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Northern Star (1837-1852), 25th September 1847, Edition 1 of 3, Page 3, Untitled Article

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      Untitled Article

      • TV THBCHIEPT 1 M . - C -7 T ^ f ^ the Siofaiiiyithoi ^ Wmeroiii r , gsjgWipOlr . « W » . M ( 0 tt « , e BtttatthUBMWd Lftoo » w 8 ria . irl « r «« ntoire « Ith * r fM , U twl forgoHtMrTOite dOBotwmuw / : ^ ftoaft t pMdoBioftWa iHdttd ttt , ' ^ ef ^ eoxcwAftiBJa Wnieif mtige - ¦ jCoKiorli ^ wmotefrKaTBlgtreja ^ ^ jtaffleai ^ im . tBnifceotherfwiM : j ^ dtoMwaxiw taepeonlArighv ( je etOH of Freeiom « m hkidle delight : pftitaUwtoagt , &pktt » d thecred . &te , :. Itt tnudemraTttttli of the ChweiaadState , gethoughtBoutinseverihwldendnn ' :,. .. jorU » dj * e « rth 8 in « ajaBMlTwaightcape g < nwin aatarii anhernl plan , - ' frnwii not made to be a flare to sun : }

      &no , said hey there trotsitbineareelear , ' Iberich and p « orto God aHkeaw dear ; Ike nmnimtda o ' er rich and peor to thine , And Ifammoa ' t Chorea eas nererbe divine ; njepe ^ te »« Hmbs « healdwearnottIliagehtin , And Stafi Mttgfent are eall'dChriift , in tain ; Jo nrinMempfrei totter to decay , ' CB Freedom's ton * to tyranny ghre way . , ' HeeWatheternles . aenn'ducB laerea ftonriit laat&ooMndtvonder'datthelonhe taMhV Bt per ^ alDce , ttBtoiigaeorpen . towieia , ' He gahVd the viuqaith'd , a * be won the field , Re heart wrreadex'd , while be fouAt the foe . ind Freedom trfomjli'din . eaehnaaljUQw gaiaiaioiaall , aBdeloqneitat will , ' Be aide * nttore t » the artbft « ML ' Endtetho pow / Deaetblenito an , ' . ' lew a &Tocdte . to great andtmalL .

      s ^ fenMirtMe n * meJna £ ei Britata rlaB Wbommfllion . lOTe . anafeiendh poets tin * - ^ efatltMsworth . isuBortalbehUname H e toil * for Freedom and forget * hii &me Sejraa amUtio . ij ,. bU meder t ^ tee ,- ' Eegrowsmore hamble , ai faegrom more dear Gotent with Htae and derdd of pride ^ ' Bi wanta are few , and eadly supplied rnaw * dbypower fheadbidihi » caa « e / iad tmiles alike at ceacar * or apftlante : He fteen hie coarse , rare to obtain hi * ends , taaIi

      Porg « w « mgBan 4 ssakeshUfoeihis&ieaai . Srkaom the wisa allinjnriei racefre , Inamako men better , what they foolaforgfre ; fte aoa of nwrtjw , be can well estae 2 i ? T [^ - ttepei * " « *»«»! ioUmtte field , he , too ; a captive fell : " isdtanetifieddwpriKm « na the cell BatFreedom ' siuncapthi ^ defeg , ' " indmurt tbrOB gliteDpeatsandthranrb ctendi arise , jtin cannot reil tte bright and UaUow'd ray Itat ihine * throBghbondage , to light op the day . Tiia are the efRirttof the haman mind - -

      Tofetter reatoa ar . tp chaiathe wind , The bomb most bunt , the caanoa't aiontb mart rear , nongh tfaonufidi perish for what all deplore—It vdlmightidsst the stars tain down by forte , « stop the torrent in its rapid cbonc , isVuidthenea t detenBtn'dtobefcee , Or check fiie progress of Semoeraey . , . Bo , seize the eaglSj * winging tfaroogh the air , And ask the bird , why it dare Tentnre there ? Setard foad motherf , in their hosuward flight

      Stink op the sea , and tarn the day to night , Bat , do not tempt , by fetters to eontrenl , Thttspintiaasofa&obletoal , It Ecoraijosr chains , and wjQyonr terrors braTe , Do what yon nia , it cannot be a stare * So , no , yon cannot change the rast decree , HatnarVd tWsmaw fcr some great destioy—The great Apostle ,. tra . hit work intent , Tkspses death , and laagbs at psnishment , His banner ' s floating , ana bis flag unfurled , Ite Western Mans shall redeem the world .

      On Scotland ' s heights to-day the hero stands , Proclaimin g Freedom , with nplifwd hands ; Each valley echoes asd each mountain rings Vith all the tidings that the Chieftain bringt . AH they who hear forget the senile chain , And hope , long banisb / d , lifts her head again ; Thousands oaJaoniands crowd , a countless clan , Tc F-ie , with wonder , on this mighty man , And . sanding xonnd , wz zoiitn * t ? % ?* & hear , ltr- ~* t i 5-jej , with « 3 w » y . «_) ie sn&U tear ; lScaecsnr « : s : ! begrea « sM ^ uita % art , .... So well he speaks , se « eH » liema » tsehrart . ' ilihacg with wosasr cnTii * lips , while some Imp . i £ * ? ait , to Uric * c-a aaj » to coiae . 1 « . ( lebttcniiuMdJ } \ H » ar Gzaccepp , genUarasn . Ic = ctn , Sept . 20 th , i « 7 .

      Untitled Article

      —* -i « - . , u , „ , !_ ,,,,, „ m _ ai— -i . u mi " v ¦ fi ¦» rnr -i --- — - " -- ~»* - hrt Batpes ' s Hutted Lace Ckewtete Stimacher Recei pt Book . London : Simpfcra and Maranal ! . GiavcBend : G . J . Baynei , Berlin Depot , 60 , Windraill-Btreet , GraTetend . . This little voloine ia entirely muqae in its designs , * Mea are of the roost elegant and recherche description . Notbiog can eorpass the appearance of the Shield and Crest Stomacher , -wHeh is one of the faee ccntained in this little sixpenny Tolmne . It Ws the deeest resemblance toantiqne lace we have &t seen , and we mnst congratolate Mrs Bayues on fe tact and skill she delays in catering for the PoUic

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      IETTEBS ON GRAMMAR . < I No . 5 . , .- . ¦ TO THB WORKING CLASSES . Mt wub FanfflDg , Having conrideredthe pecatiaritiraof the different PWtsof speech , we now come to the ehanges which take pUcem some of them . ^ The aacle admits bnt of one change , which I &a « before noticed ; namely , using An instead of ^ . before A , E , 1 , 0 , U , or tha silent H . In all other respects it is nnchangeable : we say amtat , a woman , thepmm , thepeopk .

      There are two sorts of names or koons : those ^ Kch -we givetqaU things ' of the same Knd , and those which are us « d only to some persons or things . ForinstaHccif speakingof me yon would call me auxman , and this name applies equally to every other female : but the name which belongs particularly to mytdfb Matilda , and thoagh wme other ^ women are so called , you know that all are not ; so that this name Matilda is proper or peculiar to me , trtjereas teams is common to myself and all others . Nouns , therefore , are divided oa ' y into these two kinds , common and proper . Common Nouss are those that are the names of all things of the same kind : such are city , ' rher , ftoiue , tree , oak . eha . ¦ .: ¦ ¦ ¦ ..

      Proper Kouxs are names which belong only to some one , or more of a kind , and are used to show particular persons or places . , ^ C names of persois and p l aces , therefore , are proper names : London , lhamet , BwJmgham Palace , Hernet Oak , m Wmitor Pari , are all proper nouns ; Because they belong not to all persons or places , buf only to certain ones . 'Whenever you write a proper noun you should begin it with a capital letter .

      All Nouns have three different kinds of change ; that is , there are three modes of altering or adding to them to express different things ; thus the Common neun , Man , which stands for one man , is changedinto Ifat when we wish to express more , and thischange expresses a difference in the mem . ier . The three changes express Number , Geitier , andGae . ' . " . " ¦ ;;; - : ; " / ..., ' , . ' ¦ . , Number is the difference between ^ one and more than one . Kere are / therefore , two numbers , the wBjBiar , which speaks of one , and the phntl , which means two or any greater wwJer . « The man / which is singular , makes us only think of one , but if we say , the men / we know at once that there are

      more . ; ' , . The plural of a noun is formed / generally , by making some change in the singular ; and to enable you to make these changes accurately in writing I will give you a few very easy rules . 1 st . The most common way of forming a plural is , by adding * to the singular ; thus to express more than one book , you would write iooit ; and so with ^ aie , pkntgh , coat , gown , ani the greater part of the names of things .

      2 nd . But there are some words which would be sounded with very great difficulty , were we to make f ids change . Such are all those which end is «* , ch ( soft ) , ss , s , and » , to these we addev to form the plural . Thus we " should write teret , church-tt , fox-es . Butwhea the ch is sounded tard , or ( like the letter i at th * end of the word , ) we add only s { or J&e plural : as monarch , monarch . 3 rd . Words ^ hicfi £ D $ fc j , with any consonant before it , change y into ies for the plnraj i ^ as eity , tides . Ev is changed ia th . e same maSncr : n journey , journiei—valley , vaUiea .- but when any of fne other rowels , namely , A , I , 0 , U , go before the y , yott only use s for the plural according to the first rule , as day , da . .

      4 th . Nouns ending in / or / e change those letters into vet for the plural , « leaf , leava-hufe , Unites . : . 5 th . All metals and grains , and some other things , have no plural , as wheat , irm , pitch , pride . 6 th . Some Nouns have no singular—as bellows , teuton , riehes , aties . 7 th . Some Nouns are the sime in the singular and theploral . as deer , sheep , which are used as either one or any greater number . -.. " •/• Gekderis the distinction of sexes . There are three , namely , the masculine , the feminine , and the neu ' er . The masculine includes all male things . the feminine all female things ; the neuter all things without life .

      You will find this so easy to remember , that I need say no mote of it ; bat we have a custom of sometimes using the pronouns be and she , with regard to neuter things . Sailors , yon know , always speak of their ship as she , and we say of the sun , ' he rises . ' All I wish you to notice is , that if you speak of any thing as masculine or feminine in one place , you must continue to do so as long as you speak of the object , and not call a thing she , \ a . one place , and # in another . ¦

      The third change of Nouns takes place witn regard to Case ; but as I do not wish to write more in one letter than you can eadly master in a week , wfll now conclude with giving you some rhymes which will serve to keep in your mind the peculiar properties of the different parts of speech . . Pint conies the little particle . Grammarians call an Aancu , And then the mighty Nora ! Great store of fancies it may bring , A Houn , it may be any thing , ¦ A fenon or a town . Of ADizcrms we make great use , . All qualifies they can produce .

      And their degrees compare ! By them yon may express your mind , Say good or lad , as you ' re inclined , Or urittg , wise , or fair . ¦ When Nouns repeated tiresome prore , That inconvenience to remove , Another word we'll show , Se , she . or it will do instead , And this ani tint will lend their aid , They ' re Peohodhs called yon know . And now your best attention turn , The different kind of Vzbbs to learn , Called Active , Passive , Kenter : To trail , to sit , to sleep to nut . Or any thing that may be dont

      Fast , present , or in future . Don ' t let the next your thoughts disturb , It shows the manner of the Verb , - And often ends inTy ; To Adjectives it lends its aid , AsvisB its name ; don ' t be afraid , You'll learn it if you try . The Fbepositio * serves to show , Bdation between wordsyon know : If in , or ? # , or war , Yon between Nouns or Pronouns place , Their meaning yon distinctly trace , And make the sentence clear .

      Conjckctiok . is a sort of thing , That , { like a bit of thread or string ) , Ties sentences together ; Thus , George and Charles are very good : And we will go toPrlmrose-wood , If it U pleasant weather . ¦ When ptople call out ^ ttl and Oh ! I'd have my pupils always know , Tfaeyuean ISTniEcnbx ; And now I hope you'll learn this rhyme , Or I shall think I waste my ^ ime , And that ' s a sad reflection . Rhyme is , as we all know , frequently rememberedwhen prose is forgotten , and I think you will find the above lines useful for this purpose . If you do not like them yourselves , your children will ; and rely on it , an hour spent in explaining to them what you have yourselves learnt , would benefit them , delight you , please your wives , and vex no one but the government , whom you help to keep you poor , by paying such heavy duties on spirits , rather than say < We won't give you our money—well do without yourliqnors . ' [ am , your very sincere friend , M . M . P .

      Untitled Article

      * Joint stock company is one * here . each member subscribes ascertain sum , and is bound . for that sum only , sharing the profits and losses in proportion to the amount } of his subscription . Not one in five hundred of the subscribers knows bow the affairs of the company are conducted , and those few to whose hands they are committed , have thomoit powerful inducements to sa < crificethe general interests to their own private vieffs ,

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      * , W « «' the independent Mtions ofcEvope for ^ ravewwg the sea , the commode and high-way of ttife mercantile worlds > ' l - lT ^ ' ' iS 2 I ? J . forraed asystcni ^ for herovrn nf&T ' \ " dlrefit matom to the interests by and by , costs her more than it is worth -is at ' tendedwithinfinitedanger , and onthTmerepr Britain , as a system founded on theoVvious interests wh , ch everyhberal man ,,. and every liberal nation must . condemn ,. on the plain principle , that i S other ( countries were to adopt the'like , all com . merce and intercourse between nations must be destroyed .

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      * The exporter of a sheep , a Iamb , or a ram for the first offence forfeits all his goods forever , suffers a year ' s " imprisonment , land then has his left handout off in a market town on a mark « t day , to be there nailed up ; for the second offence to suffer death . Such are the means by which Britain prevents the exportation of her own raw materials . ' ¦ j Thehhtory of the wars , alHanees , ana enmities of Great Britain , fully prove , that this system of forced manufactures generates war . The refusal of the French government to permit British vessels to force British manufactures into France , h set forth ae one of the grounds for this war by minium in their mani . festo , and most adroitly employed to iuflime the minds « f the people .

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      • POPE PIUS THE NINTH . Ameetin | of ' cathoiics ofthe SardinianChapel , Lln ^ coln ' s . Inn . Fields , and of others sympathising with them , to espress their hearty indignation at Jhe late iniquitous ? rpceadlngB of the Austri » B pjOveimmQiit , ' was held on Monday evening at the Freemasons' ' Hall ; ' Tfce hall was dengaly crowded . At seven o ' clock , The Rev . J . Kim took the ; chalr , and briefly stated the objects of the meeting . ' they . hairnet , he said , for a double purpose . < On the one hand , to uphold the interests of ; patriotismj virtue , and religion , and en the other , ' to beat down to the dnst injustice ; tyranny , and saoxllege , ( Cheers . ) 'They . were metJbere to cheer and encourage the heart of their most holy father Pius IX ., the greatest and most illustrious of living men , and to declare that , as far as the laws of the country would al . ' ! l& ^** i

      SJ » ^ " ^* Hj > M . ^^^*^^*!^ ^ . !^^ ^^^ blosd . Ob , thU wasa glorious cause , calculated to in . flame the coldest lmaglnation--a cause which had elicited the sympathy ; not onfo . of catholics , but ef all right minded and honeit . men throughout the world To catholics , ' the question to be decided' was of tha utmost importance , not only in a political but a wilgiou ' s point of view . On the contest now going on in Italy dopended the qtieatjdn whetherthey should tfefiee or enilavedfer centuries to come—whsther the land of the fbi&te ancient Remans w ^ aii to eontiifue ' a prey to n hateful foreign domination , or was to burst . itb ebains atundeT , and rise again , the glory of the nations , and the . pride and admiration of the world . ( Chesrs . ) All the great principles for which patriots In all ages bad fought and bled we « at stake in thwtroggle between Pope Pius IX . and tb « despot of Aastria . Not only were political ' privileges but the interests ef religion itself at stake . It was now

      to be decided whether the holy father was to be a puppet in the bands of Austria , or was to be free and independent , to rulelbe Chiurch iof God according to his own con 8 cl « n « e and the welfare and happiness of the Christian world . ForraanyyeatsthegoVernmeBtpf AUktriahad exercised a most . nnjttBtinnaence " over the head of the church , for many years had it interfered In tb » « leotion of Pope , and bad had the audacity to send messages to th % Oo \ Wgeof CarotBBls 'to " inBaenee tucli-elsctlom . Ever Bines the time « f Joseph II . the Au ' itriah emperors haa songht to lessen the powers of the Pope in their own dominions , and , unfortunately , ; they ; had too ^ well sue-• ceeaea . The P « pe had new in Auiiria enly nominal ipower , and the bhbops vrere held in fetters as galling a » in the domiaionsof the sanguinary " mpristeVwhtisat enthroned In the ky eapltal of . the north . Tbey wsrs

      * e « nd t < , rally round the holy faiheri be « a « M Au . trla threatened to fewwie the property of the drorch , and : to « ttack the psrsen of the hdy father himself . Oh , if ho were to touch him onl y with his finger , all Europe would « iie up as one man and tear the monster In piecri . < Cheers . ) itat they had reason to hope tfaat . the present state of things would not long continue . They had ' rea'Sen to beli » M that fins IX . had been HBtby provideac * to chastise a « d scathe the tyrants of the earth , to destroy the unnatural ieno ' exion which for years had sub sjstsd between the church and ; despotism . If then they were lovers , of liberty , if . the ' y held patriotism and virtue in tosaour , if they , ; detestfld ; tjr , aony and oppte « - sion , if they were faithful children of the holy ; see they would on that evening raise a shout of encratioR against the menster of Austria , which would make the tyrant tremble on ; his very throne . ' ' ' . t i ^ .

      The Eev . R . Meui ( an Italian clergyman , bus who epoke exoell « nt Engli < b ) moved , in eubetanee , that as catholics they were . bound to , tbe . holyi see and to the htad of thec&urcb , and that they begged to express before tha world their unqualified allegiance to Pope Pius IX ., who « e worthily fills St Peter ' s chair . Theobj « ct of tho presQnt meeting was vtry interesting to htm ( Mr Mella ) . Pius the Ninth was the first man of th » age , not only as being the supreme earthly : rulir of Chriiti anity . bnt as feeing the most liberal tovcrelgn , the most ' Oroitreigilta * man of the py « seai Umba . ' They hna heard many things of Pope Plus , but he ( Mr Mella ) knew much more They knew him generally , and Vy reputation , bu ' h « knew the holy ; fath . tr . personally : ( Henr . ) Thfv

      knew him but a short ; time ; he bad known him Yor twenty years . Dttring ' all that time had Pius tha Ninth b «« n employed for the good of religion , for th * basin « s » of the churah , and f » a « i « lfarp : b { msnVcinA . ,- <^ x ^ i manTrtforni'il >»''> 'r : ii « tft ' teti'b y the Pope . Ho had ¦ ¦ 4 siiWi | ned a council of ministers , he h * i re > iseiJ ibe penal code , h 6 had issued a commiaalon far the diractlok of the treasury , ho had appointed doputle * for the jrcvinebs , and he had conceded municipal government ; lastly , he had promoted the construction' of railways in the papal dominions . ( Chetrs . ) After oacor two furthw obstryatious , the reverend speaker concluded by imploring the meetlng . to send to ' Pius IX ., means luccessful )} to cjmbat the machinatioBs of Austria . ; .. .-. .-. » ¦ ' Mr LocAS . seconded the resolution . -: ¦ ¦ '" ¦ . '¦ • •• ¦

      , : Mr Chhhoih AHSrEi , M . P ., moved that Pope Piu » the Ninth ' ' doserves their ¦ unbouniaeia respect and admiration as awise temporal ruler and afirm assertoro ) rational liberty arid independence . ' " MrAustey argaeri that in this struggls catholics should r « ly on themselves , arid wpudiate the intervention of the great—what he called tho robber : prlnces of Europe ; lord PalmeretoD was not to be trusted , asi his objects were not to eerve the Pope , but to ' subserve the Whig policy-in Ireland . Neither did he wish to eall in the aid of Sir C . Napiei and his fleet , seeing that that officer , although brave , was : not moral , and had once commanded a piratical squadron on the coast of Portugal . He ( Hr Anstey ) had no wish to Bte the holy father protocbllsed . ( Hear . ) If they only aided the Popa to carry on the struggle himself , ho would establish ' civil and religious liberty , riot only in central Italy , but over the whole of Italy , and in the domains of Austria herself . The Rev . W . Kelit seconded the resolution . '

      After a few words from Mr Northouse in support of th « resolution , ^ ¦ ¦ Mr L . BoeKiNoniM moved , and the Rev . W . Baboe seconded , a molution protesting against the oecupJtion of Ferraraby the ^ Austrian troops . All iho resolutiens . were carrieu unanimously . A collection having been made , thanks were voted to the chairman , ana the meeting separated .

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      m , Thb Bjjrrin 6 ( jovernment . —TheBysiem of burking'English news , arid preventing its publication in the French papers is most diligently performed at the Foreign Office , under the inspection ' and aiitho . rity . of M . Gu ) zo \? s , chf du cabinet . 'The' French translating lithographic establishment , in Rue Jean Jacques Rousseau , submits its sheets daily to this functionary , and if there be any strictures in the English papers on the French Government , the pen is'immediately run through such matters ; , ' and all publicity thereby avoided . Ii it surprising to find , when such practicc » are tolerated , that the Paris journals are so ill informed of what takes place otit ot their , own country , and especially in England ? . Madllk . Deluzt . —The examination into the

      case . agaivst Madlle . Deluzy is being actively proceeded with . Several witnesses who were hot examined by the Chancellor and Examining Committee ofthe Court of Peers , have appeared before theiexamiriiDg magistrate , and gave their'testimony on Wedaesday and Thursday . In a new interregatery , lasting more than five hours , Madlle ; Deluzy continued , it is said , jko ' protest her innocence with energy . By permission ' of the superior authoritiea , a letter has juBt been remitted to her , ' written by one of the youn ? ladies Vfhbni 8 he , eauoated in England , and who , having learned by public report th ' e situation of her former governess , determined to give her a mark of attachment and sympathy . Madlle . Deluzy passed a part of the night in writing a long reply . -

      ' Libcx . Munrq ' s Sbnibnck . —In the course of Saturday a communication was received by the Governor of , Newgate , from Sir & . " Grey , the Secretary of State ¦ for . the Homo Department , announcing that llerMajesty has been graciously pleased to commute the sentence which had been recorded ; that oi death ; en Lieutenant Alexander Thompson Munro , to twelve months' imprisonment in Her Majesty ' s gaol of Newgate . The informaUon was instantly made by . Mr Cope , the govemer , to Lieut . Munro , who expressed his deepest gratitude for the clemeney which had been accorded to him . AUhouph , iH accordance with the rules and regulations of the prison , Lieutenant Munro was , after the sentence had been recorded , removed from that part of the prison

      is which untried persons are phced to the part among those who have been tried and convicted , yet every thing that could add to the comfort of the unfortunate gentleman has been afforded , he being placed in a room by himself , at \ d allowed books o ' f . various descriptions , and he employs a great portien of his time in reading and writing , besides being vi sited by the governor , the chaplain rand sheriffs as well as his friends ; in faot , Lieutenant Munro is * as comfortable as the peculiar circumstances of his ewe Twelve hundred Chinese criminals are eaid to havebeon beheaded in Canton during the past yoa ? havfliir ^ ^ ° ft ? ' - « W * -W » nd otheS , £ ^ y been imperted into Hull by the steamers from Holland , Germany , and Belgium . name « Llleri Toxworth , was , on iSv , ft 'committed to Lincoln gaol for mur-•™ » ° !» W m the most brutal manner . ¦ Sho stabbed it with a pair of scissors , eut out its tongue , and finally drowned it ; . ; : J ; ' , A-Turkish corvette of twenty guns , named the uenoa Bahkc , has arrived at Portsmouth . An American astronomer , named Bond , is of opinion that he has seen at least one satellite , and perhaps two , ofthe newly discovered planet Heptane . <

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      .. Lou , Moms j » t ,, ! hb Cam » vr"kv nQn 7 Sn raiKRing Queen has conferred on the CettntcBs te Landsfeld ( Lola Mentes ) the insignia ofthe Order of Maria Theresa ,, a high distinction to which is at . tacheJ the privilege of appearinj ; constantly and when sha pleases at Court . According to these journals , and as a eqnasqaence of this favour ' conferred , the Countess de Landsfeld will be presented at Cooct on the return of their Majesties to Munich . ' . ; The Marshals of Fiakce . —The death of Marshal Oudinot reduoes the numbei of surviving marshals to two out' of the twenty-six created by . Napoleon . These are Marshal Soult , Duke of Dalmatia , promoted in 1804 ; and Marshal Marmoat , Duke of Ra-Kusa , nominated ia 1809 , and suspended in 1830 for refusing to take the oath . The twenty-four Karehals . '

      dead are—Bernadotte , Prince of Ponte Corvo ( King of Sweden ) jvMurat , King of Naples ; Berthier , Prince of Noufchatel and Wagram ; Massena , Duke of Rivrfi , Prince of Esslinjr ; Ney , Prince of Moskowa , Duke ef Elchingen ; Lann « s , Duke &f Mentflbello ; Mortier , Duke of Treviso ; Lefebvre , Duke of Dantzic ; Kellerman , Duke of Valray ; Jourdan , Serruner , Perignon , Brune , BesgifireB , Duke of utria ; Davoust , Prince of Eekmuhl and of Auerstadt ; Augereau , Duke of , Castiglione ; Moncey , Duk « of Conepliano ; Oudiuot , Duke of Reggio ; Macdonald ,- Duke of Tarentum ; Victor , DHke of Belluno ; Saphet i Duke ofAlbufcra ; Gouvion St Cyr ; the Prince Poniatowsky , and Grouchy . The aetual Marshals are MM . Sonlt , Duke of Dalmatia ( of the empire ); Count Molitor ( of the Restoration ); Coant G 6 rard , Count Sebastiani ; Bageaud , 6 f La Pieonnerie , Duke of Isly ; Count Reille , and Viscount DodeofLaBrunerie . .

      Discovert : ep Pumrom in Franob . —M . Guey i ' mard has informed the General Council of the It&a , that he has discovered a vein of platinum in the roetamorphio districtof the valley of the Drac , which he hepes to work with advantage . Hitherto this precious ; metal , which combines with inconiparable hardness the lustre of gold and silver , has only been met with , vn the Ural . Mountains , and its scarcity has always rendered the price very exorbitant . ; T A . Nb ^ SoxiiiiAi .. —There has been a terrible rumourj inour literary aafmw for the last few days tot the apprnachine publication of sundry accusations , to be corroborated bypwofs and facts , of the unlawful sale of tha national property by a certain exalted personage . Timber of the value of seventy-six thousand

      francs Has been sold irom the forests of the . Crown ; and , worse than all . has been sold to the English government for the use of the navy . The exalted personage , when apprised of the publicity about to begiven te the damning accusation , merely exclaimed , in some surprise , ' Ah , bah ! where do they think the money for all the decorations and embellishments of Versaillesis to come from ? They cannot surely ex- ' pect that We should pay for them irom our owa lockets . ' However , the publication will cause regret ' to all parties ; it will be the last kick gwen ^ to that government which ; according to the BtmotraUc Pad-Jique , will not be overthrown by a sudden commotion , sor yet crumble to decay , but will mot assuredly sink and be stifled in the filthy aire of its own < &

      miimiuh ¦ rr ruptioH . ^^ ¦ : ¦ . A _' . Limb of Aobs . '—During a late heavy storm a . portion ofthe famed lime tree at Neastadt , in War--t « mburg , was Wohb down by the wind which pre- - vailed . Ths tree , which was planted more than 560 years ago , is 36 feet feet in circumference at the base , and the twelve main branches of this eieantictrunk were as thick as oak'trees / being more than sis feet in circumferenoe / pThesfi twelve branches tbwkly covered viith foliag ^| 9 rraed * pircumference of 450 feet , and rested , ^ Bpn-ai 6 " , nrepai which since the year 1554 were ferthe ' mosVpfart ' aetflpby noblemen , ; bighop 8 . and other perstnsef distinctibri ; ' . The trunk ofthisonde majestic : tree , is now standing a mournful wreck of its ancientbeanty .

      Urbat FiBE ,-The great lron-worki " of the parfc of Messkirch , in the grand ducy of . Baden , belonging to the Prince de Furstenburgj . haye just been destroyed by fire . The logs ; is estimated at several raillions of franos , only ; a portion of which is insured . The destruction of the buildings alone is estimated ' at 150 , 000 floriHS ( 390 , € 00 f . ) . About nine hundred men were employed is the works , all of whom , with their families , are now without resources . ! ' , V : AubobaBorealis . —This phenomenon hasten perceived at Paris / frem half . past . nine to a quarter past twelve . It sprwd a feeble light similar to that which precedes the risiHg of the full moon when the sky is obscared by vapours . Its princi pal light extended from N . towards the N .. N . W ., but it was excessively diffused , : ¦ / . . ... , :,...=. . . .

      MoDBBa Mbrot . —The romance of' Jeanfe Deans ' has again been embodied in fact . Three female relations of the Burghead fishermen ¦ implicated in the late food riots , travelled to Ardverikie with" a view of petitioning , her Majesty to commute the harsh < ent < mce of transportation ancVin ) pri' < on « ient passed uu « id ko Duko of Argylc , iis uey were r » u . w - u » ™ . nmentally tsld by his lordship to go heme and senda . written petition by thepoBt . The Grdat Nassav ' Tmsm . —Tho great tunnel through the mountain on which stands the town of Weilburg , m the Daehy of Nassau , formed far haprovmg tho b « d of the Luhn , has JHst been tetmt nated after five years' continuous labour . The waters

      ofthe Lahn were to Iw let into the tunnel on the 12 th , and 2 , 000 gas lamps were to be lighted , and always kept burning . The formal inauguration of the gigantic work is to take place on Oct . 15 . Thb Qoben or Spain as H * mb . - Isabella rises late , for she does not retire to rest antil three or four «> clock m the morning . She sups at two o ' clook . Parties who are tehare audiences with her Majestyare almost sure to have to wait- an hour or two beyond the time appointed ;• she treats even her Ministore initbisway , and frequently they . are sent away without having audience , and again recalled at one or two o clock in the morning . The Queen listens atentively to all her Ministers say to her , but nothing mores « interests her so much as any act of

      kindness which they may propose to her , or any rewards which they may suggest for virtuous or courageoua conduct .. On these occasions Isabella always eranta more than isasked . With all this kindness of disposition the young Queen is quite fearless , her courage is beyond aU proof . She drives two and four horses in hand , is an intrepid horsewoman , and frequently challenges the best horsemen of her mite to do what she does , or to mount certain horses which Bhe alone can succeed in subduing . Her cousin , the Infanta Donna Josepha , daughter of Don Francisco de Paula , who frequently accompanied her in her rides , one day said to her , VYour horses know that . ybu are the Queen , for they obey you in everything . ' , Isabella w very fond of music , and she does not confine herself

      to listening to it . In all the ooncerta given at the Palace she sings Spanish airs with the grace of an Andalu 8 ian . Dress is also one of her delights . During her infancy , when her health wa 8 | de ! icate , ! liermother , Qtteen Christina , would not allow her dressmaker to tighten her waist , but Isabella in a whisper to her used to say , Make it tight , make it tight . ' . The aetivo manner in which Queen Isabella spends her time has given her health and strength . Add to this a fine figure , the freshness of sixteen , and the em bmpoini of eighteen or , twenty . When spoken to of the dangers which may threaten the kingdom , she laughs and replies— ' Occupy yourselves , gentlemen , with the country ; for my part , I do not care either about being Queen or governing . Other monarchs

      bave not wanted , . opportunities to live quietly and to have some happy moments . Think of what you have to do for Spam after ray reign is finished ; for I have a presentiment that it will not be a long one . ' Snan : lards , however , hope that it will not be thus . Poor Law Administration . —The appointments under the act passed ia July last for the administration of the laws for the reliet of the poor in England not having as yet been officially announced , no day has been named for its operation . It is , however expected Bhortly to be enforced . The now commissioners are to be styled ,,, ' Commissioners for Administering the Laws for the Relief of the Poor in England . ' Notice is to be given in the London

      provided by the third section , 'That the notice of the issue of every such commission shall be published in thtLondon Gazette , and the commissioners firBt appointed under this act shall enter on their office , and all the powers of this aet vested in them shall take effect on the day after the first publication of such notice in the London Gazette . ' The act ( 10 th and 11 th , Victoria , c . 109 ) . eentains thirty sections The first commissioner named . is to be called the president , and is to be the only commissioner to whoma salary is to be paid ; he may sit in the House of Commons , as also one of the seoretariss . It is de . dared by the 10 th provision , •• That , on the day on which ; thecommi 8 awners , fir 8 tappointed under thb act , shall enter on their officeall the and du

      , powers - ties of the Poor Law CointnissioBers , with respect to the administration or control of the tdministration orrehef to the poor throughout England , and all other powers and duties now vested in them , shall he transferred to , and vested in the commissioners , and shall be theneoforth exercised by them and by the ommissioners appointed from time to time in and by any new commission or letters patent under the provisions of this act , and aU provisions in any act relating to the administration ot relief for the poer in England , drto the powers or duties of the Poor Law Commissioners , shall be continued as if in the said several acts the commissioners had been named instead of the Poor Law Commissioners , subject .

      nevertheless , to any amendments made by this act , either as to the substance or manner of exercising any of thepowersof the said Poor Law Commissioners , and at the same time ail powers and authorities vested by any act in the Poor Law Commissioners appointed under the first recited act ( 4 and 5 William IV ., cap . 76 ) , or any ant passed for the amendment thereof , shall cease , and all secretaries / assistant-secretaries , clerkc ; messengers ,, and . officers appointed and employed by the said Poor Law Commissioners in the business olthairofiicd shall cease to hold their several offices and employments . ' Inspectors are to be appointed to tIbis workhouses , aad attend meetings of euardvans and other meetings relating to the nntv .

      Liktm ^ '" Sfiftrn. . '' .''¦' . " . ~

      liKtm ^ ' " Sfiftrn . . '' . ''¦' . " . ~

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      - ; IHivlTALIiK SUHMOXS . rp , Tn )! totherescne ^ j « aafioa » , all , rally , . , ' HttTjenotoatto broiflathomicurit Han ' swteinS , ? rom Fernra , where Taito , aprisoser lovg , Fsaredforth ia th * dungeon the patriot ' * umgt rp ! men of Baresna ! Dante ' s spirit b near ; .. Tjp ! Some : for Rieari draws forth iword and spear , Tte Brutii anthemtfa for their country , their sword ; Thraritel f « r the tocsin of freedom U beard . Come , Tenieel awake from thy inglorious grave , BBud Dtadolo calls from Bjsantinm ' s ware ; lUriaa Falicre stamps in tie Hue of St Vatic , Will je » tm sleep in « l » Tery , abject and ttark ! Come . Htples ! theg » D « n ^ tho bewrteons , the gay ; Kasatdeno ' straTeipJritiswith job to-day ; ¦ . Stall the £ sir land where Eatnre ' s best works have teea done , - ' ' " ' , " - Se for erer theprey ef the Austrian and Han ? < Vnse , lIantaa ! thepriaeely , come Turin ! the frond ; Gome , Fadns ! the learned , eonie Trieste ' s crowd ; Gome all t » th « rescue , ' gainst 1 £ etteraich ' s power , Allltaly caHsje-aow , now , is the hoar ! Tnutyenotinprmces ! their words are bat fraQ ! They change with the compass ! they drire with . the gale ! - ' ¦ ¦ ' " : : Tiustbatinjourtelret . iljeeTerwoaiabe A land both in deed , as in name the most free . Up ! Italians rally , 'daUberty calls , ' ' Prom Cspc Sparthrento to Amcona ' s walls ; Prom Eeggio , from Parma , from Lucca is heard , I The roiea of a nation for combat prepared . Oh ! think cajoor enemies'deeds ere ye msV i Sever Poland , and Cracow , or Tarnow forget ; j The shrieks of the tortured come orer the gale , ; Thdrfate waitsnpon ye , if Hke ttiem yefail . I Thea soccen onto Plus , and to Italy's sens , Site , and drira o ' er the frontier the Anitrian Hob ; I Ind gladly , mnaproadly , we'll t » a oa t > vs shore , ths day when Italia's a nation once more . . I AuaiD Fsjwbix .

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      The 'Botilk . *—This is the title of a series of % ht plates , designed and etched by Mr George Crnickshaak , in . which the progress and result of ironkeEness are illustrated by the artist in his best Oanner .-In the first place the wretched ' hero' of file tale induces ' bis wife 'just to take a drop f the tenlt is" immediate , for , in plate the second they ' pawn their clothes to support the bottle . ' In plate we third an execution is ia the house , bat they comfort themselves with the bottle . ' Tha conse-Ssences are natural , or rather : unnatural—violence ,

      « ntahty , habitual drunkenness , quarrels , and evenfcsllj murder . -The wife is killed , and the husband P ^ agned to a lunatic asylum—in other , words , the "title has ' dane . its work , ' and all is misery and Impair . As a work of art these plates are deserving « much praise ; there areafieedom ofstyleanda digged vigour of design which are valuable and imwsave . As a warning against interaperanee in the tba in which , anYortonately , the vice is most pre-Jjfent , these prints can saarcely fail of having "lesinje effect astte celebrated series by Hogarth .

      Xbw PesTAGK Shm»—Two new stamps , repre * gting postage stara ' ps ef . 104 . and Is . each , are " ^ prepared at Somerset H « use . The 1 « . stamps J * e read / for issne , and the proof of the lOd . one has **» approved of by the wthorities . Both stamps * e of the compressed octagonalform . tha same width ** tte embossed headfl ' upon the envelopes now in ^» but rather deeper than such stamps- The pro-^ herMajesly . irbiehMinoat acenratdjrdrawn , « 4 exquisitelj engraveni b deeplj sunk in the die , •* a consequently it stands oat in bold - relief . Bonno * & profile are the words , ' Postage , One Shilling , ' JVfostage , Tenpenee , ' as the case may be . The fwnrof the one shiUinc stamp is green , ^ and it is infor of to ink

      ^ aed those tenpenee use a brawn or r tapositioo . The stamps are strnck on sheets o ! " ? 9 each , forthe ' conveBience of purchasers , and ^ backed with adheove matter . These stamps S U be Talaable for panels and foreign letters . *» 9 are not to be eonfinedto foreign letters , but ?* J tettdwriminately med for Wand , ship , or fogsnpostagea , wheretoe demujdof the office , either ^^ aasit or weight , reaches theamoont reprej ^ hibd Thbop Asstso-MrGtanviBenarconrt , Snl " " ° ^'" ger Countess Waldegrave SS ?? rf ** Brah *») are te be married on the ^ Ottober . This wiU be the bride ' s third appear ""Wat the altar .

      Fpielttlptot " ' ¦ ' - 39ttf»L«* Tlviiikviiatriti

      fpielttlptot " ' ¦ ' - 39 ttf » l «* TLviiikviiAtriti

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      ittK f KE 5 ENT STATE OF GREAT BRITAIN .

      '¦'" ' . ' "' .. , "" * ¦ CHAPTER I , ' ' ¦ ' '¦' " '¦"•' - "'¦ ' ^ "• ' ' _ Of thatgstm Oreat Britain purtuet touards other ' ¦ .. . - -: •;;¦ •" ¦ ... hatknu .:. - ;^; , ; J ;] : :. 'd : * . Nations , like , individuals , may . be said to bid fair for peace aid / tranquillity , . when , ' with a sufficient Btrength to . make their independeBce respected ! they employ their industry and their Means to provide for their wants and to add to their enjoyments ; without injury or injustice towards any . other people ; while nation ' s , who . erect , political , systems in opposition tov ' ae iNraRESTs and in violation ef the rights of others , must be in a state of violence and war with the rest of the world . ^ . > ,

      • Guarding these . seU-evident truths ii mind , we have but to detail tie principles upon which the power and wealth ef Great Britain are founded , and by which they are now more than ever supported , to be convinoed , that : the entire structure depends , not only , upon making ; the interests of every other nation subservient ts her own aggrandisement , but that the precarious existence of her bloated power and wealth depends upon her being able to impede or to crash the manufactures and conmerce of the other nations ; of Europe ; to the end , that the relative superiority she . now possesses may not be reduced to an equality , or perhaps to an inferiority , to those nations whose natural and improvable advantages are equal or superior to her own . - ¦¦ -. < ¦ :. - - / . I o : .:.. : /• : /¦ ¦ ,- ; . ' .. ; , v > .- ; :: • .:

      Rome has given us an example ofthe eitent . to which dominion may be carried by exacting tribute from the nations she had vanquished ,. but ; it has been reserved for Great Britain to unite the passion for domiuatian with the . insatiable spirit of mercantile exaction ; doubly excited , her progress in every quarter of the globe has been prodigious , while the instability of the distant and widelyscattered conqueste she has made , and the vast re- ; venue she draws front them , are in proportion to the ^ expehse and difficdl ^ with yflnchi she defends them .

      Aa Island at one extremity of Europe , with a population of scarcely eleven millions , she bestrides the other three qurters ofthe earth ; one foot on the vast continent of America , the other upon the Indies , she consigns Africa to eternal barbarism and slavery , that the produce of the Antilles may swell the list of her imports ' ; collecting annually in kind j b y a mixt systein of commerce , -exaction , plunder , and tribute , to the amount of 171 Millions from the produce ofthe different nations she has conquered , which she deals out to the nations of Europe at the exorbitant rate of a monopoly price ; making those which are territorially free , bat maritimel y enslaved ,

      feel a part of the injustice she « ses to those unfortunate countries over whose liberties she exercises an uncontrolled dominion . Lord Chatham first gave activity to this spirit of mercantile conquest , ' attaching , ' as Helvetica observed , 'thevririgsof the eagle to the body of a sparrow . ' If ever nation had claims on another for tenderaessand good treatment ; America had on Great Britain . The tame customs , the same language , the samerites , the same laws , andthe same blood tuncing through their veins , bat the passtoas for domination and wealth was superior to them all . ftom the moment American imioitry prodtced a surplus for commerce , the hand of monopoly seized on the

      whole ; every part of this surplus produce which could serve the manufactures of England , she rigidly restricted to her own ports ; while every other pait that came in competition with her own produce , she at strictl y excluded . But . studious that the part she excluded should net find its way to the market of any nation capable of being a rival in manufactures , the Americans were interdicted the whole of the markets of - Europe north of Cape Finisterre , that is , the wholeiof the markets of the manufacturing nations of Europe , and at the same time prohibited from purchasing any manufactures

      but those of Great Britain ; she moBOpolised owe part , she excluded another . ' She deprived America of Europe and Europe of America . From oppression she marched on to oppression , and attempted to" taxAmericajat 3000 milesdistance , by a parliament of Great Britain , where those Americans , who brought' with tbem the inheritance of freemen , who obey no law and pay no tax that is not ordained b y thase . they depute , lis-d swt a single representative ; an inheritance ; , which every Britoa claims as bis birthright , but which in i ' nc " heart oi another bis government brands with the name 6 i rebellion . ¦ : ; •;

      Deaf to the claims of justice , and that the justice which the child implores at the feet of his parent ; deaf to the calls of . nature and the : ties of blood , mercenaries were hired ia Germany , the tomahawk was { subsidised , and Britain was drained of her youth , to enslave and butcher their American brethren . " - '• > ; '/¦• ' : * ' : ''""' ¦ ¦'¦ ' '¦ '' - ¦' " - z - " TheiBsueteems with instructionforBritain , for America , and for all Europe : on the one hand Britain ma ; learn , that neither fire nor . sword , nor the mercenary , nor the savage , nor the scalp , can give stability to a

      system of conquest maintained against the interests of Europe ; and on the other , by observing , jthat the commerce she now exercises * with America free , upon the principles of perfect equality , is infinitely more lucrative than the commerce she formerly enforced on America enslaved , she may learn that the destructive and ruinous wars she has made in support of this system , the blood she has lavished , the treasures she has wasted , and the immense load of debt that now wei ghs her down , are aU minus quantities in the politics ef true national greatness .

      America , instructed in the blessings of freedom , and in the evils which grow out of enslaving others ; cannot fail to hand down that liberty her valour has won , unimpaired to her latest posterity ; while Europe . entire , from comparing the little , she has gained by the discovery of that magnificent continent , as long as'it remained enslaved under the system of Britain , vrith the immense benefits she derives from her commerce now free , will learn to appreciate the loss she . sustains , as long as the East and West Indies , these fairest portions of the earth , remain under mercantile chains .

      But experience is lost on Great Britain . Blind to instruction , blind to the instability of distant and widely extended conquests , blind to the enormous expense , and to the imminent dangers attendant on systems , founded in direct opposition to the interest of the rest of the world ,, she has extended her system of mercantile conquest over Hindostan , where , in the two provinces only of Bengal and Bahar , she holds , in an undivided sovereignty , thirty-two millions of civilised people ! "

      By this extension of conquest she has laid the nations of Europe under great ' and degrading-cantributionsin more .. ways than one : not only-the British , government has assured to the joint stock company , to whom all India is subject and ; to the West India proprietors , a monopoly , price from the nations of Europe for all the East and West Indiaproduce they re-export , but by making . these East and West India commodities subject to a tax on re-exportation , the British government exercises the right of taxation over all Europe . ' -

      Can it have escaped the observation of the nations of Europe , in this age of enquiry , how baneful , how destructive this enhancement of price , in the produce of the East and West Indies , must prove to their industry ; and what a vast diminution of their-enjoyments ? Can Great Britain imagine that the nations of Europe are insensible to the loss they sustain by thb monopoly , -this exaction , this degrading taxation , by which a considerable portion of the labour ef their hands and the sweat of their

      brows is made to exchange but for . one half its real value ? Or can they but feel indignant at finding that , taxed by the parliament of England , they are paying tribute to maintain that navy which shackles their commerce ? Yet-humiliating and oppressive as are these losses to which the nations of Europe are exposed from this monopoly , exaction , and degrading taxation , they suffer a much heavier loss from the vast diminution in the quantity of East and WeBt India produce imported under this system , to what would be imported , if commerce was free .

      All political Writers agree , that joint stock companies * is the most ruinous and wasteful mode by which nations can carry on commerce ; and-the bankruptcy of all , upwards of sixty , that have been established in Europe , supports the . opinion ; and if all were taken together , their waste and extraya-, gance , their devastation and plunder , as we ll as the extent of their power , would vanish , in comparison with those of the British company , that now lords it in India . : :

      It is also allowed , that the work done by slaves is infinitel y more costly ( than the work done by freemen . While the nature of the monopoly to which the Antilles are subject , keeps the quantity

      iisjn' ^ SSW ? W * ° f ¦ # India '* ^ du ee had SlXf * ? ^ eat . Britain , and , Ireland , it would still bea ^ estruqtWe , monopply for , the rest ^ Europe , ^ inasmuch : ^ : ; tt ;; Wonld „ exelude ; the capitalotall othercommerckl nations frombeinK « # 9 £ » ¦»¦ distant «; airade fot which the whole capital which Burope could spare from her agriculture , manufactures ; home and near foreign trades , would be insufficient ; but as the p" < Lof ;* ld ! P " * ! J ^ : ; Wrtion W the , , ; , extent of the" al

      ^>!^ % PfWdthe Jg ^^ m o 8 t s fert « e countries in'the Si , !! - ? - e : manufacturinBart ! i » * heoidest SSi ^^ aKsaa * $£% ! Sn J *^* ? ° « effft ^ : « monopoly and slaiery , fall on the nations of Europe - ,

      capit , arid of the competition which enters into the trade ; if the loss . would be so conaderabk , ^ ven ; irthe monopoly wai confiBed to ' Gre « ilr i «? ' ? andlreland , howmtichjnore corisiderable jnust that loss ; bei when themohopoiy ' ls narrowed to a destructive joint . stock company , between whose capitaland that of the whole ' of Great Bntain . and Ireland , there is asmuch difference as between the wasteand extravagance of a jouit . stock company , and the thrift and good management of private adventurers .

      If we wouldestimate "this latter loss , we ' must figure to ourselves this mild and amiable people rescued from ; their present destructive oppressors , and left to 1 their customs , upon which their arts and their industry are founded i' we must figure to ' ourselves the commerce of India and China , to which the commerce of India is indispensable , ; thrown « pen to the competition and capital of the nations of Europe ; vre must figure to ourselves the Antilles , rescued from a culture by slaves , under the management of agents employed by proprietors residing in Europe ; means so wasteful and costly , that without a monopoly it ' could never repay the expense ; and

      taking into our . view , in what general use the produce of the East and West IndieB has grown all over Europe , we might form some idea of the increased enjoymenta , and the mutual incentives to industry that would accrue to , Europe and India , if the commerce of these countries were free , of all which the system of Britain deprives them . ' . This anti-European , ' this anti-social system of mpsopbly and exclusion , by which Britain has aggrandised her commerce , is the same by which she strives to promote . her manufactures , the , sa . me ; uuUorni dispositwa to ekalt hw ovsn b y the depression of those of all other nations ; upon the principle , that the - production of raw materials does no t afford

      such considerable profits as naanafactures , by not admitting of the same extensive abridgement of labour , by aa equally extensive division in' tSae work , or the ssme extensive aid by the intervention of machinery . . . . Upon this principle , all her Jaws , and every-effort Of Monopoly " , are directed towards drawiBg ' raw materials from the rest of the world , and restricting the exportation of , any part of her own , in any state short of the Complete aano&cture ; forcing her raa-Bufacfaares into every other market , and ( excluding the-ttaBttfactures of ^« ve ry oftier nation that -couM : comein coaipetitibri ' wi ^ i hers;—it was « pon ' thisj principle « he sacrificed the whole of the iadustry of America « Bd Ireland . ¦ ; :

      , As far . as she can undersell other nations by « uperior skifl , a ntore extensive division of labour , better tjwtchinery , more extensive caj )' rtal , ; ioiBigef credits , greater spirit of enterprise , any superiority in-her-system of administration , she would be -a common benefactor to Europe , as . far a « shefpuxchased the . rHde produce of other nations that had sot the capital nor the sWli to work it , « he would be the cultivator of these countries and tlve beuefiicidr . " "¦ ' ¦"¦ : ¦ '"' - "¦¦ ¦ ' ¦ ' "¦ ' ¦ ¦

      But when she prevents the other countries < of Europe from gettiagthe materials for manufactures which the Indies produce , except at a monopoly prioe ; when , instead of eiwouragiBg the industry of Europe oy an exchange of the produce ot India at a low price , such as a general competiUou wotoid furnish / . fof their materials and provisiong , she discowages that induBtry , by giving . tb « produce :. of India i « exchange at : a monopoly price , still farther enhaiaoed by the degrading , insulting taxation , here * he * nange 8 tlt ^ j ^ ncWus trasraeter of benefcetor for the ignoble name of oppressor . , ; ! •; ' ('¦"¦ ¦ ¦

      "Whettabe endeavours * . to " promote her manufactures on the principle of excluding those of all nations , and strives to .. make all nations take hen ; whenshe tries to get from other nations those raw materials which . ' she keeps from them by . the most barbarous and cruel . laws *; when , on these antisocial principles , she endeavours to be the sole manufacturer for all Europe , and that no part of Europe shall manufacture for her , she destroys these best ; and surest bonds of peace that proceed from a coihmercej generally and reciprocally . beneficial , and establishes one bf the most fruitful grounds for jealou 8 y , - enraity and war , among the nations which form the great family of Europe . ' ^ . ¦¦ ;

      . It is upon this narrow , shop-keeping policy , that England has formed all her amities and all her enmities ; the nations which trade , with her on her terms , that is , the advantage on her side , she calls heir friends ; those who disdain these unequal conditions ; conditions which a nation imposes on those sbe has vanquished , she calls her : natural enemies . It is not the superiority and cheapness of her manufactures of . which Europe . has to complain , that would be to complain of the greatest possible blessing an industrious nation could' procure for' those that suiround her ; buf'it is the anti-social system ;

      iris the system- which excludes and will suffer no exclusion ; the . system which exacts every thing and yields nothing of what , it exacts ; a narrow , selfish , irreciprocal principle , upon which she attempts to support her superiority , and to perpetuate the inferiority of all other nations ; a System which , if universally pursued , ' would destroy all commerce among nations . It is of this that all Europe with justice complains ; it is this system which converts that which should be' the surest bond of mutual peace , amity , prosperity . and happiness , into , the most abundant and envenomed source of mutual loss , expense , hatred and war f .

      The act of navigation forms another part of this system , and is in perfect conformity with the rest of the structure . By this , law , the trade to what she callsher colonies and plantations ( a term which now embraces vast portions of the eaitb ) and the whole coasting trade , of Great Britain and Ireland , are re * stricted to . vessels of which the owners , masters , and three fourths of the mariners , are British . subjects , on pain of forfeiture ' of ship and cargo . A variety of the most cumbrous articles , can be imported into

      Great Britain in British vessels only , or in vessels " of which the . owners , masters and three fourths' of the cieWB , are of ttie country which produces the goods imported ; A variety of the most bulky articles cannot be imported even in British vessels , except from the country wherethe goods have been produced . Salt fisb , whales , fins and bones , oil and blubber not caught by British vessels and cured by them , are subject to , pay double alieus' duty , when imported into Great Britain .

      The object of : this law is'toproinote the manufacture of British ships and sailors , by excludingthe ships of all other nations fr . o . m ; any , trade from which Great ; Britain can exclude . them , and to promote the carrying trade ; but like alt anti-social aitemptsV it defeats its own end ; this act is a sacrifice of her commerce in the attempt to augment her-shipping and sailors , and on the absurd principle : formerly held , that the carrying trade , which gives least encouragement to national industry of all others , was the best , because it brought niost money into the country . It is in perfect nnison with the rest of the system , and . was passed in the same . antisocial disposition , and like all the rest , if universaly adopted , would abolish the intercourse of nations .: • ^ :

      » To complete this onti-social , this war-system , in aUitsparts , has Britain usurped the dominion of tHe' ^ ea 8 . Thi s was absolutely necessary to support the ' principle upon which the whole fabric is founded . She has reduced the rights of the ocean to a code of her own passing , and erected a ; tribunal ; where ( party and judge ) , she confiscates'the vessels

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  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), Sept. 25, 1847, page 3, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1437/page/3/