of Russian Aoorissiox . —In the existing treaty between Russia and Persia it is a wellknown fact that the harbours of the Caspian Sea are to be visited only by Russian men-of-war , but not by Persian . Asurabad only was exempted in favour of Persia . Russia , however , now demands that even this exception shall cease . Persia withstood for some time , but as Russia at last threatened war , the Russian fleet is now absolute master of the whole Caspian Sea . UNITED STATES AND MEXICO .
MEXICAS RESOLVE— " WAR TO TUE KBlFl !" The Noithumberland packet-ship , of the London line , has brought dates from New York to thel 3 th ult . The intelligence received by this arrival is important . The Mexican Congress , on its- meeting , is stated to have refused all negociations for peace , except on the condition preliminary of the evacuation of the Mexican territory , and the abandonment ot the coasts , bj tbe United States sea and laud forces .
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'It remains to be seen how far Mexico is prepared to snppfrt thu courageous resolve . THK UW > MOVEMBNT . We have received copies of Young America ot Dec . 26 th and January 2 nd . The former of these contains a reprint from the Northern Star of November 21 st , of the first of a series of articles on " The American Agrarian Reformers , " which lately appeared insunessive numbers of this paper . Af r . Evans endorse a" our comments by saying that "The ar-. tele is abl y written and extraordinarily correct in its . ' J he Free Soil movement is advancing gloriously . We are compelled to defer extracts . Mexico m&teAt 0
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TO T . S . DUNCOMBE , M . P . 8 , Princess Street , Manchester , ,. t , „ 29 th January , 1847 . Mr Dear Sib , I am deBired , by the parties interested , to bring under your notice the following circumstances , in the hope that Parliament may be induced to interfere in behalf ot the persons complaining . On Sunday last , at some place in Derbyshire , about nine m > les from Sheffield , four poor persons , JAM KSGERRARD , JAMES IRELAND , JOHN DOBSON and THOMAS WYKE , were , with two others , all File Cutters , taken into custody , on warrants granted by a Lancashire Magistrate at
Warnngton , ; it the instance of a Mr . JOSEPH BAXTER EDLESTON a File Manufacturer of Warrington . The three first named were contract servants ' of Mr . Edle 3 ton ; Wyke was one of his apprentices . They were taken at between Five and Six ia the Morning , and conveyed to Sheffield ; there they remained from Twelve till Five . They were then taken by train to Manchester , and at half-past Eight at Night were lodged in the New Bailey there . At a quarter-past Seven the following Morning they were again in the train , and arrived at Warritigton at a little before Nine .
Duriug the time they were in-custody , they hnd seen a friend either in or near Sheffield , and had said they should like at their approaching trial to have as an advocate some Attorney at Sheffield . After this they saw no one but the police . You wi bear in mind that the day was Sunday ; that part of the hardship of this case is , that from itscircumstances the prisoners had noopportunity of obtaining legal advice . It Jso happened , that by some accident , an acquaintance of one of the prisoners was informed of tbeir being in Manchester ; he set off at three in the morning of Monday , and wa'ked to Warrington , eighteen miles , and informed their friends . A messenger was immediately sent to me at Manchester , and saw me at my residence at about half-past nine . There was no train for Warrington till eleven , and
fearing , that by waiting for that , all the prisoners would be committed before eur arrival , we took a Post Chaise ; there was snme delay , but I arrived at the Court by'twenty minutes to twelve . On going into the Court I found that two of the prisoners , Wyke and Gerrard , had been tried since eleven o ' clock . —in their summary cases tho Justices are very quick , —and each sentenced to three moBths ' imprisonment and hard labour ; a third trial , Ireland ' s , was nearly finished , —two witnesses had been examined , and he was about to be committed when I entered . I applied for a re-hearing of the two cases tried , stating the facts , the shortness of time , & \ , but the magistrates were inexorable ; I then applied for a postponement of Ireland ' s case for an hour or two , and was at length allowed ten minutes . During this very short time I ook such instructions as I could , and was then sent for into Court .
I called the Magistrate ' s attention to the fact that a few years ago an Act , 6 & ?| W . IV . c . 114 , had been passed , allowing to prisoners , in cases where the Magistrates had a summary jurisdiction , the benefit of an Advocate , the same as at the Assizes and Quarter Sessions . By the second section of that Act , u was declared , " that in all cases of summary conviction , persons accused shall be admitted to make their full defence and answer , aad to have all witnesses examined and cross-examined by Counsel or Attorney , " but that this privilege was altogether useless , unless the accused had some little time allowed thtrn : the prisoners had been but two hours in Warrinston , and during that time , though application had been made for the purpose , none of their friends had been permitted to see them : all applications bad been met with " You cannot see them till after the tri il . " 1 dwelt at considerable length upon this , and you will see its great importance ; what follows is equally important .
On Ireland ' s case being called en again , and after a witness hBd been examined , I asked for the " Information . " By referring to the Act under which they were charged , 4 G . IV . c . 34 , you will see that an INFORMATION is absolutely requisite in these cases : it is the Indictment against the accused , and is the only legal record of the charge he is to meet . It came out , however , that the Information was not in Court , nor the Information in the other two cases , which had been already tried ! it was said that they were with the magistrate before whom they had been laid .
However , the Information acainat Ireland was sent for and brought , and the trial proceeded . I had it in my hand , but was busy taking down the evidence : it waa not read . In replying , I relied on some points arising out of the Information itself , and asked whether I might have a copy . No . Then 1 requested to be allowed to copy it myself ; then that it might be read ( it bad not been read before , though I had read particular portions , as I commented on them , ) so slowly that 1 might copy it : —both requests were refused .
In the mean time , the Magistrates hadjgot the Information before them . I requested—my request for a copy , < fcc , having been refused—to hold it , that I might proceed in my argument : the Magistrates assented at first , but , oh the application of the Solicitor against me , refused . I asked again , but was refused . I was literally unable to proceed in my argument without it . A tter waiting a minute or two , without replying to my request , —having consulted his Clerk , —the Chairman said "THREE MONTHS AND HARD LABOUR , " and Ireland wa 3 removed .
It is a rule at the Sessions and Assizes ttiat in case 3 where the prisoner is refused a copy of tbe indictment , it should be read so slowly that it may be taken down in writing ; it was objected , that I ought to have made the application before , at the commencement ; but the information was not in the Court at the commencement ; and when it came I was busy in the case : when refused the privilege of holding lit in my hand while I argued from it , the Clerk said , "the Magistrates would read rr . e any part I thought proper , " . but I declined this . There
remained many legal points for observation , —but argument afcer this would have been idleness . DOBSON'Scase was next called on , —I applied for the Information , —it was not in the Court , but was sent for ; and I was allowed fifteen minutes to see the prisoner and his friends . In this case , the Magistrates , ( and they will rely on the fact in answer to this statement ) , offered to adjourn the case fora week if I wanted time to prepare , but they refused my request that they would accept bail for the appearance of the accused—Dobson was to remiin the week
in prison—so I declined the offer . On returning into Court , the Information was not arrived , and soon afterwards a clerk who had been sent for it , returned , and said "itcould not be found . " I immediately got up , and asked for the prisoner ' s discharge , there being no case against him . " O no , " said the clerk , " we can make another , ' ' and forthwith they did " make another , " charging the same offence as the one that was lost ; and then tbe trial began . On the commencement of the trial , I required that the Information—the new one—be read ; this was done , but so hurriedly that I could not copy it down . 1 requested the clerk to read it more slowly , but the Magistrate desired him to "read it in the usual way , " and so he did . The first evidence was the "contract of service . " This I requested might be read slowly , but the Magistrates decided on its being read " in the usual way . " 1 made a few observations in reply , —but it was uphill work .
As soon as the case was closed , the master made an application to the Magistrates . The prisoner had not been guilty of any previous offence , and he , the master , was willing th . it he should be discharged from the charge , and also from his contract , provided he would pay the costs . The Magistrates assented to this proposal , and asked the constable the amount of the costs . £ 4 . Is . S Jd . was the reply ; this was the prisoner ' s share of the expenses of bringing the parties in custody irora Derbyshire . Dobson however was without money , and was
therefore obliged to refuse the offer ; he was thereupon immediately sentenced to " three months' imprisonment and hard labour . " Passing by for the moment all observation on this system ot giving a prisoner an alternative of going to prison , or paying a sum of money to the prosecutor , you will observe , that on the Information actually tried against Dobson , no costs whatever had been incurred except perhaps a shilling or two—the Information on which he had been brought from Derbyshire was lost ; that on which he was tried was prepared while he stood in the dock .
All the four convicted , WYKE . -GERRARD ,-IRELAND ,-and DOBSON , —were sent off at four yesterday morning ( Thursday , 28 : h ) , to Liverpool ; the trial took place on Monday ; and we presume that the delay has been occasioned by the consulting counsel as to the form of the commitments , < tc-All this is a long story , but I must so far intrude as to ask you to make yourself master of the facts . Petitions are now being prepared , to be signed by the wives of the threo contract servants , and by the mother of the apprentice Wyke , in order to bring the subject before Parliament . The subject is a most important one . and is , to a great extent , beyond the cognizance of the law courts , —and therefore a fit matter for the Secretary of State ' s interference . The great point , and whigU applies to all the
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' ^ l lu K tlle P ractice of trying persons immediatel- « , » fnm 7 r retak < nint 0 custody ; this is thegeneral »« S j ? ^ L lre - Jn tte case of the children iSSSivir * 1 A l ht 9 n » in July last , and which was nwicht before the House of Lords by the Duko of Buckingham , the children were summoned in the morning , and kept at their work until the Magia-, ffh «» Wa"Sr - totr ' them tbe «« neafternoon ,-i . > L v " S before night . A few weeks 5 M « / I ? m . n at Roc"dale was taken under the Intimidation Act , and tried within an hour , and sentenced to three months' imprisonment . 8 hort le -. . ^ :
At " of time not only prevents theac-El oT ^"'"! Sa ^ vice , b ut f « m 2 J 5 " l ig as to witnesses , < fee . In the present cases , it was merely by accident thattheir friends heard of tS being in custody . 1 have known a boy taken from us parents house , and tried and convicted , without his parents knowing anything about it : for ho notice is ever given The frequent reply to this is—that ; he accused do not apply for a postponement j but this is nonsense : the accused are ignorant ,-some-« SJli " r y ch i ldren -and on being brought up « Sw reqUently C 9 nfu ** Und hardly capable of
t ^ S ^ SS ^^ jtt is - the reffff ^ jj-K-psr as mitment U perfected , but in theTafes tS ££ CwhSherfri ? n 7 f V f " P ™ " «™ K 2 'v " £ . ? h I ? Pr ° CUre WitneS 8 e 8 le « al
ad-¦ nHP » rd -, whlch . appl'es to the cases of Wvke fho InfoE !! V Pa - tlatly t 0 the othRr two > is > that \ i HipS F ° r . * ga" ? st them were not 5 n t « w « ° « rt a mirVrn H ° ^ U WiU be 8 nid l ^ «>» » ™? T \ t ° form and that tlie ^ 'formation was ffirfli ? f Warrant - But this re "'y "Aether insufheent : to a certain extent the whole trial is a matter of form " If the doctrine is admitted in these cases a man might be tried for murder without an Indictment . The Information is material-it is required by the Act-must be on oath of a particular Sf , ?^ ¦ r * > s , ta teraent 8 are false , the Informant may be indicted for perjury _ and in several other respects it is important . The 4 Geo . IV . c . 34 is the Act relating to masters and servants ; the third section enacts that , when a servant shall have absented himself , &c , it shall be lawful for a justice . &c , " and such justice is hereby authorised and _ emp 9 were < l upon comnlaint thereof .
made u ? . on oath to him , by th- person or persons , oany ot them with whom such s-rvant , < tc , shall have so contracted " to issue his warrant for the apprehend . ™ . &c and to examine inte the natare of the complaint . It may be important to recollect , that many persons have been released from prison by the judges , on the ground Jhatthe Informations apainst them « ere defective in some particularssuch as not shewing that the offence or the parties were wi thin the scope of the Act . A fourth point relates to the case of Ireland ; ho was half tried before my arrival without an Information , but this it wiH be said was cured by beginning the trial overa ? ain , the Information , however was not brought till after the first witness had hem
examined on the second trial . In explaining this cise it will be important to recollect that the rule , at the Assizes and Quarter Sessions , in favour of the prisoner , that the Indictment should be read slowly so that he might take a copy , was departed from , and also that his advocate was not allowed to hold the Information while commenting on it ; one of the Magistrates observed that the Information was repeated ( recited ) in the warrant—but this is no reply either in law or common sense . fi sixth point relates to the case of Dobson . The
information on which he had been taken into custody m Derbyshire , was lost : 'it was said to be lost , but it really is questionable , whether there ever was any information at all . ) There being no Information in Court—no charge acainst him—Dobson , ousht at once to have been liberated ; instead of which he was kept in the Prisoner ' s Dock , while another Information was prepared and sworn to . In this case too , the rule as to " slow" readme was departed from . The Magistrates observed that both the Information and the contract should be " read in the usual way , "
And the other point with regard to Dobson must not be lost sight of . He was in reality committed ' not for violating his contract , " but because he refused to pay the £ 4 Is . 8 Jd . costs on the lost Information .. Some other circumstances will probably be noticed in the petitions—but these are the principal . r Whether the law affords any remedy for these variations from establish e d rule maybe questionable : but the friends of the prisoners are very poor ; any legal remedy would be too expensive for them anil would involve considerable delay ; and , what ia more to the present purpose , have little or no effect in restraining the practices complained of .
# 'I he subjects of complaint are better suited for the interference of the Secretary of State , than of the U ueen s Bench . An exposure in Parliament , will do ( ar more siood than a motion for the Certiorari . and the whole matter is more within the scope of the common sense than of law . With regard to the first point it cannot be denied , that the prisoners were debarred of a fair and reasonable opportunity of preparing for their defence . The facts are indisputable , and will be admitted by he Magistrates themselves , thousih they may enddavour lopalliate the inference from them . As to the second point it admits of no Q uestion , that the trials
ot Wyke and Gerrard , in the absence of the Informations , were illegal . If Informations are not to be produced why need they be laid . With regard to Ireland it is notorious that in cases of misdemeanour the prisoner is intitled to a copy of the indictment and tuat when he takes no office copy , he is allowed as a matter of ri Kht that it should be read so slowly that it may be copied . And as to Dobson , the further point in his favour , the absence of the original Information and the making his sentence a punishment for not paying tho £ 4 Is . 8 jd . are plain inferences of c 'mmon sense . If , therefore , theSecretary of State , can be induced to enquire into the matter , there is a fair ptobability of the four being discharged from
prison . The principle evil , however , which the parties are desirous of bringing before Parliament , is the unjust and indecent hast with which these " summary jurisdiction" cases are disposed of . In ninetv-nine cases out of a hundred , the accused is trie ' d and convicted within an hour or two after he is in cusiody . It may be admitted , that in many instances the accused are proceeded against by summons , —not by warrant ,-and in such cases , the hardship referred to does not exist .
In the present cases , the accused were arrested in bed ; two policemen stooH over them with cutlasses ; they were handcuffed . It may be well to recollect , that the Act is very harsh and unequal in its operation ; it professes to be for the protection of servants as well as masters , but there are no warrants against the latter , —nor imprisonment . WithAhe master the violation of the contract is a mere civil offence , — with the servant , it is a crime . The Act gives no ap . In each of the cases , I had a good defence . The master had not performed his part of the contract ; he had contracted to pay the same wages as the other masters in Warringtonand hadin factpaid
, , , considerably less . But in reply to this the magistrates said , perhaps correctly , that the servants ou » ht to have summoned the masters . I mention this , lest it should be thought that I merely relied on what will possibly be called technical points . A moment s reflection , however , will shew that these points are not technical , —on the contrary , they are most substantial . If the prisoner is to be deprived ot their benefit , he mightalmost as well be without a trial . Incases of summarv jurisdiction—deprived of the protection of TRIAL ' BY JURY-onemight be tempted to contend that the accused was entitled to an even more stringent application in his favour of the rules of law and usage .
I | most earnestly hope that you will be able to bring these facts before Parliament , on presenting the petitions which the friends of the prisoners are preparing , and winch will be forwarded , 1 presume , in a day or two . At the same time , I will forward you some printed copies of this letter , that yon may give to the circumstances as much publicity as vou consider desirable . Probably , MR WAKLFY MR . ROEBUCK , MR . FERRAND , and others ' , may support the prayer of the petitions : they will pray for enquiry as to the truth ot their statements , and that the men may be liberated , if it appears tlmt they have not had fair trials . In the full confidence that you will do your utmost for us , I remain , my dear ^ Sir , Yours very faithfully , W . P . Roberts .
' Timc "JgwhateB who heard the foregoing were riIOS LYON and WILLIAM STUBBS , hsquncB . Mr . IAON was the Chairman , and the most active . Mr . STUBBS would , I think , have wo ^ miSS ™ oi tUo informations and contracts . Mr . Si UB 15 b is , or rather was , —the celebrated file manufacturer;—lie says that he has now retired from nisiness .
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An Insatiable Boo . —The railway between Shipley and lveignlcy is progressing rapidly , with the exception of that part near Bingley church called the Bingleybog . bixty tons of earth and stones are cast into this bog every hour of tho day . The earth and stones on the cast end are conveyed by steam from the Nobwood , and from the west by horses . Notwithstanding this immense quantity being dropped into the gulf at both ends by three lines of rails , all is swallowed up every morning ; the heavy matter sinking thus forces the lighter up , and makes a black spongy embankment on both sides . It is . a question at what time it will be compactly filled up ,
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THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF UNITED TRADES . " united we stand , divided we fall !" in ThYlSmwt fh ^ heiMlin 8 » b ° « d w h 2 £ xs S S fetter' ' r in The Labourer takes fw hb ex ' T i ™ '"' f speech of Mr . fobson to the Lon ' don wVSST which appeared m thw paper of January 3 rd ? ' We have read the speeches »> f J \ ,, \ £ i statesmen , and have heard them - lauded ? " Tl they did NOT say , and extorted for SluUon *^ it appears that Mr . Robson , at least , hoVJom ^ toSi n »«/ . i .. i ... » i .. ii . ! . j .. ' "> llils come to the conclusion that his cl "
,, »» are now p .-epaied to ree ve the language of sterling truth , while the fact of his speech , well worthy a place in our pages to the ex elusion of muchvaluabls matter , not being circulated in the form of a handbill throughout the len « th and the breadth of the land , lead * us to the melanchely conclusion that his nervous and natural eloquence was lust upon bis audience r while in an oration occupying less than half a column of a newspaper , we find the subject treated under no fewe- than ten distinct heads , all of vital importance , all indispensable parts of one great whole , and magically dovetailed into a piece of perfect mechanism , presenting labour ' s question " at si view , " and each furnishing ample materials for distinct find elaborate comment . The speaker treats of bis subject under the following heads .:
—JiiisiLT . —The necessity of union . SEcoNDLY . —The fact of union giving to sectional movements , when rendered necesaiy , greater strength . Thirdly . —The inefticaey of useless strikes as a means ot meeting the appliances at the disposal of the master class . Fourthly . —The indispensable necessity of taking the management of their own affairs into their own hands . Futhlt . —The profit made by masters , in consequence of the non-existence of co-operative aution . SixniLT . —The STRIKING difference between the old system that set men on STRIKE and the now that sets them to WORK . Seventhly . -SELF-EMPLOYMENT the only means of securing a FAIR DAY'S WAGE FOR A FAIR DAY'S WORK . EtoiiTHLY . —The value of exposing the state of their funds . Ninthly . —The necessity of employing those hands not required in the artificial labour market in the
CULTIVATION OF THE LAND FOR TUEMSELVES . And Tenthly . —liei wovo his nine threads into a piece To canvasss each of those distinct heads touM require more space than we can possibly bestow , even upon the consideration of so important a subject while we trust that the dissection of it will enable ¦ th ose interested in its success tn analyse it for themselves , when all must come to tho inevitable conclusion that the non-obaervance of a single point would load to the defeat of the principle , while the critical observance of each would place the principle and its advocates beyond the POWER of the law , the MALIGNITY « f the masters , the CONTEMPT oHhe press , and the SPORT of faction . TO BK
FORKWARNED IS TO BU FOREARMED , and it is right that those engajied in the striiir « le for labour ' s emancipation , should be mindful of old USAGE sind ANCIENT precedent . Protected capital will not allow defenceless labour the unopposed possessin of its own inalienably , though tamely surrendered , right , and therefore recollection of past errorsshould now serve as future warnings . There is no one thing on this earth more certain than tint CAPITAL , the CHILD , will resist all attempts of LABOUR , the PARENT , to rid itself of unnatural controul , and , though not observed by the sleepy eye of industry , the ever-watchful and jealous glance of greedy gain is now fastened upon the result of its first assault against the movement of the associated trades , and those of Warrington . because sectinnalized , have been selected for the masters ' experiment .
1 he main body , however , should bear in mind that , although unassociated , the victims wero nevertheless a portion of labour ' s sentinels , and tJuit tl : ey cannot be shot down or destroyed without detriment to the I camp , and ' . hence we were not a little jnortifieilat finding a partv , contending for co-operation and universality , attempting to seotionalize the W , \ R-, RINGTON CONSPIRACY with the maudlin ex-; pression of regret that the per-emted videts had not , joined the grand army . We tell the parent , howi-ver , I that it cannot disinherit ONE of its children , with-; out the risk of inculcating disobedience in all ; that , I while despots would frighten into subservience , it becomes the duty of labour to win to obedience , and ; that of all classes that of labour cannot violate tlie ; gri-at principle—that WHEN ONE OF SOCIETY
; IS OPPRESSED ALL SOCIETY IS INJURED ; —without itielf being the first victim to the violation . ! It has been too much the practice of the leaders of | a popular movement to seek a cowardly exemption i from the responsibility of the acts of the spirited but j misguided , the enthusiastic but indiscreet , while the ¦ professors of love of order , who themselves liveo ! confusion , have gained many triumphs by holding morality ' s mirror up to the weak and prejudiced , who I could else find no feasible pretext for desertion and I betrayal . F . very workinc man must confess , that I the opponents of Chartism have relied for its de-> struction upon tlie bad name stamped by a venal | press upon its advocates , rather than upon their ! power to overthrow the principle by argument , and
what has been tried , but unsuccessfully , in the case ! of C'liartism , will be attempted in the case of TRADES UNIONS The masters and their press will profess a sanguine desire for all FAIR PROTECTION to labour , hut will recoil with feelings of injured pride at the UNJUST and DESPERATE means resorted to for its accomplishment , all means being " unjust" and "desperate" that promise success , and "just" and " praiseworthy" that are certain of defeat . It has ever been the practice of the trades to exhaust upon the cure an amount of strength , one quarter of which would have insured PREVENTION ; hence the posthumous SPLUTTER that was made for the DORCHESTER LABOURERS and the post mortem SPLUTTER that was made for the Glasgow Cotton Spinners would , if
directed to insuring the LAW'S PROTECTION , instead of being foolishly wasted in the attempt to muster a mawkish and evanescent sympathy—have saved the victims , and secured a triumph well calculated to inspire labour with confidence and its oppressors with dismay . It matters then not a single straw , whether tke Warrinuton mechanic . * were or were notof the ASSOCIATION FOR THE PROTECTION OF LABOUR , they were fighting labour ' s battle and cannot be deserted without injury to labour ' s cause . It is therefore the paramount duty of the Directory to take their case out of its sectional limits , and , if needed , to DRAIN THE EXCHEQUER to the very dregs tojseeure their ACQUITTAL , resting satisfied that ererv farthing expended will be cheerfully repaid TENFOLD . In speaking of this subject Mr . Uobson
says" They were now making a further attempt through the sides of their sister Association , the Operative Engineers " , by means of a " Monster Imlietmtnt , " at Warrington . What crime had the men committed ? Ob , they hart ' wnlkvil upnnd lionn . and tillced . ' Well , out of this the lawyers had concocted an indictment of seventy yards in length , and the masters ' counsel positive ! y pleaded aggravation , on the ground that tlie men still continued to ' walk up and down , aim talk , ' but he had no doubt their excellent and talented friend and advocate , W . P . Roberts , would do as he had done many times before , bring the men through . ' Yes , we too have every reliance upon the sagacity , talent , enemy , ami integrity of Mr . Roberts , but tliie Trades must see the impossibility of the best general fighting a battle without the means , and the impolicy ot allowing themselves to be stripped of all the glory of triumph . Warringtoa LOST , and the national union CRUMBLES into ruin , Warrington WON , and tyrants will dread its name .
1 he great advantage of the national over the sectional movements of the trades , is the fact that it takes from the masters the destructive power of constituting the satisfied few a band of spies over the dissastisfied many , invariably holding the spirit of the body in . subjection to the treachery of the artful and therefore favoured few , who were rewarded with places of trust and profit in exact proportion to their subservience . Until this sectional blight was dispelled by tho generous warmth ol tho associated mind it was hopeless to expect any move in the proper direction . We cannot conclude without t . 'iidering our best thanks to Mr . Robson for supplying the means of elucidating an extremely complicated subject . Tlie directors need but secure such talent to place bhe cause of the Trades beyond tho power of their enemies , by recommending its practice to the unertoanv melled mind of an improving a « e .
" Labours battle onco be ^ uu Bequeathed by bleeding sire to son Though battled oft is tv « won ' ' STATE OP THK NOTTINGHAM TRADES . lUncn ov Machineei . —The Xottiiig haa J ournal says the plain net and plain quilling trades uve just now under serious depression , and this we attribute to tho Germans , in Moravia , ttoheniia , and Austria , having extended their machinery , and that by their own native industry . Oa all Uftftda it is agreed by tho English mechanics , that the German smiths and mechanics are a very impmor race of men to the Vicavds , the Normans , the Champagsois , and the Lyoiinois ; and even Evans himself , the most able of our rauchine-smiths , admits thai the Germans have » wonderful facility in making wooden machinery , which he has repeatedl y declared will out-wear iron , for many purposes connected with tha hosiery and lace trades . The mailing of muslin laoe * still continues , and this has extended to the warp frames , but many of the machine-owners would do well to avoid their present method of making pattern * , which , hltve too
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strong a resemblance to what is termed hi'ns' lace , an article which it extensivel y produced in the v » C > n > ty of Amiens . Great care should be taken to show that i . t Is muslin lace , and not muilin . Even in Nottingham JaCO is made by an individual Irora the weaver ' * loom ( the only one we believe , in the vicinity ) , which imitate ! tha wire-ground me 9 li so completely as even to deceive the best judges . But it has a great clog ; { i , loom is too narrow ; aud if wider , the speed would lessen , and tha difficulty increase . We are glad to obaerve that in some quarters improvements are mafcing in that wonderful machine the warp frame , and that some new manufactures are produced , respecting the nature of which »«
are prevented by prudence from bring more csvlicit . Upon the whole , however , the lace trade is consider * . 1 to be in a bad state ; and what is worse , machinery , ( hat « p to November kept up its price , ha * rapidly falJsn , though not to the extent it dM in J 83 »' -31 . 32 , when a t ? en « ral opinion prevailed that hand would be superseded by power bobbin . net machinery ; As we have before observerf . although cotton yarn has advanced very seriously > n price , yet it hai had but little tffeet on tbe hosiery manu facture * , as upon tbe whole , both nrouRhtandcut . . v ** w > 88 may be considered a a hade better , though tlJrt « V " tho hands lir * 8 uffw > n 8 a species- ef mart } rdomfr » m low wages , LABOUR IN BE > 7 YORK .
ITS MRonMTMCES , CONDmoxS , ANI ) BEWABM . . . ( Vrom tho New York Tt bune . ) ThU h " * 7 ? CU ^" - " *« HMWACTOBE .. This branch ot manufacture is carried on pretty ext-n ™ tTir ; S : r : ; rs ~ i-K W £ Sr « £ T £ tt £ i here , } European Hair Seating en pay a duty o " Z "ll hn . per cent and then be so ) d cheap . ; tlun the American r «« M-t ITT ' lair -ClOth U ly ni > raean » of s ° K °° iv quality a , the American ; and it is here that our manufacturers have their only chance for reimbursing their ouday The processes of this manufacture are carred o *¦ high perfection in this city as in any purt of tha worid ; and the only reason for tlle difference ^ ,, pric is in the lower wa Ses of labum and the inferior quality of the European article . 4 u «« iy ui
^ M ? V . 7 ° . ° ° nw hBlr useditl ' ™ n uctuw oi hair seating and curled hnir Uimpcrted-somo Irom llussia , but mostl y from Bu , nos Avres . The very but article ! comes from the Rio Crude . ' A sn « . ll supply of a tolerable second-rate article comei from Cincinnati , t is composed of bristles and the inner hair or wool of Iiok « , mixed in equal proportions . This is only used for curled hair . The hair after it comes into the hands of the manutacturer is first sorted . . —that is , the ion hair « Wdi will answer for weaving is separated from the other , which « oes into be curled , h U then hailed , and becomes na . l y for beuiff spun . These two processes are per . lurmed by men and bojr .. It is very dirty and disagreeable work-the hair containing a large quantity of dust ¦ ma ciirf , which renders it almost imposMble for one not uncustomed to it to breathe in the apartment where this is
going on . T . ns work is principally done by boys , who retail prices , trom one dollar and fifty cents to four or £ S ™? " " *•*• T » e Bengal range u not more I , , ¦ do ! lars J and fifty ««• and three dollars . A few " nd fifty c ° n ? f ' hB Uay " ° " ° 1 Iar and one dollaP fin ? r ' !! fi Or r . aVinS nowBO "««» to the more delicatefn ., 1 , ^ 'I ^ * 9 nrt U int 0 «»« at irtigrtis . each length corresponding to the width of tho from t TT 1 TUe Birl 8 enBlieeli ln tVlS W 0 * " »»» trom three dollars to three dollars and fifty cents , and sometimes tour dollars per week . Alter it is drawn it is dyed in bunches about one-third as thick as a horse ' s tail , and is then read y for the looms . The dyeing is dono on a larKe scale , and the head dyer and engineer gets tune dollars per week .
The weaving is done by hand . looms , each worked by two girls—one to handle the hook , ( answering the pur . pose of a shuttle ) and the other to serve the hair The warp for the best seating is of linen , but most ujually it is cotton , and each hair is as long as the cloth is wide . The server has two bundles , one with the large cn '' s up and the other with the small ends . Serving from each alternatel y , the cloth is smooth and even . We have seldom seen any mechanical operatioa requiring more dexerity or constant attention than this . The prices paid for weaving varying from twenty to tliirty . two cents per yard . The average , including plain and figured c . oths , is tiventy-four cents . A fair averago dn . v * work is four or five yards . Bnt this requires two hands , you must remember—so that , perhaps , a fair estimate Of tho wages of hair ctotk would bo from fiity to snty . two and a half cen ts per day . The labouris severe , and wo should think it impossible or very injurious for younu women to work at it more than two-thirds of tha
time . Tho manufacture of curled hair is carried on in tha same establishments as that of hair seating That por . tion Ol the hair which is rejected as being unsuitable for weaving u spun into n coarse three or four stranded rope . This work is done by men and boys , who receive about the same average compensation as those who sort and hackle . After being spun it is backed up ( the twist put into it ) and then boiled and thoroughly cleansed . It is then baked and confirmed in its kinbineis . AU these processes are performbd b y men and boys . It is
now ready for the pickers . These are almost en . tirdy Irish women , who come and carry offlarge bun . dies ot the rope , which they take to their homes whers mother and children fall to picking it to pieces . A . smart woman can pick twenty-five or thirty pounds petday ; and some of them with the help of the children , ( of which there are generally plenty ) , open fjrty or fifty pounds per day . They receive for this work two cents per pound . After thoy have finished what they brought home they tie the loose hair , now ready for the upholsterer , into a large blanket , mount it o . i their heads , and slugger off under it to the manufacturers . Every person will at once recollect having often met these women and wondered how they are nble to walk under stch enormous loads , or where they were carrying
These w » men all , or nearly all , have husbands , who w « rk at various employraents-any that they can getor at none at all . Tht-y live for the most part in quita a wretched manner—aquetzed into hot and suffocating garrets or cruthed into dark and deadly cellars . Hun . dreds of families rent a single room each in the shanties and sheds which the cupidity of landlords has caused to be « rected in the rear of small poor buildiBgs , whose tenitntB sadl y need and ought to have every square fo * t of Kround and every mouthful of unbreathed air that they eon any way lay hold of . When one goes about these miserable and crowded sheds and shinties , and sees how much umweemrs sufferings and privation is occasioned to the poorjby thejtivarice or thoughtlessness of landlords , he is ready to conclude that the right to thus build and overbuild every inch of ground a man owns by title , deed ought to have some restriction , founded upon tho general health and sanity of the community .
TOBACCO PIPE-MAKERS OF EDINBURGH AXD LE 1 T 1 I . To the Pi / Biic—We , the Operative Tobacco-Pipe Maker * of Edinburgh and Leith having addressed our > employers for an advance of wages , the Leith employers have , on an average , given an advance of three shillings per week : the Edinburgh employers one shilling and . sixpence on an avorage .
NOTTINGHAM . USited Trades . —The committee of this district hold a moat important public meeting of all branches of framework knitters , at their Assembly-rooms tho ivmg George on Horseback , Gregory ' s Buildings , on Monday , February the 1 st . Mr . Winters , a veteran £ l Jl ^ S T . rade * UDionists ' unanimously called to the chair . There were present deputations romRadford , Upon Green , iWford , Avnold , Dog . break , Coulton and various other places . The room was literally crammed with monitors anxious . * & ? . ** £ ! & ? , the liberations oa the many grievances that had
been from time to- time submitted to the district committee , and which aflcotcd ev w ch of the fra > ne \ vork knitters trade . _ Mr . ttisiERS opened tho meetint ; by exphinine its objects , and then called on Mr . ' Valley , the dis . net secretary , to read over the several plans which iau been adopted by the committee , after which Mr . Jean , one of the executive body , addressed the mooting m a powerful , eloquent , and business-like speech , and sat down loudly applauded . Ai the close oS Mr . Weans address , many questions weye asked aid saasfactonl y answered . After whioh several aesoluuons . were unanimously adopted ,. inchuliii « - the
fol-- «« . « » meeting hereby n » ommeadtl » district ; committee taeulistthe manufactures witi , thorn in . their endeaww * to destroy competition . , fi H " y wo rkman s : " ' Jl at any time be unjustl y ; imposed on , ha is hmwb y requested to mak » of kbour > ty II &tU 1 IphuUl * J U 4 t ' « Dortfeftif ? ? . * Wto * l tho meeting tosnp . P ° « the bational Auociahunt ot the United Trades , and the committee , n 6 W * y , ng 0 « t an active agita procSiligs thanlwt * »» chairman 1-ouohi . ied the dressed to Mark WoUoy , district secretary .
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Irish Pbodvce . —a very curious document hasjust been issued by wd ^ r of tho H ouse of Commons , coauating of 3 n ' account of the quantities of wheat , barley , oats , wheat-flour , oatmeal , butter , cheese , and uieu *; of the numbur of cattle , sheep , aud swine , imported into Great Britain from Ireland , in each month in the year 1840 . " From this it appeata that the r . otal quantity of coin of Irish growth importod into this country , was—wheat , 180 730 barioj , 92 , S 54 ; oats , 953 . iWl ; wheat-fluur , 72 b 526 qrs . j and oatmeal , 553 , 147 cwt . The number of catt ' io exported into England from the sister country iri 1840 , was—oxen , bulls , and cows , 186 483 calves , 6 , 363 ; sheep Mid lambs , 259 . 257 ; swine , 480 , 827 . No information is possessed by Government of the shipments ot butter , cheese , and meat , though they are , doubtless , m equal proportion .
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t I February 6 , 1847 . „ -, THE NORTHERN STAR . ~ r ——~ ~ — -== — = ^ . ¦ 7 .
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Feb. 6, 1847, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1404/page/7/
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