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Northern Star (1837-1852), 7th April 1849, Edition 1 of 3, Page 3, Untitled Article

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      Untitled Article

      THE PEOPLE'S ADVENT . ( Erom 2 Jb . 1 of The Oxbridge Spirit of Freedom . ) "His eoming tip the steep of time , _ Aud this old -world is growing brighter ; We may not see its dawn sublime , Yet hi gh hopes make the heart throb lighter . We may be sleeping in the ground When it awakes the world in -wonder ; But we hare felt it gathering round , And heard its voice of living thunder . 'Ms coming J yes , ' tfe coming .

      " Os coming now , that glotiova time , Foretold and sung by prophets hoary ; For -which , -when thinking -was a crime , Souls leaped to Heaven from scaffolds gory ! They may not see the work they ' ve -wrought—How the crowned hopes of centuries blossom ; But the quick lisn'tnlng of their thought , Pulses alive the world '§ stirred bosom . 'Tis coining ! yes , 'tis coming . Out of the light , ye priests ! nor fling Your dark cold shadows on us longer ! Aside ! thou -world-wide curse—called King ! The people's step is quicker—stronger ! There ' s an inward divinity That makes men great whene ' er they will it ; If they hut dare—they must he free ! And the time comes that shall reveal it !

      "Tis coming ! yes , 'tis coming Sings , empires , systems rot with age , — But the great people groweth youthful ; And it shall write the future's page , To our humanity moretruthiuL The Toug hest heart hath tender chords To waken at the name of " Brother ;" And time comes when brain-scorpion words We shall not speak to Bting each other .

      'Tis coming J yes , 'tis coining Iraternity ! love ' s other name , Dear Heaven-connecting link of being ! Then shall ire grasp thy golden , dream— - As souls—full-statured—grow far-seeing . Thon shalt unfold our better part . And to our life-cap yield more honey ; light up with joy the poor man ' B heart . Affection ' s world with gmiles more sunny . Praternity , thou ' rt coming .

      Ay , H must come ! the tyrant ' s throne Is crnmbling—with out hot tears rusted ; The sword , earth ' smighty have leant on Is canker'd—with our heart's blood crusted . Boom for the men of mind ! make way ! Ye bigot rulers , pause no longer ! Ya cannot stay the opening day , The world rolls on ! the light grows stronger 'Tis coming ! yes , 'tis coming . Muiey .

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      THE COMMONWEALTH . April . London : J . Watson , Queen ' s Head-passage , Paternoster-row . Pofcmcs , Poetry , and Political Economy , Facts and Fiction , well occupy the sixty pages of the third number of this " Monthly Eecord of Democratic , Social , and Industrial Progress . " " TFhatis to be done with Ireland ?" is the title of an able article , the subjectmatter of which may be surmised . Another of the admirable series of articles on the Land and Labour question will be found in this number , entitled " Social Effects of Peasant Proprietorship . " The lighter articles include £ he story of " The Weaver ' s Daughter , " some sensible comments on "Sundays Abroad and at Home , " and the " Hero" —a poem . We quote the following from an article on the

      EXHXCTIOX OF IJHJPEHISM . Last month we gave an account of the principles ob which a " Home Colony Society" was established in the Netherlands hi the year 1817 . Beginning on a small basis , hut proceeding surely but but slowly , It has now become a permanent and prosperous society , conductedonwefi proved principles of benefit to the classes on whose behalf it was founded—that is , thepooranddestituteof the land . Through the efforts of a number of persons all over the kingdom , and ^ by means of so small an annual individual subscription as is . 4 d ., the Society now possesses eightcolonies in the provinces of Friesland , Overyssell , and Drenthe , the major part of which have been absolutely reclaimed from a sandy waste . The total amount of

      land now in cultivation is about seven thousand acres , from which , in 1848 , the colonists raised agricultural produce sufficient to supply their Wants ; while the manufactures carried on by them also furnished clothes , furniture , tools , &c , even beyond their own requirements . The returns g iven in the report for that year show , that , in spite of the nnfavourable circumstances that then weighed on the rural productions of all Europe , the colonists of the Netherlands Benefit Society , by their own exertions , directed as they were by the excellent modus operandi of the Society , fully supported themselves without the least necessity for Poor Bates or Bates in Aid ; without clamouring about protection , or groaning over local taxation . And yet who are

      these colonists ? They consisted at the end of 184 C of 11 , 301 persons , chiefly what we should in this country call paupers ; that is , persona with families , utterly destitute of means , and who would here be compelled to throw themselves on the poor rates . These persons are in Holland , through this Society , placed in a " Colony , " and by their own exertions , as we have before stated , fully support : themselves without requiring the least aid ; and , besides , return a very considerable balance of profit for the extension of the system . The latest report in our possession only comes down to the end of 1846 , a year in which the agricultural products of the colony were greatly less than an average ; it would , therefore , be unfair to give any statements founded on the returns for that year . Even then , however , the colonies had defraved all their

      expenses , and the colonists had been enabled to support themselves most comfortably . "Why should the same thing not be done in this country ? We have , it is well-known , in Great Britain and Ireland , 15 , 000 , 000 acres of waste but cultivable lands , the larger proportion of which are infinitely superior in natural fertility to the sandy plains on which the paupers of Holland were orig inally set to work . At the same time we find that the poor rates are annually increasing in amount . For the year ending Lady-day , 1848 , they were npwards of seven millions and tliree quarters sterling , or nearly the amount paid in the last year of the * old law , namelv—eisrht millions . It is clear ,

      therefore , that the measures we have formerly had recourse to , have failed to arrest the progress of this social disease . The measures of commercial relaxation from which so much was anticipated , have also as yet produced scarcely any appreciable improvement in the condition of the operative classes . While manufacturers and merchants are telling us that trade is improving , orders flowing in , and money plentiful , the manufacturing operatives state on the other hand that the only result , as far as they are concerned , is to give them work at such wages as ai-e utterly inadequate to support existence . In Spitalnelds six long days' work does not enable the silk weaver to earn the barest

      necessaries of We . He is obliged to toil on the Sunday also . In the manufacturing districts it has been repeatedly stated in public meetings that the wages paid are insufficient , and that in many cases they are made up out of the rates . Thus we find in these districts a repetition of the worst of the old poor law in the rural districts . So far as we can perceive , and we have anxiously and carefully studied this subject for many years , there is no hope of any permanent or extreme improvement under the present manufacturing and commercial system . Every attempt to extend markets will be met with determined hostility by those who wish to protect native industry in other countries , or by fresh , vigorous , and ¦ powerful rivals

      in neutral markets . It is time , therefore , that our statesmen should attempt to grapple resolutely with this great and paramount question . Difficult as the problem may appear to those whose minds have been perverted by -the dogmas of an erroneous System of political economy , nothing is in reality more easy . land , Labour , and Capital , are the primary constituents of every description of wealth . We have snown . that we have plenty of waste uncultivated , but cultivatable land . The pressure of unemployed labour upon the poor-rates shows that there is no lack of that element . If instead of i" - norantlv squandering upwards of seven millions in keeping that labour nnemployed , we were to borrow some twenty or thirty millions on the

      security of the rates , and use that sum in the same manner as has been done in Holland , a speedy extinction of poor rates and pauperism would ensue . "What the Dutch have done we may do . It is no use for theorists to cry " visionary or impracticable . " It has been done—demonstrated . The only " visionary and impracticable" plans in the world are those which proffer to g ive prosperityto the country through the medium or commercial relaxations and financial reductions , which always fail to realise the predictions of their advocates . It is the master evil f this country that it has-been for many years past misgoverned by such theorists , and until a" more practical and enlightened statesmanship shall supersede their crude and fallacious sophisms DO real amendment in its condition can take place . TTe Lave only to repeat our good wishoe far ^ £ qcr « HQftba u CoamonweaUL "

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      CHARTIST TRACTS FOR THE TIMES . No . 4 . Tfis Factory System i Trades ' Union Strikes ; The Operative ? "Remedy . Published by J . Barker , Wortley , near Leeds and J . Watson , Queen ' s Head-passage , Paternoster-row , London . Ik previous numbera of these ably-written " tracts " the writers laid bare the real character of their high mightinesses , the lords of the soil ; and the public misery caused by the

      oppression exercised by those " noble " usurpers . In the tract before us , an attempt is made to do justice to that still baser and more heartless crew , the " lords of the long chimnies . " The following extract , though somewhat lengthy , so truly and powerfully sets forth the condition of the factory population , in reply to the lies of the Malthusian Castor and Pollux of Edinburgh , that we cannot bring ourselves to mar its force by any attempt at abridgment .

      THE FACIOBT ST 8 IB 1 T . In No . 145 , New Series , of Chambers' Edinburgh Journal , we find a false and fulsome article , in which the beneficial results of machinery are lauded to the skies , and wherein the author makes himself the eulogist of the abominations which we have recited . What pity , that two men , otherwise useful and talented , should desecrate then * pages with such vile trumpery ; but , they have printed it , arid our duty is to reply . In page 234 , ne says , "Now the g irl that serres for her humble ' penny fee , ' is clad in raiment which the Mistress of the last century would have thought it extravagant to wear ; and the toiling mechanic , week day or Sunday , is habited hi a style which no country , save a mechanical one like Britain , could supply . " Hear this , " workinff men ! Hear it , you whose limbs are

      encased in tEe cast-off rags of the rich , bo abundantly patched that it would be hard to discover the original texture . Were it . not for the seriousness of the subject , we should feel inclined to laugh heartily at Chambers' caricature .. 'And these are the men who have kindly undertaken our education , and have published numerous works for that avowed object . But stay , we . have a little /« e « at our elbow , that shall stand in juxta position tb the assertion of these teachers . Here it is . "When the Anti-Corn Law agitation waB at its full height , Mr . Ashworth , of Bolton , produced an old ragged cotton shirt , and exhibited it before the public , as a proof of the miserable condition of the manufacturing population : at the same time informing his hearers that its owner was a hand loom cotton weaver who

      had been compelled , through lowness of wages , to wear the said shirt for five years ! Splendid clothing , no doubt , and hi this mechanical country called Britain , too . Here is another fact of a recent date . At a meeting of the Spitalnelds silk weavers , held in Church-row , Bothnal-green , within the last month , Mr . Gurnell states that "he went into a house in which there were four or five families ; and he was grieved to say , that in some cases there were three or four families located in one room ; all the bedding he could discover for tho whole of the parties , ne could have tied' up in a pocket handkerchief . In fact , bedding was put of the question , and the whole place , though carefully

      cleaned , looked most miserable from want of furniture , and even the commonest comforts . In another room he found a family in the midst of misery . He entered another- place where two of the children had died of fever , and not a bit of food in the house . The state of all these families was most lamentable , and the scenes positively heartrending . But what surprised him most , was the fact , that in all these cases of destitution and misery , he did not enter a house in which the parties were without work . He attributed this state of destitution to lowness of wages , nor could they hope for improvement until labour was protected . " We could go on

      enumerating volumes of evidence of this description . We here have a description of the condition of the operatives in Bol ton , as a sample of the style in which the Lancashire manufacturers enable their highly favoured work people to clothe themselves , and the other facts ' need no comment . Oh happy mechanical Britain ! when such scenes of woe are exhibited in thy gorgeous metropolis , not by want of employ , -but through the heartless p lunder of their employers . And upon what sort or work are theso suffering wretches engaged ? Hear it , oppressed people ! Making the costly velvets which grace the limbs of the nation's idlers , speculators , and land robbers . We need dwell no further on this

      part of Mr . Chambers * mendacious assertion , as there is scarce an operativewhoreads these lines who cannot furnish scores of similar facts . In page 233 , he further asserts , that " the order necessarily observed in all our factories and public works , in consequence of their strictly mechanical nature , insensibly induces to an orderly disposition ; while the fact of meeting together so frequently induces emulation , and this emulation leads to self-respect and self-improvement—facts which are amply illustrated by the establishment of educational institutions , lecture rooms , benefit' and temperance societies , baths , and places of public recreation , and the like . " Oh . ' oh ! . oh !!! this is really too bad 2

      With what glibness and complacency this honied description of manufacturing life is here given . It leads to an orderly disposition , does it ? Let the evidence of the factory children and their parents , given before the parliamentary committee , answer that shameful falsehood . An orderly disposition ! Why , disorder , filth , and unthviftiness lias been abundantly proved as the main evil resulting from the fact of females being cooned up in a factory from childhood , to the exclusion of all chance of learning the simplest household duties , and the prostration of their self-respect . Thousands of females bred in a factory cannot darn their husbands * stockings , or make the simplest garment ; and those who are capable of performing their duties as wives , have to be taught to do so after

      marriage . The public may therefore easily conceive what a specimen of " order" trrost follow under the guidance of such housewives . True , there is a large portion of females who have been necessitated to enter a factory , and who , to their honour be it spoken , have afterwards learned to become the most exemplary wives , but no thanks to the factory lord for this , as it is generally after quiting the " order" of those Babels of din and confusion that they learn to appreciate their existence , and become cognisant of the ennobling duties of their sex . The reference which is made to the educational institutions , lecture rooms , baths , places of public recreation , &c , added to the splendid dresses mentioned in the previous page ,

      must cause the factory districts to be viewed as a second edition of the Elysian fields to the bewildered imaginations of Chambers ' readers in the farming districts , and make the daughters of our sturdy yeomen fit to burst with envy , at the happy lot of the hitherto compassionated "factorygirl . " But , badinage apart , it is grievous to think that the facilities , that Chambers' also boasts of in the same article , which machinery has given to the " printer ' s art / ' should enable men to deluge the land with such outrageous falsehoods . A painful and practical knowledge of the factory system , in Lancashire , Yorkshire , Leicestershire , Worcestershire , Cheshire , Somersetshire , and Norfolk compels us to denounce this statement of Chambers' as the direct reverse ef the fact ; and they must know it to be so . God save the people from such instructors !

      Amen ! Happily we may save our breath , so far as appealing to Hercules is concerned . We have learned that " God helps them who help themselves , " and the people -will " be best saved from such "instructors" (?) as the Messrs . Chambeks , by encouraging the true men of their own order , who—like the Kirkdale Chartist Prisoners—possess a knowledge of the causes of popular suffering , and the necessary remedies ; and who are also " bold enough to be honest , and honest enough to be bold . " This tract is one of the most valuable of the series . We earnestly hope that its circulation will be equal to its value .

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      The History of Ireland . By T . Weight , Esq . Part VIII . London : J . and P . Tallis , 100 , St . John-street . . The commencement of the " Protestant Reformation" —a new element of discord in the history of this unhappy island—is described in the part before us . Persecution of those who clung to the ancient faith , the destruction of religious monuments , and spoliation of church property , were the principal features of the socalled " . Reformation . " As in this country , the aristocracy sacked the spoil . In 1541 the Irish " Parliament" conferred upon HENRY VIIL the title of " King of Ireland . " In return the King made a creation of Irish Peers .

      Amongst the new-made Lords were two of the O'Bbiews , who bartered their independence and fame of ancestry for the titles of "Earl of Thomoxd , " and "Rskonw Ibrackan . " The ceremony , of their investiture ' , took place " at the King ' s fevourite manor of Greenwich . " The "Queen's closet , prepared for the celebration of Hi gh Mass " oil the occasion ofthis < seremony ; waB richly decorated with cloth of Arras , " and well strewed wttirushes / In 1541 , tne native Irish were first engaged ' as recruits , to . assist the English King ia his French wars . Thehistorian gives an interesting , description of the condition of the ; Irish soldiery of that time . Sentleger , in his lettorto the KiSG ; speaking of the-Irish

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      cavalry , observes , that there are " no propercr horsemen in Christian ground , no more hardy , nor yet that can better .-endure hardness . " The footmen , or infantry , were divided into two classes—tho " galloglasses , " and the "kernes , " The former are described as " harnessed in mail , " and carrying darts and axes . Of their courage it is said , "They do not lightly abandon the field , and bide the brunt to the death . " The " kemes" the English deputy describes as " naked men , except only their shirts and small coats ; . and many times when they come to the bicker

      ( fight ) , but bare naked , saving their shirts for decency . " Their arms were darts and short bows . They are described as being almost insensible to pain , and passing their lives eating such meat ' < as few others could live with . " Nearly a thousand of these "kernes" were employed in the siege of Boulogne , September , loll " They astonished everybody by their bravery and ferocity . " Stainhurst tells a story to the effect that "the French sent a messenger to the English Monarch to inquire whether they were men or devils , whom he had brought against them !"

      This . Part is embellished with a splendid engraving of the " Walling of New Boss , " an account of which was given in an earlier portion of this well-told history .

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      The Uxbrtdge Spirit of Freedom , and Working Man's Vindicator . Conducted b y Working Men . No . 1 . April . Published by J . Eedrup , Uxbridge , Middlesex . London : J . Watson , Queen ' s Head-passage , Paternoster-row . A new monthly publication , of a thoroughly democratic character , conducted by Working Men . We shall l « t our friends speak for themselves : — ¦ We shall be accused of class-feeling , and party spirit ; well ,, be it so . We would fain clasp the whole world in the arms of love ; but ye will not , ye who spit upon us and flout us with being tho " swinish multitude . " What can be the nature of that union where the subjection of the one party is

      maintained by the force of the other ? This is treason to the sovereignty of the people , and treason to God , by destroying that moral beauty of unity which the Creator intended for mankind . W e are slaves socially and helots politically ; and , if to work out our own redemption be called " party feeling , " we accept it . We call upon true democrats of all ranks to support us ; but especially on the working class ; •*© invite them to contribute tb our pages , for we want the sledge-hammer strokes which working-men who d . 6 think can give , and , if we cannot reach the head of the present system of things , why we'll let drive at tho reet ! Keep at work , and tho mighty Triune which crushes us now , shall , ere long , make way for an educated and enfranchised people , who Buall yet make Old England a land worth living and worth dying for .

      Such a-publication appearing in Manchester or Leeds would be nothing wonderful ; but we must eay we are agreeably surprised to find a small town like Uxbridge containing men who not only dare think for themselves , but who , also , are determined to give then ? free , thoughts utterance , with the view of hastening the political and social emancipation of their order . Such men claim our respect and good wishes ; and most earnestly we wish them success . The whole of the articles in this number are well written ; their titles are significant— "The Labour Question , " " Letter of a Labourer , " " Emigration and the Aristocracy , " " Where is Keligion to be found V &c , &c . We must take another extract from this boldly-written "Vindicator" of the rights of the

      proletarians : — We havo to play a grand part in the history of the future . Our gallant brothers of Paris , Vienna , and Berlin , must not bleed on their barricades for Labour ' s rights in vain . Tho problem will again and again force itself on the world , and , if our rulers dare not grapple with it , we must do the work ourselves . Working men , we must understand each other—let us learn what wrongs have been perpetrated , for that is the first step towards redress . We must , ourselves , assert our ri ghts , or we shall never win them . We have been listeners in the political arena—now let us mount the platform .

      The Schoolmaster is abroad . Let the enemies of Justice look to it . Work , on ye "Mm of the Future . "

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      SUNSHINE AND SHADOW ; A TALE OP THE NINETEENTH CENTURY . BT THOMAS MARTIN WHEELER , Late Secretary to the National Charter Association and National Land Company . Chapter II . He owned the spell . Imagination woke Within him and enthralled his willing soul . The charm of music o ' er his spirit broke , And o ' er each feeling held a sweet control . Fondly he bow'd him ' neath young fancy ' s yoke , Bade fancy make his sorrows ana console , Then the great song the blind man sang of yore , Old Homer open'd all his sacred store . —Sesce .

      " Well , Arthur , " said Walter North , addressing the only remaining tenant of the room , " all our companions are gone ; our friends alone seem tardy . " " True , Walter , but their arrival brings our separation , and after three years' companionshi p , during which time I Lave looked up to yon as an elder brother , I feel that I am about to bo thrust alone into the world ; you have parents , brother , and sister to love you , but I have only an uncle to look to , and he is so immersed in business that I fear I shall almost be forgotten . " "No , Arthur , " said Walter , warmly , " while I live you will never be forgotten ; my friends will be your friends ; no change in circumstances will damn my friendship : my sister Julia , will love you

      as a brother , and father and mother will be as proud of you as I am . " Axthuv Morton was indeed a boy lo be proud of . He was about fourteen years old , pale , light complexioned , and rather under the middle size , —his features were not regularly handsome , but of that cast which are generally termed interesting , —his eyes were hazel , and of remarkable brightness and intensity , and his whole countenance indicative of intelligence heyond his years . Loft an orphan at an early age , and consigned to the care of a bachelor uncle , Ralph Morton , a woolstapler , residing in the dull region , of Bermondsey , he had experienced none of those attentions and socialising influences which are generally the result of maternal or sisterly

      solicitude ; he consequently grew up a shy and moody boy . Having naught else to feel an interest in , books became to him what society is to hoys more advangeously situated ; in them his whole delight was centered , they were the only medium through which he could give vent to his affections , and many a hot tear did no shed over the woes of the Madeliues , and Rosinas , the Algernons and the Aubreys , of the romances which adorned his uncle's scanty and ill-selected library . At eleven years old , more for the sake of ridding himself of an ineumbrance than with . i ricw to the boy's future welfare , our hero was sent to a second-rate boarding school ; his progress here was rapid , and though his reading was desultory , yet it waB sufficiently extensive and varied to give him a general acquaintance with most of our standard classical and English authors ; poetry was his favourite " study , and Homer and Virgil , Byron and Shelley , would wile him away from

      his boyish companions , and wrap him in an elysmm of delight , and yet he was not altogether a dreamer ; there was in him , young as he was , sufficient of tho iron of human nature to give something of a practical character to his most dreary reveries , and give Eromise that if hammered . on the harsh anvil of uman adversity , it would emit sparks dangerous not only to' his own safety but to tho safety of others . - This trait in his character arose from the habit of self-dependence which he had been impelled to acquire under his uncle ' s lonely mansion , with his one aged and uheouth female domestic . School was a new era , in the life of Arthur Morton , —the shy , reserved boy was now jostled in the uproarious Babel of some fifty candidates for the empire o / the school dominions ; willingly would , he again have embraced the retirement of the lone , hoiiie in Bermondsey , but lie was compelled to en « dure the conflict , submit to the jokes and taunts Of the "wild urchins around him , until gna inault aeepov

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      than usual aroused the iron in Ms nature , and ho rained such a shower of blows on two of the most ™ , M ° , hls , an . ? yer 8 that he speedily made them ? Vf , » nd , shrink before the timid" W tW had rhTSt 7 w u Thi 3 ^ counter dreif upon him theZ ^ 1 ° ^ , rNorth ' PUgHisti / hero of the sohool-their champion in all their broils with Sn s ft 1 f . T oundin |? suburbana-a " dunce S * than ^ thur . and of a very opposite disposition-ho was as frank and free a 8 the other was shyand re 8 erved ,-Self-coBfideni , and proud of his && 1 r ? ? i ¥ "• ™ taVself-itituted but undisputed leader of their frolic and

      every school-boy enterprise ; from the hour Arthur secured his patronage he Was exempt from all further annoyance , and gradually acquiiW self ^ onfidcS and setf-respect , those primary qualifications to the respect and confidence of others . And Arthur how his youngjieart bounded towards his friend ; ho was tue nrgt human being who . had shown him-more than negative kindness , the hitherto sealed up fountains of his affections welled up to his benefactor . — books were no longer his sole idol , —love for Walter Degat love for all human kind , —tho very features of ms schoolmates assumed to his eyes a kindlier look , ? , ™ n -1 £ : olfcaome deeds were no longer looked upon wjth disgust . Kindness was to him fn boyhood

      7 h ? nn f i , ^ ° many **¦ more mature years , it changed and coloured the aspect of his existence mllhf C ? l t f \ Pi within hira « Ofl ' how wo h ^• « ft "l culca i e le 8 sons of kindness in youth ; SnJi en . h ^ 'T hole tenour of a life been S k i darkened by harshness blighting the A ^ tCnder Bh 00 ts of youthfufaffecLn ; n ^ tL r f ™ dboy mcetin « with only ^ sulfc ™ Vli n T , hlS C 0 IU P ° ns , grows up the selfish £ » + £ ? T * l £ man , ! ? ayin £ back on his kind with riavr ^ u ^ ^ " ^ s s weired in his early aays , and seatbnng around him the seeds of that moroseness and hatred which early kindness would nave eradicated or allayed ; so true it is that lovo begets love , and happiness is born a twin , and cannot exist alone From this period to that of their final leaving school , at the nneninr * nf mn . fela *) . *

      most perfect friendshi p existed between Arthur and Walter North ; often thoughtless aud exacting on the par k of the latter , Out ever self-sacrificing and trusting on the part of the former , the difference in their dispositions servod only to cement this union by rendering their mutual good qualities subservient to each other ' s welfare ; as the gases ejected by animal life give vitality and greenness to the vegetable world , and impart beauty and fertility to the whole , so did their opposite tastes . givo freshness and health to their friendship . Nature delights in Buch contrasts ; the twining ivy clings to the supporting oak , —the modest primrose loves the shades of the umbrageous forest tree . At Walter ' s request Arthur had occasionally spent a portion of the vacation at his father ' s house , where in the company of his friend and his sister Julia , he spent hours of happiness , often afterwards recalled to his memory by unkindnesa and neglect ; and thus the ideal of home and comfort , of female loveliness and domestic peace , became attached to Arthur ' s recollection of his youthful friendship , ( To be continued ) .

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      TO THE FACTORY-WORKERS OF ENGLAND , IRELAND AND SCOTLAND . Mi Emsna , —k friend in Manchester , who is most anxious that the Ten Hours Factory Act should be observed , wrote to me on the 9 th inst . — " I regret that some attempts are being made to induce the men togofoi' eleven hours with the restriction on the moving power , and in some instances the attempts have been successful . The spinners in Hugh Shaw's mill have decided by a very large majority for eleven hours . I have not any other particular case . I shall be glad to have your advice . " The advice I gave in replying to this letter , was acted upon , and my friend writes to me as follows : — Manchester , March 17 .

      Dear Sir , —In compliance with your wishes , Mr . Hugh Shaw ' s men were got together . The nlfttter WIS fairly put before tliem , and they first agreed tnat whatever might lie the result , whether for ten or eleven hours , the majority should bind the minority . The question was then put , when the numbers were for ten hours , twenty-four ; for eleven , three . There ore but twenty-seven spinners iu the mill . This resolution was binding , and Mr . Shaw has abandoned his intention of working more than ten hours . I am , Ac , John Fielden . Esq .

      The Manchester Examiner newspaper of the 24 th ult . has an article on this relay system , in which it is clearly indicated that the deputation from the " Associated Millovraors" wevc not satisfied with the result of their interview with Lord John Russell and Sir George Grey on the 21 st of February , for the purpose of ascertaining what were the intentions of government on the subject of the Ton Hours Act . The writer of the article states that the government made no avowal of their intentions as to the course they would pursue to the deputation , but that it had since transpired that the relay system would not be interfered with . He then expresses his fears tnat " this legalising of the relay system will only tend to keep'alive the contest

      which destroys all healthy harmony between the operatives and their employers , " and goes on to ask this important question "Istherenocommonbasisou which the real friends of both parties could bringabout a permanent settlement ? The relay system is , after all , only a bungling and complicated evasion of the ten hours limit to Factory labour . The mass of the adult males are anxious to work a shorter time than twelve hours . So far aB they are concerned , the universal adoption of the relay system will preclude them from all the advantages of the Short Time Bill . The great majority of the millowners arc , on the other hand ,, we believe , favourable to an uniform reduction of the hours of labour to eleven . Such a compromise cordially agreed to , as a fixed

      and permanent arrangement for hands of every descr iption , would include the whole of the factory operatives , and be conducive alike to health , harmony , and good feelinff . This plan , we are convinced , would be an infinitely better settlement of the question than any evasive complication by means of relays . " , .. A stronger condemnation of tho relay system , and that from one who has violently opposed the passing of the Ten Hours Bill , ' need not tfe desired . . He might have stated , too , the impossibility of dohur justice in the apportionment of wages to relay Lar > ds working " by the piece—a difficulty so great that rather than try to overcome it I would quit the trade altogether . ¦¦<¦ - ¦¦ ¦ ¦ My answer to the important question as tne friend and well-wisher ; of the employers and employed—is a recommendation to all the masters and male adults

      who are now observing the , Tea Hours Act , and they Constitute a large majority of the whole , that they should unite ana use every lawful influence to prevail upon those -who are working longer than ten hours to eease to do so . If this line of conduct were pursued by this majority , who'havo the law on their side , the minority of masters would soon be- induced to leave off working by relays , and ' those in ' tendine to . do so , like . Mr . Shavi ^ referred to above , would abandon their / intention / It would ' also put' an end to the just complaints of the masters wlio observe the law , and onljWork their'hands ten hours a day , and who are continually , expressing their dissatisfaction that others , their competitors in the same business , are allowed to work 13 , 14 ; or 15 lowi a day . TUcse Hesters ask the promoter of the Ten Hours

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      Bill why they do not cause the law to bo enforced . They say it is not fair that they should be restricted to ten hours , which the ' law enjoins , and that the transgressors of jfc should be permitted to work , fourteen or fifteen hours a days with impunity . If this minority of masters could thus be prevailed on to leave off working by relays , it would be conducive to that " health , harmony , and good feeling " irhich the writer in the Examiner properly considers as so dosirable to exist between masters and men . If thore are any factory masters who expect that the factory vrovkers will either be pmuadeil or cajoled to consent to . an Eleven Hours Bill , or to anytime longer than ten hours for five days in the week , and eight hours on Saturday , I can tell them—and I beliove no one knows more of their determination on this matter than I do—that they will be disappointed in their expectations . " TO THE SHOBT-XIMB COMMITTEE IN MAXCHBSTKR .

      " I am glad that ihe spinners in Mr , Hugh Shaw ' B mill have almost unanimously decided so correctly , and that he , like a wise and good man , has resolved to work only ten hours . "If thu masters were wise enough to be united , and all resolve to conform to ten hours for all in their works , they may rely on it they would be no Bufferera thereby , but , oil the contrary , they would reap a benefit , and experience many comforts they never can obtain from fierce competition and being always in hot water and at variance with their hands as to the hours of work per day . The masters may rest assured that the men , now having the law on their side , must triumph in the end . The male adults should cause ten hours , that is , fifty-eicfht hours a week , to be the maximum hours of work per day in factories , and that , too , without

      a restrictive law being made to ensure it to them . They are said lo bo free agents ; it has often been thrown in their teeih in discussions on the Factory Bill . It is known to be in a certain sense untrue , and was altogether so while those between thirteen and eighteen and women were not by law limited to ten hours a day . As to either extending the law to fix tho age at which restriction shall cease to twenty-one instead of eighteen , or a , stoppage of tho moving power , I have no expectation of either being done . The male adults , therefore , must decide for themselves what hours they will work , and an unanimous determination on their part to fix ten consecutive hours a day and fifty-eight houra a week as the mammumt ' ime to work would be more binding on ^ their employers , more manly for the men , and be more uniformly observed , than it ever can be made to be by Act of Parliament .

      " Under tie Tea Hoars Act , the men in factories are better able to protect themselves than they were before , if they avail themselves of their power , and their own well-being and the well-being of their families and connexions demand it at their hands . It cannot be too often impressed upon their minds that long hours of work never did and never can secure high wages , but just the contrary . The difference between twelve hours and ten causes a demand for twelve hands instead often ; and this increased demand for hands of one more for every five , as a necessary consequence , not only insures at all timos a better rate of wages , but when trade is brisk and hands ' somewhat scarce it also insures an advance upon those wages . If those male adults who are HOW feuding themselves to Carry on ihe relay

      system were aware of the injury they are inflicting , not only on themselves , but on all factory workers , by allowing themselves to ; be made instruments to keep down wages , andf perhaps , prevent tho possibility of any rise in wages , when they countenance in any way the relay or shifting" system—if these male adults were aware of this , I cannot , nor will not , believe that they would submit to do so longer . They would make a great effort and avail themselves of every legal means , and there are manyand all illegal means should be studiously avoidedto put a stop to a practice so in ) nr ' wus to theirown interests , and those of other factory workers .

      " The number of masters working only ten hours by far exceeds that of those working more . Why 8 hould not the male adults , working only ten hours , unite and point out to those working more tho injury that is done to both , and endeavour by persuasion and reiterated entreaty to prevail upon them to abandon the practice ? _ Overlookers , managers , and all other male adults , if they wish to pronioto their own interests , and to emancipate themselves , should begin this good work forthwith . " Yours , very faithfully , " John Fielde . y . " Centre Tale . March 17 . "

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      -o ^ W » THE IRISH EXILES IN AMERICA . ( From the JVcuv lorfc Tribune , of March 7 . The following paragraphs in relation to men who took prominent parts in the Irish insurrection of last summer , will be interesting to readers of the Tribune on both sides of the water : — " John B . Dillon—the friend of Davis and Duffy , one of the founders of the Nation and lately the companion of Smith O'Brien in the South—is , it is rumoured , studying the American laws with the view of resuming here the profession which he formerly practised in Ireland .

      [ It has been already stated in the Irish papers that Mr . Dillon has been called to the American bar by special order . ] " T . Devin Reiixt is engaged in writing for and editing the People , which ne , in conjunction with other Irishmen , started , in IS ' ew York a few weeks since , as an organ for the naturalised citizens . Mr . Rcilly was the staunch friend of John Mitcliel . He wrote in the Nation and afterwards in the United-Irishman and Felon—his writings are remarkable for extensive knowledge and a peculiar sarcastic vigour . " Michael Dohjbkt—author of the " American

      Revolution , " has , since bis arrival here , made a tour through several towns and cities , where he has addressed the people on the subject of Ireland , and has been very warmly received . " Thomas D'Arcy McGee , thefriendofDuffy , and one of the late co-editors of the Nation , is engaged in the editing of a journal of the same name hero . It professes to be the organ for the instruction of emigrants to this country , and is well conducted . " Joun Hktherington Dbcmm has avowed in the journals his separation from the A ew York Nation , with which be was ori ginally connected . From that fact we presume that ne has sought some other occupation than that afforded by tho public press . " Doctor Ahtisell has been delivering a vew

      popular and highly interesting course of Lectures on Agricultural Chemistry in Kew York . We published abstracts of these excellent discourses in The Daily Tribune . —Dr . Antisell was one of the writers of the Irish Tribune ( one of the outlawed four ) , and is favourably known as the author of several papers and essays on Geology find Agricultural Chemistry . " John Savage , the friend of the poet Williams ( Shamrock ) , and the chivalrous Kevin O'Doherty , and the companion in outlawry with' tho brave O'Mahony on the hills of Tipperary and Watcrford , is at present connected with The Neiu York Tribune establishment . He was the leader of the Republican movement in the county Watevfovd ia Septomb&v , and one of the writers of the IAsh Tribune and other journals .

      " William H . MrrciiELand James Caxtwell have been to Wisconsin with the intention , it was beliered , . of settling into the farming life , but they have returned to this city within a few days . "

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      Tub New Gold Region . —California was already , in 1541 , recognised to be an arid , woodless peninsula—a fact that was forgotten in the seventeenth century . We , moreover , gather from the narratives of Balboa , Pedrarias , Davila , and Hernan Cortez , that hopes were entertained at that period of finding in the Pacific , then considered to be a portion o ? the . Indian Ocean , groups of islands , rich in spices , gold , precious stones , and pearls . Excited fancy urged men to undertake great enterprises , and the daring of these undertakings , whether successful or not , re-acted on the imagination , aud excited it still- more powerfully . Thus , notwithstanding tl \ e tkorough absence of political freedom , many Circumstances concurred at this remarkable

      time of the Conquista—a period of overwrought excitement , violence , and of a mania for discoveries by sea and land—to favour individuality of character , and to enable some hig hly-gifted minds to devolope many noble germs drawn from the depths of feeling . They err who believe that the Conquistadores wore incited by love of goldar . d religious fanaticism alone . Perils always exalt the poetry of life ; and , moreover , the remarkable . ago whose influence on the development of cosmical ideas we are now dep icting , gave to all enterprises and to the natural impressions awakened by distant travels , , the charm of novelty and surprise , which is beginning to fail us in the present well-instructed age , when so many portions of the earth are opened to us . Not Only

      one hemisphere , but almost two-thirds of the earth , were then a new and unexplored world—as unseen as that portion of the moon ' s surface which the law of grAvitafcJon constantly averts from the glance of the inhabitants of the earth . Our deeply-inquiring age finds in the increasing abundance of ideas presented in the human mind a compensation for the surprise formerly induced by the novelty of grand , massive , and imposing natural phenomena , a compensation which will , n ; is true , long be denied to the many , but is -vouchsafed to the few familiar wijth the condition of science . . To them the increasing insight into the silent operation of natural forces , whether oi

      in electro-magnetism , or in the polarisation lignt , in the influence of diathermal substances , or in the physiological phenomena of vital organisms , gradually unveils a world of wonders , of winch . we have scarcely reached the thTOshoU . T-JItemboldi ' s Cosmos The ' Defeat of Charms Albert . — : The Times states , that With one exception ( that of Lord Palmerston ) , which is too singular to be more nearl y alluded to , the Austrian Minister in Londfin has received from the . Queen of England iu her Court , and from every one who deserves the name of a British statesman , the heartiest e&ngratufotbns * ' the triumph of aj old and faithful ally' "

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      SHXTnnssTS op a Martyred 1 » atbk > t . —If the vltnl - foF , Panting slavery have noc beon provided in the first constitution of a country or from the changes of tunes , corruption of manners , insen-S jT r ' ° , vioIent iwurialions of princes , have been rendered iueffoctuvj und the people exposed to all the calamities that may be brought upon them by tho ^ aWe * v c ^' and malice of the prince , or those who gov . n ' im I confess theVemedies avo more difficult and dang erous ; but oven m these cases they must be tried Nothing can bo feared , -which is worse than what is suffered , OP must in a short time fall upon 1 hose who aro in this condition . They who are alrMiiy fallen into all that is odiousshamefuland

      , , misnrahle cannot justly fear . When things aro brought to such a pass , the boldest counsels are the most safe ¦ , aud if they must porish who lie still , and they can but perish who aro more active , tho choice U easily made . Lot the danger be never so great , theye is possibility of safety , whilst men hare life , hands , arms , and courage to uso them ; but that people must cortainly perish , who tamely suffer themselves to bo oppressed , either by the injustice , cruelty , and malice of an ill-magistrate , or by those who prevail upon tho vices and infirmities of weak princes . It is vain to say , that this may give occasion to men of raising tumults , or civil war ; for though these are evils , they are not the greatest of evils . Civil war .

      in Machiavel s account , is a disease , but tyranny is tho death of a state . Gentlo ways are fiWt to be used ; and it is best if the work can be done by them ; but it must not bo left imdono if they fail . It is good to use supplications , advices , ami remonstrances : but those who haro no rogard to justice , and yrill not hearken to counsel , must be constrained . —Algernon Sydney ' s Discourses on Government . Laugh at no man for his pug noso , you can never tell what may turn up . The annual cost of maintaining crimin .-ils in the gaols of England is upwards of £ 400 , 000 . During an inquest on a young man , -whose death was said to be caused by wotting postage stamps with

      his tongue , a Yorkshire schoolmaster stated , that he licked a good many heads a day , and novel * felt any worse ior it . A MoKsmn Room . —One room comprises the whole of Marshall ' s flax mill in Loods ; but such a room If we call it the largest in the world we ennnot be far in error . About 400 feet long by more than 200 feet broad , it covers nearly two acres of ground . Birmingham is justly proud of its Town Hall , but this wonderful factory room is nine times : > s large . Exeter Hall is one of the largest rooms in London , but it would require soven such to equal the area of this room . —The Land we Live in . Last Moments . —Gallani , when dying , said , " The dead had sent him a card of invitation . '" Wood

      died clasping m his hand tho papers of the Anthense Oxoniensis . Here was tho ruling passion strong in death . George Keith , a marshal of Scotland , when dying abroad , sent for Mr . Elliott , the British , enroy— "Ihayo sent for you , sir , " said he , with his usual gaiety , " because I think it pleasant enough that the minister of King George should receive the last breath of an old Jacobite . Besides , you may , perhaps , have some commissions to give mo to Lord Chatham ; and , as I lay my account for seeing him to-morrow , or the day after , I will carry your despatches with great pleasure . " James Butler , second Duke of Ormond—femed for his extraordinary politeness , and who died in Madrid , in

      1745—when ho was in the agony of death , fearing that the expression of his countenance in his pain might shock the friends standing by his bedside , said , 8 S his last words , " Messieurs , j'esppre que votis excuserez la , grimace . " (" Gentlemen , I hope that you will excuse tho grimace . ") Haller died feeling his own pulse , and when he found it almost gone , said to hia physician , "Myfriend , the artery ceases to beat . " " Tho boys , " romarks tho New York Spirit of the Times , " follow the sojers in youth—tho women continuo tnafc exercise all their lives . " A correspondent , of tho Calcutta Englishman describes Moolraj as realising , in foco and form , Lord Byron ' s Conrad , Modern Governments Worse than the Ancient .

      —Ancient and well-governed commonwealths were wont by thoir conquests to fill their treasuries with gold and silver , to give rewards to soldier . ? , to spare tho peoplo from tributes , to make triumphs and public feasts ; but in latter times , the war 3 have used—first , to consume the treasure , and after—to impoverish the people , without assuring them horn their onemies . —Sir Walter Baleigh : the Cabinet Council . The son of a fond father , when going to war , promised to bring home tho head of one of the enemy . Ills parent replied , " I should be glad to see you come homo without a head , provided you come home safe . "

      fovo mMviage , v ? as observed by a friend to use her tongue pretty freely after . " There was a time when I almost imagined slie had none . " " Yes , " aaid the husband with a sigh , " but it ' s wry long since . " Curious Errors . —A Boston paper , enumerating the errors of the press in a contemporary , mentions the following ;—An honest farrier died from the kick of a " deceased" horse . —Mss W . proved

      herself an accomplished " sinner . "—Your petitioners will ever " bray . " Soup . —An old Dublin beggar woman asked a lady , the other day , for a halfpenny . " I ' ro nothing for you , " said tho lady ; " but , if you go to the soup-kitchen , you'll get a pint of oxcullont soup . " — " Soup is it ye mane ? " bawled the indignant mendicant "do you call that stuff soup ? . Sure , and I'll just tell you how they make it I They get a quart of water , and then boil it down to a pint , to make it strong . "

      Sidney Smith said , that " the Court of Chancery was like a boa constrictor , winch swallowed up the estates of English gentlemen in haste , and digested them at leisure . " The friendship of some people is like our shadow , keeping close to us whilo we walk in tho sunshine , but deserting us the moment we enter the shade . Parkxtal Advice in Choosing a IIusband . — Take not a man , Bess , who counts kindred four generations back—he'll call his ancestor a gentleman , and spill the brimming cup of thy fortune iu justifying his descent . 3 for yet marry a man who scorns his ancestors—the man who mocks his forefathers tramples on their dust . I hold a father ' s fair name equal with hoarded siller . Above all things , worf

      not a lawyer , lass ; ye should aye strive to mend your fortune and better your fame . Think not of a sailor , for he thinks there is no Sunday in five fnthoms of water , and finds a love in every land . Shun , too , tho soldier , for shining scarlet , golden shoulder-knots , and a hat filled with fowl ' s feathers , will consume thy gold and fly away with thy happiness ; and , ob ! what a gowk he maun be who stands up to be shot at for sixpence a clay , Sunday included ! But marry , lass—for all women love to be married , were it only for the sake of haying sovnebody to scolA at , xn& to tear the fcuut for their folly ; wed , I say , a strong-handed chicld , who cjin keep tho crown of tho causeway , and make himself be obeved at his own fireside . A cannie , homely

      lad , who can clip soven score of sheep while another clips six ; kens the buttered frae tho bare side of the bread ; loves nought so well as his own wife , but the knotting of his own purse-strings ; and who fcavs tho Lord , and can buck five bushels of bai-Iey . The Iateraru Gazette states that preserved ginger is manufactured wholesale for Italian warehouses of lettuce stalks , compressed into shape by steel moulds and sweetened and flavoured ; whilst marmalade is made chiefly of tho pulp of oranges and turnips , tho orange skins being wanted for citron and candy . Good Gover . vmk . vt . —Poverty , js at tor all , tho great badge , tho never failing- badge of slavery . Bare bones and raffs are tho true marks of the real

      slave . What is the object of government ? To rouse men to live happily , which cannot be without a sufficiency of food and raiment . Good government means a state of things in which the main body are well fed and well clothed . It is the chief business of a government to take care that one part of the people do not cause the other part to lead miserable lives . There can be no morality , no sincerity , no honesty , amongst a people continually suffering from want ; and it is cruel in the last degree to punish such peoplo , foy almost any sort of crime , which is ; in fact , not crime of the heart—not crime of the perpetrator , but the crime of his allcontrolling necessities . —Cobbett . Why was Phidias laughed at by all tho Greeks?—Because they said bo cut a pretty figure . Why does a sculptor die tho most horrible of deaths ?—Because he makes faces and lusts .

      A sentimental youth , having seen a young lady , at home , bending over something in her lap , and weeping bitterly , took the first opportunity of questioning her as to the cause of her sorrow , and was perfectly awe-struck on being informed that she was only peeling onions . IUtioxai . Idea of Libert *; . —For this is not the liberty which wo can hope , —that no grievance ever should arise in the commonwealth : that let no man in this world expect ' : but when complaints are freelv hoard , deeply considered , and speedily reformed , then is the utmost bound . of civil liberty attained that wise monlookfor . —Hilton ' s Speech for the liberty of Unlicensed Printing . A merchant examining a hogshead of hardware , on . comparing it with tlie invoice found it all right except a hammer less than tho invoice . " Ooh , don't bo troubled , my honey , ' said the Irish porter , " sure tho nayger took it out to open the hogshead with . "

      " 1 say , Dick , don't you tlnnk that if tne wome * had to do the fighting instead of the men , tkey would make cruel work of it ? " " No , why do you askV " Becanso I think they would ; they , ha ™ such an engaging way with them . " " That s very true ; but thon they have auch a c * ptoy « mv way , that thore would doubtless be more prisoners tbtfi killed . "

      Wonvv.

      Wonvv .

      Betactoe.

      Betactoe .

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      The Reasoner . Part XXXV . London : J . "Watson , Queen ' s Head-passage , Paternoster-row . Devoted to the usual subjects , the writers exhibiting their usual ability , and the editor his usual impartiality . We observe nothing unusual calling for comment on our part .

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      PREFORMED ABUSES IK CHURCH AND STATE . In our notice of Wade ' s Unreformed Abuses in Church and State , ( Star , of March 31 st , ) we accidentally omitted the name of the publiahev : —EPFiSGnMi Wilson , Royal Exchange , City .

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      THE TEN HOURS BILL . ( Abridged from the ' Times . ) SIR , —A bill to restrict the hours of labour in factories to tea hOUVS a day and fifty-eight hours a week for young persons between thirteen and eighteen years and women of any age , was introduced into parliament in 1847 , and passed through both Houses with triumphant majorities on every division , and received the Royal and gracious assent of her Majesty the Queen . Since the ' passing oi this act many varying decisions have been come to by different benches of magistrates as to the construction to be put upon a clause in the Factory Act of 1844 , still in force , relating to

      the time when , women and young persons should begin and leave off work—whether they might be required to work the ten hours in such a way as to be exceedingly inconvenient and unfair to them and admit of a system of working by relays of hands , so as to continue the mill at work for a longer number of hours than ten per day . The practice of working in this way having been resorted to by some masters , much dissatisfaction still exists among those masters who work only ten hours , and more still among the male adult hands above eighteen , who aro thu 3 required to work longer than ton hours—the time to which the women and young persons with whom they work arc restricted . Having had the honour to conduct this Ten Hours

      . factory Bill through the House of Commons , these male adults are frequently sending their complaints to me , and asking me for advice how to act . I should therefore feel much obliged by the publication in your journal of what I have recommended them to do , and what I still recommend them to do . A feeling ia growing up that in this country therejis one law for the rich and another for the poor , and that nothing shows it more clearly than the neglect of the Executive to secure to the factory workers the protection which the act of 1847 was intended to provide , and does provido , for them , and about which intention there can be no doubt when we remember what tho Speaker said hi his address to the Queen on the throne at the close of the session of 1847 . He then said : —

      We have found it necessary to place a further limitation on the hours of labour of young persons employed in factories ; and by giving more time and opportunity for their religious and moral instruction , for healthful recreation , and the exercise of their domestic duties , > ve have tlcvatcd ihe character and condition of a large and industrious class engaged in inanufacturing ' . operationg . I am , Sir , your obedient servant , John Fielden . Centre Vale , March 20 , 1849 .

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      A B 1 L 7 | im' THE NORTHERN STAR . _^ g

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), April 7, 1849, page 3, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1517/page/3/