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THE COOTIiflO ^ ic ^^^^ ro : QUESTION . :-
( Condensed from the Jfcrntn ? Chronicle . ) " WAGES DIET , ANlTilJUCATIOS , OF ? THE AGRICULTURAL POPULATION OF BUCKS , BERKS ; WILTS , AM ) OXTOBDSHIRE . 3 q BacKng iainsliire and thf greater" part of Oxfordshire tb « wages have been comparatively high ; throughout most of Berkshire and the whole of -ffiltshiro theyhaveVbeen very low . In thefirstaamed counties 10 s . aweek have been earned by the labourer ; whilst 8 s . -was' the mabdnmin rate , except during harvest time , in the greater ' part of thGse last mentioned . In sill the agricultural districts the wages of course _\ aiy with the season of the vear aad the work . required to be done . It is
from April to November that the highest wages are had , including the harvest time , when they every-¦ where reach their maximum . From If ovemlrer to April again the scale of remuneration is" comp " aratirely low and cmployiaent precarious , particularly dnrin « r the -winter . inenths , when , sometimes for weeks at a time , great ; numbers are out of work . In Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire lGs . 6 d . and even 11 s . a-week , the latter rarely , have been paid to those at work is the neighbourhood ot the larger rural towns . 5 hcss have since been reduced to Ifls . and 9 s . 6 d . Talaag the wages paid since January over the greater portion of the" surface of these counties , Ss / 6 d . is an ample figure at whichto place their average weekly amount . If the ' TCikctions already made and those still contemplated for the ICEialflder of the year be takes into accsxsnt , the average for &e whole year will certainly-ast exceed 9 s . a-week . In Berks and "Wilts , even including the
higher rates paid during hardest times , tie average &r the last nine months wiil scarcely ^ exceed 8 s . a week ? whilst , taking the "reductions made and contemplated , as in the other case , the average for the whole ycanrill l » e Vat little abov © 7 s . 63 . ' per -week . -As much as 12 s . a yreek have been earned duringthe present harvest in TVUfcshire ; but it must heiemeEbered that against the high rates there ; paid , jnest , in orJer to : getiheaverage , be puttie very low rates of winter , anu the time whenylonger or shorter as it may ba , they may Kceive / no wages at all , because there is no work to be had . % e mustdso bear in miad that when a poor wretch is prevented for a day , or even half a day , by hsavy rain from working , his wages are stopped for the tUUS , It Is not everyemplOYer that' deals hi this way by his workmen ; hut * the "majority of tfes labourers themselves will tell ; yeu that this as the manner in which ^ hey are generally treated .
-If the earnmgs «* f a working pan are to bo taken sas indicating the extent to which both he-and his > ihmily cammand the necessaries and comforts of -life , -what are "we to infer aa the condition-of fami ? lies whose dependence is here upon 9 s ., aofl there -on from 7 s . 6 d .-to 8 s . a-week ? But it ^ aiay be -ursred that this is not to be looked upon-ss their -sole reliance , daasmuch-as the wife and ^ some of the children ' " 'Sat unfreqaently , by their > kbour in the fields , addtaonsiderabiy to the eonimorcstock . It is seldonvihata woman , except during" harvest , earns more = than-7 d . ard&y , and this even when a man ' s wages-may be-froa £ 9 s . to 103 . a weak . The extent of their-earningaisfrequently notrmore than 6 d . a-dav , aBdin somesparts of "Wilts women have
worked this " ysar , duruwptne harvest , for no more than 3 s . 6 d .-a * week . -I-was informed by ^ ose woman , near Mere , in the South' ^ fest part of tfeat county , that she had « worked- ten iours a day for 5 d . —that is , at the rite of one halfpenny per hoar ! Taking -the year round , a woman ' s earnings wiii not average 3 s . a week . In Bucks and Oxford ; the earnings Of a roan and wife-woultUbu 3 together make 12 a . a week ; IniEeris and-TWlts , seareelysJJs . If this additional sum werefiroearedwithout-aiiy counter ^ TaUing disadvantages—if it were a- ^ elear money gain , without drawbacks * any kind ; it should not and could net be omitted in our-estimate of a ^ amilv ' s circumstances . But it 13 not a- » Ain-without drawback , and iheiSrst drawbaek , is-one-of a pecuniary nature . - "When a married -woman ;
goes to-tbei £ elds to ** ork , a \ e must leave her children at . fcome . He many cases ' they are ± 00 young to be left hy themselves , when theyare generally . teft in charge of a young . - ^ rl hired ; for : the purpose . 'The sunjifaid to this ^ Tfearicus-mo ^ ther , -who is generally herself a mere child , is from ; Sd . to Is . per week , in addition to wbiSh she is fed . and lodged in Cie house . This is nearly equivalent to an addition cf : two .-iaore members-to the family . . If , therefore , the mother works Hrtfca-fieldsffor - ¦ weekly wages € qnal . to . tuc maintenance of-three children for tkswwoek , it is , in the fi « S place , in xossj cases , at the . cost of having two additional mouths to feed . ^ Bntifats is far fronf-fesicg albthe disadvantages attending oat-door labaar by the mother . One - of ¦ ti-he .-worst features attending the svstem is tberckeerlessnes-3 "with vrhtcii i £ invests
the . poor man ' s-. Souse . On returnins ? "from work , instead of finding his-feosis in order--aad a meal comfortably preparedfor-Mir , his wifeaeeompanies iim . ioine , or jierhaps . arrives after him ,-when'all lasio he done * ia : lH 3 , presence which -Bhopld ; bare been-done for lite . reeepiisn . The resait'is , that h . ome . 43 . made distasteful to cMm , and he-feie 3 to the ' jiearest . ale-house , where ? he soon spends , the bn-JaDceof hiswife's ^ ariHags-for the week ,, and'also rthose . o £ nis children , if . apy ^ c . f them havo- been = at
Jn-a ^ T-ery large proportion -of cases , tlie-wife r ^ - , inains atbome , attcading . to duties more-appropii-j Ate to her . sex and positioa ,: ia which caseithere is * no oiheetf 3 t to be had , . unless it be trifiag asd fitful earnlEgs of oiie < or two of the chiidresj . vWe lavfrseen tcai , in theconnties in question ,-there are aboatiiO , < KK > roarrisd couples , who , with their children , nanberino ; about 33 (^ 000 , depend -exclusively . apan , agr icultural jJaboar for support . Of the-40 , 000 jsiothers , Mly . one-half stay at ^ aome , some being compelled to do so on account of &e extreme . yiuthvof theireiiJdren , ^ and others ,--safe 'wheniineir : forulies are comewhat advanced , : pre- _ ferrinf from calculation ts do 6 O , ? as being theibast mode of-tumina their scanty . me £ n 3 to good
account . Thisissy be taken as . the etse with " aalf-the marrleu couple ? , "who , with ? their families , ^ ill jjnmber about 53-30 , 000 individuals . So far , thesaftre , as £ hese aro . concerned , ihe -chililren , in about -the same groporacn of families , , baay * too young to ^ iddanythuig to die common . stoek , iaere is nothing . else to adopt . astha test of their , condition and the ¦ standard of tuelr-comforts ( but the-earnings of the Jiusband . Let . usaoquire , now , into ; the condition , of a feniily djus-solsly dependent : TipoD .-such wa ^ es : the husband bas ,. on the arerage ,. rec 6 iTed . dunng itae past portion -of She current year . £ can best illustrate that condition by one of-tbe SJumerous -ease 3 which came-undsr my consideration'in Wilt-* mss . The ] aboiaerin .-ihat case had had-Sa . a week ,
huthe was then cnly-inreceipt of 7 s . ' He : -h&d seven £ hU&en , the eldest , of srhom , a girl , iwas in her eigatkyear . Two of-his children lad ibeea at a " dunas ' a school , " but thay were not then ^ aitendjngit ^ amplybecausehejoeuldnot afford the 4 d . a yte&s jffich had to be paid for . their cdueation . To flsccitais how . far he « as Kally incapab-s , ; in . this respect , -I requested him todeiail to me the cconoaiy of his hossoholdfor a ? reck ,, taking his eaniings at 8 s . The . fa 12 owin « j is tfes substance of the « ou > srsatioB , itiscai-ding-, for t £ e -lasder ' s sake , ^ ihe = portions in n } dch the names ai ^ jiivan .
"When aregxrar wages paid ^ Gn Saturday sglit , bnt often only-once a fortnight . - "What do jqb do with the monay -on receiving it ? —I first lay by ^ ny rent , whieh i 3 : ^ ^ hilling a week . I then go to the _ grocer * s and lay la something for .-Sunday and the seat of the week . I . buy a Bttle tea , of which I ge& two ounces for six pence . Sugar s cheap , but IvDsnnot afford it . -Tre sometimes svssaten the tea sdih . a little treacle , ijst generaUy drick it nnsweatened , ... ' .. ' : : Ea you purchase asybulcLer mesi 2 = ^ GeneralIy &r . aa ! andav we buy z bit of bacon . - Hoar much ?—lt is £ * I-lam that Icnnafiosfdmoie
than half a pound . . . Haifa pound amongst eine of you ?—Yes 5 it is but a mere taste , but we have nofceven that the rest of the week . It costs me abijut five pence . ; Do you bay your tread , < ffjnaljeit at home?—We buy it . We have not fire eioughtoinake it At lome , or it would be a great saving to us . Bo you buy a ^ quantity at © Bee , era . loaf when you seed it ?—We buy it as we need it . Have you a garden , attached to y £ nr cottage ?—1 hare ab ont fifteen poles , for whieli I pay three la ' -pence a pole , li is less than ths eighth of an acre . ' What do you raise from it ?—We raise some potatoesand cabbages . , . : Do you saise a . sufficient quantify of potatoes to serve you ibr the year ?—So , not even if ihej were all sound . ' *
In addition to the potateea 1 and the cabbages irhich Jou raise , ho-w much bread do you . require for your own support , and that of your wife and seven . children for the week?—We require seven gallons of bread at least . : What is a gallon of bread ? - ^ It is a loaf winch used to weiirh ei ^ ht pounds eleven ounces , hut which now seldom weighs ; above eight pounds . Those who supply bread to tho ' uhion seldom make it over eight pounds . _ ¦ What i 3 the price of the gallon -loaf ? -Tenpence It is cheaper than it was , hut then there is ^ not always so much of it . It is often ofshort weignt . ^ Seven gallons of bread at tenpence a gaUon WOUW make five shillings and tenpence , would it not ?—I believe it would make about that—you ought to know . ¦ ¦ ¦ :..-.. ¦¦ . ¦ ¦¦' ; ¦ :. . -.
. Do , you always get seven gallons a week ? : l > o , Eeldom more than six . ' - ¦ - - ¦ - ¦ ¦ ' - y ; , Then -you spend five shillings in lread ,. Jid mako up for the want of more by potatoes and caDbages ? —YeS . ¦ ' '"'¦ .:- - .: ¦ :-. ~ - . - . . ; . : ¦¦•' . ¦ . . * , . ¦ ¦ . " - ' " I _!• . ' ¦ _ " ~' - ' * - ~ . v You havestill somemoney left ; wnatdoyoudo with it ? r-K costs us something for ¦ srashinff .. -i For soap and soda , andfoi ^ needlos and thread for mending , Te nay abppt fivepence a week . ' j - ¦ ' - " ¦ "'
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_; Do you buy fuelpWeget a cwt .-of coal-Bometunes , Tfkch would cost us about one shilling or one shilling ! and three-halfpence ,, if we " took in any quality ; and paid ready money . When we do neither itcosts us about one shilling and fourpehce a cwt .. If there is one poor man vho can afford to bujjt in any ^ uantity for ready money ; there are forty who cannot . : ----- -. *» How long would a cwtv serve you ? We make it last one way or another for two weeks . ; Your fuel , therefore ; will cost you about
eightpence a week % —It will . :- > :- ¦¦ ¦"¦ ¦ . <; . - ¦ ¦ - ; : rjJ ? ro anything- else you have ?—We buy a little salt butter sometimes , which we can get fi"om sixpence half-penny to tenpence a pound . ' We arc obliged , ^ of course ; to take the cheapest ; ''/ and really , sir , it is sometimes not hardly fit to grease a waggon with . " : - ' But y&ur money is already all gone , how dp . you pay for your ; butter ?—It is not always that-we have it , and we can only have it by stintmg ourselves in other things . ; . , ;
You have said nothing about your clothing—how do you procure that ?—But . for the high wages we get during the harvest time we could not get it at all . " : ' . ¦'' . ' - ¦ ¦¦' .- - "• ¦' ' * ¦ - - ;;" - ¦¦; , . ' . ' . ' - : How long iocs the time last when you get high wages ?—About ten weeks , arid but for what we then get I £ a not know how vre could get on at all . -This beirg the mode in wMch his weekly wages were expended , I asked the same individual to give me snaccount of his daily- life , including , his labour and fare . ¦ In reply to my questions on this point fee answered , in substance ] as follows : —» . , At What hbur'doyou go to work?—At six in the mor ^ ig generally in snmmer , but I hare gone iniich " . earlier . In winter time work begins- at a latta-hour . Do you breakfast at home ?—When I do not eo qtffc very early , I generally do .
• Of what docs your Vreakfast consist?—Principally -o'f bread , and sometimes a ^ little tea .- Sometimes , too we havo a fewpotatoes boiled . i : ]' When do you dme?—About twelve . . ' . ^ Of what docs your dinner consist ?—33 n the Monday my wife sretsu little flour and makes a pudding , which , * with aTew potatoes , forms iny dinner . Some- , times we have a pudding on otbcr ^ daySj but generally our dinner is bread and ' potatoes , with now and then a little cabbage . When the family is not large , there may be a bit of bacdhMt tbafr has not been uscdom"Sunday , but that is never the ; case with us . ¦ : You return i » work again -f ^ S . do , and when I come fcirns -sk night may bave a little texa again , with the bread which forms my « ipper . Thetea is never-strong-with us , but at night it is very weak . DoyouT'clu ldren get teat ^ We liave not enough for that . ¦ ¦ '¦"' - ¦¦¦'"¦ ¦' : '• ¦¦ ¦• .
. "What tsiSieir drink &—Wat-OT ; sometimes we get them a'litfie milk . Whdt is your own drink . —Wat « r . . . Doyoutiever drink beer?—Never , but when it is givcn * ie ; 1 can't a'fford'to buy it . i When your dinner-consists of bread , ; potatoes , and water , have yor «' nothing to seasonit-or iriake'it paKtSuie ?— -Nothing Tiut a little salt % utter , and we canonly afFord that wTim the bread-or potatoes happen not to he very i good . or whenxra are ailing , and'our stomachs are a lijfie dainty . ¦ V .
TPhenyourbreador ' -potatoes are 'feafl , or ycur stomachs are dainty . ' you take as a rslis ' j your butter'which you sifid was scarcely fit to ^ grease a ^ waggon-with ?—Wemavenoibing better'to take . . '• Suppose you asul ' ndthing but bread . to eait , liow muchwoul 3 you require to sustain you at wos'k in the course of " the day' ?—Two pounds At least . And how . mEch wouia one of your children ret ire?— About the same . A child , although Tiot at work , will cat : as'macli as a -msrn ;; -children are Slways growiiijr , and-iilwaysready / to oaf ; -and one does not liketo refuse ^ bod to them -when'thcy -want 'it . Iwould ^ iooner go withouts « Tyself , " than . stint ijny children , if I coul'd help it . : " Then , at the rate ortwop 6 und 3 a day-fer each , ¦ you-would require'for all about 126 : pounds for the weelf ? -J [ supposcabieut th . 1 t . ' . „
And , asyou only get about-sixty pound ^ of bread a week , you have * to rely oniyoui' potatoesand cab-: bages / vour half-pound of bacon , ' and twa minces of tea , to malie upffortbe- sixty-six pounds-waich ybu : cannot get' ?—We have nothing else to rely on . HaTe-TOH enough--of t ! Jeseto . faffoi-d you as much nourishment as there would hain sixty-sai : pounds of brpad?—Not- nearly enough . : ¦ 1 . : : Is what yon have-stated -yoar manner « of living from-week to week?—It is whenl havewerk , . " . And when you = have not-wcrk , howus ; it with voarZ- ^ 'lIa the-wiater jnonths we have-semetimey scarcely a-lrit to- put in out nwuths . " : ; -
It'may besaid'thattheoase : pufc is an extreme one . -It isthe caee , however . 'Cf nearly oae-half of those whoflre dependent upon'labour in ; the fields . ; But it = ma ?_ oe-said that -Ithave omitted to take into accoaiifc somelittle privileges which the labourer has , and ^^ rbieh ,- "Wflen he'avails-himself -of : them , tendto- « noanceiis-eomfcrts . Me may ) keep a pigi ibr instance , and-his empJoyer will sometknes tind him straw ^ for it , -whicb , in ; ppbces& 6 f tiine , will serve as-manure-obr his . littJcigarderi . ' r'iTMs looks
very -well on-paper , -: l » ufc that is . ehiGfly . 41 lL . _ : In , the four counties under-consideration the « aumberiOf Libonrers'teeping p ^ igs is abouiwjne in twelve . It is -also a -striking vitustration < cf : the jconaition of ihelabonrers ,-that even suchofithem as ; do ; feed a pig , seldom ^ participate in the' € atin £ -of : it . -Then we liear a-. great deal about the-ebaTand . clothing clubs , to wKch'I . shall hereafter > saorepariicularly , advert , and th&chiefrnierit of which : is ,-that they tend torenderlifeaotspleasant , but barely ; tolerable tothepoor . : ¦ ' - ; . ' _; - "" j-- -. " .- ; ....- .,. ;
The number of scheo'Is for whichipublic . provision has , to some extent , ibeen . made ,-in vWiltshiic , is oolv 68 , being one school for every ; 3 ^ 00 iof ^ he population . In ^ Oxford -the numberis-onlyas , 'being but one school for -every A , 900 of rfhe population . InSBerks it is stillslowe ? , being qnly ^ Sj-wbichrgives but-one schooler eves ? 6 , 200 of tiieipopulation . The precise nueiber in Sucks is nofcjfiTen . ^ but giving that county as dts proportion the average number of the other thi-ee counties , : tbat : prpportion would be about rSG-schools , or one for . © very 4 i 500 < t-f the popiRation . '" his will gfeeois for > tbe four . countiGs . but Ifi 2 facboal 8 , or one for-ev'eEy : 4 , 320 of their aggregate -population . Xet . us -compas-e this ^ with -whati 3 being-done eUewhere . Th&latest
returns which , we have in-reference to education jm Hollandrfire those of IMG . tin that year fieve ^ weBe in Hollaed * 3 , 214 scheols for - a population of ? about ^ , 837 , fl 00 ^ souls , being -one scitool , for . aboaib 6 very ¦ SSOof-the population . Buiof ^ hisnumber fi 39 . are returned as " private sehools , * ' and 165 -as fichoolS : on ¦ " , «« speckl foundation ^ " -leaving 2 / 41 Q / as ithe Damber . of the " public parish schools . " ~ &o % i takaiir these alone as the . « ohobls for wJiich pablicj provision . is fliade ,- -we liasc . one -school " ' foi-reyery 1 , 600 of the population . - In Russia , ! duwng ' . tlje . same year , : th ~ 2 number of « lemen * ary and / other " publie schools ' amounted' to upwards df : 25 , 0 fiO , ; which 4 or a . pbpulatioh of IG . Q&fcOOO : gave one , scnool ibr aboui every 650 people . ; The contrast toom- own presented by the -educational . system eatabliEbed . bn -the other side of the ^ tiantic isjstillj
more str&ing . ' $ a New York , the : pdnulation ,, of which is sOoat . ^ 00 , 000 , the number of common public sehools isiabout 10 , CC 0 , being . one . for ; every 300 of the p « pulatioH . In Connecticut , . again , there is one school for abQtii every 250 ' of tfce . ponulatiqn . Of Canada Ieannot-speak with the same . 'degjefe of exact ness , baring no returns from the . province before me ; but this i&ush I can say from jwrsbnal inowledge , thafc in iCauada Westan ; amj )] o . and a isnunificent provision -has "been made for jfop ' ular inki-uction as in most . of the states of the-Gaipn . Ascompared , therefore , with the publicprovision made for education ia the four counties in question , we find that that made in Holland 13 at least tLe » e times , . that in Prussia near ^' seven-times , tliatan . ~ Kevr yoi ^ t fourteen timea , and iliat in Cohhepticut 3 evfiatcea times as ample as it is in these'counties , j
Were tils schools now existing in the four counties as perfect and efficient as tiiey might be , a great deal of good migLi be , efected by A 02 schools , in addition to private institutions j amongst a population . of about three-quarters of ; a million , and extendiDg « Teran " area ' of from" tkree-to four thousand s ^ uarfl ailes . .. But , in a great ! inany instances , they arc wofully deficient as regards those appliances with which they should be-liberally supplied . Taking a bird ' s-eye view of-a county in its educational aspect , we , find . that the combined maehinery at work consists of the national : schools , 35 ritl £ ji schools , diocesan schools , sometimes connected witlT tho NationalrSociety , ;^ and 'at other times not ; endowed scbools , ^ private schools , and
the schools of parochial unions .- / Of these the British and private Bcliobls are , genprallyspeaking , the most active and efficient ., . Tlie . national and diocesan Bchobls are , in many ' cases , ' perfect in their organisation , adequate in thei ^ machinery , and efficient " in their operation . But both the national and the British schools , which are the chief recipients of the public money , and particularly the former , are in too many instances deplorably wanting in what is essential to constitute a good elementary school . Some of the national schools are but caricatures of a proper educational establishment . To say nothing of inadequate accommodation , or of their deficient supply of books ,
apparatus , &c , they arc in the character and attainments' of- their teachers lamentably behind what they should be . The parochial union schools are invariably connected with the workhouses of the different unions , their object being the instruction of pauper children , and are in most cases found within the walls of the worklionse . That at-AyJesburjf is the best arranged and the most efficient of any that ! have seen , but everi . its efficiency cannot date milch further track than a year . But in general the-whole-scheme is as ill devised as it is badly executed . It presents such a wrecks such an aspect of dilapidation tbf 6 iigliout , that it looks ^ more like the rums of- an educational system which had gono irretrievably into ' decaf than ? Jjke 9 « l"ch j > urpoits to be in active operation .:. ; . :. ' ¦ .-. ; ; :
Untitled Article
DEYIIi'S -BUST-ylCTIMS . —DENS OF MISERY ,. , M OLDHAM AND . MANpHESTER . ; 77 > < In Oldhanvman ' y of the , coarser '; bperatio'hs per ! - formed upon the coarsest sorts , of cotton are carried on—numerous mills are " spinning waste ?! as it is calledTrthat ia , forking ] up . for the'jicommo ' nest purposes tho-, material rejected ., as / refuse by , the factories engaged in prpducirig the finer and medium degrees of goods ..,. The stuff subjected to the operation . of , these . Oldhani . mills , immortalised by Mr . ' Fevrand . as ., ' . ' Shoddy , " , and : ' , ' . Devil ' s dust /' isspc ; cially produced in its manufacture . ' . ¦/ : .,. 7 The general appearance of tho" opera tives' houses is . filthy and smouldering . Aiiless little back streets and close nastyjStreets are common ;; pieces' of
dismal waste ground—all covered with wreaths of mud and pile 3 of blackened brick , and rubbish- —separated thoimills , which are often of small dimensions . and confined and crowded appearance . The shops cannot be complimented , the few hotels are ho bettev than taverns , and altogether the place , to borrow a musical isimile ,- ' seems far under concert pitcbl ; I observed , as I walked up from the , railway station , ; melancholy clusters of gaunt , ' . dirty ,. unshorn mcn , lounging on the . pavement ., These , I : heard , wer . e principally hatters , a vast number of whom are out of employment . - Another feature of . the placei was the quantityof dogs of all kinds which abodndea---dog-races and dog-fights ; l > eing both common among the lowest orders of tlie inhabitants . , , 1 > . .... .: ; Under the guidance , of two iritelligenfc rplieying ofiicers , I set out to see some of thei characteristic
manufactures and some of the characteristic population of the . place . ; It was . about noon ^ and the people were pouring out . from the . mills on ; their way home to dinner . I obsei'ved that the ! women almost : universally wore silk bandanna hahdker ^ chiefs fluttering , round their heads . " It has always been so in Oldham , " I was informed ; ^ Tliey would pinch hard rather , than go ;" with a plain csvp instead of a silk handkerchief . * ' I Presently I overtook two ; little , girlsj the cldeslj ' not ' i ' aboTC ^ eight years of age ,, each carrying a : baby , ; some three or four months old in pick-a - back fashion , ^ tlie infant being suugly enough wrapped up , arid only its head protruding ; from beneath the cloak of its bearer . These girls ) I was informed , . we ' re ' nurses , paid . foi taking charge of the children while their mothers labuared in the mills . ' I accosted them . ; " ' ['
. ' . " . So , you have these children to nurse ? What do the mothers pay you ? " ,. : : "; . ; . ' . "Oh ,. please sir , they pay us Is . 6 d . a- week for . eachbauy . " -r ; ... ., : .. . . ' . ' .. ' . ' : '¦' .. ¦' . ;> ' . ' ; j" And where are you taking titem now ? " ' . ' .. ]¦ .. : "' ; .,. « Oh , please sii-j to " . their , mothers . ' . Thoy cdmp out of the mills now , and wo carry the babies . down to meet jthem , and the' mothers give them siick waen thoy ' re at dinner . " C > '' . ' ,. ' . ' , "And so you take the babies in the morning , and = aurse them all day till dinner-time , , ' and tlten take them to their mothers , and then fetch ' ,. tbeni : back , and at last take thembapk at night ? " . V , .. " Yes . ' . sh ' , ; CbatfsLwbat we do , ; but , sometimes , you know , the babies have little sisters , as old as
us , and then tkey arc nursed at . home . " . , ;; . '; -. The . firet manufacturing ^ roc ss which we saw was . the cleaning / of ' . ! . She ddy . " ^ . ' . ¦ . Unlike any stage of the preparation of [¦ cotton whiohil had seeii , 1 his was carr ried on in « n isolated building , situated , ^ u the midst of a piece -df-doleful-lodkihg waste fifoiind . , There was a small steam , engine at one . extiiemity , which turned ftveor six " devils , " or coarse inid primitiver looking-blwying . machines , each being placed in . a ; compartnientbfitspwn , sbmewhatlike the stall - ;' ofj a Ftab ! e ,= and attended 'by a ' ^ single guardian " , whqsej busipessdt-was to'feedthe macnine ^ vvith handi ' uls of ; the'Coai ^ e'dii ty cotton : The door was in , each case ; open ,-or the-dust andifiying fibresTroia ' the machine wouid'have Tendered the , air unbreathable . As-it : was . ileoulil . not but pity the gaunt-looking men who . '
tended the -devils . I "questioned 'them , but they ; scemediloath to complain , admitting / however , that ! the'ilying'" * dust and stuY" gave them pains . in the chest , ' and terrible badking coughs- and asthma . ' < One ; of-them only remarked , . we dori'tget old men , 'Bir ,, at this ' -work . " . They were paid froni . & .- to 12 s . vperwo ^ l :. ' .. The refuso oi « ach devil-was consigned ; to / the nexfrcoarser machine . The products of the better ; sort ' of . machines-are wn-ught ^ up iirito quilts :: and ! coarse sheeiing . ; those-of the next coarser kind are , worked into a coarEe . paper , ; . from those of the third ooarser ; kirid are spun ¦ candle ' wicUs : ; the product of the lowest-sort of devils is the -matsfial with wKtbh ' flock beds are stuffed ^ and -the = refu ? e froni these heaps of oily-seeds ' and'broken and tangled fibres , mseparabjy-mashed up with dirt , is gold for iriannre . : EachsUQ-J or -stall in 'this" coneern was let out ' for
£ 25 a year ,- the , landlordniiding the mohve / pofrrer . * Ibe engine-spun ceaselessly on , and the asthmaticlabourers , each in his stall , between a heap of imp-are cotton and the whirling ; devil , ; puHued amid the ! dease and-fibre-laden : a ! r , his monotonous and-un- ' wholesbmetoil . r : ¦ ... ... 'Fremthecce we went . to visit two-factories , in'OP . e of < -T ? hichare spun very ^ cearse" threads ; intended -for ' the Indian ^ iHarket , and in the-othei *; of wliiclinu'e raaaufacturedcandlewicksj . TheprqprietorsoPboth politely acei'mpanied meiih my rounds . They had been working men , and . were , in language ;'" manner / and dress , very : much :-akui ' "' to . the ., people they ^ e ^ ipj 8 yed , Jn the coarse spinning mill—a small aiilees buiking—1 found an . ' - apparently -ch-fonic-system « of dirt and neelecfojrevailius . Thestaira were rickety
andffilth ' . encrusted , andVthe drawing and spinning rooms not only hot , but what is worse—chokey . and -dtifling , and ' reeking 'with oil . lEhe we : uon eioplqycdexhibited , in . a palpably cxacgerated . degree , &e unwholesome chaRKJteristics ofthe ' appear * , ancs -of . ' the . Manchester mill-workers . They ' were hnt so-much saU 6 w / Oivpale , 'as absolutely yellow , ; iahd their . lefiniiess amounted to-something uiyjleasantvto lo okjat . ' The mill wasofi ' tbe old oonstKuction . Vahd ; had > no jmeans of : veritilatioh . ¦ ' . The wnges ipf ; the peopl&raqged a shilling or two beneath ike average of tkftBaedium Manchester ; rate . ' . ;' . ;' I afterkirds went cerer two -small mills ; « onipartmehts of which are rented : by . different . ir ^ diyiduals ;; Both-wer&dirty , and constructed in the old-iaisliioned unveBtilarcd sftrle . - - '" : ; : ; ;
Untlerstasding that . here and there , scatteredin ; cellars . ; or : p 3 rched in garrets , . were a few « ld . men who still . wovs cotton by the hand-loom , I requested ; to be introduced to one of the . practitioners of -this fast expiring trade . We lacci # nliu ! ily .: desceEd « d ' Ia narrow Sjght . of area steps , leading ( beneath the surface of a mean / back street . and discovered two ' stone pavfdrooins ,. d 2 . rk and squsliri ;; : one-of . which served ; for the commonapavtmentV the-other , a mere closet , was almost :. entirely occupiad by -eneiof the' o ! d fashioned treddleloems . lnibe : iiistirooihwas som « coarse deal fusnitare , i and : one . of r those lowbroad beds about a ' footvabove the floor , / ; qnacoverfd with : truckle ; which . b . y their shape generality appear in- ' fended for accammodating at a ipinohjserhaps' four persons . ' Two-dirty children werelying ^ glitinffand
-souallingupon iheifloor . ' vThe womanfof the'house . was a sturdy dame , of some sixty yews .: The man , wio was at hiswonkj had a gaunt ,, skeleten-like ^ ace . and head , and thiii . wiite hair . . By * : ays of beginning the « nnversationj I . remarked that the ; " pegging stick" which he hadjjust laid . down - —that , is , ; the sticiiused tojerk-tbe . ahuttle— . was beautifully ' con-Rttusted .-1 had newu-vsten sneh anotier . ' It was fluted and wreathed , exactly suiting the gra ^ p of . the fiogers ' iand ¦ thumb . / - " . Constructed I" ^ aid the ' weaver ^ . "; constructed , indeed ;! "Vfhy , mail . ;! did that myself .:-- ! wore thenijiollow ^ its , ih"thehard wood ^ i ^ kmy own flesh .-inithelonj ; workiBgldays of fifteen yefii ^ , I aye iloved ; . to weave better nor to playinthcxoad . r 1 ' venotfcsen an idle man / . air . ''' he
Iasted ^ iaii paid ijs ^ rooms ? Theieht for the " tw . 6 Was ; Is . ' Od . a week . What yero ' . Jas " " wages ? He-. wiis old , and sdom ' cjut failed how , ' find with his wife to ^ ind for him * he coukl ' only , get ^/ worka ' sljard ^ jsiieniight . ^ Tliey'Jiad parish ; aesis-i hnceyiiows . terj ( and , - besides , Ms . daughter worked atfactoryv ' " ^ .,, ' ] ' . [' : :: . J- ' ^[; ' ';;' '" / . ' ; . ' ! . I ^ h M . ^' -: i j Visiting tJie " Jja # : Insli : ; faqrtier , ™ ics ; . firBtentered a kitchen ; where ^ . iai gard man . and woman were ; seated at tea ^ . iA . bo . yej the . relievirig / oi ^ cer . told me ,-. was an oldman dying « ponbnj ! dies ' of rags on tlie fl oor . J 3 e . would ; not ; Consent . to" Be cauried , to the workhouse , and eo he J ^ ad 2 s . a week vvheri lie was . Upon the floor of . tjie kitclien were ranged a number of nicelytied brbohieor biawhes , made of
fresk-smell-, ihgi » rze ,. or , as " the . pe . ojp '< e . here . call ; it ,.. * : 'Jingj . " iffliicb grows -in . abuhdauce on itlie neighbouring hills , and : the cutting andforming of whibhintobesbms constitutes almost the onlyVworik of the' Irish adult populationof Oldham , The maniiefore iis had , hos / - cver , been . aaiillworker , ; but his cheet ' could not stand the flying cotfcoa- dustj sb ^ he had to lake to besommaking instead . It occupied him , faeiaid , one day to goto , the hill , cut the -ling , and carry it home ; another , day ! to make , the besoms , and the rest ot the week was takcn ' up , with the . assistance of three of liis chiUlre ' n ,: in hawking , them ' about for sale ; A dozen fetched Wf-a-crown once , but tlie price was much Iower ~ not onehalf tiiat no w- ^ -eo that in good weeks he could onlvmak e about four shillings .. , Tvyo of hie
children worked in . a factory , wliicK helped them on a little .- The worst was , however , tliat , he heard ; they were ; to . be prevented , from cutting ling because of destroying the , coirer for . . . the grbus ' e . What would become , of him , if it was so , God only , knew , -l . he bread which he and his wife were eating , and upon which they chiefly lived , was made of oatmeal , baked soft , like the cakes called " barley ' scVnes" in Scot land , and of heavy : and doughy texture .. At another house , occupied by an Irish family , which was filled with the sharp , pungent smoke of the refuse ling used for firewood , a man , erimv . uhshaveni and ha f
clad , and yet who had in his face and proportions the making of a model stalwart . Irish . peasant ; recapitulated the sad rumour itbat the . ling cutting was to be stoppedi He had to sraik eight and a half , miles for the . ling , and carry-home as much as he coupon his back , o One of the cutters " got a month ( a morith . s imprisonment ) the ; other day *; Ob , begarrat but it was hardon the poor the ? gentry ; wasJ ?! Tliis ; matf had- been . fifteen-years : residing in . Oluham .,. He came frdmthe , county : Sligo ; j We now . proceeded to ' visit one of the Irish / lodging-bouses .., A ! description ; of / . one ; will .- . nearly , serve for , all ., , 1 a a low'Jutchen , amid ' goj 4 e , wre { p }» e 4- JC : lJe { y . f \ imitu
Untitled Article
WRETCHED STATE QP , THE SPJTALFIELBS " - .: ' . ? . " ' r '" . . ; ' ;; raters . - ¦ ¦¦ ¦ ;; - : "" ' ; . ; : . 'IThe ^ nian , w .-is , fsrorking at ' brown eilk for uni-¦ bnellas ^ His . wife . ^ orkccf ^ yhenghe . ' wfle able , but shewas mirsing ^ a sick child . . He , had . madcithe ; aamo \ york , ho was then 7 engaged upon . at Is . - ' a yard not-sixnio " ntlis , agq ., Be ' . wasy , to . have . 10 d . for it , 'iup * . | he . didn't : kn 9 w , thai'ih ^ penny taken'off ; , next : ' , time . ^ Weavers were ; . all abetting poorer ^ , and . masters , all a-gett . ing <; country hoasoij ilii ' mastefhad bedn a-lbs | ng , ' terrible ; 'ho s ' aid , ' :- and-yct ; he'd ijitst ' iaken a cpiiniipy " mansion , ¦ T ) iey . only . give . you . workjiis ^ to pblige ; you , " as an act of « hanty , " and riot to do themselves ahy ,
good-r-oh , no' ! ' / Works , fit ^ en > hours , ' ,. arid ,, often -. nftre . When hejknocka off at , , night , leases , lights up ; all around uinv- ^ many go on ill 1 eleven . ^ All he knows is , beVcan't ., , They : ^ ire possessed ; '; of ; ^ " greater streneththan , he is , ; ho . , imagines ' . ' . '' In the qead of nigHt he ean always see one ' ligh ' t SQmewhere—some man" on the . ^ finish . 'f , "Wakes utRyc , and- then he can . " hear , tlio , looms ' . ' going . , Low niicos arises entirelyfrom ^ p ' mp ^ tition am pngrtheniasters . The . umbrellasilk ^' erw ^ s ma king ' woHld '/ ipps ' tlikely be . charged " a guioeji ; : w . hat would ' sixpence " extra on that'Jbe ' . tp ; theVg ) u ' rohasbr , ' ;' an'd ' . yet ¦ tliat * ejstra sixpence ^ yould ; be .. jthrec ; , ; of . four ' shiilingSja ' week to hirii , aud eo , k lojig , way . t ' owariJs . the vent ? " , Isn't able " to tell exactly i wliatistho . cause " of
tho'denression-- '' Iph ) y , knom I , sjiffers . ' from . ; ii ^ aye / that I do I . ; I dp * , !! . and ; . bnsre ' : se ' yerely , for ' some time , V . said $ he . man , '' strikingjlhe , silk '( "before , ' ; himVwi . tji his '© lcfflclicd ; fis"tif , ; . J ^ . Thejnh " n ; that ; u 6 e ^ iheie . is dead , " and ^ uvie ' d ^ -lie died- of the « li 6 lera . ; . I ' [ yepfe ' to sea himbu ' f ied , j ,. Ho had l'i ' dl'fo ' i ; whaijl I ^ cfc ' I 0 d / ., ¦ "Whatit ; will ; l )' e . ae ' xt ;" God only ' . li « . ows ' ;' . an ( l I ' mBi ^ eVI Spn't ;; carb ^ t . cwli ' ' t ' , be . muclj ! : w ' "Maiyj'Vsaid ' lie ^' li ^ thafir « i ; 5 TJth ; th ' o ;' d ying . infant ' on ; her lap , ' , ' r' how iriucklegof beef do wo use . ? 4-41 b ., ' ain |) i it , 'in the . , weGk , ; i ar 4 d .. j 3 lb . To £ flank ; oh fiuriday- ^ lucky ; to , get . that ; , too ,. eh?—and that ' s arn ' ang lialf a ( dozen : of ii ' s . Kow , I ; Shpuldliliea . piece of roast ' beef , ; , wijh . tho potatoes donquade ' r it , but lshairheveritasto " that
again . . Andyfit ,, r -nid he / with . a savage-chucltle i f that there . sixpepcoVon . ' tliis . umbrella would just do it . V , Butvfffcai ^ iaVs ' to / tKe peopie ? : Wliat' ^ it to ihc . mif weitarvje ? j . ^ And" there ' s many / at that game just ; now , Ijeahtellyou / upon a constancy of , . Wrki-arid" get . ;; a ,-, g bod price , y > i ) 7 i iiWo ; should ;• be li ^ py . men ; but , j l ? m , sure I don't ! know ^ vhether I shnil get ariy nipriD ( Wiork ' ^ hen my ' . cane's ' out- . Mychildren I'm ' quito . 'disheartr . ened about ,-j They , must . . turn' put , int the ' . world , somewhere , ; but where , Heaven / onlylknp ' wal ' i ' ,.. I often . ' botlier < myaeUiovei ' ' that—more ,, than ; my . father bothered . himself pyer ine ' . Iw ^* ' ^ tojbecbme . of us all—nine thousand of us . 'herGr-besidoa jfiveBand children-- ^ - ! cun'fc flay . " ,. , ' '; .,,, . ^ ' Vf , ^ i , '; '!¦ ¦ ' .
Onp weaver 'observed , " never a month . passes but wages vire lowered , in some way : or ' other . ; In tho work pf reduction' -cei'tain . houses takaihe lead , taking advantage of the leasfc . depression to . offer tho workmen loss '; wages . ' It ' s useless .. talking , - about FrericH goods ; - Why , we ' ve drivennithe : 'French put of the mai'ketini umbrellas ' . and parasola— -but tlio people are ^ 'Starving while they . 'ro a-driying :. oi ' emout ; ' ^ ¦ . -- : > r ' 1 -:: ¦ : /¦ ¦ : ';^ v ; ;' ' . v I . ¦ :...: ? i .:, r : ; , All t he ' weavers visHcd expressed the same want of hope-rtKe sahib ¦ dpggcdhcss and half-indifference as : to . their ' feto '; " 311 ' agreed' in -referring their miiserytci ' tKe ' spirit of'competition on . ithe-. pavfc of tiwxnastors / Msamqu ^ sii ^ p' ^ uliuncI ^ all spoke-mdst tUtpriy of o ' no % Vanufa . clurer'in-particula' ^' and-attributed'to him the riiin of the tradp .-; . ¦ . ' ¦ " ¦' . ' - ;« * ' : ' , ^; v ;* '' 7 ' y vv-f :: !' ;> : ' ' v \? F vi - ^ ' ¦ ' Wisiurife to bo ( placed ' iii . communwafcion with soine of t&e wo ' rlimeii who wero'linWn ip enterl / ftw <¦• -..- > . J / . VjituiV <; ., ' . ' : ^ ,,:..: ' ii :. -j ¦ ¦ ¦> ' i- ' -i'i tt's-. i ii'j : ¦ u i ' . ' j i \\ . 'i '_' : V' ^ S'Ii 'il ^ -i : iTi . v < : ' ' ' ' .-J 1-- ' ¦ ' ' ' . 'i ' l' : : x :: ' -
Untitled Article
violent political opinions , ^ I vras conducted to a l&VevTi ' wherese' vararof ihol »^ vW ^ wh ' o '' ia . 'dyoMe ' the pririciplea of the ; Pe 6 ple ' s Charter were in the habitof assembling . ¦ tfoand : the , room : half full , ~ arid immediately pro . ceeded-to explain to ; them ! the object of my visit , telling them that Ivintendedito : make notes of Tvhatever <[ they niight ; communicate tome , with a view ? to ; publication ; in-theifonjin ^ Chrmxicle : ¦ After a short consultation among themselves , they ; told imei that , ! iin their opinion ,-the primary cause of the depression of the irices among the'Weavers was 'the <; waritv of the suffrage ., "We consider that'labour is unrepresented , that the capitalisirand ' ttie landlord . have it all : their own way ; ¦ ¦ ¦ ' Priceshavogone / down among the weavers ¦ since 1824 more than one half . . Thelioursofittbour
have' decidbdly increased among us , so that we may . live . ¦ 'The weavers nowsvgenerally iwork :-. one-third longer than ^ formerly ' . and- for : > much > ' .. less . " " I know two instances , " said one ' person , ; " where the weayers have to work from ten in . the .- morning to twelve at-night , and then they only get meat . once a week . The average timb' for labour before 182 i was ten "hours adayj now it ia fo ' urteeni ¦/ . In 1824 there wereaboufclijOOO hands employcd / ige ' ttihg at ah average 14 s ; 0 di a weeki'and ; nowthoro are 9 , 000 hands employed ; getting at an average only . 4 s . - 9 d . a week / at inoreased hours of labour . I . This , deprer oiatibn we attribute ^ ' not to any . > decrease in the demand for silk goods , but to i foreign' and home competition ; -We believe that the foi'QigncompotU
tipn ^ brings' us into' competition , with the ; foreign . ^ workman ; and it is impossible for us : to compete with him atlthe present ' -rate' of English ' taxation .: As' regards home' competition , we are ofi opmipn that , ' iroin the ; continued desire on' the part of each trade to undersell- the other , and-so ' get an' ' extra amount of trade intol his ownhands , andlmakeia ¦ large and rapid fortune thereby .- The i puhjic , > ye are satisfied ^ db not derive hiiy benefit-from ; this extreme competition : ¦ It is only , a'few indiyiduals , who" are termed bythe trade ¦ slaughterhouse-Eftbn--they alone derive ^ benefit from the isystein , and the publio ' gain no advantage whatevQr by . the deprecia-• tionih our rate of'wages .- ' It is purfirm conviction that if aflairs continue as at presehii , the fate of . the working man must be pauperism ,-crime , or death . " .. '• '¦ '" . ; - ^ , V" , " : ( Toyi ; : Cpniin . uedl '"; : ! . -,
Untitled Article
PARLIAMENTARY'AND FINANCIAL ;;; V : V ' m . ; ;;'; : ^ Qrm . 1 ! ' ^ v ; X ' -. ' - /; : !
; ; ,. MEETING AT iT ^ E ' L 0 ^ I ) bN ; TAyERN . , - . One of the , most : erowdQd , meetings jever hold within the walls of the London Tavern . topk place on ; Monday in furtherance of the great ; cause of Parliamentary and Financial Reform . > Long before the appointed hour , ( one o ' clock ) the large room was ' crowdedj . and the appearance of Sii * Joshua 'Walmsley on . the ; platform , was : the ; signalifor the most tumultuous cheering . ; The , immediate objects of ihe . meeting . wei « .. th ° 9 statement of accounts , . andah explanation of . the ; plans of the , association for the year , ; but the entire auestipn of Parliamentary and iFinancial . Reform , was mo . sfc , fully . centered into by the variousvBpeakersowhoi . addressed the . denselyi packed and : enthusiastic / meeting , ; ¦ Among those , who supported , Sir J . Walmsley on [ the , platform we pD 9 ervedi : Aithur ^ Ander 8 on ,: £ gq ., M . P ., William Leaf , Esq ., Sainuel , Morley , i ; Esq .,: David Williams : Wire , Esq ., Feargus O ' Connor , Esq v M . P . / William ArthuriWilkinson , Esq ., ^ illiam-Jshni HalLj Esq :,
Thomas . ¦ - Prout , ' - ^ Ss ^ -j' -William ! , Williams , Esq ., ApsIeyPcllatt , Esq ., Edward . Mall ,. Esqv J , Grqssmith , ; 1 Esq . . Summers . Harford , ; Esq . ; ^ Robert Russell , Esq / . iWilliaiu Pritchard , rEsq . y ( High Bailiff-of Sbuthwark , ) &c ., ;« Ssc . * : ' . . ; .,, : , Mr . T . Atkinson ,, thekhon . secretary , read , the notice ,, callingv thp t . meeting , which was specially convened tohear the , plans of ] the . ; association , for the year-, 1860 developed . ; Tho balance-sheet for the year ' 1849 was next , read , from which it appeared that the receipts , during the past year were £ 1 , 880 , arid tbepayments £ l , 876 , leaving a balance of upwards of- £ 100 . in favour of the association .. , TheChaiej ! 4 jj said he hadi-eceived letters from Mr , Hume , iLprd D . Stuart , and Mr . Roebuck , apologising . for . their . absence . The latter ¦ hon . iaember had . come to town in . order to be present , butj unforfcuriately , hb . had been , compelled by some domestic occurrences ; to , go away , suddenly . He had alsoreooiveda . letter , ' from- Mr ., ; Cobden , wliich hewouldTead 4— : ' ! . . ; , ¦• ¦ ¦ ¦¦ - ¦¦ ¦ ... ' ¦ ,, ' -. > * . - .. ; . . •¦"'"•
' . ¦ . -, ¦ ,: . ; , . - 103 , Westboawie-terrace , Jan . 7 , 1 S 50 . , ilxDEAB . WAtMBiET . Tr-IhavcbeencoDfinedto the house for a couple / of days with ' a coW , and am sorry I can't be at your meeting . 1 am ' engaged . toappbarin'Buckinghaniihire on ' 'Wednesday-next ( loud cheers ) , and'unless I nurse nijself sotas' to be- well enoughto' go the Protectionists will sgydamiafraid . ' , ?? :-nnnb . v :-. ; . <; r " : ¦; . - : \ ; f .- ¦ -By the way , what better prpof > could he had of the neces ; sky dfan ^ alteration of bur representative system than is to he fbuhdin tte ^ simple fact . tiiat the Protectionist party are claiming to have publie opinion bii their side in favour of a revival of the corn-law V' ( Loudlaughter . ) ' They- ' tcll us to looh at the reaction in the Jiite elections for Kidderminster and Itendtng , ^ vhere a few hundred tnett , t » ove Otf Ibsg , under , influence , returned Protectionists ., Now . I- ' would
. ask , ( how-many inemhew-would they return in farour' if a bread tax , if the constituencies iiuiiibered , as '¦ they ought , 10 , 000 voters at least . ( Cheers . ) The necessity of placing the ' House ot Commons aiore' under-the influence of the P Boplcfewmlldeny ; thoonly > questiQn : is how to accom-. plish it . I « an only say . that whetlier-it be . attcmptca Sy a direct Vote of "the ,. IIousp of Commons , or by as many as ' possible ' of the people ' . arming themselves " with the 40 s . frecholdjfrancliise , whatever plan iriay beresorted to shall continue to have my hearty support . ' ¦ ( Cheers . ) All'I ask of the public is not to delude themselves with the idea ' thut a few Liberal members of the . House can accomplish anything without the eo-operation of the great mftjority of the people , out . of doors . t : ; , ' • ¦ ' : : •'"'" ¦¦ : And I remain , veiy . truly ' yours , ' : . ¦ Sir Joshua'WahiisleyjM . P . ¦ Kichaed Cobden .
He had also received a letter from Bv . Sleigh , formefly ' a Protectionist , who said , — ; ' - ¦ . ' .. - , ' , ; ' - ' . • . i ¦ . ¦ . Iondon , Jan . 'S , 1 S 50 . Dear Su ^ -Altliough I have for many years , zealously advocated the principles of protection , as doubtless you are aware , and although my viejvsrema'in conscientiouslv unaltered , yet as ' . free traSe : is ho longer a proposition "; but a fact established by the laws ^ of ouv countiy , X feel it my dutyto abandon from this time forth all controversy on the subjeet ^ tchecrs )—believing tliat tlie most judicious course for every Protectionist to adopt is , to use his utmost exer . tions "• -. towards the removal of those ' burdens , which oppress the people , so as to enable them ' to take advantogo of their alterediposition . ¦¦ ¦ rMoreover , ¦ I' consider a restoration of the protection . laws utterly ^ hopeless ( ohflei'fi )_ fi'oni , tlie foot that those who are now . ' endeavoui 1 - ing to rekindle tlie' agitatipij possess , with ' very few except tions , 'iieitlicr tlfe ' spirit tci' adopt nor the brains to
appreciate —( laughter )—tlie only possible means that could afford the remotest chaiiceby which tliat object ' could be obtained ; while ,, by their . virtual rejection of the only : just species of protection , viz ; . ' protection for all ; or protection for none ' ( wliich was always my mott 6 ) , ' they-render tolerably apparent that the protection they now seek is not so ntuch ; prb ^ tection for British' ihuustry , as protection for , British' idleness . ; ¦ / ( Cheers . ) . Hence , if any one fancies th ' at the protection laws will ; be restored , : h ' e may rely on ifhe is building his hopes : on a broken reed , 'w 2 tich . > ri ( l pnly-piercehim . the deeper .. . The course . ' I am now . . adopting , does riot ; I ' conceiyd , involve any inconsistency on : my part , for both' publiclyj . aad ' privately , 'orally and in ' my publications on' protectiorir-Ialways'Eaid . 'Wheneverfree ' t ' rade becomes , the law of fee land , we must , then'havea cheap executive ; the burdens of the people . . must 7 thi > n be removed ' . ;^ moreover , that whenoyer that event . should ,. occur ,. would , in ' that case , " advocate as zealously the , removal ofthpse bui'den ' s as In / as ' iiienpleadiiig'dieeauseofpi'otectidn . ' '
. Desiring to'act consiatehtly with these predictions and declarations , I ara'deterhiiried to use my humble ability in the cause of , financial reform ; mul . asl Veur that . cannot be obtained . witiiout Parliamentary reform . ' then Isay . conimon justice towards the people . demands . the ' latter also . ( Loud cheers . ) ' . / . '"" . ' .. '' " ' ¦" " — ' — - ¦ ,- ¦ ; :. ¦ Will you , therefore ^ do " me the " honour of enrolling my humble name as amember of your society , is : " - ¦ ¦ :. ; , Ihnvethe honour to be . dear Sir , yours ven- faithfully , :, ; .- ;; ' . ! . : ¦ :- . ;; ,-,: > . ;; .. . [ ' - - : J' W .-SiElGir , M . D . ., ,- ¦ :. The preliminary business having , been disposed of the CiiAinxus . addressed the meeting ; as ifollows : — Citizens of London , and , ; Gentlemen , —ilt . is nine monthsisince I bad . the- honoxir of presiding over a meeting similar to the . preaent , convened in tins room , ; The object . of that aiectiiig was to celebrate the birth of (; he Metropolitan Parliamentary and Financial
Heform Association : ; I meet you to-day to congratulate you on the rapid and unexampled success of the movement ; which you then ; bo cordially ; supported . ;; Not many montu 8 had elapsed after bur meetingr . in this placobefore . we felt it to be our ; duty ; to convene an aggregatemeetingin Drury-lane Theatre . ; By this timeiit . had ; become ,: evident 'that . the ; feeling in favour , of reform , which had been ; displayed throughout . the ; districts of ,- tho ; metropolis , r pervaded the country at large , and : it wag ^ therefpre resolved to chango . the name of ^^ the association from that of ?• Metropolitan'' to . that ; of '^ Kational . " Subsequent events have confirmed the . wisdom and propriety of this step , -. ; and have proved that , when we became in name a " national "; body wodjd but . anti * cipate the ; feoling and wishes of the British nation ,
( Hear , hear . ) Smce the great meeting referred to , the , council . of the ^ associiitionhave , toithe extent ; of ;; their'limited -. means and . , the agencies nt their , command , : tiik 6 nmeasuros in keeping with the ; name they had ; assumed . , Deputations have , amonget other , places , . visited : Northampton ,. Norwich , lfeyrcastle , - Siinderland , ; North , and . South Shields ,. Carlisle , 'Paisley , Greenock ,. Perth , Glasgow , Aberdeen ,, Denbigh ,,:, Wrexham , ; ; Stockport , Southampton , and Edinburgh . ; Inno instance have the representatives of theiassoolation failed to meet a . friendly and enthusiastio . reception .. 'Large . and influential committees have , been formed ^ ih most of these places to carry ouktho . objeot 3 , ' of ttie . body . Jn the towns ' and cities whicbhave been ' named , as well as in'numcrous other place ? , the friends of re ? 1
presentative improvementare ready for jiotiqn ,, and will look to' this , assembly for counsel and example . Ithinkil may say ; . with . itruth that itlie influence which tins association lias been ; able - to exert has beenowirig less to any peculiar , merit in' the plans whichlhavoibeen concooted ,. aiid Btill less to ith ' e rank and talent ; of the . indivjduals connected with it , than totheciroumstanco . that ' ithecbuntryiftt ithe . ' . time . this : ' society . came , ; into . existence , - ; an | d ; . promulgatedits sonomo of -retorm , ; -was " already convinced oftheinecossity . for . the ' ichange . proposedyiandiripe for ir a ; igreftt and- united ^ movemehtJin jita-faTOur . ( Cheers . )' Ih ; a nrord , v the" feeling : had [ not to ¦ be created—it was'already engendered , and ; kadlbut to fop ^ eyeJopQd wd 99 Btentr « t ? d pj" ? b swe practical ¦ tuv ;; , - ; A 7 . i : i •; . Vii :-. r : <] o-o , r : ± j -: v . j - -- ^ •;¦;• , ;; -. ' m .- ^ r i ; v , i v ' i •' . •; 5 . . ' . i ; i < . ; iiv "iv ' "JU i t , i ; t ;; -, ; Yc : :
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proposition . _ Gcntlemcn , if , when "the issue was dmMal ^ i ^ 6 MM UiM ^ WiMatiofff 9 Wit t 9 h ? their duty to advance , how much , more bo , » when they had the'unquestionable proof before , them , that tho friends of progress in everyVpart'bfthe . kingdom wei-e ^ with them . They nwere : desirous ; howeTer ^ tO proceed with " discretion , and in concurrence with the views ; and Opinions of men ; of experience and judgment in other parts of the country . , . They accordihely ; invited a'select number of their tried supporters : to a preliminaiy consultation ., Themeeting took place on tho 20 tli . oflastmonth ,, ! when , after maturedeliberation / three thingswereunammously agfeod to : ~ nrst , . that' a funthof ; nokless than ^ lO . OOOshould be raised , to bedovoted during tho present year to the purposes of the . association ;
secondly , that immediate neasures should be adopted to avouao by simultaneous'meetings tlie . enti ' re country ; and thirdlyV that a confei-cnc ' e ^ hbvld be con * vdried ' in London Hi tho month of . ; Marcli next . ( Cheers . ) . 'What was jointly resolved , , upon at this consultation tlie council are determine ^ to carry out , and , if possible , accomplish . ; ' Of theability of " tVie , " council to fulfil the second and third resolutions there ean be no doubt , if the first should borealiaed ; and of the practability of doing this ,. tHere is no cause for fear . ( Hear . ) . Before , ' however , making a general appeal to the country for peciiniaiy aid , the council deemed ] it their ' duty to set an example of liberality themselves —( cneers /^ ahd ' ¦ also to convoke this meeting asia •' committee of ways and means . " . YHear . hear ;) Not many days will elapse .
after ;; tlie i : termination of-. pur proeeedings here , before a . similar . appeal will be made to . the nest great "town of the ' empire . ' ( Cheers . ) A list of those who have" contributed to this fund will be invited to swell that list by Additional contributions onthespbi : that it my be knom to the world to-morrow that this , great metropolis , forward m every work of national philantrpphy and commercial enterprise , is forembst-alsb ; in this t great work of representative regeneratibh . ( Cheers . ) Gentlemen , it is my confident 'belief that before many montn . 3 liave ' passod away the expressions of p ' ympathy wita Wwijlhbtbe confined to the British . Isles . We have fellow-subiectB in every section of the globe , as virtuous , as intelligent , ay , as discontented with the present ' state , of things ' , as' ourselves . ( Loud
cheers . ) . In every essential particular their cause and ours is the same . ^ They ' are : wholly without representatibn . in . tbisicountry , arid Jn ; the majority of . instances theii-. sp-calledrrepresentation in the colonies i ^ a mere , name . arid a ' mockery . ¦ ( Hear , hear . ) ., 'TKey ; are ^ burdened ; beyond , their means ; they are-tbs ' seii ' fioin . lj governor ! to governor and ft'bm'Ministeit : to ! Minigter ;!" and are : the victims and the sport ' ofthe schemes first of one . theorist and then of another ; ,, they are made to pay inordinately for the gew « gaw . pageantry of . courts —( cheers )—• which are mrtintained ' oiily for thebenefit of an idle and tai-devouring * aristocracy ' ' and' worthless officials . ' ^( Cheers . ) Our redemption from class legislation in ' Great Britain will bb their acquisition of responsible self-government abroad . This they inthis eat home
will clearly , perceive ; and . , gr h ' iove ' nierit ; t ' or a ' real reform iSf the House of Common s we ; may reasonably ^ rely /' updh ^ the effective assistance : of - our misgoverned : fellow-subjects throughout : the' whole British 'dependencies . ( Cheers . ) Thus , " gentlemen , we , have before us the prospect , of an association not national merely , but comprehending in ' . 'its , purpose ' s" the " polity of the empire . ( Hearjhear . )' ' Tlieagricultural classes are fast becoming convinced that they have been duped and misled , and they will soon cease to put their faith in squires and landed oligarchs , and will trust only in themselves , and seek relief , not in a restoration of protection , but in fair rents —( hear , )—ia just and equitable leases —( hear , )—in'the abolition of game laws —( loud cheers , )—and a reduction of
national expenditure and taxation . They will join your ; rankSj ( and be another and important element of strength . The middle classes have thought and reasoned themselves out of the fears awakened by politic Home Secretaries , and that portion of the press which supports misrule . They are fast learning that-the-industrious , classes are as much tha lovers of . ' order , and the . respecters of property as themselves . ( Hear , hear . ) . ; . They are . now generally in faybur , of a large extension of the suffrage , and are to . us another element of strength . To the honour and credit of the producing classes let me say , —and I say it - with' feelings i of i gratitude and thankfulness , —that , without abandonment of their principles , they pro . willing to . be pur fellow-labourers in the work ' of making , the scheme" which we
have . propounded . thelaw of the : land . - They are thus ready to - ' unite' with us , because they perceive that they will ; upon bur basis , ; be assisted bythe vigorous , and essential co-operation , ot large « ind influential , classes of persons , of less ^ extreme political opinions , ' but equally convinced of the absolute necessity of a real parliamentary' reform . I take up on me to say that' never in our- 'history were elements more mighty combined to effect a peaceful political change .. ( Heav . ) \ They will- be at command for all practical puvposes . They , will beciuplbyed for the . purification and freedom of counties by tbe 403 : freehold votes ; for the ' renovation of boroughs by ' the' £ 10 ' household register , and the enfranchisement of-compound householders ; and they will be' atcommand at every election which may take place from this time forth , for the purpose of
© veitlu'owing mere party men , " . ar id ; returning real and true reformers ; ' ( Cheers ;) T ' sii j dpwn expressing my hope and belief that this ' meeting in its objects and its -issues will be- one ofi the greatest and most momentous ever convened , in tho City of London ; but also strong in confidence that whatever may be the acts . l > y which ' tho proceedings of this day may be characterised ; the heart of ^ our country is set upon the ' achievement of the' endive havo in view , and that as'surely as our cause is-just and patriotic , so surely . will ; our victory ., be glorious and complete .: ( Loud . cheers . ) . . ' Mr .-T .. Atkinson , the hon . ' secretary , then read the ' resolutions referred to by'the ' chairman as having been adopted at a preliminary meeting , held for ' c ' onsiilation'i at the King ' s Head Tavern , on the 20 th of December last . ' .: . ¦ : > : ¦¦ ::: ¦ .
. Mr . S . Mobley- . then rose to mpvpthe following resolution : — ' ] . That , this meeting , convinced of the necessity" of " a general agitation' of the United . Kingdom' -on the " question : of ; Parliamentary and Financial Keform ' , -with : a view to ah early and universal expression of public opinion on that subject , would record its cordial and emphatic approval of the plans proposed ; by the council ; of the National Association : for that purpose , and pledges itself to render immediate and efficient cbroperation . " He had not been ; so . fortunate as to ( hear the chairman ¦ give ' a detail of the plans which . were intended to be tollowed . out . ; but naving : ; every confidence in the integrity of those . who conducted the movement , he had ; no hesitation in-sayingithat he was ready to support ! them-v by < every means , 'in . his , power . If
heMnderstoodthis . questicn aright , it was one which ihad / nothing : whatever to do with party politics . ( Che ' ers . ) 'i Hepresumed that they . might take the . existence of that institution , as ,. a -proof that the people" were beginning to think . for themselves , and thislwas . the first reason why : he had formed a desire ; to ( . cp , -operatei with them , for the'object which the institution , was intended to . prompte .- Men throughout the country were , shaking themselves loose from political parties . ; -they ... were , looking . more to measures than men , and ho believed he : was right in saying that among ¦ alarge ; majority : of-earnest- reformers : the returni to . power off-Sir . "Robert Peel would .. bo ¦ hailed , with . the greatest / satisfaction . ( Cheers and ' disapprobation . ) ilehad . no wish to stir up . hostile feelings , but it .-was right they should
come to a thorough understanding , on this subject ; and . he would appeal to any man who had been looking calmly on whether he was not right in saying that Lord ; John Russell ' s avistoeratie ^ sympathies were too strong —( cheers)—too strong to enable him fulJy to appreciate' the progress of public opinion on sulijects which he . chose to think were connected with . the ; rights of his orders ,. ; ( Cheers . ) While speaking of the rights of . th . at ; orueiv he would say that they owed much to tho . House of : Lords—( hear . hear , ) --but ho was at the . sametime . prepared to say that perhaps the people of England might be led to consider whether or not , they were , paying too large a price for the maintenance of those rights . ( Hear , hear . ) Any one who had ; witnessed -the sacrifices made by Sir Robert : ; Peel—sacrifices greater than
many , were able to apprcciate-n in breaking off from the ; powerful party with ; , . > yhicli : he . . was connected , would easily believe , that : that ^ right hon . baronet was far ; bettcr' able , or at least far , more willing , to ; read , tho . signs of : the times , and carrying his convictions to their ultimate result , than Lord John Russellwas . ¦ ( Cheers . ) - Another reason why he rejoiced in , andvwould , support ; that association was , because . he believed it would promote . peace at home and increase the security , of-, property . ( Hear , hear . ) . He was no alarmist ; he had . gi ^ at faith ia his principles , and had no doubt pfj . tii . eir ultimate triumph ;; but then : he saw . the great . amount of discontent ,: and . he , would . say . of right discontent , on the part of the people , . who felt they , were oppressed , he wished as a person who ; . had something to lose , to see necessary reforms carried put , not in answer , it might , be , to the infuriated demnnds of his fellowconcession
countrymen , but < as a . ; -to justice . ( Cheers . ) They had lately heard , a / voice from Lombard-street , of ono who . was well qualified to speak on thin subject , Mr , Samuel Gurney had stated in a letter to the public a few . weeks ago . that so enormous was the amount of the . public expenditure , and so . thoroughly were the . peopletaxed to their utmost endurance , that in the event of certain contingenciesj such as ' a i rupture ; in our foreign relations , or bad seasons , producing-, us they always'jdid , distress and difficulty ,, there wosldibe nothing before us but embarrassments / of i the moVt " , startling kind , and therefore . he ; argued that ; -nothing / . but a sweoping (; i . reduoti 6 n .. ; of expenditurbj w . piild put the country in a , Bafefppwtiph ., ,, ( j 3 heers . ) ;; Hemust say that he jook ^ dafcthp .. qu estion of bxajfc |<^ with great anxiety , . viewing it in the HgRof Indirect as opposed to direct : taxatlQn : ; : and , as ai Systein ^ vbioh imposett the greatestjburden . onthoge lea st ' , ab . ie to bear «* HetoWgieatJy ! re ] oiw in < AhsisuccesBofthe pr «« :: v : J ) ii . ' - ; : i .: i ; : t' ; - ~ rci 'U . ;; ' .- . 4 ' . . ?¦* ' }•* : '
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, i ^ KQj ^ jl ^ , 185 Q > , THE NORTHERN STAR . ¦ ' - / 7 / »^ T ——^* -rlJ T ^ ^ " —^——«—¦—aaaiM—a ^^^^^^^ .. ^ -. . _ . eiS . — _ .... ,. y , _ ,. „ .....,. _ _ — ¦ ~ - - - ¦ , ., i ' r ~
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couch , and bundled it downstairs . - J >¦'¦ ¦ i ¦ "Where ( Jo . you generally * le ' ep / 'M said . '' Oh , jiisfc ony g / rtov it depends on whether the hobse is full—but or'been , jor in ithe passage ; -or ony gate . " ; The nominal iprice of fourpenoofora bod I found to-be every \ # here the same , and ' tho-genoral disposition of the badriiooms was epa'lly Mentical . They consist- simply of filty ungcouMfl ; « ham'berg , . with stained ' and msoolourod walls , eoribMed over with ¦ names ^ nnd fowl-eKpressions . Sometimes the plaster ¦ bad fallen ; and'Jay . in heaps in thc . oowiers . There < waa no article . of-furnituro other than tiib beds—riot ieven ; so far asS ^ aw a chest .. St illtho worst of the ' places was quite weaihor-tight . '/ > . ¦ •' . ' •<; ^ ¦^¦¦' ¦ ' ¦
¦ ¦ beds are' allowed-toi-ibe in a room . Butlthe law-is cohtinually Violated ;¦ '• " Shake-downs "' ' . made o " n ' the' ^ oo : v ' and'thre&s and fours crammed : into ; the 1 same-bed .- ' - In another lodging-lioiise ¦ my companion suddenl y esclaimed . to the lftndlady ., '' Why , here's a bed more . than you are : licenfiedf pri " -p * ointT ing to a bun 31 eof straw bnolosed in-a piece of coarse sacking , and ? set upright in a ^ corner , i "' Guide jus a ' , " answered 'the woman , in-the archest . patoiitf the Canongate , " - ' guide -vati ' ., . what ' s the body havering about * 'It ' s my ain be'd , ' > man .- * ' - Ye . wad ii ' a hae me' sleep on the stanes ¦? d 3 ut we ' se remove it , if that be & \ i" and-so sacking sho ^ eaught up lwr .
irig-houses—broken and irickety -bedsteads , and clothes ' whichweve bundles of-brown rags . ; . i These cbuChes were placed so close thatybU'CoUld pnlygiist make your yray between theml' The-Tegulav charge was fourponco a bed ; ' The la ' n'dladyetoutly . asserted that / Qnly ^ vro . 'Were ^ nowed tb sleQp in : each-bed , ' but as' the sexes " she was ' ! noways ' partiCulai — lodgers -was- lodgers ; -whether- thev was' ¦ men'w women ' . " . In the . room in which ' wo 'stood ; and which might be about'fourteen feet by twelve ,-more than a seoro ' of ' filthy ? viigrantsofton- pigged -together ; dressed , arid ¦ undressed , sick . and ; well , ::-sober an 'd 'driiriki ^ ' --v ! ' ?' "¦'• ' ¦¦;" ' ' - '• ¦; . ; : ' , - > ! .. ' .: - '" ;; - - ' _ These" , logging-Houses are under / the superintendencb of- 'the police . ' and only a . ' . cortain nunSberof
They had beoE talkiHg loudly enough anmvute agoj 'but on '' bur . ' entra ' nce they , became as mute as fishes ^ f aring , stolidly iritb / tha ' firip , and only'iiraafcir ig furtive ' gTahces : at my ^ companion , and nodding , to each 'bthor when ' ? his back' was turned .,. Hot -na tho place was | most'of the ? women / had shawls * bout their head ^ . 'They wereTcoarse "' looking and repulsivemore than- ' one wit h' contused and discdloured faces . The men-were '" of that class you' often- remark' in low Ibcalitie 8--sq ' u ' alid hulking fellows ,-with no particular mark'Of any trade or calling . on 'them . The ¦ women vrere ;'; bf the iforst class of prostitutes , arid the men thehil ; bu'llies and partners ; < in robberies / The'beds ' ^ uj > -. stairs -wero very , muchc-of . tho- class already ¦ de 8 crihed : a 3 found in tlie Oldkam low ^ loiJg- "
' We 'first went into ' an ordinary ' - ' low lodging house ? ' , The 'hour , 'I should state , was ' about nine p'olpckatriighf .: " Asl » ut man , ' partially ' undressed ; was sitting , nursing : a child , <; upon the bed ; of tbe oilt ' eT room / and the "landlady- einerg ' ed frbni the inner apartnieritiiflipricc followed her a great ' cia ' ek of 'male and feriralb tongues ^' . The , woman syoke Wlfih prpfuncl , ' j ^^ dcfereric ' o ^ i to ; my companionV ' arid began to " assure him -tti&b . the house was the best conducted' in ; -M ' Mariche ^ fcer- ' Meantime' we bad entered fcho inner'ropra . It was a ; 'Small stiflindy hot' place , withn / large 'lire , " over ^ which / flickereaa rush-light , oi'A'ery small ciki'dlo , ' s ' t ' uo'k' in a' greased tia sconce . ' There were eight or'ten men arid women seated <) ri stools aiid-Iowchairsroued the fire ;
¦ were ' nbtilQilgera , ' but merely' "riaybours , '' sure , that " coined . in to see yez ; " and ' usually ' upon bur 3 escent lro ^ but cleared of i ' ts'bccupWts ;; •¦•¦;!¦ •;•' : ¦ ; ' ' The -lowest , ' aiost ; filthy , most unhealthy , and most wicked locality in : Manchester , ' is « aHcd , ' singularly enpugh , ; " Arigel-nieadow . '' , It lies off the OldKam-rbaci , is full of cellars , and inhabited-by prostitutes , their bullies , thieves , cadgers / vagrants , tramps / and , in ' . the , very worst sties' of ; filtn and darkness ^ by those" unhappy wretches of the ; '' low , Irish . " ; My , guide ' was a sub-iiispector of police , an excellent . conductor ; - in" brie ' rospecti biit' disadyaritageous in another , seeing that his presence spread panic wherever " lie went . 'Many of the people ; that night , visited "liadj ; doubtless , ' ample 'cause tb ; be nerWm touching the ' presence , of onp of the guar-; diari 3 'ef : thelaw . : ' . / : i ; : " - ' •" ' : " - ; - - ';; <\ " ; . - - -- 'v
the ; , appi ' eher isipri ; ' the' trial ; and - the execution ! Near it w ' orb ' . piirti'y ' pririts'bf the'Virgin ;; arid -of saints , exhibitiiiff Burning hearts ; arid besides them was ~ a ; sbrt' of ' aUeg ' orical chart ,. called ' ' - ^ A ' Railway to iEIeav ' en . witli ' a Tiiririei through Mount . Calvary . - " rThe ' lodgera ' were nearly air hawkers ; of besoms , The nieri T . had'seen working " in thehouse foiddbe next " day miles ofl ^' upbri ! Saddlewpfthygathcririg fresh mat « rial ' s' ^ Spmetimes more than thirty people , men ' and women ; slept in the / three . rbbriis which I have described : We went over'mbre ; than a dozen of similar places—some a little , better , ; sbinea little wpree ,., than'Ih ' aye ; described . - The owners bf each noese was always / anxious to ; explairi that half of the " people' ' wo , siiif % ' the ; low rbpms'i ' cowering rburid the iirejwretcbedsoddenlike men arid women ,
cplour with uniriitigated filth . The beds-were made ' up / on crazy bedsteads , fastened' ; together with knotted ropes , ' arid " sbmetirries propped ' ¦ with ; big stones . The bed-post jr , brofceij of . different heights , ' sloped hither , arid thither : . It "' wai' lateuri'the'day , - biit tho beds' had riot been made—I ^ uestibri whether they ever aroi-nor tliellppiVrnpticd . Sixp " encea bed ' . was the nominal piic ' e p ' er night ; sp' that thVee traraps could , aa tliey , often ' . 'dp ; sleep together for twbperico each ;; bu ' t tHe ' price varies / withi the influx of lodgers , sometimes sinking , to' a pennyi to a halfpenny , iridced to any thing wlnch ' -tWppbr'cr ^^ have . In the 'lower room ; was a daub'bf an oil painting : in four ' compartmerit ' si' rbpres ' onting four events' in the ' career of a" criminal—the robbery .
¦ and broken lpl {( t € S ps littered hogeaeapsoftbelmg ,, ; anipng which lay " spraWling , as" they bound it ; into shape , throe or'four strapping young ' nienVtallvibg Irish tp each-other ; ' " ana tb"the ( wretcKed'drabs J of rsgged women \ vhp' were'cpwerinj by thfi fire ] place . ' , In tWs room ^^ there were two "bed ' s . "' ' In . tf back ' room , ' a similar nianufaiutbry was going cri , ahd iti it ' , ainoh ' g all sorts of 'wretched ^ household lUter- ^ broken tubs ; cracked jdrs | and pots fuHof all manner of filthy slops H-wai anotherb ' eu ^ me ' rely av-buridlft'Xif rag ? shaken down upori a ; substratum of tlie ^ dyperyaded'lingl There was a back'yardi' ' with an' aihpib / 'feeking of ab ' ominatipnsi ' Up ' stairs were , two little rooms . ' In one were •¦ thr ee- '" or ; four beds 'in the-other and larger , six . I examined the sheets : theV-werodrab
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Jan. 12, 1850, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1556/page/7/
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