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THS BLIND BOY'S SONG . BI MKEST ' JOSE 3 . Oh ! wearily , wearil y whirls the world , Wearily ronad and round ; Whils the atom g of Hfe are unceasingly hurlUD « ath seed for the chilly gromd . And my spirit sits in its darkened den , And listi to the mighty din ; For gloomy without is the world of men , 8 a I ' ve hung up a lamp within .
Haik ! my spirit « ii » in its solemn caTe , And lists to the ocean of life ; * Jp—over— and past—there rashes its wave ; With its froth , foam , bubble and strife . And ever , si § Ink « the tbb stray , I thiak , ag the pauses fly ; That men may pity my darkened day , Bat they are zaore blind than I ! They cannot tee—who hat robbed their right In the shadow of Altar and Throno ; - © a ! Liberty—liberty—conch their sight ! And let them distinguish , thtir own .
They cannot see—the thief at their door , Who steals in the epen day : Oh ! let them be men like their fathers before , And how he will glink away ! They cannot see—a friend from a foe , But march like a blindling herd , Againkt their own brothers to strike the blow When their enemiss give the word . "Ihey cannot « es—that the game of death ' On the chequered fieldc of war Is murder , though timed to a trumpet breath Aadlov > c bj a lying law . , Thsy can ^' . ;' . eet ~ -t "; isl i ' a&t csv . i . ? J , i . „ . {; » , Thattbt-y sail ^ Cri ^ irch , V ¦; . ;; " . - y ., 0 Tiup-ia Thzt ib . ? pc " .- € - HJjich rcisei > t ; va ; -. - ;¦ ' ? .- ; iUIb atue *"< Tiiss theSr r hd
Theyi « -ir c * . » t '~ i"t / . t ' rv chsriiles -iiia O / ll ' o neh for no -y .- ; : i ? : ; ' }* »• : ; They r . 'bl-M— v . ..-t rr . aU you t ' oanlv ib&ra asiin , Thr ,- . : he > dii not ob .:: ; , i ! J Thfs oiBBOt ti . — lb . tr- time ' s right , Ant ..-. ' . « -.: £ : j . " £ ? - 'A hi « ! t ?* srr a ii- : Obi Liberty—Lit-tj ^ T : —r-0 DC ;! t . T . : : r nuiu \ Por they are more blind than I , Ana when is it coming , the glorious time , Whes the fetters of slaves shall burst , And earth shall be fair as its Eden-prime , And man shall be free as the first ?
Oh ! When is it coming , the magical hour , ( Then Liberty raiwa mankind J "VTfcen the arm of the Giant shall feel its power , And nations shall cease to be blind !
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CALEDONIA . SI filOlC ! HOillSOS , &utfcoc of' My back ' s at the w » , * and « Think , ye , man , will ilka new kirk hae a kirkyara ?' * I care not , 'tis a glimpse of auld Iang 3 yne . '—Bysoit . There's leal hearts in the Land « ' Cakes ;* I ance eould ca' that land my hame ; And pity in my bosom wakes To hear that eakes are scarce wi' them . Though rain had me in the wind When last auld Scotland ' s hills I saw , A health to those I left behind—A health to Caledonia !
There's kiadfolk in the 'Land oCakes ;' Be wi * them plenty , bat and ben : Hope on my dreaming sometimes breaks , And lights me to that land again . I there ha ' e merry been when jouag , Ere lift ' * fell frosts btgsn to fa '; There felt the weight o' fortune ' s ntw ?—Yet here ' s to Caledonia ! Fae don't the fan't was /< . •< % mine , If I lo'ed If sb her cakes than ale , And tbocbt she'd been to me unkind , When I was sair to blame mjsel ' . I ' re met with dabs atitber doors That ne ' e * were wet wi' winter ' s snaw , And ken owre weel less kindly shores Than those of Caledoaia . Here fate , amid a sable race ,
In some blind freak has cast my lot ; . And gladly , now , I greet the face 0 ' ane that bears the name o' Scot , la fortune ' s strife onr friends (! ) we tine ; My youtbfu' frien ' s where are they a' ? "They only live in ' Auld Langsjne 'Thb lay of Caledonia ! Sing not to me of sunny climes , My brow is broaz'd wi' summer suns ; leave Indian serfs their palms and Kmei ; I'd blyther be where G 3 die runs , Among my native heather bells ; Frae wealth ' s proud precints far awa ' , ¦ Where nnsfiestt d friendship dwells—Conteat is Caledonia ! The West her verdant lap may spread—Wi' b * Imy health perfume the breeze ; Bat sickness lurks witbin the shade
Of fragrant shrubs and fruitful trees . 0 ! bear me back to flowery Don , Or sweetly flowing Dee ' s green shaw ; Then rooze wha likes the Torrid Zone—I'd Bine of Caledonia !
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"THE WESTMINSTER AND FOREIGN QUARTERLY REVIEW . January . London : G . Luxford , Whitefriars-sireet . The opening article of this number pf the Wsstihsster Retisw is exceedingly interesting , and deserves no email amount of public attention . With the writer ' s speculations on the possibility of concentrating in vegetables ' asufficient amount of the chemical ingredients constituting Se 3 h and fat , so as to pas 3 them at once into the human stomach , with-OQt EOiB £ through the animal form , ' we will not meddle , but ttb deem the following extract oi too < rreat interest to be withheld from our readers : — " AtB-TIGHT GSAKASIES .
Three conditions are essential to the process of putrefaction of grain , viz : —heat , moistnre , and still air . With wind moisture is carried of : with cold , the decoraposing process is checked , as -niy be sesn by the carcases c-f animals that lie through the winter in snowy mountains , and diy up to glue . Without air , everything is licked up and remains in slain quo ; as . reptiles hare basn burieS for ages in blocks of stone or ancient trees , and then resamed their vital functions unchanged by time . In direct opposition to these principles are t&e granaries of Great Britain and oiher countries constructed . Their site is generally tha bank of a river , or tha sea side . They are built of many floors at a vast expense . They are provided with many windows , each floor being the liei'hth of a man , jet not permitting more than twelve
ts fifteen inches depth of grain on each floor for fear of Seating , unless in the case ofvtry old samples . Men srs continually employed to turr the grain over to ventilate it . and clear out the vermin ; and the weevil i 3 ¦ naturalised in every crevice , as surely as bugs in neglected London beds , or cockroaches in"W > 8 t Indian sugar sh . p 3 . It is the admission of air that permits this evil , that premote * germination , that permits the existence of rils and mice . In the exclusion of air is to be found the remedy . The practicalisatioa of tbJ 3 ; i-s neither difficult sor castly : on the contrary , closo granaries might le constructed at far le * B proportional cost than the exist , iag kind . They might be mde uader ground as v / ell as stove gronnd ; in many cases , better . They might be constructed of cast iron , like gasometer tanks ; or of
brick and cement or of brick and asphalte , like underground wattr-tanke . It is only reqsirid that they should be air-tight , and coasag . uen -. ly water-tight ; A single man hole at the top , similar to a steam boiler , U all the opening required , Trith an air-tight cover . The air-pamp has long ceased to ba a philosophic toy , and has taken its placj ia tie arts as a manufacturer ' s tool ; and no difficulty would ¦ exist as to that portion of th 9 mechanism . Xow , if we suppose a large cast iron or brick cylinder » unk in the -earth , ths bottom beir . g conical , 3 nd the top domed over ; an air-pump adjusted for eihansting the air , nnd an Archimedean screw pump to discbarge the grain , we hare tha whole apparatus complete . If we provide for wet grain , a water-pump may be added as to a leaky
ship . Snppsse now , a cargo of grain , partly germinating , sad eontaming rati , mice , and weevil , to be shot into this resorroir , the cover put on and luted , an < l the air-pump at work , the germination would instantly cease , and the animal functions would be suspended . If itb » objected that they would revive with the admission of the air , we answer that the air nsed not be aiaitted , save to empty the reservoir . If it be contended that the reservoir may bs leaky , wa answer so tnsy a ship ; and if so , the air-pump must be set ' to vtiri just as is the case with a water-pump in a leaky ship , I'he cost of an underground reservoir would possibly b = more than one aoovegrund , bat It has the aavant : » K « of occapjing space of otherwise little value . One ob Thus cheapness of this improved granary over those - aow existing is , that the whole cubic contents may hi filled , whereas , in the existing mode , not above one .
"fourth of the cubic-coateatB c * n be rendered availah ' . e But many existing structures might hi renda'ad eligible For example : the railway arches of the Eastern Counti ? s tha Blackball , and the Greenwich . In such cases th < " grain would be discharged into them from waggon ! on the Una , in the mode used with coals . Reservoirmight be erected in farm yard ! , and the grain threshei out and carries inm the harvest field direct , with thi ' - ' absolute certainty of preserving it any length cf timi that might te desired . Or , inasmuch S 3 it is a certaii 4 hing tia ^ al l farms moEt ultimately communicate wit ! railways , bj means of cheap hoise-trains , cr tteat sidings , in order to work to profit , it would-be desirab ! that the granary should be erected at some central rail way station , where a steam mill would do tbe work c exhausting the air , discharging the grain by Archimedea screw wh . ea required , and grinding it into meal , K
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better purpose coold be found to which U apply the atmospheric sngiaej aad stations of the aoja ' Railway , with their existiug air-pumpa . ComJhunlcyrtlng with all the southern wheat-growing courtiei of -England , and also with the Thames , no * pot ooaS b » nora ellgitts a * a central depot . In connexlenVith thera atT&Bjement » , it would be desirable ta sjiinimlie ths eoit of transit in every possible way . The articles on Aenatatiofl , ' and « Animal Instinct ? , ' will ba foand agreeable reading . We hare not room for comment , wishing to extract as largely as possible from a review of TourguenePa 'Russia and tbe Russians . ' ^ better purpose could be found to whiehA W ? the at-
RUSSIAN 8 LAVlRr . The peasants of Russia whe are ths absolute prop « rly Of the noblaj , we find estimated by McCulloch ( in 1 S 3 S ) at twenty . two millions ; thote belonging to the Crown , at twenty-one millions ; while- ths whole prirlleged classes do not amount to a million and a half . The law of primogeniture doeo not exl « t in KmMa ; the estates arc equally < 3 iTided among all the sons of a noble , and they all bear , even during hit lifotime , the same title as himself , «» that it is common enough to find nobles living opomhe labour of only two or thta « familiei of aerfg ; and in these catea , ths naked deformity of the system is , perhap 3 mora striking than on th «
great estates . Some of these poor nobles , however , hara the wisdom to employ their meant ia some branch of manufacturing industry , s&d otbers grow rich in tbe service of the state , though sAdoix by the most legitimate means ; in | general , an apparent indifference to fortune prevails among them , not , we need hardly say , from a lofty contempt for riches or the enjoyments they can procure , bat bscauss ' social distinction depends mainly upon rank , and that they may always hops that some day the dew of imperial favour may descend upon them , or , perhaps , a rich marriage , afford them the means of indulgence in the habits of luxury and prodigality for which tha Russian nobles are notorious . ' This class of
nobility , which tbe law separates from thereat of lhanation by barriers which it is continually endeavouring to n . - Liij : t ? on , differs from it also widely in coitnme , in mid- or iittf , auj er « n in language ( for , even in the _ lnt ' - % . n q < vr-W . i - ' life , vi . o iV . 'nch language is universally adojAeJ ) , ii ? tUut it haa tbe air of a ji . v « o ? conquerors , irsposec ! by * o : n . * <> >* . enni iorce upon Cu . ¦ . i 4 ! i"a , and Us ins ' . iECts , tendrncias , and inter ^ Bt ? >; ¦» VioIIy opposed W ( Jiose ' t !) ? n r = s » f msJQiiry , ^ Th : » t » conMiior thij , ftnd C ! -mpir « taa relative uumb ;?» . of th » ss pmilpge < 3 clajses , and of the myriads whom thay hold in suhj ^ ction —visions of nv ' gbtr changes , of fsi-rS ' c ! retribution , team i . i f . i <; 5 ctforo our « ght , uud ' coming evonts to cast ' f . ' T . ¦'¦¦! \<\~ ri tefcis , '
i-l -. lioiay o : rttikosni <' iv . } rtt \ ei at ban 5 ; i \ tyw my-; -i ; - . ' . t ; ' " uuraii-. iouii yet sluniber in h ^ pj . v ir _ 'V > n * cioujuess of their -: j ' -jts—ur that iboir position is oth . '; r than a necessitj and * law oi natnrn , and it i ' . this circumstance , periaps , that has presence ( hcra from sohio oi the worst evils of slavery . ' Serritude has sot degraded them , ' says M , X «;; r » 'a » - neff , ' it seems , on the contrary , when we compare this class to others , that tbe hardships of their position have served to ennoble thera . Often the sout is purified by misfortune . Thar vices are tha « ff cts of their condition ; their virtues are their own . and so much tbe more sacred that the « can only have been acquired by an in . cessant and courageous struggle unknown to the rest of the nation . ' The sJarery of the great bulk of the Russian people Is of no ancient origin , tbe law to which chiefly this tremendous evil is to ba attributed dating no further back than 1593 .
' In tracing backward to its sonrca the history of many nations , ws find that the greater part of them enjoyed innch moreliberty than they posian at present A woman of genius ( Madame de Stael ) , exclaims iudig . nant at tbe parsimony with which , ia our time , liberty has sometirres bem dealt out to the people , 'It Is de-potism which is new , and liberty which is ancient ! ' And if we may sometimes have oceasion to doubt the strict historical accuracy of this assertion , it is at least trua that slavery , political and civil , is a new thing to Ru «» eia . The first laws of this nation were tbe laws of tbe north-men , which bore the germ of those mo » t preeioui and most fruitful ia liberty of modern time * .
' Tbe institution of grand and petty juries , or of thv jury of accusation and tha jury of judgment , continued to exist iu Russia , even after it had shaken off the jukr of the Tartars ; and elective asiemblles participated in the exercise of tbe sovereign poner . If , in the end , ab . selutism prevailed , still social slavery was long unknown A . Cur , a usurper , whom artful historians compare to Cromwell , but who in hypocriny and cunning , and in the Kurders by which be was stained , much more re . gambled Richard III ., Boris Gudeanoff , was the first author of the degradation of the Ruuian people . In the desire to attach more closely to himself the cUss of small landed proprietor ; , from nfeichthe army draw its strength , be forbade the peasants who lived upon these Iand 3 to quit them . * * 9 '
It is pretended that he may have had other motives . Tbe vast regions added to tha MuscsTlts empire by the coaquest of Casan and A » tracban , being , it is said , very thinly peopled , tempted tbe peasants whe ltr < d on the estate of the small proprietors to frequent emigration ; and they were also often induced to settle on them by the great lords and the clergy , who bad seized on vast tracts in those countries , insomu : h that tbe villages in the environs of the capital were deserted ;—the hiito . rians appeal , in confirmation of this assertion , te the words of the English ambassador , Fletcher , who visited Moscow in 15 S 9 . In , the sixteenth century , it might have been excusable to think thus , llslthus was not jet born ; but those who , in these latter « " •—» i . ^» ¦ _ peated such assertions- - ?~ " •<" - ™>™ L that entries are «» •¦ --= P"P ulated bv emigration . Some hitto-Waus aseiio to Boris a more plausible motive , in «» yiEg that his determination was suggested by the example of the neighbouring countries of Lithuania , Livonia , and
E < thonia , where slavery already txiited , and with which Russia had maDy relations . . . . The law of Bori » , nevertheless , fatal as it was , did not establish slavery in all its vigour , as It exists at present . The peasants were attached to the soil . like fhegUbce adscripti of feudal times in Europe ; but they conia not be detached from it by tbe will of the owner . He could not tnak § domflitlc slaves of them by taking them into his personal service , or soil thorn without the lend on which they subsisted . All that distinguishes the man attached to the soil from the slave , such as the Russian peaBant of the present day , has been of mora recent establishment . How has tnis * happened ? Who hasrivetted more and more firmly the chains of the unfortunate peasant , and from a serfage similar to that of feudal times has drasgei him down to a slavery almost as severe as that of the African negro ? These are questions which Russian historians and publicists take very good care net t « meddle with .
The Emperor Alexander endeavoured to discourage the iniquity of Killing the peasants without their lands ; but the . futili y of this and many other praiseworthy ea . deavours on his part , afford abundant proof that despotism , however powerful for evil , Is almost impotent for good . During tbe sittings of tbe congress at Aix-la-Chapelle orLaybach while II . Tourgueneff was in the Imperial Council a petition was presented from soma slaves , who complained of having been torn from their homes , and sold to a Stolekman , who was the owntr of a great iron-foundry in the neighbourhood of St Petersburgh , where they were employed in the hardest labour . The
Emperor expressed his opinion in his own hand writing that such a sale was illegal . The petition was sent to the council , and though it was found that both Peter the Great and Paul had distinctly declared themselves averse to this practice—and though no law could be found authorising it—it was declared by the Imperial Council to be lawful , simply on the authority of a fiscal regulation of the Empress Anne , which in fixing the sums to be paid to the Crown on all sales , had mentioned also that for peasants sold without 1- - nd ; and this was considered sufficient to authorise all such sales . The members of the Imperial Council who gave this decision were , of course , all slave owners .
M . Tourgueneff passeB in roview the various grades of servitude in which ths cultivators of tha soil are held ; but we have net space to follow him through the enumeration . In general the condition of the peasants of the Crown appears to be the hast intolerable , but they may at any t : me be thrown into the moro ag ^ ravateit slavery , by being given away , along with the soil which they cultivate , to any eourt favourite ; since the time of the Emperor Alexander , however , this practise has been in a great mfasure discontinued . In g ? neral they are divided into villages or parishes , to each of which a certain quantity of land is assigned , which is divided into
small portions to be cultivated by each family according to It 3 numbers , and for which they pay a tax er rent , besides tbe capitation or poll-tax . By means of some formalities it is even possible for peasants of this class , if they can arrange the matter with their village , to quit it , and establish themselves in the townB , continuing of course , to pay their taxes . Some nobles , when their estates become too populous , give thrir peasants leave to settle in tbe town 9 , and follow various occupationspaying , of course , their obroh ; but tbe amount of this is quite arbitrary , anfl they have at no time the slightest securitj for their position . All depends on the will of
the master . There are also peasants attached to tha mines and works of various kind 3 , sometimes belonging to the Crown , Bometimes to nobles , or even to merchants , who could in no other way become owners of slaves ; and when the number of labourers in » he mines are found insufficient , ths Russian government has made no scruple of despatching thither bodies of peasants from the country , or even of recruits intended for tie army . These ' unfortunate people , totally unaccustomed to tbe kind of work at which they are employed , regard it often with great aversion , are treated with excessive severity , and no 5 unfrrquentiy perish in great numbers .
• I will never fail , ' sayn M . Tourgueneff , ' on every occasion to protest against this measure , as useless 85 it is barbarous : so great has been the impression made on me by the distressing scenes occasioned by it which I have witnessed on the departure of a contingent which was destined to various establishments of tho crown . The wives of the recruits were ordered to follow their husbands , but their children , as tha property of the masters , were of course to remain behind ; and tbe poor mothers would often mifte their escape and return to their habitations to suckle once more the infants they were compelled to abnnlon , Shall I ttll all ? Yes—though the tears 'fill my eyep , my eseeks turn with shame .
• The dignity of a mother was not allowed to protect them ; they were seized aad sent back to the escort that V-S . S carrying away taeir husbands , aad there subjected
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to corporal punishment , lu tha Russian aen » e of that term j To this had the ministers of finanoa been Jed by v * Bl for tte | intera 3 t 3 of the Imparts ! traanury ; and the director of the mineB , a man of education and tsleat , had sufforad hiraiolf to become tb * accomplice In this b « barity , A new proof , to add t& a thousand oth « r » , that cirlHsstlon , when it stops at tbo head and OOSB not penstrate tho heart , easily reooaoiles itself to all tbe fcorrors of slavery . * 9 * ' When iWe seen figuring in feeRjvonue Tables the quantities of pure gold extorted from the government minep , I have sometimes said ! to these gentlemento cornoral nnni . w ^ .. . u . „ „ ., . u .
Woaldjwibnt make a Just cafcolation of wha » the cost hastesa to theStateof thenstifiwaef gold you boast of having &nstm from the Russian" Bail , you would be able to judge w&ather it would not bs n » we advantageoas to buy ths got * ia the markets of SUrapo than to obtain it in this maneer . If wa considor tha » mnbar of menomployedin Hm » works , the officere-OT ^ oired to over , look th . m , the prtn of the machinery , smi tbe numerous MpeMesattsndinfftbem , it is certoh * th »» we shall havs as immense redaction to make Aram' tfcs supposed ! profit of tho mine& of the precious nwstaJev' Such a aalculation has unquestionably never beea > mafie '
THB HU 8 SUN ARMY . The military strength ef Ru « sia has been made the subject of such various 9 talenients , that » r ' » well never to lose an opportunity of collecting good eVitferao concerning it . The existence of an enorm&ua array cannot-,, of course , be other than an enormous evil—and yet it i » aca un . avoidAble one to a Russian government . Some years ago it was found that its maintenance abaorbe * nearly tho entire revenue ; aad sinco it was thought oat of the question to reduce its numbers , the only plan . wa » to practise a wretched ecoaomy in its equipment and maintenance—such a « the reducing the number ef bcrfie& required for the baggage of the infantry regiments , and Stinting tho unfortunate soldiers in food and ctethin * .
The pay and maintenanos of thesa men ia accordingly almost incredibly miserablQ—fi / teen francs a year , blaclk bread and buckwheat gruel , with one pound of meat a week , and , perhaps , some trifling addition on particular oecasio » B , such as that of a review by the Euperor The ooldiers stationed Is large towns have to make oiat a . ub . utance ae w . ll as they can by working as < J » y . iafcourer *; but in villagei , where they have not evon this meureo , thsy two often literally dspondent on tba charityof the pfvwnswich whom they are lodged . Aa . ho clothing' Is aho eitreiaoiy iusumcieat for Uio . ^ verity of the cliinsts , it will net f . ppeor Durprinin > : that the rti * ofniomlity in the ftuwian a tiny ia reiv bull . The hardships of thi Aiicipllus to which the . y «¦ ¦> » c ; . > ctod the atrocious aevn-kj n't h * . mnS » hro < ii : is Juiik-iiul for
, ; r . 7 ! . l ' ' triTiHi tstouoes , boIcm- at ihe capri , io of tbe offirer—tha ) . r ,. y _^ uv'ility of tho soijisr obtaining any redr . is « lor tbo raos » nagroi ,. V ¦;;' . " . ¦'' - <>• »»< 5 the heart , sbkuets irliicii often saiz » i : on tho Yoon . e l ' eeruJS . ^ . hft . 'j . iiiey are firdi tors ; from their i \ o ; i : us , which , they iStw tvldoo . hop * to tae again—itiesci tilings aUo nro atnonj the causes of di . iaaE& and death . The army of tho Can . casus hai suffered tiirlMy , U . Tourgueneff says , from the insalubrity of the atmosphere in piactK v . Uero it h ® 9 b : en in oanteaiatnts , 1 France was deeply moved at the account of the aufferings of the solditrsin Africa ; there ate things a thousand times more mournful , mora terrible , to be related concerning those of Russia—but if there could be found a Blanqui to narrate them , there would bs no ' CoarrierFransais' to give them publicity . '
Tha eaormous expense of the exorbitant army , which it was nevertheless deemed impossible to diminish , led to the establishment of the military colonies—and if the operation had been conSnad to locating as eolonistB those who were already soldiers , there would have been little to say against them ; but as it was thought that by this means the army raight bs even increased ( and in this respect the government is insatiable , ) large bodies of the peasants of tho Crown , sot yet enlisted , were ordered to thesa colonies . Tho emperor seldom made a progrsss through the interior of the country without ordering the aitablisbraent of another—and tbe one < . qHer . ce was that these progresses terrified and almost drove to despair tho inhabitants of the countries on his route .
I heard it taid one day in the Imperial Council , ' sajs M Tourgneneff , that the peasants of one of the govern ments in tfce ngi ghbourhoed of Moseow had left off work , ing after the Emperor had passed that way , under the idtathat they would now soon be subjected to tbe colonial administration . — ' What is the use , ' they aai < % of towing and reaping , when they are going to take it all away from m . '' Some Bulgarians who had came from Turkish Bessarabia , to settle in the Russian provinces , to > k fright at the mention of the military coloniea , and fled back , ' to seek for protection beneath the sable and the Sultan . '
Ia these military colonies all labour ia performed in common under the direction of the officers ; all harvests are placed in a common magazine . No individual exertion—no voluntary teil—is allowed . Military authority regulates even the smallest details of thelittle households of the colonists . Their oottagen are continually in . spected ; every piece of furniture , every utensil , arbitrarily appointed a place , and woe to those who ntgleet orders . * I repeat , ' said a general , in a proclamation addressed to some military colonists , ' I will be a father to the good ; but the disobedient need expect no mercy from me . I will exterminate them from the face of their native land like ohildren of perdition . ' All the male children ef these colonists belong , by their birth , to kbe array ; all theg \ zL& . jt& * hazf 5 iaii ior them by namea drawn at random ' out of a hat . The aspect ^ of those Tillages is said to be mournful and oppressive in the ixtrems ; everywhere there is , indeed , cleanliness and ordsr , and everywhere the most odious marks of despotic authority—' everywhere a silence as of the tomb . '
After all , the object ol their institution has been , according to M . Tourgueneff , very imperfectly att aint , if , indeed , ithas been attained at all . The expenses of the army have not diminished . Without speaking of the injustscs which formed the very condition of existence of these military coloniea , it is known that forced labour is never productive . The results of tbe experiment , as exhibited to the emperor , are entirely fictitious , and would hardly deceive any one who was not willing to fce deceived . Whtn Alerand . r waB cominj to Inspect one of the colonies , the officials usually made haste to collect together all that the whole country round could furnish of cattle and poultry , and sometimes even bought it with ready money in some distant place , and brought it to the ppot . This was distributed in the village that the Emperor was to visit , that he might believe at least in
tbe material well-being of these unfortunate people . N » one ever dreamed of inquiring what was their moral condition . The Emperor was sometimes induced to enter one of the cottages ( it was arranged beforehand which . ) and there he was sure to see tha colonists about to sit down to an excellent dinner , the scene having been previously got up for bis amusement . One day it hap . pened that an officer , who was escorting fresh horses for a cavalry regiment , was overtaken by an order to stop , and bis horses were tiken from him and distributed among the inhabitants of a military colony which the Emperor was about to inspect . His majesty came accordingly the next day , and wa ? obarmeil to find that the colenists were so well provided with fine horses , and in the same place he wan ehown large stacks of coin , of which , in reality , only the outside was corn , the interior being filled with straw and rubbish !
Mortality , says the reviewer , prevails in the Russian army to an extent surpassing anything that the imagination can conceive . In the Jast war with Turkey , more than 50 , 000 soldiers perished in the hospitals only in the space of a single year . M . Tonrgueneff argues that the wara against the Turk ? , the Poles , and the Circassians , have proved the Russian army to be anything but the formidable force it is generally supposed to be . ' The war against the Poles did not last ten nionths ; and if we consider the immense disproportion of the belligerent armies and the absolute nullity of Polish resources , deprived as the Poles were of all help , and even with all communications with foreigners , what a poor idea does it give of an army which they were able to keep so long in cheek . ' Tbe remaining contenta of this number shall have our attention next week .
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LA CANADIENNE . Romance in two vols . By Michelot . Paris : 1847 . This is a work by a French member of the Fra ternal Deraocratd , and Democracy breathes in its pageH . We are precluded from giving copious extracts from want of space and the fear of weakening the or ? "inal by translation . We recommend , how . ever , all oar friends who understand , or are learning French , to buy this book , written in an easy attractive , and conversational style . As a romance it i 3 replete with vivid description , and situations of thrilling interest , pourtraying to the life Canadian society as it was fifty years ago . lhe eonsultatien seene of the physicians , the dinner party at the captain ' s , the battle scenes , and the moonlight stag-hunt on the water with its fearful termination are truly masterpieces .
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iTHE TEN HOURS CLAUSE IN DANGER . SO THE PACrORY ^ RKBRS OP GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND . ' The ory is still , thay come !' Mr * ! Wr > . Ds ,.-This iotter canoerm you all . I whh that ov « tf one of you would read it . Ponder over its contents Yox , r foeg are in the field . Prepare to meet them . ( tanryou - have b , Divine aid , conquered them . God mil BtiUlc \» rev"l the right ! AfUr an sn > j ) rws *!> ntea struggle of more than thirty yean , , you ban sum « fcd In obtaining th 9 sanction of the Legiolature Kv the ' . Ten Hours Factory Bill ita onerationistocoajzaencwo . n W thelst day of ilay 1848 Your oTSS tTS « P 1 hopi t 0 rcpeal th ; t law wlth - ------ '
I Same of the cotton' nnllowaers of Lancashire have ¦ banded themselves tog ; itl'er , under thVnsmo of The jAigocUtlon of Millomseiw / . ibr the purpose of per . uadinif i Knrliament to repeal tte-T > tt Hours Factoring Regulation Act . on 7 th of D « centtw . i 8 « , these raon assembled m Manchester to comnwflce- jthoir inhuman task- and truly , their first movement Si worthy their unholy ob ^ ct ; . They shrink from- the- oi'ium of their ewn act anfffatonesti y itrire to mB ( w jou tbe instruments of their aeJfehneas , and of y » u * - . «» .- » degradation ! They attomptt » impo » e apon tbr puWio and tlio legislature by hadmytimn to believe thft « . vou , not they , have ( before it Ire * been tried ) di . wwred that the tra hows clawo-wil * werk lojurloualy , and-. W eleven heurs daily isb&Br jn < fmrirories mil be satSfaoiYory . These
' aesceiated millownesa * " haw insultingly presentfld yo * w 2 fo a copy of a petition to Parliament , praying : fur a > rajxml of the ten b 8 urB . . clause ; they hara bad the eirVontery to ask you to-ai n . tha ' r pstltfonr I need not warn . ys « againgt that snare- , -, but , ander such circumstiwioeB-, silence on my part would * e criminal . The associated millownets ' awonf tbrir belief that all p&rt ! e » t * lWb » MtUfl . d with their aimmraent . Way , they have had the temerity to Insert Wb ro-Dotriiig obuse in tbe petitionittiey eipect you te sign- ; That jour peti-twmers beltove that both tfts-emplayers and the opep ^ ives would take a limitatroa of eleven hours as a final settlement of the question . *" B fore I conclude , I nhall nay a few words about ' a final settlemoatrof the queurten . ' At preatttt , I will deal with other points o ( their petition .
Not havini ; potfenee to wait for even & short trial ef the ten hour * clause , and knowing that- ooioa excuse ia omred tor their uuaecountable proceeding , they have ftimULtiJ you with the following pieaa of sophistry agnnst r .. gul < it ! f . ! : „? r \ , cJory labour , or , as they will have U , ngMiist tho ten houm okui . a . Swpoaing that you will h . j seduced b ? their « ubii ( cy , they hit « , ,. * e .- 'T promir . Mtly , set forth th& following for yo-r adoption ¦ — ' That > -o . ir petitfoaerj have for jomo muniha px « ^ red frt- w tho Trantol - omp ' ojnunt arising frowi thx r , 9 V « r « m-p .-v-wn e-f trado ; and the opevatrw * employed in cofton / aotories hsvo b > eii oovo ^!; . 1 .-. Wi « fe , in como caift / . , oaly fcalf jhs sumber o ? houMftii < , i ? ed " Sy " jy . and ia some oaseo to cease irorking dltogct'if . oj- '' to
Sttartgo lot'lc ml ! bo r ^ uircd press , then ,, fccto 5 n » o a « argnaenl ; i ' o / an extoniion of tlio hoyrs of factory U ' cxvir . Common senos wo-ild itw tneyefrwa coeen « reasons for such > t limitRtion of ! ha Loura oflabcur as would hereafter insure to evory tnillowusr , snd to overy factory operative a fair share of what little employment them may happon to bo . More on that point htraafts * . See with what desterity these cunning millowners can pluck ' tho flower safety from the nettle danger . ' They have prepared the following for yoar sanction : — 1 That the limitation of the hours of labour [ to ten ] will come into operation at a time when your petitioners would otherwise be able , at they roasonanly expect , by working eleven hours , to make up ( though but partially ) for the severe loss they are now underjjoiDg . '
If there ba any truth in the above , an abandonment of all regulation and limitation would fully ' make up for tha severe loss . ' Why , then , should you be content with a ' partial' remedy ? Once admit tbi « milloBn'rs ' logic , and the folly , nay , the wickedneao , of every leglsla . tive enactment relative to factory labour is proved . Thin , believe me , notwithstanding their homily about « a final settlement of the question , ' is the point at which ' the associated millowners' aim . It is but Masonablp , however , that these men , who require you to indorse their principles , should give some proof of their own faith . If they are not striving to make you their dupes—if they have confluence in their own noBtrum—they ought , without hesitation , to guarantee that , when you have succeeded in obtaining for them tha repeal of the ten hours clause , they will find every one of you constantand regular employment , at eleven hourB a day ; else you will still , in Boms cases , have work for only half the number of hours allowed by law , and In BoJne cases cease working altogether . '
Try the sincerity of these « associated millowners' by that test . Tell them you are neither convinced by their arguments , nor satisfied by their ' reasonable expecta . Hen . ' Assure them , also , that you aim at more than a partial' relief . Mark , it is nst even protended that your losses and sufferings for some months past , ' have had their origin in the ten hours clause ! How , then , can you eipeet any , the smallest relief from its repeal ? They would have you helievo that , by working more than ten hours a day ( when trade improves ) your condition would be mended . B . fore I conclude I will Bhow you that such hopes ore fallacious .
employment , is the natural result ef three < rrors , vie — First , the long hours you formerly worked ; second , the recklessness with wbioh mills have been increased and your numbers consequently multiplied ; third , the frauds in the manufacture which have been engendered by excessive competition . If your present ad' -isera demur to this statement , ask them to show you better reasons foryour present sufferings . Failing therein , require them to explain how ths repeal of tbe ten hours clause can removP any such cautes of distress . I am greatly tnistalceB if you &va not much better political economists tha » tlioie who now assume to become your teachers . I think you understand the question of labour and wages—the etfect of demand on supply—quite aB well as thsee ' associated millowners . ' You are not , I trust , so foolish as to hope , by long ? r hours of labour , to reroovo the suffering caused thereby .
Teieh thdse would be schoolmasters , that the only way to secure good WHges and good profits will be to regulate the hours of labour so as to keep you all in constaut employment—to desist from building mills—and to prevtnt frauds in manufjctare . You can also remind the ' associated millowners' of that most important fact , announced at Stockport by Mr Cob ^ un so recently as the 10 th of December , 1847 . Ho is an authority whose testimony they cannot reject . With tbe knowledge that the ten hours clause will come into operation on the first day of May , 1813 , Mr Cobden , ad ' resaingcottoninillownerB , said , ' You have not cotton in existence to keep your machinery in employment . ' If Mr Cobden has stated the truth , you are required to commit suicide , as welt as to pave the way for the ruin of your employers , when you are urged to petition Par . liament for lonatr hours of labour .
Do the' associated millowner ? , ' knowing that there is ' not cotton in existence to keep a ) l the machinery in employment' ten hours a day , wish for longt-r hours of labour , in order that they may have the power to work up all the cotton in their mills , leaving ull other mills without the mean 3 of employment 1 You must endeavour to teach them a lesson founded on justice , and promotive of universal prosperity—a lesson from the puro fountain of' love that worketh no ill to hi * neighbour . ' They must be taught that , when tin re is not employment for all the mills and operatives at long hours , employment should be so regulated as to give to each an equitable share . This will no doubt seem strange doctrim to the ' associated miUonnere . ' Its re . cessity is , however , enforced by the facts avowed in the petition they have prepared for you , and by the declaratioa made by Mr Cobdeuat Stockport . From those preraises it is clear that tha demand of the world for cotion goods , and that the world ' s growth of cotton , cannot yiVt ten hours a day employment to the machinery .
This , then , is the case of our opponents ! 'Under tuci : circuinstnnces it will be madness to extend the boors oi labour . Common St-nfle—nay , the necessity of the . ^ asu —demands a furthsr limitation , in order to cautu tctuU Ublo distribution . It is time that I ref-rred to that part of thd 1 associated millowners" argumeBt , expressed in thb following worrta : — ' That jour petitioners believe that both the en » . ' l « jcr « and the operatives would take a Hmitution of ri ^ ts hours as a final settltnunt . ' On this point lam exceedingly wishful that yon should understand my position . I supposed tViat tho ten hours clauso was a Bettlemont ot the question—unleBS upon trial it should be- proved to work injuriously . As such I accepted it . When that trinl has been made , and hsa been found wanting , it is open to any party to seek for its repeal . Till then , for mjticlf , it is a settlement of the question ,
The ' associated mlllowners' cannot contend that the question of ten hours has not been fully sifted ! Por more than thirty years the Ten Houra * Bill has been resisted by successive governments , aided by all the power that wealth and prejudice could give them . During that long period the public mind and tho serious consideration of Parliament have boen closely directed to this subject . Pamphlets , almost numberless , have been published for and against the Ten Hours Bill . Hundreds of public meetings , heM in the manufacturing district * , as well us in York , London , nnd Edinburgh , have unanimously decided in favour of a limitation to ten hours a gay . Petitions , signed by hundreds of thousands cf every rank , sect , and party , have boi-n prosentea to the two Houses of Parliament , praying for the s&crinced
Ttn Hours Bill . Scores of operatives have ; their all in supporting this cause . Numerous and : lengthy debates haveoceapied tho time and attention of , the legislature on this subject , four select parliamen , tary committees lwvo investigated and reported therton . Those committees examined clergymen , pbysicinns , Burgeons , schoolmaaWrs , magistrates v mlllowut » s , OVtr . lookers , factory operatives , factory children , an d gf ntle . meR resident in tho factory districts , who > ad devoted their attention to the examination of tke effects of fac tory labour . Nay , mora ; the opponents of the Ten Hours * B \ U demanded and obtained a royal commistkn , whosa members nere-instructed to proceed into the fac tory districts , that' they might see with their own eyes , hear with their own ears , and then report thereon to the 1 Crown , ' Those commissioaers , after , close inspection
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— " —" irwajiaM' "T' ^ M PttBSBMfflatt ^^ S—tP " ^ jj .. ii _ iii | |||||||| |||||||| ! b 7 ultT ' * T '» m 8 de A very J <> ng re p ° ' ™ y » ick blue-book » . Factory Act upon Factory Act ha , baen passed ; until , at length , after very long debates In both Houges of Parliament , and by immense majorities in tbr Commons and the Lordn , the Tin Hours Bill has be come- the law of the land . And noW , after so much ex ' pense , labour , and investigation , certain unknown mill owner * presume to form themselves into a ? ecret aseoda " ton ( months before the ten hours clauie ean have a day ' s trial ) , for the purpose of obtaining the repeal thereof . ' The history of the world had not furnished a similar evidence of abamelesaness I I * in jn eharacttr , that these men should strive to throw the odium of their guilt upon you ! They ought not to be trusted—it is not for them to talk about ' a final settlement of this question !' "" « SS ^^ B ^~^^< ¦¦
If any s-heme deserves respect , if any Aot of Parliaroont merits a trial , It is the Ten Hours Bill ! No sub . jectTis * ever more full y discussed , more t horoughly sifted , No law was more polemnly enacted than thii very Act of Parliament , that is now clandestinely sought to be repealed by a few secret conspirators ! ItiB trae , avarice is inaatiable . These mca cannot Midure rfstralnf . They must b « of those who have erer resisted any aad every restraint on their last for gold * ! Jfy friends , K the Ireafafoture can be induced to repeal the ten hoars' clause , without baring given it a trial , you may assure yourselves , t » at ths repeal of all laws afflicting factory regulation mujt follow . There cannot be a doubt that tbe 'final cettlemenf which aloue enn gaiisfy year rec&lesa opponents , the ' associated * nvillowners , 'is , * H " e restoration of their ab .
solute p » wcr to do what t&ey like wst& their slaves ! Thpy seek to rerbe all the » Bu 3 * 8 , . tJse croeltieB , the tortures—the reH ^ ons , moraf , soeial ; domestic , and physical evils of the unregulated factory system ! They pant fortho relgwcf terror under ' biHy-rrilera , ' faetory straps , with naifc inserted , to cat the bacUss-atid breasts of female infant Britons ! They wouW nivo mora dignity an authority to thaheavy clr-gs o £ brutalo-wrlookers , thaw to the aolemweiractment of the-BHtishEagisIatures . T ' . ey would cripple-, drive to suicide . or'otheryres ! ature death , those < whff have no moro" work' in them . ' They tranld open the fountains of tear * which ' « Hrf 3 tian ifegislatftmbas » taunc »* l J and , worst ot al » ,, tilsy ash jouto-sia themj For myself , my croune te plain . Fntilitm : tried and proved injurious , V Have tskwrtbe ten hours clause as a setifement . But tH * inf » rmn * i » n furnished Sy the 'associate millowners ' and Mr Cobden jrovog . that neither the deman d nor the growth eftfte worW ; can jfivc ten houra 8 " < Jay employment for ; our ma . cWnery . T 3 at being the case , I can no Umger defend tbat clauso . I wait for the trial .
BTeantime , I shall leave yoaand tbe ' nssociated ' min ! . ownera'in possession of the-Seld . You will ' each taKe the course you . Sesfc approve . 2 shall look ononxiously i will wiv-i-to earn , by industry ( would that ; in dbibg so . i scute Wi wy nxtrtioDO'fer the improvement ef Mankind } -, nnd to save , by ( seoBomy—the ninews-of war . J ? ioei » t ' d ? t < mfcoar ., c ' ause hev r-ponlod , I wrll endea . tow tw : > jeemlfr , 2 ! L . iv many hears of iUi ! y tottoty !« . b !> vir , * iai-dnn ? . nd trad * ho growth of th « woi-li ' i-aii e : n .. ploy—th-dtnuroS-erv ?! . ' . certainly bo under tftn , 10 'that KmU ( 'j » itt ff fewer rtian tan ) , l ~ i' . \\ . ntmfine m . -M-U ; ' 1 C 07 >»» si « MitK iidrerttec the ' assoiintoJ iniliowne /»;' ihat tha reptraV cf the tew hours skoae shall not be ' a final jeitioriient oftne / fiios ' . ion , ' I t ; ivf , ({ TOTvn grey m tliisca a * o- ~ wliatif I Bbosifh " 3 ? . come bald in jrourasyv-o ?
Thanks "bt to God , ? am yet hali and strong ; : m > - mind as vigorous , my voice aa wfsilterins , as whan , many year * ago , I told you , ' thn * tho factory crnaltion in Bradford furnished me with a fcsiurum , whiroon to r . st the levtr of humanity , by whien ,, Bitb the htlp of God , I would overthrow that tyianny , onu obtain the Ten Hours Bill I' I now tell you , and * beg thnt you will remember it , the facts communicated-by the ' associated miliownprs'iind Mr CobdeB , give raeafulcrum , whereon I will rest the h-ver of . nee « 3 sity . bv which ( whentboj have obtained the repeal ot the ten hours elause ) , I will ; by Divine aid , obtain an net to regulate and limit daily factory labour , to the demand and growth of the world , that limit bfinjj under ten honrs a day f You know that when I am again harnessed , victory will crown , or death will end my exertions .
Infatuated men are these " associated mlllowners , ' f hen they dream of rolling back the tide of public opinion ! All classes now yearn for shorter hours . of labour ! Not the least blessing attending the long protiactfi ? discussions on the Ten Hours B-. 1 I is , that , threby , tho minds of the nation , and of its legislatur * have bmn directed to tho religious , moral , social , domestic , and physical welfare of the labouring class , a . It r now admitted by the legislature , that soch sacrifices as Jav- been , shall no longer be made , for the sake of ac cumulating wealth . Yet , these unthinking and vnre .-. Bonablemillowners of the association , hope to make the next age unlearn , all that the last a ^ e has been taught by the discussions on the factory question ! Truly , tbe ' associated millownors' are as vain , as they areperfidiouB .
Well , If I must again be forced into a factory attitation . it will ba for less than ten hours . My task may be difficult , but my starting ground will be better than when I first marshalled a few poor , emaciated , 'workeo-up ' factory cripples ( nmidst the scoffs , and Jeers , and pelt , ings of the people and their leaSem ) , against the powerful and united phal -nx of their oppressors . What » nugb-rths some of those 'leaders' have since then secured ! eeU 8 P , , ; i& ftrs . ^ UdFt aff 5 ttffceS"theyeircnunte ' red for your emancipation ! The associated millowners ' shall not , in you , revive tbose bygone tortures ; Talk of West Inriun slavery , indeed ! IsppakadviBedly when I assert , that the condition of infant black slaves was one of happiness artf libtrty , compared witb thst of the white factory slaves ! Wa must einsont to no backward legislation on the Factory question . Forward !—Onward !—must be our watchwords , if the ten hours clause should , on trial , prove injurious .
What should be 9 » id of the West India planters , were thfy to propose , bit by bir ( to repeal the Emanci patlon Act , and to ask the emancipated free men to aid thesn ? Such ' is the infatuation of the association of millowners . ' There ? 3 still one sentence in tho petition , prepared for you by the ' association of miilowners , ' that demand * special attention : They teach you to address the legislature in these words : — ' It is beyond the power of Parliament to secure for the operative constantejtploycoeBt . ' Nonsense ! Tour instructors do not believe it ! Yon are of more value , in tho social scale , than tf'eir spindles ! If it be the duty of Parliament to find ' constant employment' for tbiir spindles , It is no less itsjduty , ' to secure for the operatives constant employment , '
Now , what course do the millowners pursue , when their spindles cease to revolve ? Do they not mal ; e known their distnss to Parliament , and pray fourelitf ? Do they not send deputations to the Prime Minister , to urgo their grievances on ' his most solemn attention , with a view of inducing him , to persuade tbe Parliament to pass such measures as will set tbe spindles in motion and give them ' constant employment ?' My friends , it is self-evideni , that ifthemiHownersdirf not believe ' Parliament possessed the power to secure f « . r their spindles constant employint at . ' they would not put themselves to the expense and trouble of applying to Parliament for that purpose ! And , if 3 pindles , why not those who attend upon the spindlea—the operatives ? If the fact were as stated in this petition , all legislation would be useless . It has very lately been proclaimed by our present government , through their organ , the Lord-LteutHi ; int ol Ireland , that , ' The preservation of human life is the sacred and pDrumount duty of government . '
How , then , would the ' associated mlllowners have tbat' sacred and paramount duty' performed by the go . vernment f B / constantly feeding tbe p'op ' . e in idleness , or ry * securing for the operative * constant employment V lhe former plan has been tried and found very troublesome , dangerous , and costly in Ireland . WouM thesa ' ' a . isiii-i ^ t ^ d' Manchester Solons recommend its adoption in EivUinl ? If not , persuade them to blot the nbove i « vc « of nonse ;;?? out of the petition they havi ssVetl y-j . to m i ,. That * lon € —the i \ malnde . i 3 mere wiiw P ' ipsr .
Do not suppose ttnt I l ; oM tho insnne notion that B vwmnoiit Mm , or ojght , unity , ta etittr tvery cottage , ni ) 'i apportion ir > e :: i : ' . ' : nblo-bnilii i individual his day ? work iiiui iii ? . 'lay ' i r . " -j ; cs ! Th . ; t is ucilhir expected , deoire'l , nor U if- ;> i >? -. ibi \ Kut taring !! -.:-. ? ' t ' "o j . n ' -W vation of hi . un . iu Vh is tfu sawo ;] . ' »• i fnimn !» ivsuui > ii vnnoipUs nVM- , are " oaleulatod to ' securu for iho opi-rativ .-s cmstave ? & ¦¦ j plojment , ' and nlso suflicieiit w » f , 'i . A . F « i ' iUig in ths : . . it j is bound by its ' aaored and pari )» i ( .- ) iii > duty , ' jo iiii ^ - constant food for the operatives . Seeing that such responsibility necessarily rcp ;« os v > j the government , the members thereof must cciili whether it bo wistr and safer to give constant fond r , ' idlers , or to ' secure constant employment ' and suffiiiieni wages for the industrious ? This formtr course must involve them in' constant difficulty and terminate in their rutn—the latter plan n ( when the true principles of just government are discerned and | adopted ) , safe , and as easy iu operation as ABC . TnUe the following case : — Suppose that , at this moiaent , the dimand fov coltoji goods and the stock of cotton aro only sufficient to give eight hours a day employment to all our machinery , aw ' , that the owners of one half of that machinery were tc-roim an ' association of miliownerB * , for the purpose of buyinp up the whole stock of cotton , and by working tbVi mill ? sixteen hours a day ( as was often the case £ ^ uier 3 y ) , supplying all the demand ; leaving the owmas of iht other half of the machinery , and all their ' hands'
without nny employment ! In that case , woula \ he government oe justified in allowing such injuslhio , mid consequent misery , ocltnowledging at the same time , ' thr . t the preservation of the lives of those who wowld thus be thrown out of emplojment , is its rr . ost sacred and paramount duty . ' The thought ia monstrous The sacredjand paramount , duty of government' in that enseis manifest , howf . ter tbatjduty may be suppose * to interfere with spec ' al private interests , and must yieli to geaeral public necessity—and the law mu 9 t
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under mch oircuiastancsj , so dlract , as to uiv ; , 9 whole among the whole , by an Ei ght Hour < Act anl also to prevent the wasta of capital , aud the ruint . us ' ope * ration of competition on tbe mills already built , by for . bidding the erection of more mill ? until increased d < mand fer cotton goods and a larger supply of cotton » houSH render » beir erection odrflntsgeoofl to ths c « nmaa « wealth , I dare say this doctrine will ttogger the ' ssiociattoii of millowners . ' The only question to be asked is- U It true ? Let them probe it ; and nheo ihty have found an error thsreltt—statelt . This is a most important and most iateiaHing suH « cf I will purau * it further .
If its foundation be truth , it is tha offtprto ; of low . and ean , counquMtl ,, work no ill' to aa one . Wa « uS a ' J 8 pr 0 fl ' 0 f »» ^ dividual , or . class , is p ^ ittSSSfc ^ ^^*^^ Thig win B 8 era straDg ( , to many . Yerily . my friend *? , th-w are many strang . things in God ' s holy ^ ord beheve me , they aw all true , and It will be prove * , fc tha long run that any system , founded on principles that are SK ^ r ^ af- ' ^^ r' '
---Irecnrtothocase aboTe suppoBed . If tlio bo-Ms * . mentweretol , 8 VeMh 9 tradato find lu level < ° . g ° ™ In f f ^ ' l ° . ' «« ldre : ommeBd-th 8 » v » nersof one . ha ! f tbo nrachinery would be ruin . d-their property would , ( by so act of their onn ) , become valutlL—thi national wealiS would be to much diminished-one half the operatives . mployed in the manufacture of cottoa would baoonft worse than useless-inateid of b in « basaj leasing the wealth of tbv hive , they wouM bcome fdV V C ^ ! hone y- X "y . w « . b Mil . beb s ldfe , they woeM . besome B > iicbi . 70 UJ , and col . JJers police , andprigoiM ; would ba » , uJr-d to over 8 ,, 0 ditcek and ? m , ISh them . Thus would more wealth be extracted from- she common stock . Th » other half in rmployment would «» a ) ise no nwr * profit , to th 9 nation , than if tlw work dad'been done-b y all . If tbe millownors , thus en * ? fc ¦ ¦ iSL *!!'" M 'e than their Pr ° Ptr snare of pufiv tbeyW , H / boh 0 avilyt « Hd , for th « . m . Wnance J + ' who ire out
of emploj . rn . at . and for the maintenMice of soldleM , TBlica , < fco . lUejrwiU also ba . ulj ^ ct to the deprodatians of th « Mle-rnadcviciou . . Th > ir attention to burin-ess will be so protracted , that they muaft sacrifice domestic joy-, social pfeasur » a , and ntutoZ improveme ^ -r . d ing * em selv to a l . vet with jheif machines ! Their 'hane *^ b « iug worked rtib . n botirf a day , canktiow nothing but'bed aad miil '— 'bed and mil ' . ' They will be emaciated and oripplvd , until ' all ¦ work is gone out of their /—when they will be kicked ( actually kicfc 3 < tyout ofth 9 mills , and eften , ev . u ia their youth , become paupers-ignorant—brut « liaed- » wretched for lift . ' : Thou « wd » -of yem , my friends , eaa [ testify to the troth of this statement . Another " fea ' tura oStbis Met aloTe ' gjstem * frbuia bg—other capiialists , ( easvjinK « he psro&ts of'the- - ' e-jcfewiful" mm . mnein } . woujo subtract fn > mthe copitalo ? th < i- » omm-. - . « .. ¦ , >! . l « & «< ' ! : ';!¦ ;; ,- miili . ' *
^ J . "yij ] . pov , e » J »?» m yorl . sp »» < - -, bwt f-ntnre > 2 "'' oic . Hed—the high-- wager , of'th .: ,-, l y * , ,, h ., ^ M -: i' » ksiaisk-nhcu ! -5 ( i clii / . W ; ¦ - ,. ¦ ,- .. ; ' :- ^ ihacR inorg than' '? . y . , '? . r } . Sourj . ¦> ¦ . . . > . . cotQpBnsatinn for titf pnai ' -y pr i . . ., vrLir .. 7 > , and chiliiT ^ n , iu ft : * . « -i . . " ; -,.. ¦ Hociai , and domastSc cOEjf&rt—i ^ . V-c . . <« i .,: „« ,.... ! . limb , undlifa . 1 Ba , ijiv friends . I koow that he > ho , h . that >!* . ' . •>•' ioeicMjr , ghoiild work Bkteen honrs- b daj , \ tou 1 S < wt rfcei ^ e > o much ia wa gas , as each wauid receive v »> -0 » 11 wojlt-liVf oniy eight hours- a day .. An . ivK , ' ? * h ,-Ciuso ; iu lh < j forusfcr itau- , thoie o : r . of , m | Jlo ' » m «> i w ^ uJd be constantly , evo .-ywuivf ., e-. ii :- ; .- ^ < hci «« eiv ? . « i . \ lower wages-than thoae ^ niployed , until , trom the ? w *» sure from without , w . ig / rs-weulii inevitoblj be reUace . toalimhjustabove ' pannB . pay . '' Thus would ' trado ffnd it&Iewl /'
I It is on the principle just stated ; that you would be * deprived ofanyadditiaueJ wagesj in tie long run , for theextrahouroflabour . youare requested te petition tbat Parliammt would grant .. Ifthew&olbnumber of factory operatim wereem * ployi A , ( in the case abovs referred ! t >) , there wouMbff no supernumerary labourers , and ooasequt-ntly no pres * bus * from without , and wages would be equal to tho real value of tire work performed 1 , * hxb , with machinery / raiiiltrplying man ' s labour mtwiy handred-fol < J . would surely afford , not onl y tbe necessaries ., but also the comforts of life , to all . I entreat you carefully to- contrast the state of society under the twe- systems , sadbosuae no * to tt-ll Parliament , ' It is not thwr duty to see that you havo oaustant employment found . '
Our opponents assert' tho catton-trade cannot afford a p » y sustalntog wages for eight hours' work ! ' Tho reply , to such objector * , is easy and conclusive . ' 11 » o , the folly of fostering a trade that has collected together a greater number of operatives , ( trained in its fervice , untutored in any other employment ) , thaa it has the power to sustain , h demonstrate 1 . Then , the wickednets of founding Our sta ; U manufacture - > a aforei-n raw material , of stinted quantity , ( of - vhUh -T 9 may at any time be d prired . by tbv cjprlce ur maiieOp oi n foreign rival ) , is proved . * Nature would seem to he our scboolroaitr-v r . t . . ¦ . <¦•»• ¦
us « i 3 do » --h » - " ~** " : "" - '" " ' ' ' " ! ; 'into the only sa e path , and drivo us to Hstni'unurt * , tu-3 only rational foundation for ^ li uati . ri < strfngtli ! I have , now and again , told jot , : hii * . tho cotton snz-r nufacture should , in consequence- i ! ' ita insalubrity ^ . be c-Jiinei-ted with agriculture—' a few hours a d . 7 ic . the mill , and the remainder in the field . ' I t ' . id not then iurgine that facts , avowed and proclaimed by osr opponents , would so socn drive us into tbat state . The arraugemtnts for this happy change present n <* great difficulty . The first step will naturally be , a sanitary law , to prevtnt mills being in futurs erected ia town ? . Necessity will point out othrr arrangements ; that ne—OBisity being demonstrated by the facts , tliat there is not cotton in existence , or demand for cotton goods in the world , to give such hours of employment as will sustain all the operatives in the cotton manufacture .
Should the ' association of millowners' o' ject to the course of reasoning I have pursued in this letter , on the hackneyed presumption , that ' govtrnment have no right to interfere in such matters , ' tell th . m that Mr Cobden repudiated the doctrine of non . interferencp , when at Stoekport . In the speech , before ret ' erreil to , he B « iu ;—1 Of all the mad things that were ever done by any body of men , I believe that the House of Commons , by siraut tig tbose railway act ? , during the last three years , had done the most insane act ever perpetrated by & public bo « y . ' The ' madness , ' the insanity , ' char-ed upon the House of Commons , bj MrCobdtn , were consequent 03 the stinted nature of their ' inteiference . ' They had rrjecte . l many bills , during that ' three years ; ' in Sir Cobdsn ' a opinion , they were insane , ' because they had not'interfered ' more . The masttr-mind of the age , ' has thus given tb . 9 death-blow , to the doctrine of' non . interfcrer . ee !'
I have been careful not to nami any of those bon « oured and beloved advocates of the Ttn Hours Bill , who , in and out of Parliament , have devoted thtir i-nergietf and tal » nts , and made great sacrifices , in the cause , because I did not wish , that even the semblano of their approval to the contents o f this letter , should be assumed . None , save myself , is responsible for what I have written . And now , my friends , nntil the ten hours clause 13 proved to ho injurious ; or , until it is repealed , I bid you farewel , I commend you to the grace and msrey of Almighty God . Seek His guidance and aid . May His spirit be manifest in all your proceedings . * Let love be without dissimulation , abhor that which is evil , cleave to that which is good . ' I remain , my friends , Tour faithful 'Old Kin ? , ' IUcuabd Oastlis . FulhamJan . 1 . 184 S .
, r , 3 . Read this letter in jour mills , committees , nn 3-clubs . I wish you all to study its contents , thnt bi f » reyou petition Parliament , for the repeal of the ttn hoursclause , you may be reminded of the struggles , anxieties , and sacrifices whieh that clause has cost— : hat youmay understand why long hours of labour . ' . 0 not obtain good wages—and . above all that you may bo iersuadcu'tiot to release Parliament from the duo of . ecacting antl i-upportiDB laws i bv which , ' constant em . ployment' and sufficient wages \ ull be found for you , : iU . I would print this in pamphlet form , prid uiva v .-, u tack a copy , had I the moans . II .. Ot
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i '' ft" 3 IV ! s-- BiK' ? n Alive—On Saturday after . «• ¦ !• . - . ' , tli !! . MrAoUnr . is .- . * ' Bacup and the T . eis-hbour-! : « i : « Tvi-s-e li- ! -- " - ' ! ' : ; : !¦ - •) -. . iii-. ie of great exeitnvtoat , :: y a 7 >>}> ori : th ; K . f ., w men v . ijrc : buried alive by the no' < h-rk'se ( ivf * siri » f \ -K \ a ' iV ,- ' . tt-r-wurUs ) : beltngi . ng to {]) : .- raw ^ riiii th riilwyv f . rn il " . \ vtenst » ll to B : \ cup , at Vr '; u : ; -i \ .-ot . U ipytyis ¦ . }>; : ! : r . ho iat : floods had caused = ;> :., i ? of *! : ¦; rirojis oi ' t ! .-. oiiosc t < -l > tf irtOie ,-and when I ' j'jrot U'o nm , nu ;;^! 5 : ari ; ivi lh-nt ! py James HalsteaJ , . fohn Dyf-oti , air ! ? mum BnUtrworth were ivpairiii :. or insti-sini ; tha iui'se props , $ be bridge fell . The men w «> ciiu ^ r tbsmiiv-: h ? several hours . Eyson and lii . iturwouK \ vcre cot ou-. alive , but tKey aro much bruised , ai ; d in a lian ^ froiustate . Bentley and Ilalsioad , who arc totiiaauvw of Smallbridge , near Rocbilale , were killed .
Bath . —The Late Rpbbery bt a Mas of PaopiiiiTT —Alfred BucV . avau , the gentleman sbnnlntcr , who was found guilty at tho city sessions on Inclay forstealin ? a purse and sce » t bottle of the value of 6 : > . Gil ., the prorer ^ y o fJFrederick James Hamper , was brought up ca Wednwday forjudprnent . Tke Recorder ( Mr J ; irdino ) sentenced him to three raantha imprisonment with hard labour . BWCKBURN . —REpi'CHOW OF WaOES . —Fr illf . V last , notices were po ated in nil the mills of tlie towtvap * prising the hands that their wages wou'd be ritluctil ( ' enerally ten per cent . ) at the expiration ot ' a ruonsii
after date . In a tew instances tho reduction will ba ten por otut . oa the' ppinners' aud weavers' wage 3 , and 7 J per cent , on the wages ot the card-room bands ; but iu the majority ofiustanceaUvriliba uniforog
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PaiLAsnmopy , —The benevolent John Howard , having settled his accounts at the close of a particular year , found a balance in his favour , proposed to his wife to make uae of it in a journey to L-mdon , or in any other amusement she chose . * What a pretty eottage for a psor family it would build ! ' was her answer . This charitable hint met with his cordial approbation , and the money was laid out accordingly . Rank-worship rather elevates than depresses : hero-worship , of all sorts , ennobles ; but mammonworship invariably degrades .
Economy . — 'Dabby , the doorbell rings , and you must run , light tbe ' match , and touch the shavings , and let the burnt sticks and brands get on five in the fireplace , or they will think we don't keep a fire in the sitting-room , and tbat would not be genteel . ' 'Yes ' m—there—it is all rouring , and the bell rinas again—shall I go now V ' Yes . ' ' 0 Lordy , marmi it wa 3 only a pedlar . ' ' A pedlar 1 Confound him —take the fire apart , and get ready for . another alarm . ' ' Yes ' ra , ' . 'If yon say another crooked word I'll kn&ok ypu brains out , ' said a blacksmith to his termagant wife' Rani ' s horns , you dog , ' exclaimed his . hopeful belf * © ate . J Rrjb ' 9 faprns , UI dia for it ^
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¦ - ¦¦¦¦ iiMiiMir January 15 , 1848 . , . , ^/ ,. , .. .., T . UWj NORTHERN STAR ' ^^^ ¦¦¦¦» ¦¦ . nmmm . -Jf _ J
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Jan. 15, 1848, page 3, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1453/page/3/
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