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Northern Star (1837-1852), 18th September 1847, Edition 1 of 3, Page unpag, Untitled Article

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    • ^ irflE OLD GUARDS, THE PUS-^JACKETS , THE BLISTERED ggaa. AND UNSHORN CHINS.
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      Untitled Article

      jJr FBIBNDS , i should have written you a political letter . & « eek , upon our prospects and position , {> for the doty imposed upon me , of replying £ the manifesto of Messrs . Hibbs and Sekby . jiras the more anxious to devote some ^ g this week to that purpose , in con-Leace of the avowal of the Times newspaper Wednesday , as to the interest that England \ A in forming an alliance with the Pope ,

      ¦ jggi which . I shall , next week , show you , that £ prediction as to the anticipated result from . tn ' ch an alliance has been realised ; and farther , I p have convicted the Times out of its own 1 j ^ ath of calpable ignorance upon the question of Free-Trade . I was also anxious to j ^ ve laid before you the exultation of the fines at the Prohibition of the use of Spirituous Liquors and intoxicating drinks in the piny Canteens , and , from the arguments used jy the limes , to illustrate the several subjerfs , I shall be able next week , to prove to ^ , 0 , that where the people and their Press Vere years ago , the factions and their Press jre only approaching to now .

      The subjects will keep till next week ; and joir to my more immediate purpose—my ^ caching tour . I shall commence at Aberfcen-and in next week ' s Star , I shall map jat oy route , merely announcing , for the pesent , and I do so with great pleasure , that Jfr Jon * f ™* accompany me ; this announce-, jent will , 1 have no doubt , give satisfaction to the Scotch people , and to the Chartists generally . ; ^^ m ^ njnt ^ e ^ ag , to yon , and jfrnomenifeafc , is ,, fl * Signing ofthe Deed fcr registration , and , loud as yon all were [ K the completion of that document , I was thunder-struck upon discovering , that , from Monday Morning to Thursday Eveninir . not

      norethan Two Hundred and Fifty members fed signed it Now , who is to hear the pena lty of your cul pable negli gence ? Another error into which depositors in tfae Bank have fallen , is making Bank Orders , sad PosfcOffice Orders , payable to the " ? Sfm Z * * Z ? h £ ** should « tt *» MADE fS * BI ? I 2 i' B' In W letter to Messrs Bibbs and Selsb y , I might have drawn the jjtenhon of those gentlemen to the numerous fcjhires now occurring in the banking and ^ feting . world , but I merely hint at them , jn order to furnish our friends with an answer jo . toe enemies of the National Land and labour Bank . . I remain , your faithful Friend and Bailiff , ; FeaBgos O'Connor .

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      TO MESSRS . HIBBS AND SELSBY . Gentlemeh , If it was not for your pressing and urgent demand , I certainly should , even now abstain imm the publication of Mr Selsby ' s letter , but g you are anxious for it , you shall not only lave it , but the entire of your manifesto ; and , although I might make some remarks in the jane spirit in which that manifesto has been « iy cunningly devised , with the intention to wound but the inability to injureI

      , Mi . abstain from doing so . But allow me lo ask you what there is in the name of Beywood , in the name of Lloyd , in the name ef Barclay , in the name of Baraet , or in the lime of the Manchester Joint Stock Bank , to protect those gentlemen or firms against as elaborate a controversy respecting each deposit placed in their Bank . In short , have m . ever heard of such a course before 2 and the more especially whenj by your own

      arnngemenU and laws , you had full and ample jswer to have prevented an occurrence which pa appear deeply to deplore . Why , your era showing proves that that which was derided at a slender meeting of members on the Shtof July , by a majority of twenty-th « e igainst thirteen , was more maturely considered on the 14 th of August , with the knowledge of the general secretary , who made it \ k duty to write to the trustees , and at this acond meeting , on the 14 th of August , the former decision was confirmed with only one iksentient .

      lien steps in the Executive Council ; and fere you will not suppose that I mention the fact from spleen or hasty passion , when I remind you that for twelve years I have been contending against this description of trade-oligarchy , and I have been incessantl y showing you that the next trades * struggle would be between the democracy and the aristocracy of tie ruling power . But , even here , it is the senate controlling the representatives , because , although not stated in your manifesto , your

      first resolution was only carried by the casting Tote of the chairman ; and then your second resolution is a perfect admission of the right of the fourth branch to act jib its members think proper , with the mere paternal appeal to them to think calmly and take time , while your manifesto professes to tea chastisement of parties because such an idea of banking money in SUCH A BANK iad not been contemplated by the delegate meeting .

      The subject was again brought before the Esecutive Council , and you decide only that the fourth branch had acted prematurely and tpon false premise ? , because yeu have stated , * a ground for caution , the very reverse " of * tat I stated at Lowbands . Now let me analyse the several fallacies that have possessed Ton : — Firstl y . The Bank is not registered , will sot be registered , could not be registered , and need not be registered . Secondly . You have made a very artful use f Branch Banks , and my only being accountable for funds that came into my hands .

      Ner , the one was the answer to the other . 1 stated that I would not establish branch hanks , because the money would not come directl y into my hands , and because it would impose an amount of anxiety and responsibility » pon me which I was not prepared to undergo . Besides , I showed that the rent of an office and the salary of a confidential person would swallow up all the funds ; hut why make the omission of branches a cause of grievance * hen you object to the single source from whence they should spring r As a matter of nurse , I stated , and now re-state it , that I till not be responsible for any money not coming into my hands or into my manager ' s

      lands . And , then , as to the grievance of &rifig you an account of the condition of the * ank yearly ; do you object to this straightforward and honourable proposition , as being derogatory to the character of a banker , or are ? ou fearful lest it might inspire the people * i& confidence in the Bank ? Allow me to * & you if Sir Benj . Hey wood , or any other " nker , would be answerable for funds that did * jotcome intotheir . hands ; whetherjthey would * old correspondence upon every deposit made ^ trary to the spirit of a trade ' s rule ; I as-! ttre you , if I started with this understanding , * should be compelled to establish a new paper ,

      THE BANK WRANGLER . And then you state something about a Mr j * ° yle , which is precisely the reverse of the {** . But what could Mr Hoyle know about "anting ? Or what could the whole Conferee know about a subject wholly foreign y ^ n their pursuits ? when I , a Barrister-at-*** s was obliged to take the opinion of prac-^ d counsel before I would undertake the

      re sponsibility of becoming banker . But it so rPPens , that what you state Mr Hoyle to £ ave proposed , namely , that the trustees be Quoted to hand over the property of the i ^ pany as security to the depositors in the / foc al !« nd and Labour Bank , so far from " ^ g impossible , is the very principle upon JJk the Bank is established , under the di-** kons of the ablest counsel tflT * ^\ ^ ence is the pith and marrow UI ycmr whole manifesto . You say , in fact ,

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      ^ Ji f e , Bank is legally registered in accord-RT ? V ™ ¥ bl' THERE 1 S N 0 SECURITY TO A SINGLE DEPOSITOR . Now this is your bile , which you have thrown off alter what you considered a strong preparatory dose for your patient ] but what will you say when I tell you that the Bank cannot be | legally registered , and that there is better sej cunty for the principal and interest of depositors than Sir B . Heywood ' s Bank , or any Bank until tne Bank 5 s IpWIItt « An : n < . n- ~ j s _ j

      in England guarantees . And as if determined stall to pick a hole , you try to shake the stability of the Bank , ( even suppose it was registered , ) by objectingto the length of notice required for the withdrawal of money ; and then you introduce Mr Harding ' s name , in order to show that a still longer notice might yet be required . But how did I act before in a precisely similar case ? A poor-man had deposited a large sum in the Bank , and stated that an opportunity presented of turning his funds to a very urofitable account , which he

      should lose if he was required to give the required notice of withdrawal ; that . man received his whole irioneyby ' return of post . And now the announcement made to the deputation , which you say was but private , and required confirmation of through the press , I give it you ; that I will allow any Trade depositing funds in the National Land and Labour Bank to withdraw any amount it requires up to £ 200 , at ' sight , and the whole of their

      funds at one week ' s notice . But this condition shall only apply to Trades , as , anxious as I am for the success of the Land Plan , I should be sorry that its prosperity should lead to the inability of the Trades to meet their oppressors with the sinews of war ; and as yon are anxious still to keep up a . controversy with the fourth branch , rather than be the indirect cause of the slightest dissension , I have given instructions that the trustees may withdraw the whole of the funds deposited at sight .

      As to Mr Selsb y ' s letter I had nothing to do with it ; as a matter of course , I was too much imbued with the spirit of democracy to admit of such a controversy , nor do I think that it would be at all conducive to the interest of the Trades themselves . Now you have the whole letter , and although you ask what confidence can be placed in a man who is afraid of the truth being brought to light , you appear to forget that your truths are all fallacies , while I much doubt that any refutation that I can offer would strengthen yoiir confidence in me to that extent which would induce you to patronise the National Land and Labour Bank as the Bank of the Trades : With

      respect to your concluding paragraph , I have only to request that the members will insist upon a delay of sufficient length to enable them to peruse the next number of the ' Labourer , ' before it is decided whether the money of the Trades is to be ALLOWED to be applied to the cause of Labour and the benefit of Trade .

      Gentlemen , I shall make no further observations beyond the expression of my well-founded conviction , that there -is some power behind the Executive greater than the Executive itself , and that that power dreads the union of labour , and the application of its funds to its own redemption . But be prepared for the calamity and the blow ; for , rest assured , that before this day twelvemonth , in spite of the aristocracy of trade , every guinea of every trade fund in . the kingdom will be deposited in the National Land and Labour Bank . It ia scarcely fair that men who profess to fi ght tha battle of Labour , should seek every opportunity of causing dissension in its ranks , and weakening the confidence of its friends : and

      you will be able to judge of my sincerity , and or my conviction that the Land project and the National Land and Labour Bank are capable of redeeming England from beggary , and placing the government of this country in the hands of the working classes , when you read the next number of the 'Labourer ? by which I seek to strip myself of confidence , and to relieve myself of responsibility , by making the Land question a government measure , and thus destroying all the fulsome nonsense about enrolment and registration of Company and Bank , by giving the members and the depositors government security , and the protection of an Act of Parliament , and which , but for the dissensions of labour , I could carry out myself with equal facility and success .

      Gentlemen , if not too great a task , I invite you to read the whole of the next number of the 'Labourer—it is exclusivel y devoted to the question of the Land and the Bank ; and when you have perused that , and reflected upon it , then I ask you to compare what a foreigner has accomplished for your country in two years , with but humble means , as contrasted with what has been accomplished b y the millions that have been expended by the now impoverished Trades . I assure you , gentlemen , that my delight would be to be divested of all responsibility ; never to touch , or never

      to see , a single fraction of money , but merely to give to the labouring classes the benefit of more practice , more reflection and experience , upon these subjects than any other man in England , or the world , can boast of . And , in conclusion , I beg to inform you , or to repeat what I stated in 1838 to the middle classes of Yorkshire , that the democracy of each class will become too powerful for its aristocracy ; and this prediction is now being realised in the instance of kings ^ themselves , as the Pope and the King of Sardinia are infopen rebellion against the Autocrat of Austria .

      Gentlemen , all attempts to turn me from my course are futile , and ^ utterly hopeless , and for this simple reason—because I look upon the working classes as my children , and serving them as my only pleasure , and lam not going to abandon the one , nor give up the other . I have the honour to remain , Your obedient Servant , Fkargus O'Connor , Bailiff .

      P . S . —Now , gentlemen , if you had confined your manifesto to an expression of your desire to hear more information upon a new subject , 1 would have thanked you for the caution , and to show you that I , of all men , am anxious for enquiry and read y for discussion , I hereby , and not boastingly , challenge the whole Press of England , metropolitan and provincial , daily and weekly , to meet me in discussion upon the Land-and Banking question , and I invite the Trades of England ^ the Bar of England , and the Bankers of England to discussion upon the same question , and the two naked propositions that I shall submit to such meetings will be : —

      Firstly—That the Land Plan offers the only possible remedy for the protection and comfort of the labouring classes , and the security of the lives and properties of the wealthy . Secondly . —That the National Land and Labour Bank affords better security to depositors than any other Bank in the world ; that it guarantees a larger permanent amount of interest than any other Bank ; and that it is established upon a principle more secure than any other Bank in the world . Now , these are my two propositions , and you will find them elaborately discussed in the next number of the 'Labourer . '

      Gentlemen , as the term challenge implies some shade of hostility , I invite you to name the day upon my return from the continent , ( which " will be in about three weeks , ) and I will cheerfully meet the Trades o Manchester in

      Untitled Article

      the Hall of Science ; where , upon | my part , I will undertake to conduct the discussion with a view to arrive at the truth , not having the slightest interest in the success of the National ' Land and Labour-Bank , beyond the inestimable benefits it is calculated to confer upon the labouring " classes generally . ; '~ ' F . O'C . - --- - -

      Untitled Article

      AN APPEAL TO THE MEMBERS OF THE JOURNEYMEN STEAM ENGINE , MACHINE MAKER . AND MILLWRIGHTS' FRIENDLY SOCIETY , " FROM THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL .

      ' Respected Friends , —At s meeting of the General Executive Council , held August 28 th , 1847 . at which the whole of the members were present , —It was decided , that an Appeal should be made to the members throughout the society , upon a subject involving the interests of every member , and one upon which each member , as far as practicable , should have an opportunity of recording hia vote . . The subject alluded to , is the security of our iunds . Our attention has bean drawn to the question owing to the circumstance of one of the branches , viz . ; Manchester 4 th branch , having decided , on thejlst July , at but a Blender meeting of the members , although a summoned one for the election of officers , and banking , —twentythree voting fop , and thirteen against , —VThat the whole of the funds in their possession , amounting to £ 620

      , should be withdrawn from Sir Benjamin Heyvood , and Co . ' a bank , and deposited in Feargus O'Connor ' s Land and Labour Bank . ' This decision havingbeen accldentallyoommunicatedto the general secretary , he made it his duty , at once , to write to the trustees , protesting against so hasty a step being taken , until the matter had been fully considered by the Executive Council , and an appeal made , through them , to the whole of the branches ; which had the effectofdelayingproceedingsuntiltheir nextnieetintt , which took place on . the 14 th August , and at which meeting they confirmed their former decision , as we are informed ! by their secretary , by 25 voting for , and 1 against . The same evening , there was a meeting of the General Executive , and the subject was fully entered into , and after a lengthy discussion the following resolutions were agreed to : —

      Resolved—• That in the appeal against Manchester 4 th branch removing their funds , —It is the opinion of thlt meeting , Manchester 4 th branch have acted contrary to the spirit of the 9 th rule . ' . Resolved— 'That after mature consideration of the mode in which Manchester 4 th branch purposes banking its money in the National Land and Labour Bank , —we respectfully request Manchester 4 th branch to suspend such proceeding until the opinions of the branches hare been taken , as inch an idea ef banking money , in such bank , had not been contemplated by the delegate meeting . ' °

      A copy of the above resolutions were sent , as early as possible , to the secretary and trustees of the branch . But * notwithstanding thiB decision of the executive council , on the 2 M of August , the trustees transferred £ 620 from Heywood ' s bank , into the handsi of Feargus O'Connor . The subject was again brought before the executive council on the 28 th of August , and received their mature consideration ; the discussion of the question occupying the whole of the evening . The security given by FeareuB O'Connor , formoney deposited in his hands , and the practicability of the arrangements of hia bank for the sowety ' spurposea , were the leading features that were discussed . The whole of the evidence that could be brought to bear at the time , upon the subject , both for , and against , was produced , and carefully examined . Several resolutions were proposed , and the following were ultimately agreed to : —

      Resolved— That the opinions of all the branches be immediately taken on the propriety or impropriety of any branch of o « r society depoiiting our funds in the ' National Land and Labour Bank . ' Resolved— ' That it is the opinion uf the executive conncil , from the evidence produced from the Northern Star , and other sources , that the Manchester Fount Branch have acted prematurely in the step they have taken in depositing the funds in the * National Land and Labour Bank . ' In considering this question , we would urge upon every membar to weigh well the . importance of , the subject , and for that purpose we would refer ' you to the report of Conference at Lowbands , contained in the Northern Star , of August 21 st . It will there be seen that the National Land and Labour Bank is

      only at present in its infancy , and can scarcely be said toba established ; the same not yet being ' legistered in accordance with law . ' Another thing to be observed is , that there , are not to be any branch banks , bat the whole of the deposits are to be made in London—Mr O'Connor having the Bole and entire control of the . funds . Mr O'Connor states that he will not be responsible for any money not coming through his hands ; that he is cot bound to give an account , but will do so . He also states that the Land shall be the security to the depositors ; yet we find at the aame Conference alluded to , a Mr Hoyle proposed— 'That the trustees be instructed to hand over the property as security to the depositors in the National Land and Labour Bank , '—and the answer that Mr O'Connor gives is , ' that it is impossible . '

      Iafact , until the Bank is ltgally registered in acoardance . with the law , there is no security to a single depositor . Another point to be noticed is , evea supposing the Bank to be registered , the length of notice required before any money can be withdrawn . According to an article in No . 4 of The Labourer , Mr O'Connor states , — That ten pound ? , or any lesser sum , may he withdrawn on demand ; for withdrawing any sum above ten pounds and up to twenty , a fortnight ' s notice must ba given ; and for any sum absve twenty , one month ' s notice of intention of withdrawal must he given . ' But , at the Conference , one of the delegates , a Mr Harding , ' thought it would be necessary to cause depositors to give longer notice before they should be allowed to withdraw their deposits . '

      We are informed by the secretary of Manchester 4 th branch , that , in a letter sent to the branch by Mr O'Connor , he intimated that he would allow £ 50 to be withdrawn at sight , and that he also made the same promise to a deputation that waited upon him from the branch . But as this is merely a private communication to certain parties , and not annonnced officially through the public press , it cannot le depended upon . We would also begtodrawthe attention of . thememberstotheremarkamadeby Mr O'Connor * in hia address to the members of the Land Company , and to a letter contained in the same paper by U . S . Offord ; a member of Manchester 4 th branch . For the convenience of the members , we have deemed it expedient to copy them here . Mr O'Connor says , 'I dare Bay you will derive no little gratification from the announcement , that the Manchester mechanics have deposited £ 620 of their funds in the

      National Land and Labour Bank , and that many societies are about to follow their wise and patriotic example ; and to them , as to all others , I . shall only say , not that I may perish , or that my right hand may fall from my body , or . that my tongue may cease to wag , if I deceive them ; but I do say , that lam not a pleasure man , a drinking man , a drunken , a gluttonous , or a luxurious man , and if they have not 203 . in the psund , and four per cent , interest for their money , I must be a ro&iiry roan . ' Tokhow , byjdear-bought experience , that Mr O'Connor is a robbing man , if he does not perform what he promises , may afford satisfaction to some , but we think some thing more substantial will bs required by the majority of our members as security for their money , before they consent to allow it to be deposited in his hands . The following is the letter of Offord , — To Feabgdb O'CoNHoa , Bbq .

      Re 5 F £ cied Sib , —I have great pleasure in informing you that the minutes of onr last meeting , authorising the trustees to withdraw the money of the Manchester 4 th branch of the Journeymen Strain Engine , Machine Maker , and Millwrights' Friendly Society from Sir Benjamin Heywood ' s Bank , and the placing of the same in tbe Land and Labour Bank , was confirmed by the unanimous vote , at a summoned meeting of our branch , on Saturday , the 14 th . You will also find enclosed , a copy of our rules , vrith the names of our trustees in the 86-cond page , signed by themselves , which you will be so kind as to keep for the purpose of comparing signatures , when the withdrawal of any money may be required . I am also requested to draw your attention to the tth rule , which relates to our banking of money as a branch ;

      and to request that you will ecknowledge the receipt of this letter and rules , and send us the best method of transmitting the raoney ( six hundred and twenty pounds ) to you with the last expense , as our object is to show to society at large , the superiority of the Land and Labour Bank over the present ; and thereby set an example worth following by the rest of the trade , for , 1 feel confident that when once set going , it will be speedily followed by other branches of the same trade . Indeed it is already going on in another branch is Manchester ; I think , sir , after you have read this to yonr conference now assembled , that some of them will strike while the iron is hot , and I do expect something from David Morrison ,, although at present a stranger te me , for I think that Snindon eannot lay behind with him there . I am Sir , yours respectfully . Geome Sahoel Oifobd . 3 , Chnrch-street , Rochdale-road , Manchester , August 15 tb , 1817 .

      rfMri !^ M ^ VwJ ^^«^' ae remarks 9 Ss ^^^! Sgi ^^^ " „ ? i 6 ^? lh *«^ Manchester ; August " 24 th 1847 JSt'iSpSfi ? over the * 44 S Z ^ JSfe J ln the «? ia"e - bf . your Address to LZ . 3 ^ " ?' of ¦ I - flw MMliaaiossiof Manchester KSmSfef ? th ^ iftt »< » : i * tbe ! NationaI ^ * EXS $£ ^ £ ?* toak sam ^ awrtbere i , S ^ si tbr 0 D ?? 15 ^ C ??* ^^« t «« 8 « to the facirbf the « nd the - " * - ~* j ~ =:==:= ~ <

      »«• ; . 'S ^^ TS&S ?*** letter of Offord the Natt ^^^ id ^ tonr Bankwith . the unanl . ^" . ^ j ^^ Mggwjn ^ to wham it belonged . . But such is nga 5 ont * a |^ ihftfaot ; 3 Our society Ib composed of b **!! j £ if ^*? fi £ i ± i ! p !^* 'thousand members , extendfoff ove ^^ atMffiBp ^ reland , and holding one geuev "' ^§ S ^^ E '* ^?? « nch belonging equally t 0 1 th 5 % BS * e | 9 Jw * anyr ° ther branchj . so that in tbeffflgylggy ijj ^ rtant i change in the mode of ; bank ; i ° 8 r ^ 'Wllflf ' * o * AeW 5 ciaHy : in , ^ ff experiment where doubtt a « re its-security'in ^' 'MUt » itJfcwMlifc essential , bat - just , that those . intere « ted ^ shonld ^ e consulted ; and in this view of the matter I feel con . vincedthat I shairmeet : with your ; concurrence . The facts are , instead of themembers being consulted , twentyfive individuals have decided upon the removal of the money from Sir . Benjamin Heywood ' a Bank to the National Land and Labour Bank , they having composed a majority of those who voted at a meeting of their branch .

      And I beg further to inform you , that this act has been done in direct defiance < f instructions given by thoonly acknowledged authority in the Society , viz ., our Executive Council , and the parties so acting hove rendered themselves liable to be brought to account for the samo . The instructions of the Executive Ceuncil were , that the opinions of the members throughout the Society should betaken upon the propriety af allowing branches to de . posit the funds in the National Land and Labour Bank ; and any person wishing to do justice to all could not raise one sennd ebjection to such a course . You will oblige by inserting this letter in your paper of Saturday next . Wishing , you every success in your attempts to ameliorate the condition of the people , belieTe me , Dear sir , yours truly , Henei Skwby , , Secretary to the Journeymea Steam-engine , Machine Maker , & Millwrights' Friendly Society , To Feargus O'Connor , Esq .

      Mr O'Connor has not thought proper , as yet , to publish theabove lettei , although two of bis papers have been issued since it was sent , nor do we expect that any notice will be taken of it by him , and for reasons which we think must be apparent to all who have read his remarks and the letter of Offord . But we say , if he is an honest man , as he professes himself tobe . and possesses a desire to do justioe to all , he will publish it . If he does not do so , we ask what confidence can bs placed in a man who is afraid of the truth being brought to light . We consider that the public have a right to be undeceived , and to effect that "has been the sole objectiof the above letter . It has been deemed advisable by the Executive Council to lay the whole of these facts before the members , so that they may ha enabled to judge fairly upon the

      subject . All that we say is , decide not too hastily or precipitantly , but give the matter that serious consideration its importance deserves ; above all , avoid taking any step which may have a tendency to destroy that confidence amongst each other which is so essential to the prosperity of bur institution , and without whioh , whatever amount of interest is obtained for our money , our Society would be a mere chimera . In conclusion , we cannot but regret that any branch of our Society should act contrary to the wishes and instructions of the body whom they have appointed to decide upon all matters of importance , involving the interests of the whole . The course we have taken in this matter , in appealing to the members , we feel _ convinced , will give general satisfaction , and which , as your Executive Council , iBallwe aspire to .

      In accordance with the above resolutions , the officers of each branch' are instructed to summon a meeting of their members immediately , and te adopt the best means of insuring as full an attendance as possible , in order that every satisfaction may be afforded t » the members . The question to be decided is—whether or not any branch shall be allowed to deposit the funds in the ' National Land and Labour Bank . ' And it will be necessary that particular care should be observed in taking the number of votes for and against , as the number of votes must decide . In cases where branches are unanimous , the numbers present must be taken .

      _ Itis requested that nounnecesBary delay will occur in taking and sending in the decisions , with the number of votes for and against , to the general o cretary , as early as possible . ; Youk ro 3 peijtfally , ( for the Executive Gounoil . ) ¦ Thomas Hibbs , President , " Hbnrt Ssisbt , Secretary . 64 , Dale-street , Manchester , - Sept . 9 th , 1847 .

      • See Xorihtm Star , August 21 st , 1847 .

      Untitled Article

      IMPORTANT MEETING OP THE IRISH DEMOCRATIC CONFEDERATION . At a meeting of the Irish Demoorats held at Cartwright ' s Coffee-house , on Sunday last , Mr Murray in the chair , the address given below was unanimously adopted , resolutions ef approval and admiration of Pope Pius IX . and his noble people were also adpeted . F « argus O'Connor Esq . M . P . was , with great enthusiasm , elected president fcr the ensuing year . ADDRESS OF 'THE IRISH DEMOCRATIC CONFEDERATION OF LONDON , ' TO THE TOILING COMMUNITY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND .

      Brethren . —Seeing that year after year we are doomed to tread the gloomy and beaten path of toiling agitation , and yet still continues in the sunny distance , the goal of our deliverance ; seeing this , we have dared to ask ourselves—how it is ? or why it is ? that it should be so ? These are bold questions , and political economists might perhaps demonstrate to the satisfaction of their employers , our utter incapacity , or question our impertinent audacity in meddling with the ' Trafflo of the learned . ' Be this as it may , we fancy that we are pare and parcel of the body most concerned , and we hare made up our minds , come weal come woe , to speak for ourselves . We have given ourselves the trouble

      to consider those questions , and we have discovered that there is nothing after all so very surprising in such a state of things . In the body politio , as well as in mechanical bodies , the lesser cannot move the groater unless applied witha degree of velocity , equal to the weight of the power to be removed ; thus it is in vain that sectional bodies attack the great bodies of the state , becauee the velocity of the former not being equal to the weight of the latter , the former rebounds , loses of its motion and is paralysed by the contact , while the weightier body remains undisturbed . Individuals try , and try in vain to disturb the huge mass ; many lend a helping hand for a time , when their patriotism and perseverance part , at the moment too , perhaps .

      when strength and firm resolTO'Bhtmld have united them more _ closely ; 'tis at such a moment the hitherto invisible and insignificant animalculae collect around the wheel of progression , and stop its movements which another effort of united action would have crushed . By the above rule seotional parties must always fail in attempting to remove the great mass of corruption that stagnates tbe life's blood of the toiling community . Till the people shall resolve aa one man upon some combined effort , to give velocity to some directing power equal to the resisiBting power of the State , it is morally impossible to calculate any date , as the end of our political straggles . These being our opinions , we have endeavoured to try how far it would be possible for us to go towards the attainment of such a desideratum ; for this purpose we have oast aside everything in our ' rules , objects , and declaration , ' . that can bear the remotest semblance

      of partisanship ; the whole people for the whole world , and the world for the whole people , shall be the leading tenet ef our political faith . We aim not at rivalship ; no antagonism with any existing bodies of politicians , to aid all , and sympathise with all , shall be our golden rule . Old Ireland and her friends are onr friends , for are we not all born of the same persecuted land . Young Ireland and their friends are no less our brothers because we think proper to adopt a more extended mode of action—a mode of action more consonant with our judgment , our feelings , and our principles ; being of opinion that to assert and uphold the " rights of man " is the duty of all men . Others may differ with us , we shall not quarrel with them for their opinions , nay mere , we will even lend them an honourable helping band ; but we wjll never connive at the suppression ef our own just claims , to carry out the crotchets of others ; we have always openly and manfully avowed our disinclination to Bbo a Right , particularly from as incompetent party , and we deprecate the

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      [ attempts' occasionally made by a side-wind-atour i ' lirinojplesl . , Weare . toldthat our principles are fall of abomjnationH , thatiwe ' are for the establishing of a ^ universal .-mart to . barter away men ' s * sdiuis and ^^ rS ^^ S ^' - ^ S& ^ v ' M ^ tlSfeie . ou # ^ Ww ^ fTe ^ mnts' -for presentation tyan I ^ h > I ! 8 u se of Commons ; - ' toothe ? words , we f ^ adyj ^ dto ferego your claims . ; JHelp ' us tb repeal the Union , and then bring forward your flhemihable principles ; and we will give you battle . when i > we are ! . snuKl . v . seated in College . Green ; Those -who , teach this doctrine know full . well that the old corrupt horougfliinehgering ^^ ; soul-and . body . seil | ng parliament of Ireland crushed those principles ih the very front ot bristling bayonets-m the . very smoke of Irish

      cannon , and in defiance of a host of antagonisU / led on ., bvtbe Sequence and . arguments of ' n Grattah and a Blood ! _ Besides , whatk . never-ending spring of agitation , tunaoi ,. and rebellion must now from S ^ tf « H'& ^ rtWk te rights or they have Z ^ lM /^^ y hare rights , as we maintain they . &rifc » Li ! ^ - * ty <» f those who pretend to lead the people , to ^ keep their rights ^ y - a d pergeveringlylalwaysin view of the people ! otherwise S ^^?^ ieW »« 8 ive KrinSe and S ^ ' ^^^^ iii ^ ik ent * r * en . promisefc and degradation to ill parties ; It «»• VWV }***** ' * fighte ^ then ,- . invfaameLof common sense , let those leaders stand forward who . think so , and manfully avow their position ; or if the rights of the Irish people are so undefinable , or limited

      so , that they ; are unworthv of notice , and ought to be oast into abeyance until they can with Propriety be cooped up within the walls of an Irish Ioubb of Commons!—then it were as well to forewarn them , that they may have as fair a chance of redress as the bodies and souls of poor Africans in appealing to their heartless taskmasters , from the stronghold of the slave-ship . Alas for poor human nature ! it must not degrade itself by seeking for national nspRKSENTATiON , because it is more fashionable to seek for the repeal of the Act of Union !! Well , we will even go with the fashion ; but we cannot , nor never will consent to abandon the glory of the degradation for which we have long struggled , and for which the great and good of our hmdhave perished , on the field and on the scaffold .

      Eslieving _ that political reotitude must be universal or imperial , to bear any weight against the corrupt systems of profligate nationalisms , we propose a union of actien and concord with the good of mankind , irrespective of nations . We are anxious to see discard and petty jealousies buried in oblivion , to the end of a union—a happy union-r a political uniona moral union—a social , and a great union of all parties ! A moral confederacy is the terror of the evil government , while sectional squabbles , party feuds , and national prejudices , are the safety valves ef his despotic power ; - deprive him of their political barometers , and , though he wereaPolignao or a Welling , ton , he flees before the gathering storm of an enraged people , till they gather into the lap of plenty , the fruits of peace , love , and unitv ! Towards one of

      our objects we claim your particular attention , — namely , To organise a system of stamped newspapers for voluntary distribution in Ireland . ' Every Irishman , however limited his means maybe , will thui have an opportunity of conferring a benefit on fiia country . Alas ! few countries stand more in need of a helping hand from her exiled children . When we know how much depends upon the spread of knowledge to aid in carrying out a social reform , it may well be supposed that we look upon this part of our system , as no small auxiliary to the task we have imposed upou ourselves . When we reflect what Ireland once was , and what she now is , we are pained at this subject . Ones the theatre of refined and polished literature , a portion of whose records might well astonish , as it

      did , the modern Chambers of Edinburgh ; but now , "las ! what do we read— Seventy-foui townsi with a minimum population of 2 , 500 souls , enolosing a circuit of six counties , there is not a single bookseller !' When there are no booksellers , the maximum of knowledge in the population cannot be expected t « rate very high , and the limited circulation of the newspaper press , with the haughty notions of some of their subscribers , who consider themselves alone entitled to think and to read , are not very likely to assist in filling up the vacancy . God willing , with your aid , we shall try to banish this national curse . Englishmen wonder , and well may they , to think that eight millions of people can be cheated and starved to death , in one of the most productive countries in the world ; but how can a people be expected to wield a

      power the very possession of which they know not of ; or , if for a moment they are permitted to bask in the sunshine of their strength , itis only to be bent like a supple twig in the hand of some bluod-sucking mercenary informer , or broken to pieces by some political trafficker in theirjall confiding hopes . Could we but give to the people of Ireland the knowledge to oonfide in themselves , we might hope that the daystar of their redemption was about to appear in tke heavens . Could we bub impress upon our fellow , countrymen in England , the necessity of following our example , what gladness would it yield our hearts . Could we but seehalf-a-dozenmenin each ot the large towns of England set to work , and say , ' Let us try what we can do , ' they would soen be surprised to find how much might be done by ' firm resolve ,

      With such help , we would soon have the' Winged Press' flying from Cape Clear to the Giant ' s Causeway , from the Hill of Uowth to the plains of Conemara . Nor alone do we call upoa Irishmen to aid us in this imposing task ; Englishmen , Scotchmen , Welshmen , aid us ; your taskmasters are the oppressors of our country ; but we do not forget that they also have your ' pound " of flesh ; ' let the wrongs of Ireland , and the grievances of England , awake in our souls the great truth that' power is in the people , ' and that the people knew how to wield it . In conclusion , we beg to state that we are strongly impressed with the conviction that a Convention or Conference , sitting or acting in unison in London , reeistering the votes of the Irish representatives , and keeping a close watch over their parliamentary proceedings , would do more to prevent the cause of

      complaints , arising from negligence , incapacity , or truculency , on the parts of honourable morabers , than any other body could do , holding its sittings the other side of the channel . Honourable members would be more careful in giving preference to the ball-room , instead of the senate house , upon important motions , if they knew there were 60 or 60 honest , indefatigable men , sitting in council within 500 yards of then ] , watching their proceedings , and who would the next moraing take the most effectual step to discuss with them the intrinsic merits of their promises ! pledges !! and sparkling champagne !!! We have now laid our views before you ; ' Firm Resolve' is our motto . No power on earth shall put us down , if you support us , till we have 'Ireland for the Irish , ' and England for the English . ' J . Bezhb , C . M'Cahihy , G . II . Tdcker , J . Joice , W . Mabtin , L . T . Clancy ., Sao .

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      DECLARATION , OBJECTS , AND GENERAL GOTERNMENT OP THE IRISH DEMOCRATIC CONFEDERATION OF LONDON . President . —Feargus O'Connor , Esq ., M , P , Vice-Preticlent . —Mr J . Dwain . Oimmittee of Management .- Mr Jebn Beter ; Mr Charle ? M'Carthy ; Mr G . Henry Tucker ; Mr J . Joice ; Mr W . Martin .

      Treasurer . —Mr J . E . Cartwrlght . Betretary— 1 . T . Clancy , DECLARATION . We hail all men as brethren , and hold them equals by inherent right to the citizenship of the world , We recognise the right of all nations and peoples to govern themselves by tke will of the majority of their own inhabitants . We deprecate all restraint upon thought , matters ot opinion , free discussion , and the rational will of the subject . We held tbe right of property as inviolate in the just discharge of its dutiei with the rest of tbe community . We bold taxation without representation as the exercise of a wurped power , alike subversive of honour , honesty , and justice .

      We recognise merit alone as the standard of political ascendancy , and tho cultivation of virtue and knowledge at a surer guarantee for the future happinesB of mankind than the bristling bayonets of mercenary hordes . We hold every wanton and causeless restraint of the will of tbe subject , whether practised by a monarch , or a nobility , or a popular assemblage , a degree of tyranny We hold it as a deplorable ; and unanswerable test 6 i thennfitneB * of the ruling power to govern a country who permits the lam * to be waste , while its people die of want , or are compelled , in need of the necessaries of life to emigrate to other climeB . *»«« , We hold a social and earnest political brotherhood of the toiling community of Great Britain and Ireland , as an Imperial bond , wanting alone the signet of the F ° « ' utlTi 6 tbe re » twa « on of their long and uu-JUBtlj withheld rights ,

      OWBCIS . To uBeour best exertions to obtain a Bepeal of the Union between Great Britain and Ireland , and toestabliih a parliament in that country , based on tbe full , free , and fair reprciintatloi of tbe whole people of Inland .

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      of the toiling cominnnl ^^^^?^ " ~ — - ^ eC ^ . -i s ^ ' ^ r ^ To assist in the ' ^ a ^^ S ^ mimth ^ aimii ^^ - ^'—i' ^ BW ? ^ di ^^ ft e ^^ worship . of ^ hfc ; unedncated , ; b ; a ^^ 'f- . r ..: ' ' - ' ~ . ~ J % § mo a . sirt ^ iE * $ rfead ¦^ S ^^ S ^ &S ^ f ^^^^^^ [ I" ?'"" . ? ¦¦ «^ W ® 8 ^ P ^^^« tL- > « ^ *^^ : tj 6 ns ofBtBmpedi ^ Bp ^ pH ^ S ^^^ f : " ^^^ : •^^^ S :-- ' 5 ^;;? : ' :: ^^?^ S&To iropreiB-ui ^ ur ^ ou ^^ :. . - ¦ \ . / : ® M * li » hing ra ^ tfii £ '¦ r ^ Ww .- >¦ effect to the Itgitimato ' -8 troggle-or th >^ rriih . iieoplb-for * ; ; " ^ -piN ^ a ^ i ^ . ; rim ^ M ^^ j ^ M s mm ; -f The affairs of the . ilrish ... Democratic .. Co ^ dMaHoa ^ . S : ' : "A aV ^ t : 0 M ; shall bo conducted by a president , a vice . pre » iden % : . ¦ "" ' m | J ;? j | p a treasurer , " and secretary , with a managing committea . \ T :: - r ^ $ m of five : the president , . yiee-president , - treasurer , aud \\ : " > iS secrekryshai ^ beielecteB'b ^ balio ^ n ^ ly- ^^ a ^ 'f . ! . : V \ 1 " V , ; ' | nagiagcoinmitteeS ^ ^ V . ^ The ujember * ofthe ^ Confederation ... jshi ^ . meetsjt ' . ^ . j p ' -. leaBt once a week i tobeprepidedover by thepr 88 iden ( , raj ; * > ice-pr « sjdenj , ! w ^ elected ' \ \ S . " 9 injtheusuarwa jr /^ i ' ' ' ! " ' ^" . ^ <; ' !; \ -V . V' ' ¦¦ ¦ ' '/<¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ K- ' - ;>; i ' f-a \ \\ )¦' *' ¦' ; . ;• . ¦ ¦ , xTHB : FBim » ENT—HIS BBTII 9 . ' "' : ir' '' - ' ' " ' j \™ x NkJV ; * It 8 hall . be the : duty " ; of tho president : to ; ati « nd ; ialt * f ^ . \ V -2 public meetings of the . « Confederation , -and preside ; . ' . ^ : Xvl over their deUfertttlonsf ; he shall be . cmpowwed to- ' .. ' PV < - * d order an' official " meeting- of the . Confederation ,: to . be " . ¦ > $ \ ' - mmmoned on any extraordinary p bcaslon ; as wolias t »; w -V order a meeting of the ^ officers of the ' Confederation - whenhemay . deemitnec ' esaary . ¦ " 'V : ; : ' " •' ¦ ¦ .- (^ . 1 TH £ VICE . paESIDE » T—HIB DDIISS . :: T - iJ V - The vice-president shall aisist to regulate , the order of " V ' all public meetings , taking counsel from the president , t \ >» S upon all questions relative to tho Confederation , as well : .: ¦ \ JF as presiding ove ^ lts weekly njeetiBgs . ' y . ¦ '"" :. - ¦ ¦¦ . ¦ : .. I Cv * . THE ^ BEAspiERrrBlB MTreB . 2 ' : ' ""¦* ' ' J ( Nc The treasurer ' s accounts shall be ; opea at all tines tajl *" . \ \ the inspection of tho members of the managing com- . „• ' \ mittee ; he shall prepare ai balance sheet of receiptivand ' ¦ . . i expenditure , to he laid before the ; Confefieratien : ialf- " yearly , : u , v . _ a . ; :. 7 ¦ ¦ ^¦ .. ^• ' •^ " . V . " . ' ; . v , " , ' V ' ' : '¦ ¦¦'" . *'•*¦' ' ' ¦ ' "¦' . ¥ & *^ j ; ' :., ,- . : . . :: ; TnBfsECM ^ T ^^ S . DOTlES ^ : '' ; ^ v ;'; •'•' - ^/ ' . ^^ J ^^ J The Btcretary / jtiantt . . >;^ - . £ J ? dwattoni ^ an |! k « e > bdrMo ^ ntttw ' oithiir fwcM « teg « . " . v" ^ " * % * M All monies which may pass into his hands , he shalllia ** t ' ¦'' : « a- _ . ' W ^ sl over to the treasurer , and keep a eorrect account of the V " :

      same . MEMBEBB OT THE MANAGING C 0 MMIT 1 EB—THEIK DUTIEB , They shall meet for the transaction of business at least once a week ; they shall investigate and decide upon the course of policy to be pursued by them , upon sli questions which may be brought forward at tho weekly meetings of the Confederation ; they Bhall determine in what . manner they can best promote their interest , and carry out the objects , of the' Confederation . '

      LIABILITIES OF MEMBEBS . Any member of themanaging committee absentlngbimself for two successive meetings ofthe committee , without jhowing satisfactory cause , shall cease to be a member df said committee , and another shall he elected in his stead on the next weekly meeting of the Confederation .

      ELIGIBILITY OF MSHBEK 8 . All personB approving of , and acting in accordance with the declared objects , and conforming to the rules , of this Cerifederation , ere eligible tob « comememberB , on talcing out cards of membership , for which each person shall pay sixpence half-yearly . A monthly report of the income and expenditure of the Confederation to be laid before the meeting . No member to exceed a quarter of an hour in address-Sns the weekly meeting of the Confederation . So member shall speak twice on the same subject , except In explanation , or the opener by way of reply . All amendments and propositions arising out of business under discussion at the weekly meeting , shall he submitted to the chairman in ¦ niiting . One week ' s notice shall be given prior to any motion being entertained by the weekly meeting of the Confederation .

      All monies subscribed sboll be expended in carrying out the objects of this Confederation , unless specially notified otherwise . Voluntary contributors of stamped newspapers for distribution in Ireland . Twelve copies of any newspaper for distribution in Ireland , shall be considered equal to six monthi ' subscription ; six copies equal to three months' sub * scription . Every member of the Confederation shall be entitled to give in the name of one recipient for the voluntary press in Ireland , to . the secretary , nhe shall cante all such names to be written , with their proper address , in a book kept for that purpose , to whom ene newspaper shall be forwarded weekly , according to priority of names . All surplus copies . of newspapers shall bo forwarded to the secretary ' s reading-roms , in Ireland .

      HANNKB OF POSTING TBE NEWSPAPEES . The secretary shall cause all newspapers , received ia the course of each week , to be laid on the table before the weekly meeting of the Confederates , properly folded and directed . The president , vice-president , or chairman , shall then cause to be selected two members from the meeting , whose duty shall be to see them carefully posted , during the sitting of the meeting , if practicable . ' These rules , objects , and declarations , to he altered , cancelled , or amended , only . by a vote ofthe weekly meeting of the members of the ' Irish Democratic Confederation of London . '

      All communications , newspapers , < 5 sc , to be addressed to Mr L , T . Clancy , Cartwright's Coffse-house , Red Cross-Street . Crippltgate , Lendon .

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      RE-OPENING OF THE FINSBURY LITERARY INSTITUTION . This institution , established for the purpose of affording the Radicals of Finsbury an opportunity of meeting together and discussing scientific , political , educational , md historical subjects , capable of holding , comfortably , rather more than 800 persons , is situated in Frrderick-place , Goswell-road , near the New River . The re-opening was celebrated by a tea party and ball , on Tuesday evening , September 14 , when a numerous and highly respectable party attended , which was presided over by Dr Bowketi of Poplar ; who , in taking the chair , said they had met to renew the battle of progress against ignorance , poverty , and superstition ; . and on entering their

      hall , he was pleased to see a notice that they had one of those opponents of poverty , abuilding society , meet in that place . ( Cheers , ) lie rejoiced at being the founder of those institutions , He held in institutions such as that in whioh they were now assembled , the true religion was tanght—he meant the science of doing good . ( Cheers . ) He held , ' The way to be healthy , wealthy / and wise , ' could only be learned in such halls . Dr Bowkett , by some happy illustrations , showed what the people might effect by meeting and co-operating together in their own institutions , instead of assembling merely to enrich publicans . Here they would learn beth political and cottage economy , and cultivate the purest friendship . ( Cheers . )

      Mr J . B . O Brikn moved : — That all institutions having for their object the enlightenment of mankind and their rational recreation , are entitled to public support . He then said , that it had been the object ef governments , from the earliest period down to tho present time , to keep the people in ignorance and profound darkness—no matter whether those governments were of tbe aristocracy , the church , the land , or the mill ) they all seemed desirous of keeping the people down by class-made laws ( Cheers ) . He had mixed much amongst the people , and from his experience he was convinced , that there was not one in a thousand of them that understood what laws were necessary for their government , either commercial , educational , or moral . Time was when the middle classes were eqaally backward , but they now had thrust themselves forward , and obtained possession of ti : e corporations , the management of the

      poorlaws , and had now managed to obtain at least one fourth of ihe House ot Commons —( hear , hear)—and he found that one of their order ( Mr Cobden ) was courted , feasted , and flattered as much as a duke was wont to be . Well , then , was it not necessary that the people should put themselves forward , and obtain their fair share ! of legitimate power , by means of such halls as they were assembled in ? He had much , pleasure in moving the resolution . ( Cheers ) Mr GL J . Holtoake , in seconding the resolution , said , the success of institutions like this in a great measure depended on their Management , and hap . pily for them this had fallen into the hands of that very experienced caterer , Mr Mason , which argued muchfor its future success . He was gratified that it was started on a good foundation , and was in ever ? respeet likely to be carried out with energy and enterm ( Loud cheers . ) The resolution was unanimously adopted . * snu" !! Cw > mmoved the ^ cond resolution ,

      That weview with satisfaction the re-opening of this institution , as it profcssei to afford to all elasses th . means for intellectual or scientific acquiremQnti on these grounds we regard it with interest , and wish it He looked upon the reopening of this institution , as being well calculated to cause a re-union of tho good and truehearte . In institution * , of tbiB kind , the true system of democracy was taught-the doctrine of human brotherhood—here they paid no re-Bpect to rank or title , no , no , ' A man ' s a man for a ' that . ( Loud cheers . )

      Mr D . W . Saul seconded , and Mr Goodww Babmbt , and Mr T . Shorter supported the resolu .. tion , which was then unanimously adopted . Mr Mason rose amidst considerable applause , and thanked bis friends for the support they had given him , and hoped that the institution would ever be found an auxiliary in the great cause of progress , lie assured them that nothing on his part should be wanting to ensure success . ( Loud cheers . ) A vote of thanks was awarded by acclamation to the chairman , which having been duly acknowledged by Dr Bowkett , the hall was cleared for the enjoy * ment of the votaries of Terpischore , who trippedTtea the ' light fantastio toe' until night was at ' oddl with morning / when the party concluded a happj evening's entertainment .

      ^ Irfle Old Guards, The Pus-^Jackets , The Blistered Ggaa. And Unshorn Chins.

      ^ irflE OLD GUARDS , THE PUS-^ JACKETS , THE BLISTERED ggaa . AND UNSHORN CHINS .

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      : ¦ : ;¦?;;; :: ; ... ; ¦ ;; : ¦ - — , Ifi . H , tt ^ PW ¥ ^" ' ^; , / ^ ^^ ^^^^^^^^ ^^ t w ^ " ¦ m ^^ B * ^^^^ " * ¦ ^ ^ ) 11 i ^\^' m ^* ^^^ f ^^^ ^ ' ^^^ *^^^^ ' /^ L ^ b ' > ji <^' jj ^' ' ^^^^ S ^ b ^ b ^ to " *~* ' 0 BiHp 'i'w ^^ fc ^ L # f ¦¦ ' ' ¦ ' - " ^ rf *^^*^*^^ H ^ B ^_ - % j ^^ 5 ^^ ij ¦ aj L ^ L ^ L ^ b ^^ t -U ^ L ^ k \ - ' ^ ^ L ^ L ^ k ^ ir F ^^^^^^ r ' ^ b ^ Lh - ' . : ¦'¦» AND NATIONAL _ T ^ tg « fiiMP § ii ^^^^~^^—^—^— ^^^^^^ M ^ " ^ " ™* M ^™^^^ M ^ ™ T ^ MSlS ^ MBiB ^ MBMS ^ BEBWMSMMrMB » BWWB ^ WilllMiMM ^ M . ' * - - - ¦ - - ¦¦ ¦ . 'Mi .... " ¦ , ' ll . .... ; ., .. t \ . . .. ; --. *„ ,-- » ' jr ^ -Z ... . . ' " ^ , i ^ r 1— . _ ¦ ¦ * ¦ " ' * ' ' - V . ' , ¦ - j <¦ " .. , . -. " , . „

      Untitled Article

      ^^ ijjjt ? - Ng 517 . LONDON , SATURDAY , SEHllllR jg ; 1347 : ^ m ^^ m ^ T ^ •——¦" " 1 ¦ ? ~ !^^? >¦ ' '" ^^ - ^

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), Sept. 18, 1847, page unpag, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1436/page/1/