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Northern Star (1837-1852), 5th May 1849, Edition 1 of 3, Page 5, Untitled Article

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      Untitled Article

      LETT ERSI TO THE WORKING CLASSES . XLII . " "Words are things , and a small drop of ink Falling—like dew—upon a thoug ht , produces That -which makes thousands , perhaps millions , think . " eykos .

      IRELAND AND EKGrLAXD . Bkother Pkoletamaxs , Imust again direct yonr special attention to the frightful revelations of Irish misery , and harrowing record of Irish suffering , you will find in this number of the "Northern Star . " You will read of shops closed in hundreds , the teepers being utterly ruined—beggared by xates and rents , and the total deprivation of business . You will read of Protestant parsons , and Catholic priests , reduced to one level of destitution—a feet which does not excite

      much of my pity , seeing that both have agreed in one thing—if in nothing else—to humbug the people , and reduce them to the abject condition of d y ing of hunger , rather than resist oppression by the means dictated by nature and sanctioned ' by examples set by the most glorious of our species . You -will read that " the famine" has reached those Devil's cubs , the lawyers—the Judges are sitting idle , and " briefless' * is the lot of nearly the entire race of legal cormorants . The landlords—at least a large number of them—are still worse off . The famine he praised for that ! Yon will read

      that " the sons of the gentry are squabbling for situations which the butlers of their progenitors "Wouldscarcely have deemed Avorthy of acceptance . " Ha 1 ha ! so their pride is brought low . Those haughty tyrants , who deemed themselves all but gods—certainly not of the common clay of which we , brother proletatarians , are formed—those dainty gentlemen , those lily-white-handed idlers are compelled to descend to the level of flun-Mes ! Their doom is their own seeking . The misery they inflicted upon their victims has recoiled npon themselves . '' The poisoned chalice has returned to their own lips ; ' and who so base as pity them ? Up to this hour

      they have waged a war of extermination against the poor . You will read—copied from the " Limerick Examiner "—that only a few days ago eight bouses were levelled at Castleconnd , and " fifty persons turned out to swell the crowd of paupers clamouring for relief . " For miscreants who belong to the order who do such deeds , can we feel pity—no matter what their doom ? Certainly not , if we are menif-we have any respect for Justice . Away with the fudge of— " Blame the system , not the men . " Away with the humbug of " Charity , " and "Love . " I say , with the German poet ;—" We liare all had quite enough of " love "

      Be our watchword henceforth "Hatbed . " And for that hatred there is reason more than sufficient in the horrible story of the misery and murder of your order , as detailed in this week ' s Irish news . Yon will read , that at the Quarter Sessions of one town only , 1 , 200 prisonersifor the most part charged with what thelawcalls " petty theft , " ) pleaded" Guilty , " in the hope of being detained in prison—for the sake of the prison food ! Two who were discharged , were the next day accused of " riot , " committed in an attempt to break into gaol ! Tcoa trill read that numbers of the unhappy peasantry are clamouring to work for any one ,

      on condition of being only fed , and that too upon the coarsest food . It is true some go the length of asking ten . shillings a year , in addition to their food ! Think of men being driven to offer their labour for potatoes , oatmeal , and twopence-farthing a wtek I You will read of the unhappy creatures beingpositively poisoned by the abominable oatmeal , or some substitute for meal . You will read of hundreds dy ing of hunger , and hundreds perishing of cholera caused by hunger ; the living dying by inches , and the dead , in many instances nnburied , rotting without the decent covering of grave or shroud .

      When Sterxe desired to impress his readers with the horrors of captivity , he singled out a solitary victim to illustrate the frightful system he wished to bring into disrepute . So , perhaps , it would be well to call your attention to the case of a particularvictira , to more forcibly illustrate the horrors of Irish suffering . I request , therefore , your particular attention to the case of Patrick Conoilt : — " On Friday , the 20 th of April , " says the " Cork Examiner , " " a weak , tottering man—or the skeleton of what once might he called a manstaowered into the workhouse of Youghal . He

      ¦ was lean and hungry , with the voracity of a Tfolf . " That day he had the usual " in-door relief , " evidently insufficient , for , on the Sunday morning , he stole , or attempted to steal , a morsel of bread . For this " crime" his punishmeut was DEATH . It is true he was not publicly Etrangled ; he was not so fortunate as to share the comparatively easy death of HT 73 H . Cold , starvation , and mental torture supplied the place of the hangman and the galiows . For attempting to take a morthe

      sel of bread he was thrust into TTorkhonse Black Hole—a den without air or light , and measuring only eight feet by six ! His miserable meal was also torn from him . At the hour appointed ibr religious service , the fiendish , hypocritical torturers of poor Coxojxy led Mm forth to pray ! " When he staggered np from his trembling knees , he was led lTack again to Mb cold / dark' , airless cell , to tenant it with his raging hunger and unutterable sufferings . '' At length Death—merciful Death came to the wretched man ' s

      relief . " An inquest was held on the body , and the Jury returned a verdict of—TYilfui MtBUER ? No ! nothing of the sort . The rerdict was— "We find that on Sunday , the 52 nd of April , Patrick Coxoixt , a . pauper in Toughal Workhouse , was confined in a place called the Black-hole , being at the same time deprived of his rations , and while so confined , being seized with sickness , shorfly after died ; and the Jury find that said Patrick Cosoixt came by his death in consequence of being so confiucd in the said Black-hole , and being deprived of his rations ; and the Jury wish to

      put on record their marked condemnation of the Black-hole of the Youghal Workhouse / The Jurors express their marked condemnation of the Black-hole . But what is the Blackhole ? Can it be made to feel the " marked condemnation ? Can the Black-hole be prosecuted or hanged , as the murderers of CoxoiXT ought to be ? Most respectable and worthy Jurors—if poor Coxolly died because he was put into the Black-hole , and because he was deprived of his rations , do you not see

      that those who deprived him of light , and air , and food , were guilty of his death—in fact , guilty of Mobdee ? It is true , workhouse murder is not recognised as a crime . It is true , that even those who prey upon the lives of little children escape punishment even in this conntry ; why then should Jurors be very arice concerning the death of any one victimpart icularly in Ireland , where Death—chartered by Oppression—mows down Ms hundreds fiafly ?

      Ireland is in a state of social revolutionindeed , society is . utterly breaking up ; and lionest , practical statesmen , would seize upon Qua opportunity to establish a new and just order of things in that unhappy country . But the WMgs are no such statesmen . Then-paltry , peddling measures are inadequate for the occasion ; they may salve over the sore , but the cause of the disease will remain . . Free Labour on a Free Soil is the only possible solut ion of " the Irish difficulty ; " but no' such solution will the Whigs , or . any rival faction of the ' p riv ^ eged orders , attempt or . sanction .

      - There can be no / hope &r " 'Ireland until Pri-Tilege and Capital cease to monopolise the resources of ihe State—that monopoly wilLonly cease when the monopoly of legislation ia

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      brought to an end by the enactment of the People ' s Charter . Bkotjier PkoletariAjSS , I rejoice at the prospect of a renewed , and , I trust , wellgrounded struggle for the Charter . The immense meeting of the Tower Hamlets Democrats , held last night , and the numerousl y attended meeting of the Marylebone Chartists , held this evening , have cheered me with the hope of an earnest endeavour on your part to bring the present infernal system to a conclusion— " a consummation devoutly to be wished . "

      I observe that Mr . Sharmajt Crawford has given notice of his intention to move an amendment in favour of' Universal Suffrage , " on the forthcoming motion of Mr . Hujie for a reform of the representation . Had this notice been given by the member for Nottingham what a howl would have been raised by the genteel reformers against " Chartist obstructives" and " Tory tools . " Mr . Crawford has

      taken a right course , and I trust will persevere . Honesty is the best policy . The people may be rallied in defence of a principle , and if Hujie and Ms friends are seriously anxious for Parliamentary Reform , they will unite with Mr . Crawford in asserting , and insisting on the recognition of the great principle of Universal Suffrage—that is , Justice for each and for all .

      I must again defer my promised comment on foreign topics , Brother Proletarians , let me again entreat you to prove your love of freedom and justice by following up th <* good work so well commenced yesterday . There must be no unreasonable haste , no irrational excitement . Perseverance and the enthusiasm of a steady determination to win , will infallibly achieve victory , and that , too , at no distant day . There must be no folly ; but there must be the fixed , unflinching resolution to beat down inequality , and establish the Reign of Political Right and Social Justice . L'AMIDUPEUPLE . May 3 rd , 1349 .

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      nm PUBLIC MEETINGS . GREAT MEETING OF PROTECTIONISTS AGAINST THE REPEAL OF THE NAVIGATION LAWS . An aggregate meeting of the agricultural , colonial , commercial , manufacturing , and shipping interests , was held on Tuesday , at the Hall of Commerce , Threadneedle-streot , the object being to form a general and united association of air the great interests of the country , for the purpose of resisting the progress of the free-trade system , and re-establishing protection , At the hourfor which the meeting was summoned , the hall was about three parts filled , there being some 700 or 800 persons present , and at no period of the day was that number exceeded .

      The Duke of Richmond presided . The front row of seats on the platform was occupied by the following noblemen and gentlemen : The . Marquis of Downshire , Marquis of "Winchilsea , Earl of Eglinton , Earl of Malmesbury , Marquis of Granby , IiOrd Charles Manners , liord Sondes , Lord John aianners , Lord Talbot , Lord Nelson , Air . Xewdcgate , M . P ., the Hon . Mr . Law , M . P . ( the recorder of London ) , Major Beresford , M . P ., Colonel Sibthorp , M . P ., G . R . Robinson , Esq ., M . P . ( chairman of Lloyds ); G . F . Young , Esq ., Sir C . Burrcll , M . P ., A . Bosanquet , Esq ., P . Miles , Esq ., M . P . ; Alderman Sidney , M . P ., P . Fosket , Esq . ; and on the seats behind the chair were several landowners , farmers , and othei ¦ connected with agriculture and the " West India interest .

      The Chairman , on rising , was received with loud and general marks of approbation . He said he had advocated protection—not only to the agriculturist hut the manufacturer , notonlytothe sailor but to the Spitalfields weaver ; and he believed that this country couldnot continue in the course which it had been pursuing—a course the result of which had been to promote the prosperity of the foreigner at the expense of the interests of our own population . It was most desirable , then , at a crisis like the present , to attempt to unite ^ nto one body , those whose interests were actually the same—for with the exception of those of the small knot of Manchester and Stockport manufacturers , he believed that the interests of the agriculturist , the manufacturer , the merchant , and the colonist went hand

      in hand . ( Cheers . ) What was the present condition of the various classes which he had enumerated ? He need not enlarge upon the deep distress felt in the agricultural districts . That distress was as notorious as it was severe . But he would ask the small shopkeepers in the country , and the larger shopkeepers in London , -what they had gained by free trade . ( Cheers . ) On the subject of protection to native industry , Parliament could , if it thought fit—and it would be obliged to think fit—retrace its steps , and grant to native industry that moderate protection which was its due . ( Cheers . ) But the subject which had more immediately called them together was the threatened repeal of the Navigation laws . ( Ilear , hear . ) . Were that repeal to be carried lie would assure them that the defences of the country would be crippled for ever , and that the time would soon come when they

      would be no longer able to boast that the footmark of a foreign foe had never prostituted the soil of England . ( Cheers . ) A repeal of the Navigation laws would cripple our commercial marine , and without a commercial marine , how could they expect to man the guns of their men-of-war ? ( Cheers . ) No doubt there were not Avanting people who were going about saying , " Oh , war is over and past —( laughter)—in future we ave to havo arbitration and universal peace . " ( Laughter . ) "Wasthere ever such humbug ! ( Cheers . ) Lettho gentlemen of the Peace Societies go to Donnybrook Fair and try if they can prevent the factions there from fighting —( laughter)—and when they have been so far successful let them ofter their services for the suppression of all future wars throughout Europe . ( Hear and cheers . ) He , for one , would never consent to vote for the destruction of the wooden walls of England .

      The Marquis of Granby , who was received -with tumultuous expressions of approbation , read and moved the following resolution : — " That it is the opinion of this meeting , that the adoption ef a freetrade policy has failed to produce the national benefits predicted by its promoters ; that it has been followed by deep injury to many of the . great interests of this country ; that a reaction in public opinion is widely diffused , and is rapidly extending in favour of just and moderate protection to the productions of tbe land , the manufactures , and the industry of the United Kingdom and British possessions ; and that it is of the utmost importance to the restoration of prosperity to the nation that the influence of the agricultural , colonial , mercantile , manufacturing , and shipping interests should be

      united in resistance to the further progress of experimental legislation . " The noble marquis said , free trade was a failure-ran ntter failure . ( Cheers . ) How could it be otherwise ? How could our heavily taxed population compete with theuutaxed energies of foreign countries ? ( Cheers . ) But , besides , the free traders were wrong ia a cardinal point . They never thought that the result of their principles would be to make the people lose as producers what they gamed as consumers . ( Loud cheers . ) But there was another point . The producer-lost upon the whole of his income , whilst the consumer benefited only upon a part of his expenditure . ( Loud cheers . ) Who , then , was really benefited by free trade ? Nobody but the idle consumer , who had-a fixed income : whilst the producing class—that class

      which was bvfar the most important to the country —had to stand the whole brunt of the late fatal change . Only one great interest remained untouched . Long might it remain so ! ( Loud and long-continued cheering . ) No doubt the House of Commons had decided against that interest , though by a small majority—a majority , let the meeting remember , very considerably smaller than" that of last year . But , thank God 2 there was a House of Lords . ( Tremendous cheering , -which lasted for several minutes . ) Let them , all be unanimous in their determination to obtain for all classes of their fellow subjects a just and fair degree of protection ; let them leave that hall with a stern determination to take every means in their power practically to carry out their views , and they might depend upon it that free trade would not exist much longer in this country . ( Loud and Jong-continued cheers . ) Mr . BosAxqcEr seconded the resolution . He commented in severe terms upon the inconsistency with

      which we had paid vast sums for the abolition of the horrors of the slave trade while we were now actually encouraging , by unsonnd commercial relaxations , the trafic which we had done so much to extirpate . ( Cheers . ) Our recent legislation had been , so far as regarded our sugar-growing colonies , perfectl y- suicidal . Not less than 260 English firms connected with the production of sugar had failed ,-in consequence of the free trade policy which had of late been so recklessl y carried out . ( Loud cries ; of 11 hear , hear . " ) The hon . gentleman then proceeded at some length to read a letter which he had just received from the--West-Indies , ' -and in which the writer stated , that upon his recent arrival" in the colony he had found matters ina ¦ more miserable stateeveu than he had been led to expect and that the cultivation of his own estates was only being carried on for the benefit of his creditors . The hon gentleman then proceeded to urge that the cduntry was not fiiirly represented by the present House of Hoaamas . ior a wfcatewrthewajonty « tf that House

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      might say , public feeling not only did not call for , but was strongly opposed to such a reckless and dangerous measure as that of the repeal of the Navigation Laws . The hon . gentleman , amid some interruption and cries of " time , time , " concluded by seconding the resolution . The Duke of Richmond rose to put it to the meeti ng , when a gentleman suddenly rose from the body ofthe meeting just under the platform , and handed his card to the noble chairman , at the same time proclaiming in a loud voice , that his name was Mr . George Bacon , and tliat he wished to make a few observations upon the resolution to be submitted to the meeting . Amid considerable interruption he spoke as follows ; M y lords and dukes on the platform —( laughter , and cries of " Turn him

      out" )—it appears to me that this is a question between Protection and Free Trade . ( Cheers , laughter ; and fresh confusion . ) But a great deal is mixed up in the matter before us about manufacturevs , colonists , and merchants . ( Uproar . ) , Now , don ' t be humbugged by these noblemen about the matter . ( Great uproar , and loud cries of "Turn him out . " ) What is Protection ? ( " Oh , oh , " and increased confusion ;) I will tell you what it is . ( Uproar . ) These men ( pointing totheplatform ) are aggrandising themselves and their families against your interests and against the interests of the whole community . ( Tremendous hootings and yellings , ) in the midst of which Mr . G . F . Young exclaimed : I rise to order . ( Cheers . ) This meeting is a meeting of those favourable to the cause of Protection . ( Loud cheering . )

      - Mr . Bacon then rose againamid great uproar , and spoke for a moment in dumb show . The Duke of Richmond then said : Having been appealed to upon a point of order , I must decide in favour of the honourable gentleman on my left hand ( Mr . G . F . Young . ) ( Great cheering . ) As thenoblelord was proceeding to put the motion in the midst of great confusion—Mr . Bacon shouted out that he had been misunderstood ; that he had not meant to call the noble lords humbugs ; that he had only expressed a hope that the country would not be humbugged by them . The Earl of Winchilsea , who was seated quite close to Mr . Bacon , replied , in a species of parenthese , that he should much like to meet that gentleman in argument , and that he hoped to be able to convince him of the error under which he was

      labouring . All this took place amid the uproar , which continued for some moments after the noble chair * man had gob upon his legs to put the resolution tc the meeting . Silence having been at length obtained , the resolution was proposed and carried by acclamation ; Mr . Bacon ' s hand forming the sum total ofthe manual minority . This result was hailed by great cheering . Mr . Edward Ball then moved the second , resolution . It was to the following effect : — " That with this view an association be now formed , to be called ' The National Association for the Protection of British Industry , and Capital , ' and that all individuals throughout the United . Kingdom connected with agriculture , colonies , trade , commerce , manufactures , and shipping , whose sentiments are in accordance with the principles on which the society is proposed to he founded , be invited to become

      members thereof . " He could assure the meeting that for any one fully to appreciate the consequences of Free Trade , it was necessary to live , as he did , in a rural . district . The periods . of agricultural distress of 1822 and 1 S 35 were , no doubt , times of great depression , but still the farmers had , to a certain degree , some relief . If they sold corn cheaply , at all events they had plenty of com to sell . ( Hear . ) They had , in both of the instances to which he referred , enjoyed a good harvest . But -what was the case at present ? Why , they had had , a deficient harvest , while a vast quantity of foreign corn had been flung into the market , to crush and cripple the farmer . ( Hear , hear . ) He assured them that never had the labourers been so broken down—so brokenhearted , he might say—as at present . ( Hear , hear . ) It was had with all classes , hut particularly with the labourers .

      Mr . Samuel Baker rose to second the resolution . He said , they had been deserted by their leaders , and it was therefore time for them to bestir themselves ; to rouse their own energies in their own behoof . First , there had been Lord Melbourne , who had declared for Protection , only to throw it overboard . ( Cheers and hisses . ) Then there was Sir Robert Peel ( uproar ); the meeting , perhaps , had not forgotten how they had been treated by that ri g ht honourable gentleman . ( Cheers . ) And then there was in the third place , Lord John Russel—A Voice : " He ' s the worst of all . " ( Cheers . ) —Mr . Baker continued : Then there was Lord John Russell , who , after proposing and resolutely arguing for a fixed duty , in 1846 , turned round and Vent for total abolition in 1848 . ( Hisses and great uproar . ) The honourable gentleman proceeded to refer at some length to the intelligence brought by the American mail which had arrived that morning . The resolution was then put and carried , amid ffeneral enthusiasm .

      Mr .. Alderman Sidsetmoved the next resolution which was as follows : —" That the following gentlemen—Mr . R . Baker , Mr . Edward Bail , Mr . Samuel Baker , Mi . Augustus Bosanquet , Mr . James Blyth , Mr . Robert Brooks , Mi . John Chapman , Mr . Duncan Dunbar , Mi " . John Ellman , Mr . Paul Foskett , Mr . Alderman Finnis , Air . C . D . Guthrie , Mr . Jf . Gould , Captain nigUam , Mr . George Marshall , Mr . Stephen Mills , Mr . M . M'Chalcary , Mr . J . Macqueen ; Mr . W . Malins , Mr . J . D . Powles , Mr . Alderman Sidney ; M . P ., Mr . W . Tindall , Mr . Alderman Thompson , M . P ., G . A . Thompson , Esq ., Mr . Anthony ltidly , Mr . Money Wigrara , Mr . G . F . Young—with power to add to their number , be requested to act as a provisional committee , for the

      purpose of framing rules and regulations for the organisation and management of the association . That they prepare and circulate an address , exp lanatory of the principles on which the association is established , and enforcing its claims to support . And that they be empowered to collect subscriptions , and to adopt such other measures as they may deem advisable , forgiving efieet to the objects of the present meeting . " He was very ready to enter into competition with foreigners , if he was only allowed a fair field and equal terms . But how could , the field be called fair , or the terms equal , when the producer in this country was burdened by the interest of a vast national debt ? ( Cheers . ) They heard a good deal now-a-days about

      progresswell , had they made any very satisfactory progress during the last three years ? ( Loud cheers . ) During the last two years the poor-rates paid m Great Britain had increased upwards of seventeen percent ; and in Norwich , Leeds , and Mancheater , cities with which he was connected , these rates had doubled within the List ten years . ( Ilear . ) Moreover , the workhouses , the prisons , and the lunatic asylums , had never been so full as they were within the last three years . ( Hear . ) The honourable gentleman then proceeded to illustrate the fatal effects of free trade upon our manufactures by a narrative of the consequences upon the town of Bradford of a great importation of French merinos , which had lately token place in the north of England . The trade of

      Bradford was for a time paralysed , and the artisans of that once-flourishing place at once thrown out of employment . Sow if a Bradford manufacturer employed 1 , 000 workmen , whom he paid at the average rate of 15 s . a week , it was calculated that out of their wages £ 250 went annually to the state . But the eonsequen 6 es of a free-trade system would be not only to throw the 1 , 000 men out of work , and upon the rates , but to cause a loss to the revenue ofthe annual £ 250 which , were they in work , they would pay—and be able to pay—to the revenue of the country . ( Hear , heav . ) The honourable gentleman concluded by moving the third resolution . . Mr . Foskett seconded the resolution . He said , that on Monday next Lord Stanley would move in

      the House of Lords the rejection of the Navigation Bill ^ ( Hear . ) Hebelieved that he ( Mr . Foskett ) was justified in saying that the noble lord was ready to take office , should it bo required of him to do so . ( Tremendous cheering , the whole meeting standing up and waving hats , &c , with every sign of the most < rcd-rbt enthusiasm . ) It had been said that the noble lord could not , as Parliament was at present constituted , carry on the government . But he had his remedy in his own hand . Let him ask for a dissolution of Parliament , and he ( Mr . Foskett ) pledged himself , oh behalf of his

      agricultural friends , that aftSr a general election the noble lord would find a very different House of Commons from that which was now assembled . ( Enthusiastic cheers . ) . He was horrified when he heard people say that England could get no better men to carry on the government save the miserable clique who had disgraced their country and their times . ( Cheers . ) He maintained that statesmen existed in the mass of the people as the statue did in the block of marble , ana that it only required the pressure of a great exigency to produce great men fit to meet it and to guide it . ( Cheers . ) The resolution was put and carried , amidst great

      applause . The next resolution was proposed by Earl Talbot . It was as follows : — " That this meeting views with the utmost anxiety and alarm the bill introduced into Parliament by her Majesty ' s Ministers , intituled A Bill to amend the Laws relating to British Ship : ping and Navigation , deprecating the measure as pregnant with consequences destructive to the mercantile' marine ,-uncalled . for by the , people , and repugnant to their feelings , introduced at a most inauspicious period , and dangerous' to the safety " of

      the State . . He trusted that no ministerial influence no court influence —( cheers)—iio influence ; oi ; any kind-whatever , would bo regarded in" the . HSusfe of Lords , save" and except those influences ¦ which ought to weigh with them m performing ; thg r f adtv to their country , and that by no consideration what * ever would they be deterred from taking tfiatuonwe ' which in their hearts and consciences they believed would befor the good of the people at large , and which the people at large wished and expected to » ee carried owt . ( Loud checrBl )

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      Mr . G . F . Young seconded the resolution , and gave an account of the vise and progress ofthe bill for thO Repeal of the Navigation Laws . That the public might understand the tactics ofthe ministry upon the subject , he would tell them an anecdote' which would perhaps surprise them . ( Hear , hear . ) The provost of . the borough of Montrose formed one of the deputation which was sent up to London by the inhabitants of that borough to oppose by every posn m £ ! lns 'tn 0 passage of this obnoxious measure . Well , the provost waited upon the representative of the Montrose district of burghs , and urged iipbn him the inconsistency of supporting a bill which was reall y in . direct opposition to those principles of Free Trade , which he had . ever advocated . Now .

      what was the reply of Mr . Joseph Hume ?—and it was a reply given yesterday week , in the morning of the day on which the third reading had been carried . Why it was thi 3 : " You need not be in the least alarmed "—said Mr . Joseph Hume— " for I was with Mr . Labouchero for an hour on Saturday last , and I told him that , in common with several o ' f my friends , I entertained conscientious scruples to many clauses ofthe hill , so much so , indeed , that he couldnot support . the third reading . " Well , and now what was Mr . Labouehere ' s reply ? It was this : Don t be alarmed , Mr . Hume ; if you and your Irienas will onl y support us now , the government will next year bring in a bill to repeal the clauses to which you object ? ' ( Loud groans and hisses . ) Now , continued Mr . Young , were those such tricks as statesmen should be allowed to play ( loud cheers )

      j u na « onal interests ? ( Renewed cheerin" - ) Did the men deserve to be honoured by the name of statesmen who stooped to such subterfuges for the purpose of carrying into effect an abstract proposition , embodying a most misehievous principle . ( Cheers . ) He hoped that the House of Lords would do their duty , and that the loudly expressed opinions of the people would go fav to embolden them in their task . Cheers ) It was well known that the Duke of Wellington had great influence in the Upper House . ( Hear . ) _ He did not pretend to be aware of what the sentiments of his grace might be upon this peculiar point , but he trusted that it would be exp lained to him , in language -which would not he misapprehended , that the country now looked to

      nm m anxious expectation of his doing all that in him lay to save it from an affliction which , should he be the means of applying it , would go far to tarnish the lustre of his mighty deeds , and to diminish the respect and affection with which he was now so justly and so universally regarded . ( Hear , hear . ) One word more . It was whispered that apprehensions were entertained that the Navigation Laws would be repealed in consequence of the probable votes of the bench of bishops . ( Hear , hear . ) Now it was -with no disrespect to that right reverend body that he ventured to say , that if the spiritual peers were to depart from their legitimate functions , and to sanction by their votes organic changes of a secular character—changes which the

      community believed to be most dangerous in their nature —that they would be doing more to dissever the people of England from the Church of England than they would by any act which they could possibly commit connected with their own duties and in their own sphere . ( Loud cheers . ) The honourable gentleman concluded by seconding the resolution , which was puc and carried b y acclamation . Mr . Tobin , of Liverpool , proposed the next and last resolution , as follows : " That the cordial and respectful thanks of this meeting be rendered to his Grace the Duke of Richmond , for the readiness with which he complied with the request that he would preside at the meeting , and for his very able and impartial conduct in the chair this day . "The hon . gentleman shortly alluded to the fact

      that Mr . Cardwell had voted in direct opposition to tlie opinion of his constituents , and in contradiction of the , opinions which , at his election , it was understood that he entertained , and which one of his principal supporters—the present Mayor of Liverpool—had assured the voters of Liverpool that the hon . gentleman would support ( Hear . ) He ( Mr . Tobin ) entertained full confidence that the subject of Frco Trade was one on which Parliament would be obliged , by the unanimous voice of tho country , to retrace its steps . ( Hear . ) . . Mr . Daniel Gold seconded the resolution , congratulating the meeting upon the splendid demonstration which ; they had- witnessed , and which he hoped would not ho without its effect upon that brunch of the Legislature through which the obnoxious bill had yet to pass . ( Cheers . )

      The Duke of Richmond in rising to return thanks was loudly cheered . Three cheers were then siven for the noble chairman . A cry waa raised for three groans for Sir Robert Peel , which however were not given , and the meeting dispersed .

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      »^ FINANCIAL AND PARLIAMENTARY REFORM . Stdenham . —At the weekly meeting of the Peo pie ' s League Association , on Monday evening , at the Beehive Tavern , in Sydenham , the question of co-operating with the Metropolitan Financial and Parliamentary Reform Association formed ft portion of the business of the evening . Mr . West presided . —The Rev . W . Linwood , of Sydcnham-place , in moving a resolution on the subject , remarked that although all sound politic . il movements ought to have reference to some abstract principle of justice and right , it was not impossible to realise large reforms dv some other force of reason ; and therefora

      it was the duty of all practical men to give consideration to any movement professing to advance the cause of reform . Looking , then , at the scheme proposed by the Metropolitan Financial and Pariamentary Reform Association , he conceived that the objects contemplated by that movement would effect an important step on the path of . suffrage reform , and in practice would nearly realise the extension advocated by the friends of Universal or Manhood Suffrage , as it was only proposed to limit the franchise to persons duly registered , and who occupied a residence for a certain period . He beievod that the association which had now

      commenced its labours in the metropolis under such favourable ausp ices , was prepared to do . everything that was practicable with regard to the extension of the suffrage . In lending their individual aid and support to that association , he conceived the members of the League would be doing much to bring about the triumph of Manhood Suffrage . On the ground , then , of principle , in reference to the ¦ suffrage movement , as well as in reference to the other important questions embraced in the scheme , including a complete reform of our financial system , the extinction of all monopolies , unlimited freedom of commerce , and tho total abolition of exclusive privileges , the removal of all undue influences from he House of Commons , and not the least important consideration as a step to these ends the important

      scheme in connexion with the association for enfranchising the . people by the purchase of county freeholds—on these various grounds he considered ifc was their duty to join hands with the Metropolitan Financial and Parliamentary Reform Association . ( Applause . ) The rev . gentleman concluded by moving the following resolution : — " That , believinc the members of the Metropolitan Financial and Parliamentary Reform Association contemplate a most important step in the right direction , we , the members of tho People's League of Sydenham , in the county of Kent , do , in our individual capacity , render them every aid in our power ; at the same time asserting our conviction of tho abstract justice of Manhood Suffrage . " The resolution having been seconded , was put by the chairman , and

      carried by acclamation . Reading . —On Monday , a public meeting in favour of financial reform took place at Reading , John Woedon , Esq ., ex-mayor in the chair . There was a largo attendance of the inhabitants , the new hall being filled . —T . Beggs , Esq ., addressed the meeting on the subject of the national burdens , and the necessity of retrenchment and reform in every branch of the public expenditure . As affecting the question of taxation , he instanced the disturbed state and mismanagement of our colonial possessions , and adverted to the maintenance of an expensive system of warfare , which it was tho inter , est of the House of Commons especially , as at present composed , to uphold . He alluded tothe enormous and unnecessary pensions granted by the

      state . To the Duke of Cumberland , King of Hanover , £ 21 , 000 ; King of the Belgians , £ 50 , 000 ; Prince Albert , 30 , 00 p , with a proposed increase of £ 20 , 000 ; and Adelaide , the Queen Dowager , £ 100 , 000 of which he thought they might take off just one-half . In noticing the pensions received by the Duke of Grafton , the Duke of Marlborough , and _ others , he asked why : perpetuate your pensions to those ; who are mere . descendants of pensioned / ancestors ? As . an instance of the way in which men of education , industry and talent , whose services the state needed , were illiberally and disproportionally paid , he stated that while in the . Foreign-office the income cf . the librarian , whose office was a- mere , sinecure ,. was £ 800 ; . the translator , who had a very arduous task to

      perform , received only £ 300 . The salaries allowed to the various officers , of state , were extravagantly high and greatly disproportioned , while the whole cost of tho executive government was far too expensive . Ho instanced the salaries paid tothe government officials in the United States , and remarked that the total cost of the , executive government there was only , £ 16 , 885 , . which was a less sum than the government of Ireland costs this country . He then ; took a review of ; the unequal and unjust . system ; . of . . taxation , which : presse . d far too liefLvily on . the working and : middle classes , and expre ^ ed'his ^ onTiction : that the : day was , ' not far distoiiy ^ when ;' retrenchment- and- reform- would be hrouglrt khout , and a more equitable system : of taxa ( jid ' n 3 Uus $ tuted ., in . which a . lone the i safety , of the ^ jM ^ ended ^ .-The ; Mayor . T . Harris / - E » q- » :

      nioveuTnefoilb wing resolution , which was seconded by the Rev . J . J .. Brown . — ' That , in the . op inion of this meeting , the present ; ' system of taxation is oppressive , unequal , -, and unjust , and , therefore , they cordial ly approve of the labours of the Liverpool

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      Financial Reform Association in its endeavours to obtain a reduction ofthe taxes , and a more equitable system of taxation . —Mr . Brown proceeded , amid general cheering , to stigmatise the conduct of Mr . Serjeant Talfourd , one of the members for Reading , for refusing to vote for Mr . Hume ' s recent motion respecting tlie national expenditure . —Other resolutions' having been passed , the meeting separated . % Whitechapel , —On Tuesday evening a numerous arid influential meeting of the reformers of the Tower Hamlets , residing in the neighbourhood of Whitqehapel and Stepney , was held at the Grave Maurice , WhitechapeWoad , for the purpose of taking into consideration the propriety of forming the SteDiiev and Wliitechapel Financial and

      Parliamentary Reform Association .. Mr . " Bishop having been called to the chair , stated that a branch association had been formed in the parish of Stepney , but-it was thought that the object of financial and parliamentary ffeform would be better promoted if the reformers of Whitechapel were to unite with ihose of Stepney . ( Hear . ) They had joined together for the purpose of obtaining the repeal of tho corn Laws , and he had no doubt but that their combined exertions had a great influence in the borough of the Tower Hamlets . ( Hear . ) It was in that view a similar plan of organisation was now proposed , and he had little doubt but that it would be attended with a result equal to that which attended their efforts for the repeal ofthe corn laws . ( Hear . )—Mr . Maskell , jun ., moved the first resolution , which was

      as follows : — " That the present state of the political institutions of this country is anomalous , pavtinl , ami injurious to the _ general weal , and that great and immediate reforms are necessary and imperatively called for to accomplish such an altered form of the representation as is based on equal rights and popular principles . " —Mr . White seconded the resolution , which was unanimously agreed to . — - Mr . Pellcock moved the second resolution : — . "That to emancipate the overburthened industry , and to develop the illimitable resources of the nation , a total revision of the system of taxation and expend i ture , with a view to lessening the same , and equalising its inflictiong , ia indispensable . " The only way by which it was possible to expoct that a reduction of taxation could take place was by

      reducing the expenditure . This was the proposition of the Liverpool Association , and they could do no better than follow tho ' course which had been recommended by that important body . —Mr . W . Watt seconded the resolution , which was adopted nem . con . —Mr . Maskell , sen ,, proposed the third resolution , which stated : — " That for the purpose of aiding the efforts now making to carry out the necessary reforms , and in furtherance of the support of principles of liberalism and retrenchment , a , society , to be entitled the Stepney and Whitechapel Financial and Parliamentary Reform Association , be now formed . " He observed that he trusted

      there would be many other parishes in the borough who would follow the example of the parishes of Stepney and Whitechapel , The same leaders supported the present , movement who were the powerful advocates of the repeal of the corn laws , and he was confident that if the voice of the country assisted theso gentlemen in the present struggle there would be no fear of the issue . ( Applause . ) The resolution was seconded and carried unanimously , when several gentlemen became members ofthe association . Thanks were voted to the chairman , and the meeting separated at a late hour . Kent . —Proposed Reductiox op the Hop Duty .

      —A numerous meeting of the principal hop growers of Mid Kent , and those of Sussex , took place at the Railway Hotel , Staplehurst , on Friday , April 27 th , to consider the propriety ot petitioning either for a repeal of the whole or of the war duty on hops . Mr . Hodges M . P ., was present . A very warm and lengthened discussion took place , the Mid Kent planters insisting on a movement for the repeal of the war duty only , the Sussex planters being unwilling to be satisfied with less than the whole . It was at length mutually arranged that the war duty only should be petitioned for , in tlie hopo that by this union of strength the object might be more easily obtained .

      Dublin . —Capital Punishments . —We are gkd to observe that a meeting on this deeply important subject is shortly to " be held at the Rotunda . The scenes which have taken place at some of the late executions in England have been such as almost to make the blood curdle . They more clearly than ever demonstrate that as a means of prevention of crime they are worse than useless ; nay , that they have a tendency to bvutalise and to render more callous those for whose especial warning they profess to he intended . It is quite obvious that pickpockets ply their trade at such exhibitions , and that thousands resort to them as places of amusement . Of the awfulness of hurrying a guilty fellow-being into eternity with his sins ' on nishead—of the system of chronicling every doing of a wretched culprit , and turning the eyes of a whole country upon him—of the anti-Christian tendency of death punishments , and other branches ofthe subject , we Bhall , perhaps , take opportunity to consider more fully . — Freeman's Journal .

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      O'CONNOR VILLE . MAY DAY FESTIVITIES IN CELEBRATION OF ITS SECOND ANNIVERSARY . This event was celebrated on Tuesday , hy a dinner , tea , concert and ball , on the Land Company's first estate . The Chartist tri-coloured flag was " fluttering in the breeze" from many of the allotments , as well as the larger flng from the dome ofthe school-house , which gave a holiday appearance to the occasion . The interior of the schoolhouse was also tastefully decorated with festoons of flowers and evergreens ; the walls were hung with portraits of celebrated patriots ; while facing the entrance to the hall was an

      excellent emblematical design , painted by Mr . Graves , who . unites tho functions of an artist with that of schoolmaster . Tho centre of the design represents the honourable member for Nottingham in tho act of presenting tho National Petition to the House , on the memorable 10 th of April ; while , another porfcioa' depicted under the canopy of a severe blue sky , an " allotment with the free labourer cheerfully following his work , and tlie various animals , such as cows , goats , - dsc , are reposing on the rich and verdant soil ; the whole is surmounted with a ribbon , bearing the trite inscription , " Speed the Spade : "' At two o ' clock upwards of fifty persons sat down to a sumptuous dinner of " old English fare . " The cloth being removed ,

      there was a considerable addition to the company . Mr . T . M . Wheeler , author of " Sunshine and Shadow , " was called to tho ' chair ; and apologies for the absence of Messrs . F . O'Connor , M . P ., G . J . Harney , T . Clark , and P . M'Grath , having been delivered , it was announced that Messrs . Dixon and Stallwood had accepted their invitation , and that consequently both the Land Company and the National Charter Association had their representatives present ; the chairman also added that Mr . Leno , of the Uxbridge Spirit of Freedom , had done them the honour to attend . ( Loud cheers . ) Mr . T . M . Wheeler having briefly alluded to the proceedings of the day , and the cause that had called them together , took a cursory glance at the

      several sentiments about to ue submitted to their notice , and after thanking the friends who had come from a distance to share m their festivities andencourago thorn to porsevero , sat down much applauded . —The following sentiments were responded toby T . Ireland , W . Dixon , J . B . Lcno , E . Stallwood , J . Pocock , and Wheeler : —" The Peoplemay they soon be in truth , as well as in name , the source of all power . " " The fiation . il Land Company , and the speedy location of all its members , " " The People ' s Charter—may those who are suffering for its advocacy be speedily restored to their homes and liberties . " " Our Brother Occupantsmay they be enabled to realise their hopes , and lead the way to the social redemption of the working classes The Fair " Chairman

      . " " Sex . " Our - health and happiness to him . " — The speaking having concluded , tables were set for tea , which appeared to be much enjoyed , the country air having furnished the town visitors with a keen appetite , and a rare gusto for things " rural ; " this was succeeded by the concert and ball ; here song , recitation , and dance succeeded each other in pleasing variety , until half-past twelve ; when the company separated , evidently highly delighted with their *' May Day " recreations . Our O' Connorville frierida are again at work , in hopes that fate and the seasons will be more propitious than they have hitherto been ; and with a lively assurance that they will ultimately reap a rich reward from their patience and perseverance in the establishment of a race of truly independent farmers , and an enlightened body of British yeomen . ¦ ' ¦ . ' i

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      The Danish War and the Port of Huli . —The Danish war continues very seriously to" affect the shipping trade of Hull . " Our largest steam vessels , ' says the Eastern' Covmties Herald , " which used to sail for Hamburg three or four times every week , are now lying empty and unemployed , side by side , in the Humber Dock . -The foreign steamers , which used to ply to other ports on tho Elbe , " are also idle , whilst all the bustle attending tho digcharge of an equal number of steamers , and many more sailing vessels , is now hushed . The loading of a couple of steamers ; and sundry brigs and

      barques , with cotton and machinery , lor St . Petersburg , gives some relief to the monotony ; "but , ' the termination of German and Danish hostilities is here most devoutly- wished by all olasses . - The two large and powerful first-class steam ships , " | Helen M'Gregor , ' and ' Victoria , ' are both appo in . ted-to sail on thel 8 t May , for Cronstadt . — - ' ¦ . - ' > - . . Cheap Gas ;—Petitions from 5 , 996 gas cqpsyrinerir and inhabitants of the city of London , and , ; 'the parishes of Bow , Whitechapel , '&c , have been presented to the House of Commons in favour * of the Great Central Gas Consumers' Company ' s Bill extending ( heir limits .

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      DR . P . M'DOUALL . TO THE tDITOB OF THE NORTHERN' STAR . Sir , —Having seen Mr . M'Douall to-day , and being convinced of the evident failure of h-s ' health , I feel it to be my duty to address the public upon the subject , through you , ami to request the friends of Dr . M'D , vua ! l , ineach town to petition parliamaut through i . hcir representatives , for him to be plpxed in the list of first-class prisoners . The effect which twenty three hours' close confinement out of twenty-four will haveupon a man ofihe Doctor ' s active

      habits must be apparent to all . From several tatters which I have received , I do not think it is generally known throughout the country , that the treatvaent of Mr . M'Douall differs so materially as it does from that of the other Chartists confined in the saras prison . I am sure those who saw him twelve rn ? ni ! js since would not recognise him at'the present time . I trust ^ his friends will see the neccssity of immediate exertion . ; Yours , &c ., M . A . M'Douall . May 2 nd , 1849 . 1 , Front Portland-street , Liverpool .

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      • w BENEFIT SOCIETIES . TO THE EDITOR OF TUB NORTHERN STAR . Sir , —Permit mo to make a few observations through the columns of your widely-circulated journal to the members of Benefit Societies throughout the kingdom , on a bill now in the House of Commons , brought in by Messrs . Sotheron and Addorley , entitled , "A Bill to make better provision for th ' o Certifying the Tables of Contributions and Payments of Friendly Societios , and for ascertainine from time to time tho Solvency of such . Societies / by which means all societies ( Sick and Burial , ) now forming , and to be enrolled , ami those also that are enrolled , will have to send their rules and a table of rates to an actuary , previous to going to the vegis * trar of Friendly Societies , for which he is to receiva

      the sum of one guinea , in addition to the registrar's fee . They will al « o have to send a return every year to tho registrar of all their transactions during that period , or be subject to a penalty of £ 5 . The committee of the New United Brotherly Society , held at the fisherman ' s Arms , Cold Bath , Greenwich , numbering about 420 members , and possessing a capital of £ 2 , 600 , have taken the subject up pretty warmly . They called a public meeting , inviting delegates from other clubs , which was iiumerouslj- attended . They then resolved on petitioning against the bill . Now I think , Mr . Editor , as we have somewhere about 34 , 000 societies , and four millions of members , and some millions of money belonging to the same , that it is high time they should look after their own interest , and not let members of parliament , or the government , be

      dabbling with their hard savings against sickness and death ; for depend on it if you once let them interfere with your affairs , so sure will they endeavour to control you altogether , more particularly when it is money they are looking after . I would therefore call upon all officers ofthe different societies throughout the country to get a copy of the bill , —• call their members together , and petition against it , —and show to the House and tho world : it large , that they are not to bo " played with when their property is at stake , and that they are capable of managing their , own affairs without paying others to do it for them . ¦ I am , Mr . Editor , your humble Servant , and a well-wisher to my order , SlMMONBS SWEEII . OV . E . Greenwich , May 1 st , ldid .

      P . S . —A ' deputation waited on one of tho Borough members ( Admiral Dundas ) to solicit his opposition to the bill ; he stated to those gentlemen that he was not aware of such a measure being introduced , though it had passed a . second reading ^ and I dare say other members would return a similar answer if spokeii to on the subject . I would recommend , in the event of their monies being interfered with , that they draw it out and invest it in land , which ywill return them a twofold interest , and be a asting benefit to its members . —S . S .

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      -4 > - THE MISERS OF tfOltTHTJMBEItLAND AND DURHAM . TO THE EDITOR OF SUE NORTHERN ETAR . Sib , —The miners of this country , as well as the working men of all other classes , owe a debt . of gratitude ( which I trust they will redeem , ) to the proprietor of the Northern Star , for his readiness in jiving insertion to any and all of their varied-anil manifold grievances , thereby ensuring that publicity among the working men which could not ha obtained from any other source Being fully aware of the desire , the wishes , and disposition of those parties who conduct and carry out the . principles and objects which called . the Northern Star into existence , I forward fov insertion , tho following proceedings relative to the miners of Northumberland and Durham , whi . h took place at

      a delegate meeting held last Saturday , at the Cock Inn , head of the Side , Newcastle : — The delegates met at eleven o'clock in the morning and proceeded to call over the roll , when the vanous delegates answered as representing their respective collieries , and forthwith handed to . the treasurer all monies as being levied to meet the expenditure , as conditioned at the last meeting . Tho next business was tho petition to Parliament for . a better system of ventilation , which having been numerously signed by the miners and others , it was unanimously agreed that a correspondence bo opened with Mr . Duncombe and Mr . O'Connor , to ascertain whether they would honour the miners with the presentation of the same to the House of Commons .

      A proposition from a certain colliery for the immediate establishment of a Victim Fund , tho necessity of the same being well and ably argued by c « - rcral delegates , from which it appeared that owing to tho regular and continued oppression of the . employers , their invariable practice being to discharge from their employ all who take any prominent part in the organisation of tbe worknien , thereby engendering a slavish fear among the rest , and thus preventingthc extension of the glorious work for want of officers . Ifc is intended that each member joining the union shall contribute a smaJl sura fortnightly to be kept at the colliery , and when any ofthe

      workmen shall be discharged from the colliery , and the committeo of the same bo clearly of opinion that tho said party was discharged because he took an active part in forwarding the Miners' Labour Protection Society , then this committee shall be empowered to vote from the funds any adequate sum to enable the said party to procure employment elsewhere . The proposition will be laid before each colliery , when it is expected that the next delegate meeting will be unanimous in the adoption of th * principle enunciated , which is so obviously necessary that no opposition can bo expected . Yours , &c , M . Jude . April 30 th , 1849 .

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      Offences Committed by tiie Police . —Some returns , moved for by Lord D . C . Stuart , M . P ; for Marylebone , have been published with reference to the Metropolitan police force . They show that from 1814 : to 184 S ( both inclusive ) , 454 officers of tho Metropolitan police force were charged with various offences and misdemeanours before the magistrates , of whom 119 were convicted and 335 not convicted , H were committed for trial , 19 imprisoned , and 86 fined by the magistrates . Of those convicted 12 were retained in the service , and 107 not retained . Of those not convicted 312 were retained , and 23 not retained . The catalogue of offences committed by the police includes charges of common assault , indecent assaults on women , felony , neglect of duty , drunkenness , using abusive language , improperly

      taken persons into custody , misconduct , receiving stolen goods , violence , making false accusations , threatening , < fcc . Another return shows that during the same period , 1844-48 , 3 , 217 policemen resigned , 1 , 294 were dismissed , 681 were suspended , 2 , 735 were fined , and 46 were degraded . The gross total number of robberies committed in the Metropolitan district , from 1844 to 1848 inclusive , amounted to 63 , 747 , the value of the property stolen to £ 196 , 024 , and the value of tho property recovered to 447 , 34 ] , Last year , the number of robberies was 23 , 142 , and the value of the property stolen £ 44 , 666 . In 1847 the number of robberies was 14 , 091 , and the value of the property stolen £ 47 , 650 . The number of persons taken into custody by the police , from 1844

      to 1848 , amounted to 311 , 140 , of whom 156 , 308 wero discharged by the magistrates , 129 , 057 summarily convicted or held to bail , 25 , 775 committed for trial , 19 , 417 convicted and sentenced , and 4 , 499 acquitted .. Turning to the report respecting the city of London police , it is found , tnat "during the period from 1844 to 1848 , 42 constables were charged With offences , of whom 19 were convicted . The total number dismissed during tho period was 115 ; the number fined or suspended , 4 , 420 ; the number degraded , 62 ; and the number resigned , 355 . The number of rbbberios from 1844 to 1848 amounted to 7 , 143 ; itho Talue ofthe property stolon to £ 74 , 021 : and .-the

      value of ' .. tho-property recovered to £ 7 , 826 . The number of " persons taken into custody by the City police during the above namedperidd was 63 , 570 . Escape fuom the Hulks . —Two convicts belong ing to the " 'Hebe hulk , lying off Warren-lane ^ . Wool * wich , made their escape on Tuesday morning , . between one and two o ' clock , from that vessel , They were in their shirts and night dresses . No suspicion was entertained by tho ' guards until , the morning . . The : p 6 lice have been active in endeavouring to-di ^ - : coveir their hiding placioi : .: V ' It .. iaL heliered' th » ti ' tliey made their escape ma waterriian ' s boat ; ' " '' ' ¦' ..--, ¦ : Thb Right Hon . Sir Hxkrt Ltttos . Bulwbr , K ; Q : B .,. has been appointed' Envoy . Extraordinary and-Tlenipbtentiary to the United " - "States ' of America .

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      May 5 , 1849 . THE NORTHERN STAR . ' 6

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), May 5, 1849, page 5, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1521/page/5/