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Inuiertal ilatlfamkt ,>~ ,>,.,..,. .,..^.
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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fon ^ tbreer ttetih ' iniCs conditional ^ der was node in the case of the estates of *« the Bight S ^ Bidai * JW . df GlengalL" ft « stated flat opposition will be made on the part of the noble « M , when the petiaoningcreditorappliesforanabfiolnte order for sale . As Irish MnuosMBE . —The following statement appears in tiio Freeman ' s Journal : The lady who aas made the large advance in this instance obtained * vast fortune devised by the will of her husband , ihe late Mr . F . Kelly , of the county of Galway , which , after much litigation , has been , established "in the Prerogative Court : — " The topic of the week in the . money market has been the advance b y Mrs . Kelly , whose name has been so frequently before for ^ three : « JnM ^ ma ^^^^
the public in the celebrated will case , of the larke * um of £ 133 , 000 to the Midland Qreat Western Railway Company ; to enable the latter to discharge the balance of the purchase money due to the Boyal Canal Company , being about that amount . Mrs . ^ y receives a transfer of the canal direct fcomthe Canal Company , and becomes the first ¦ encumbrancer on it , the total cost bavin ? been * P ?» i « of . £ 400 , 000 . She has , of course , these ¦ cunty of the Railway Company in addition , and as far saMrs . Kelly is concerned , the security may be considered undoubted . The transaction is how-« ver , an advantageous one for the company , as they lave agreed to pay Mrs . Kelly fire naroafc < rf . ; i
they have paid sis per cent , to the Canal Company There : is , therefore , a diminution of £ l , 3 . 50 per annum m the interest paid by the company . " DKPABtTJHE OF ' THE LOHD-LffiUIHilNT . —On Mon-• cay morning his Excellency , accompanied by his private secretary { Mr . Connellan ) came down by ^ special train to Kingstown , and proceeded on board the admiralty steamer Banshee , which sailed for "Holyhead . His Excellency goes direct to London , -to join lady Clarendon and their children . Their ZJ ? England will extend to three weeks . Ths Irish Lines Trade . —The linen and yarn iarade of Ulster , in general , is decidedly improving An advance of yarns is anticipated , from the in"Crease of foreign demand .
FUTAIi ClOSDCG OP CoSCUIATIOJt HAIi . —At the ¦ weekly meeting on Monday , Mr . John O'Connell JPQored that the association should adjourn sine die , -as they were in debt , and had lost all control over the hall . He took this course as a last experiment "to rouse the country : and if the present appeal -Should be responded to ; the committee would nave -the power of once more convening a public meeting ¦ Of the association . The repeal rent for the week ^ amounted only to £ 410 s ., to which minimum , the ¦ chairman observed , it had descended from a weekly -sum of £ 3 , 300 . The motion wan carried in solemn silence , and the few persons in the hall quietly walkedoff . *
Chabgk aoaik 8 t a Magistrate . —The Clare Jour sial states , that " the Investigation Into the charge against Mr . Smyth , of CasEefergus , twa resumed - < ra Saturday last at Tolla , when the magistrates decided on admitting Mr . Smyth to bail , to take his trial at next assizes . " Mayo Euectioh . —This election is fixed for the : 25 th instant , and the issue is now fairly knit , there being only one candidate at each side . Colonel Kaox Gore has withdrawn , leaving Mr . Butt , Q . C , as the Protectionist candidate . The Independent -Club of Mayo have selected Sir . Oosely Biggins as VOW Candidate , backed by the Roman Catholic Clergy and Mr . Joseph . Myles Macdonald has retired . The prisoners , who were arrested for an assault on the police at Belfast , on the morning of the 12 th inst ., when two of the Orangemen were wounded , have been admitted to bail to take their trial at the
assizes . The Harvest . —Every account from the country ^ describes thepotato , as well as the cereal and green crap ? , as progressing most satisfactoril y , and there is an earnest tone of anticipation as to the effect of the harvest , in restoring confidence , and laying the foundation of future improvement , after general pros * tration and sufferings unparalleled amongst the poor ¦ people of this country . Some of the provincial papers state , that it would require personal observation to estimate the exuberant delight of the peasantry in the rural districts , and the labouring population in the towns , at beholding the large supply of " their old friend , " the potato , apparently recovered from the blight that has caused so much misery , and sold at prices not much higher than used to prevail at this period of the season before the famine . Waterford , Saturday . —Several persons were
convicted of having belonged to the party who attacked the police barrack at Coppoquin , in September last , and were sentenced to various terms of transportation , from seven to fourteen years . DOWHPATBICK . —Judge Ball opened the commission here on Monday . The Ncwry Telegraph sajs : — " The intention of the Crown to prosecute at these assizes not only the Ribbon rebels . ' but also the loyal Protestants , engaged in the memorable affair of Uagheramayo , has' attached a more than ordinary degree of interest to the criminal procedinss . " Death or the Secretary of ihe Repeal Associahoh . —The secretary of the Repeal Association , whose name was Hagarty , died suddenly on Monday sight His official labours terminated on the day of the adjournment of the association , and his earthly career closed the same night . He died oi disease of the heart . i
The Late Oraxgz Riot . —The Belfast Whig of Tuesday says : — "On Saturday morning , the two jonng men , Walker and Anderson , charged with being portion of an illegal assembly , on Thursday night , on the Malone-road , were brought up for examination . It appeared , on the evidence Of Constable Bind , that the lad "Walker was engaged in beating a drum , with a number of men and boys , who went up that road on the evening in question , and that he was taken into custody . A large crowd afterwards assembled , with a view of effecting a rescue , the police barrack was regularly stormed , and several windows broken in it . The constables
charged the crowd , when the latter retreated , and it wa 3 in the course of the retreat that Anderson was captured . They were both bound over to take trial at the assizes , bail being accepted for "Walker , himself in £ 10 , and two sureties in £ 5 each . For Anderson , himself in £ 20 , and two sureties in £ 10 each . Walker is a very young lad , and his father , who was present , appealed to the Bench , hoping their worships would punish him if he * were a Tebel . ' On being questioned as to his meaning , he -replied that he trusted his son would be punished it * he were untrue to the cause for which "Walker fell a hundred-and . sixty years ago . ' "
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THE TYPE FOUNDERS' STRIKE . TO THE TRADES OF LONDON . FEuaw-WoBKMES , —The Type Founders , late in the employ of Messrs . Caslon and Co ., Chiswellstreet , have turned out on strike . A series of attempts to reduce their now already small wages tare led to this result . The last twelve months have been to US a continual fight to uphold the rate of remuneration we received . In one branch the attempted reduction was thirty per cent ., in another twenty-five , in another twenty ; several privileges taken of ; and , the week previous to suspending ¦ work , a notice of a reduction of twenty per cent , on another branch—all this , and much that none but
those acquainted with the details of the trade could understand , has led us to resolve to discontinue work until this last notice is -withdrawn , and sufficient guarantees are given that farther attempts in the same direction « fll be discontinued . Every man in the firm is out , numbering ninetysix . The trade is but small , and unable to render all the assistance such a large body of men require , although the several shops have munificently subscribed according to their means . "We therefore take the liberty of presenting our case to your kind / consideration ; trusting you will see sufficient cause to render us such assistance as the urgent necessities of our ease require .
A . deputation from us will - wait and render every other explanation and information that may be required . Type Founders' Committee Room , George Inn , Foster ' s-buildings , ¦ ffh itecro 3 s-street , St . Luke'a ,
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Proposed New Bishoprics . —It ia stated , in the event of the motion being successful of which Mr y ? . B . Gladstone baa given notice , namely , for the addition of ftekuse to the present Church Commis sion Bill , giving the commissioners power to submit to the Queen in council a proposal for the promotion of a new bishopric in every place where , by local contributions , there may be raised towards its endowment the sum of £ 30 , 000 , ( the income to be assigned to such bishop not to exceed £ 1 , 500 ; and ancn bishop not to have a seat in the House of Lords ); immediate steps will be taken to erect "Westminster and Southwark into distinct episcopal sees , the abbey forming the cathedral of the first , and the church of StSaviour , by London Bridge , cathedral of the latter
the mentioned bishopric . For the accomplishment ofboth these objects sufficient funds can be rawed without delay , peraonB of wealth taring offered to provide by fer the larger portion of the endowment when called upon to do so . The new bishopric of Westminster will embrace the vhole of that city , including the parishes of St Sfargaret , St . John , St . James , St . Clement St ' Martin , St . George , Hanover ^ nare , Bt # W Soho , St . Paul , Coventaarden , and all parishes westward , now comprwed in the diocese of London . The new diocese of Boutiiwark will comprise the whole of the county ef Surrey . The pw has the full sanction of the Bishops of London and -Winchester , who at present haw the ecclesiastical bupervision of those districts .
* Thb Cosvict Paw has been removed to the MilbankPrisoH We learn that he has not been imbjirtriXSmS prison discipline . He hasueif ter tesgasgBi tfraa officer of the prison . Whyutbis !
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¦ y ;? r ^ l ! IDDLEfeE ^ SE ? SIOM-- ' ¦ SfSl-if ' ™ ^ "Qfrtte Sessions 6 f the Peace for Middlesex oommenced on Tuesday morn ing . atthe Sessions House ; , Clerkenwell . There were ttsBssta- * " * - * S ^ ss&wsi : ySS ^ KSP 0 *^ P ari 8 h of Paddlngton , Ureat Western Railway Company . ^ -k- ; O'Brien was for the prosecution ; Mr . Gifford appeared for WnTwr ^ ? 111 * witness in the case was the brother of the prisoner Moulton , a boy J 55 &LW ! g J fl < om whos « evidence it ' ap . peareo . that he and the nnBonarn tcoro i * u ~~ i ~~
about the fields near to the railway at Paddinrton when oneof them suggested that they should take some bolts whioh were being used by the workmen in repairing to rails . They took ei ght and threw them over a hedge , and then went and laid under a tree , where they were apprehended , their conduct having been under the eye of O'Hara one of the company's constables . —The defence was that it was but a piece of mischief on the part of the boys and that they had no intention to steal the bolts ' The learned counsel called evidence to the characl ter of Treleving , and apologised that the witnesses to the character of the otherwere not then present —The learned Judge , with some warmth , said this was extremely improper on the part of the attn * .
ney wno instructed Mr . Gifford to make that statement , when he must have known what would have been the result had such witnesses been called The court knew sufficient to satisfy it that such witnesses were never intended to be examined at all —The attorney said he could assure his lordship that he had been instructed that an employer of the boys would be present to speak to nis cbaracter .-ine learned judge summed up , and the jury found the prisoners "Not Guilty . " ' Bobbsr * HtQM thb Pbrsox . —George Hayward adesperate-looking fellow , was convicted of a rob bery from the person . —The learned Judge said the prisoner had been convicted so often that it was impossible for him to pass any sentence save that of
transportation . —Transported for ten years . Obiadjiso Mosey bt Fraud . —George Turner 46 , was indicted fgr having , by false and fraudulent pretences , obtained from Peter M'Cartby , the sum 0 J mi * * mtenfc to ch ( * t and defraud W thereof . The ' prisoner was further indicted for two other sunitooffences—The prisoner pleaded guilty to all the indictments . —Mr . Clarkson and Mr . Prendergast appeared for the prosecution , and the former , addressing the court , said this was a prosecution instituted b y direction of the Metropolitan Commission of Sewers , in whose name the prisoner , and other parties no doubt connected with him , had earned on frauds upon the public to a vast extent , ihe parties defrauded were mostly poor neoole . and
tne mode in which the frauds were effected was this . He went to parties the drains upon , and the sewers adjoining , whose premises were under the control of the commissioners , as authorised by the 11 & 12 Viet ., the act establishing the commission , and represented that he was connected with the commission , that certain alterations and improvements had been ordered to be made in the drains of their houses , but in each case , he stated that before operations were commenced he must be " supplied with money to procure the requisite materials from one of the commission depots , and having got the money he went away and of course Was "J * «« " {» ' hen * of . Now there was no doubt but that this had been done in a great
I unber of instances , many of which had come to the knowledge of the commissioners , who thought they were bound to protect the public from such abominable impositions by prosecuting the offender They , however , had selected but three cases for inl yestigation , thinking those three sufficient to shew the court what the real nature of the fraud was but there were at least twenty cases which could be substantiated against the prisoner . —The learned Judge asked how long this system had been carried on ?—Mr . Clarkson said the commissioners knew of it last year , but the prisoner had escaped detection . The first offence the prisoner was charged with , was committed in December . —The prisoner said he had been employed to act as he had done
by other parties , who received the money , arid whose dupe he had been throughout . —The learned Judge said this was a very serious case , and one which could not be passed over slightly . Even supposing that the prisoner had been made a dupe of at first , it was impossible to suppose that he was not fully aware subsequentl y of his being engaged in an extensive system of fraud upon the public . The sentence upon him , in respect of the first indictment , was six months * hard labour , on the second indictment three months * and on the third indictment six weeks' hard labour . Robbery ra a Poblic-housb . —George Grant , a well-dressed men , who described himself as a wine and spirit merchant , was indicted for stealing 30 s .
, under the following circumstances : —Last Monday week , he went to the Nag ' s Head public house , in St . John-street , and producing two sample bottles , one of brandy , and the other of rum , asked if Mr . Willis , the landlord , was in want of any foreign spir its . Mrs . Wlis replied in the negative , and shortly after a man joined the prisoner in front of the bar , and they had something to drink , in payment for which the prisoner tendered a gilt coin resembling a sovereign , which Mrs . YTillis declined to take . The parlour bell ringing at that moment Mrs . " Willis went to see what was required , and , on her return to the bar , she found the prisoner deliberately leaning over the counter emptying the till of its contents . He decamped with the man who had
joined him , but was captured by a young man who was in the tap-room at the time , and who , on hearing the cry of stop thief , followed in pursuit . —Verdict " Guilty . "—The prisoner said he was of respectable character , and was in business with a partner in selling bonded sprits . The biUs he had in his pocket-book , which the police tooK from him , would show that since January last he had paid more than £ 500 for goods . His name was Cran , not Grant . — The learned'judge inspected the pocket book , and said that its contents rather disproved than made out the fact of his haying been engaged in business to that extent , for side by side with the bills in question—which no doubt were fictitious onesthere were pawnbrokers' duplicates—one for a pair of boots waistcoat
, Is .: a , Is . 6 d . ; and many others of the same character . Sentenced to sis months' hard labour . Robbers ahd Attempted Rescue W . Pryor , 21 , and W . Thomas , 16 , were indicted for a robbery from the person . The offence was committed in a crowd of persons who had assembled in Whitechapel to witness the return of the " boats " from Fairlop Fair . Pryor was " covering" Thomas , who committed the theft ; and , on the officer taking the latter , Pryor attempted to rescue him , and threw at him a large piece of granite , which Struck him on the hat , nearly cutting it through . The prisoners were convicted ; and Pryor , being a known offender , was sentenced to seven years ' transportation ; Thomas to nine months' hard labour .
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SlRAKGERS IN THB IfoDSB OP COMMONS . —As far as my observation extends , i . e ., the last thirty-one years , no alteration has taken place in the practice of the House of Commons with respect to the admission of strangers . In 1844 the house adopted the usual sessional order regarding strangers , which I transcribe , inserting within brackets the only material words added by Mr . Christie in 1845 : —" That the Sergeant-at-Arms attending this house do , from time to time , take into his custody any stranger or strangers that he shall seo or be informed of to be in the house or gallery [ appropriated to the members of this house , and alBO any stranger who , having been admitted into any other part . of the house or gallery , shall misconduct
himself , or shall not withdraw when strangers are directed to withdraw ] while the house or any committee of the whole house is sitting , and that no person so taken into custody be discharged out of custody without the . , special order-of the house . " That "no member of the house do presume to bring any stranger or strangers into the house , or the gallery thereof , while the house is sitting . " This order appears to have been framed at a tune when there was no separate g&Uery exclusively appropriated to strangers , ' and when they were introduced by members into the gallery of what is called the "body of the house . " This state of things had passed away : and for a lone series of venra
strangers had been admitted to a gallery in the House of Commons in the face oi the sessional order , by which your correspondent C . H . imagines their presence was absolutely prohibited . " When I speak of strangers being admitted , it must not be supposed that this was done by order of the house No , everything relating to . the admission of strangers to , and their accommodation in the House of Commons , is effected by some mysterious agency for which no one is directl y responsible . Mr . Barry has built galleries for strangers in the new house ; but if the matter were made a subject of inquiry , it probably would puzzle him to state under what authority he has acted . — Notts and Queries .
A Capiubi no Prize . —Captain the Hon . G . F . Hastings , of the Cyclops , has been recently cast in £ 5 , 000 damages by the Slave . Commissioners on the coast of Africa , for illegal detention of a Portuguese ship . HouowaI ' B PillS , A SOPEBIOK RlOIED ? FOB OLD Coughs , Coids , and AsrmuTicii ; Complaints . —It is confirmtd dailj b y penoni who have been great sufferers , that these wonderful pills are an effectual cure for old coughs , « mU , wheeringB on the chest , shortneu of breath , and ia * uunaucal complaints . Such we th * extraordinary Poyew of HoUow « j '« Klls , that a few doses willrira re" •* " ^ e nioit obstinate ewes of diseaseB of the ch « t ; ¦ "fJfcMe who bate been afflicted for jears , and found I tod ' -t ^ 'jedfciM useless , may ; by a little perseverance lefftDhwf * *™^ a a Pennauent cure . They are also an I Su-oatr Kmea ' for h ows « n «* f and complaints ia the
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., ,.. MONDAY , July 15 . HOUSE OF LORDS .-The Royal Assent \ ras given by Commission fo a great number of bills . ' ¦ ¦ . Thenew Lord Chancellor took his seat and the oaths as Baron Tiumo . ' ' ; Lord Brougham brought up the report of the Select Committee oh the CouNTr . Courts Extension Bii& The noble lord expressed his intention ; of visiting America in the Bpring , when he hoped ; to have the pleasura of taking wfth him a copy of the bill , as a satisfactory- proof of the progress which this country is making in the law of debtor and creditor . ¦ ; : The report of the select committee was then brought up , and ordered to betaken into consideration on Thursday .
Factories Bim > . —Petitions praying for an effi . cient Ten Hours BUI were presented by the Bishop of Salisbury , from Ashtori-under-Lyiie , and numerous other places ; by the Bishop of Oxford , from Halifax , and other places ; by Lord Beaumont , from Halifax ; by the Bishop of Manchester , from factory workers of Manchester ; by Lord Wharnoliffe , ' from several places in the West Riding ; and by Lord Dufferin , arid the Earl of Yarborougb , from various places .
Ihe Buke of Kichmond also presented a number of petitions from factory operatives to the same effect . He was not able to state either the number of petitions , or of the signatures attached to them . In another place he had understood the number of petitions presented on the 8 uti } eot had' been 1 , 200 , which had been signed by 248 , 747 persons . He mentioned this fact , in order that their lordships might see that the factory workers vrere eager and anxious to have the full benefit of the act accorded to them which was passed in 1847 . ( Hear , hear . )
Lord Gbanvhjlb then moved that the house go iw-5 Ommittee on tbM . MU . ' His lordship stated taat it the present bill had . been a new measure , or one which introduced entirely new arrangements as factory labour , it " would ^ have been necessary for him to enter into a discussion of the great question ¦ j Y far lt was P ° ° l e to promote'the moral and physical advantages of the factory operatives by legislative enactment . Upon that subject he held atrong opihionB , but luckily the present bill did riot requiro either that he-should trespass upon their lordships time , or still less that he ' shouldput forth his iridvidual opinions upon the subject . The object of the present bill was to obviate certain inconveniences found to arise in a certain" nortion of the
previous act , passed upon the subject of regulating the hours of factory labour . The main provisions , regulating the labour , of young persons and women in factories , were to be found in . an act passed in 1833 . Considerable modifications were made in thatact by another passed in 1 § 44 , and it was the twenty-sixth clause of the latter , act which had led to the introduction of the present bill . In 1847 , another act was passed , making no difference in the provisions of the previous act , with the exception of altering the hours of labour from twelve to ten , during which the labour of children arid young persons should be continued . The twenty-sixth clause of the actof 184 A , provided that the hours Of working for children and young persons in every fadtbrv
should be reckoned from the time when such child or young person should first begin to work in the morning at any factory . This clause was introduced in order to prevent the system of " shifts" and " relays . " It happened , ' however , that in 1848 , the millowners , upon looking at this clause , 'imagined that it was not stringent enough to prevent the em-E loyment of persons either by " shifts" or reiy 8 . " The difference between those two modes of employing the operatives was , that by ' . 'relays' ' fresh sets of persons were employed hr continual labour , while in the " shifts" the same persons were employed for a certain num . ber of hours , then sent out of the factory to . loiter away a portion of their time
ana then returned to the factory ; so that a person beginning to work at half-past five in the morning might still be found at work till half-past eight in the evening , though not really employed more than ten hours out of the fifteen . The factory inspectors we ' re of opinion that the mode of working by relays and shifts was illegal ; and one gentleman , acting upon the recommendation of the Secretary of State for the Home Department , brought the question before the magistrates . The same course Tsas adopted in several other cases , and many conflicting judgments were given on the subject . At length it was resolved to have recourse to a superior court of law , in order to obtain a final decision . A case was accordingly brought before the Court
of Exchequer , and Baron Parke , ' in delivering judgment , stated that in the oriinion of the court it probably was the intention of . the Legislature to prevent relays and shifts , but that the words introduced were not sufficient to carry out such intention . Upon this decision being made known , tho system of relays becauie more general , and the attention of Lord Ashley was naturally called to the circumstance ., In mentioning the name of that noble lord , he would state that , although he could not go so far in sbme ' of the opinion * , and was diametrically opposed to other opinions held by him , yet he felt it impossible to deny that , considering the labour and toil , and sacrifice of those objects which to public men were
objects of laudable sympathy , that he was entitled to speak with great weight and authority with respect to the feelings and wishes of the working classes of this country . ( Loud cheers . ) Lord Ashley then brought in a bill explanatory of what was considered to have been the intentions of the Legislature , lie found , however , that the clause which he had introduced into the bill was inefficient for the purpose . A second and a third bill was brought in ; and , although the clause in the third one was drawn up by four of the most eminent lawyers , still it was found to bo inefficient without the introduction of new matter . In this state of things the Secretary of State for toe Home Department having entered into communication with
the millowners , came to the opinion that the proposal embodied in the present bill was one which , whilst it fairly met the exigencies of the case , was one which , while it prevented evasion , would , upon the whole ,, be agreeable to the majority of the millowners and of the factory operatives . Lord Ashley consented to the proposed change , believing that it would be beneficial to the operatives themselves , and that it would also be a final settlement ef the question , and gave up the bill into the hands of the government . The proposal of the government , as contained in the present bill , was , that the labour of young persons and women should be restrained to ten hours upon the five first working days , and to eight hours upon the Saturday , but
that the limits during which the work was to be performed , vizi , from half-past five in the morning to half-past eight in the first five days , and from half-past five in the morning to half-past four in the evening of Saturday , as fixed by the previous acts , should be reduced from fifteen to twelve hours upon the common working days , and to eight hours upon the Saturday . That was , therefore , a great concession on the part of the millowners . The noble duke said that by those arrangements they included the dinner hour , but he ( Lord Granville ) believed that with the great body of the factory operatives the object was to have the whole half holiday on Saturday , from two o ' clock , thus having time to take their dinner and make their market , and enjoy
intellectual and other recreation . ( Hear , hear . ) It would bo unfair to the masters to put a limit upon them without giving them some corresponding advantage ; therefore it was proposed to allow the work to continue one half-hour longer , being compensated for by one half-bour less on Saturday , leaving it aixty hours in the week ; So that it was essentially a ten hours bill , though , in the workingday , one half hour more might be given by tho operative . ( Hear . ) Having made this proposal , it was received by Lord Ashley ,, in tho manner-be had stated , and was agreed to b y a large majority of the House of Commons . He might be asked how it was received by the country ; and tho agitation in the country , and the petitions presented with respect
to the measure were pointed to , to prove that the proposal was distasteful . But they should consider the organisation of the system of agitation now pursued , and that it was headed by one gentleman who had unbounded experience in bugU agitation , and by another gentleman who bore the name of an individual who was held in great regard by the operatives , and the cry was , that it was the intention of the government to take from the operatives the boon given to them by the act of 1847 ; but he ( Lord Granville ) felt justified in saying , from what had been stated to him ,, that that agitation was a failure . ( Hear . ) There were some amendments proposed to which tho government could not consent ; and considering that tho arrangements had
been based on a principle whioh was fair to both parties , it would be acting contrary to ail the principles by which a government should be actuated , after making the limitations and accepting the COnccgaions . tbat lad been made , to ask the millowriei' 8 to agree that the small advantages given by this bill should be taken from them . If their lordships ca , rae to such a decision , it would be entirely impos-? -,, *?* 'ier Majesty ' s government . to carry out a DJU of that nature , and , though regret , they Bhould Abandon the measure . ( Hear . The noble duke nad endeavoured to preserve a harmonious feeling Between all the classes engaged in agriculture—the landlord , tenants , and farm labrturors ; but let him ^ 31 ^ i . 1 flutfl 11 ? fuvther ' weigh tHecorise-! SKffi *^ eMiie if the y re i ° cted the bil 1 romrrnri ? h ° ' and « P almost tho first Sonlr Dted t 0 * * ?»» mMo-2 Wn . w ?* ' * w-operaW with them in Kl ? f ' i ? «§ ula « ons of the Factory Act . SfflnJiL *^? dld . not follow his advice they St o fatoSfo w § taiion now g ° ing on > S SSS Ves . by mining « combi-Ssts * $ ? ifcsrr "<*« «» ° h «* SSiit * SiSfS ? teke care not to array the capitalists agamst the operatives , for by bo doing
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* S ^ % ^ ^^ - ' ^ The Earl of Harrowby rose to bring forward an amendment for the purpose of including children in the provisions of thisact , as : wel l as female ' s and young persons ; He . believed ' the provisions of the bill now mtrouueed by the government , with some additions , would be highly advantageous , arid an ! & ^ ' ^ Hl' «« iexpMi 8 ed . bjfi . inert . ting of Yorkshire , Lancashire , and Cheshire delefvtn ifHt l ; i ? ? ^ iriie th « y thought . that ovon if they'failed m getting those alterations intraduced , there should be no attempt made to ' pre . vent the passing i of the : bill ., What he proposed was , tna . t m the . enumeration of parties who should not bo . .
employed at any hour before six o ' clock in the morning , or after six o ' clock in the evening ,- children also should be' included . It was Baid this bill would nottouch the ease of children , and therefore was not neceBsary to introduce any provision to protect them . That was -not , the fact , and he-was afraid if they passed this bill , making it impossible to employ young persons or females except between the houvs specified , they would give a fresh stimulant to make use of the existing law which lr ! W& ? , ? t been driven to , and make use of the children ' s labour at the . hours before and after those fixed . for the labour of youne persons and females . ( Hear , hear . ) The conseqjience would . be that the manufacturers desirous to make tho most of tho opportunities which tne law gave them , would , employ the children for two and a-half . hours or three hours , after their relatiyes were dismissed from themilland they
, would have to go ; home by themselves two or three miles in the country in the depth of winter . He could riot think their lordships would shrink from giving the children the benefit of protection when they thought it right to extend it to females and youngpersons . ( Hear ; hear . ) One of the inspectors ( Mr . Saunders ) told them that already the practice had begun , and that in some mills the afternoon class of children were continually employed in the manner described . His noble friend called upon them not to depart from the arrangement in which two parties were engaged ; but if he recollected rightly one of the gentlemen engaged in it was most anxious for the inclusion of children in the bill ; He " ( the Earl of Harrowby ) begged to move as an nmendment , that in the 10 th line ,
before the . words . " young persons" the words' ^ no ohildren" should be inserted . , Earl GBAMViiiB opposed the amendment , because he considered that by the passing of this bill children would not bo placed in a worse condition than they were under the three acts to which reference had been made . The subject of the amendment might be a proper one for consideration if the government were . about to bring in a , new bill , but this present measuro being a mere substitute-for the former Factory Act , he must decline interfering any further with the existing law . . ¦ Lord KiNNiiRD did not think the amendment proposed by the noble earl interfered with the principle of the bill at all ; on the contrary , it would carry out the arrangement that had been come to by the government and many of tho masters and manufacturers . ¦ . . ¦
Lord Stanley , would oppose the amendment , but intended to support the amendment . of which his noble friend near him ( the Duke of Bichmond ) had given notice . Having called their lordships ' attention to the evils . complairied of under the system of shifts , he begged to remind them that the shift system was recognised by the actB of 1844 and 1847 . Under these acts tho children who came in the morning might be worked from : the opening of the milluntildinnertime , provided thoy only worked for six hours and a half , and were not required to work during the remainder of tho day , and another set of children worked from dinner hour during the remainder of , the day , but were not required to work before the dinner hour . So that one set of
children had the first half of the day set apart for instruction , and the second set had the second half of the day appropriated for the same , purpose . ( Hear , hear . ) Therefore the relay system was carrying out the intention of the Legislature . The fact was that , without the presence of the young children , or youngpersons , or women , the adult labour in the faotory could not be available , and the mills must be stopped ; and this amendment would impose a new restriction on the manufacturers , which had never been contemplated to be put upon them by the act of 1847 . The only case in support of his amendment which , his noble friend on the cross bench was able to find out was tins—that the children would have to come away unattended in
the evening by either the vpomeri or youngpersons ; but surely they would be acooinpnnied by their fathers ' ; and the "f act of bringing forward such an argument only showed how very weak the ground was on which it was proposed to put a heavy additional restriction on the power of . employing labour now granted to the manufacturer . ( Hear , hear . ) He would not say the acts of 1844 and 1847 were wise pleasures ; in point of principle , he would say , they were open to objection ; but practically , up to this period , young persons and women worked for ten hours , and children for six and a half hours consecutively , by a system of relays . That system which was intended to be introduced by the acts of 1844 and 1847 had produced satisfaction , the
petitions m favour oi it were numerous from clergymen and medical men , and not only the factory ope ratives , but a large portion of the millowners desired to retain the principle of those bills in its integrity . ( Hear , hear . ) He ( Lord Stanley ) w « 8 prepared accordingly to support the amendment of his noble friend behind him ( the < Duke of Richmond ) , but he would not consent to impose on the manufacturer a new restriction that was not called for by any large portion - of the community , and which clearly was not contemplated by the acts of 1844 and 1847 ; and therefore he did not think his noble friend ( the Earl of Harrowby ) wae justified in proposing his amendment . ( Hear , hear ;) Lord WhamclippE ' supported the amendment ,
because it would prevent the children in factories from being kept at work till eight o ' clock at niglit , or three hours Inter than women arid young per-8 OU 8 , who would leave at half-past five p . m . Those who would support the amendment of the noble duke ( tie Duke of Itichmond ) , and oppose tho present amendment , appeared to him to be straining at a gnat and swallowing a camel . Doubtless , if this amendment were adopted , it would in some measure interfere with the privilege of the employers ; but he nevertheless believed that the millownera would accede to the alteration , in the hope of having a final settlement of the -long agitated question between them and their operatives . The Duke of . Richmond asked , if the amendment of the noble lord on the cross bench was so much
desired by the operatives for the benefit of their children . why was it not included in the original bill which Lord Ashley had introduced into the other house ? ICthe noble lord ( the Earl of Harrowby ) , however , brought forward his principle as a separate question , he would support him ; but in the present shapo of his amendment he could not voteforit . ' . , The Earl of Hahrowbt replied , and referred to the petitions from Lancashire , Cheshire , and Yorkshire , to show that a 3 much streBB had been laid upon this amendment by tho operatives as on any other part of this demand . If the bill passed without this amendment , the effect would be to drive the manufacturers to employ more children at a later hour than . hitherto ; and tho children would be sent away from the mills without ' their natural protectors to take care of them .
The Bishop of Oxford wished to draw the attention of the noble lord opposite ( Lord Stanley ) to one or two points , because tho noble lord , in insisting on the necessity for the legislature keeping faith with the working cl . issos , said he ¦ thought this amendment would bo uu infringement of the compact entered into by the operatives with their employers . " Now he hoped to be able to show the noble lord that the wholo objection was the other way . Technically speaking , this amendment was a now boon to be given to the children , but taking a higher . view , it was not'a new boon at all j beoause the act they were about to pass , whether they adopted it in its present shape , or with the noble duke a amendment , would create a new evil as
regards the children . A great deal of misconception arose from the use of the terras shifs and relays , itelays had been encouraged , and wisely , because they enabled two sets of children to work , ono in the morning and the other in the evening . Hut the shift system , which had been carried on by contravention of tho law ,. had this result , that the women and young persons worked as long as the children could work under the old system . Hut now we were gomg by legislation to make shifts impossible tor young povsons and women , and were distinctly creating a new condition that varied the terms of the old agreement , to the injury of the children : and , therefore , while they strictly keep faith by adhering to the original agreement , the highest principle of philosophical statesmanship required that they should introduce a counter-balancing cheek to prevent the children from being in . jured , otherwise while they would be adhering
to . ttie original compact on the one hand , they would be violating in on the other . He had had numberless representations of the deep interest whioh the factory workers took in this amendment . The noble lord said the ohildren would leave work with their fathers ; but he ( the Bishop of Oxford ) believed they woulu receive no suon proteotion , because he knew from inquiries that the ohildren of adnlt spinners were not the class of ohildren gene , ra y employed . The children employed were generally the relatives of the women and young persons of the factory ; and if the female children did not get home till two hours and a half after their natural protectors , thoyi would be exposed at their time of life to a danger which it would be most desirable to avert . And , again , there was another view that bad . not been taken . This system would greatly diminish the boon to the family , beoause if the children did not leave work till two hours and a half after the other momhera of the family , it would bo
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impossible that family arrangements and family economy as to meals could continue undisturbed . . The committee then divided . The numbers were : — ' ¦¦ ¦ :. ¦ For the amendment ' ... » ............. 25 ¦ Againstit . ; ... .... ; ... 58-33 The amendment was therefore rejected . The Duke of ' Richmond then rose to move the amendment of which he had givennotice . He said he had heard , with considerable surprise , the statement of the noble earl opposite , that if this alteration were adopted , tho government would have no-™ ng further to do with the bill . Let their lordsnips , however , not bo alarmed by such an observa-T \ } T , \ hi 8 amendment was carried , he ¦ h quld take charge of the bill himself arid
endeavour to carry it , and he knew he should get Lord J , n ««^ - T i \ wtth ifc itt the other house . He was not actuated by any party motives on the present occasion but he coulf not but Ek that a great portion of our fellow sub , { ctvte factory operatives of England , came forward , not to ask for any favour or any grace from their lordSfffit they appealed to this house as the highest , judicial court m the country , to maintain inviolate the wbvisions of the act of 1847—to do that in their BuVlio capaoity which he knew in their private capacitv they would not hesitate a moment' to perform ( Hear , hear . ) In 1847 , after a struggle of many years duration , the factory operatives obtained a Ten Hours Act , which they justly considered to be
jne great charter of their liberties . But what had taken place ? Some few millowners in this country —» very small minority of the body , he was happy to say—discovered a flaw in the-act of 1844 , and by resorting to the shift system-one of the most prejudicial systems / he must 8 ay , ever invented by the cupidity of man , were very properly fined by the magistrates ; but they went before the Court of Exchequer on a miserable legal quirk , and unfortunately , were successful . Now he would ssk . if that decision had been in favour of instead of being against the operatives , if any member , either of that house or the other , would have ventured to propose the repeal of this law , or ammunition of tho hoWe of labour which it established ? Then "he ' asked th
em , as honest and honourable men , not to take advantage of their own lapse and their own cm * in an act of parliament , nor to say that they had communicated with Bpme millowners , and wished to effect a compromise . He put his demand on the nigh ground , not of expediency , butof keeping faith with a great body of men , humble though they mi ° ht be in station , and who had shown themselves loyal honest , and worthy of the boon that had been given to them . The government inspectors reported that the Ten Hours Act had worked well the petitions of the clergy showed that the morality of the operatives had been much improved , the evening schools were better attended , the demand lor field allotments had been much increased , and the operatives , instead of indulging in the revels of the beer-shop , after a hard day ' s work , were found working at healthy employment in their gardens . The medical gentlemen / of the different districts said the health of the operatives was much improved ; and the operatives . themselves testified that their wives wero . more cheerful , and their daughters were brought tip in domestic employment so as to bo fit hereafter to hold the places of wives and mothers . Why , then , he asked , when all wa 8 going on so satisfactory , should advantage be taken of a technical flaw in an act of Parliament , to interfere with the whole system by which this beneficial change was being brought about ? In moving this amendment , he did not wish in the slightest degreo to attack the mnnufactuw * a cf
the country . He thought he was consulting their truest and best interests in the coursehe was about to adopt . He believed his amendment would , even in a pecuniary point of view , benefit them , by diminishing the quantity of waste work ; and it would surround them with a happy , contented , moral , religious , and well-educated population . Iheir lordships knew how often they were abused by interested demagogues in the great cities of the country . Let them , then , now prove to the inhabitants of these towns , and to the operative body x l * ?? ' they wer . determined at all hazards to hold the scale of justice with an equal and steady band , alike to the humblest operative and the wealthiest millocrat ; and that no earthly inducement could make them violate a solemn pledgo or break a decided promise . r °
Earl Granville observed that Lord Ashley , after repeated trials , had failed to frame any clause which would secure to the factory operative what he conceived to have been the object of the act of 1844 : and , therefore , lie ( Earl Granville ) might be excused for declining , on the part of the government , to recede from tho compromise which had been agreed upon . The Bishop of Bipon said that the benefits which had been anticipated from the working of the Ten Hours Act had exceeded tho most sanguine expectations of all its friends . This was- proved by the testimony of the factory inspectors themselves . It had conduced in an eminent degree to promote the physical , moral , social , and religious condition of all the operatives in tho factory districts . It was
said that in the parish of Leeds alone as many as a hundred night schools had been established since the passing ; of the Ten Hours Act . ( Hear , hear . ) A compromise had been talked of , but , as far as lie kiiew , the great mass of the operatives were no parties to it , and had not . even been consulted on the Subject . In CVOry manufacturing district of his diocese public meetings had been held , at which resolutions had been passed insisting on a bonafide Ten Hours Act , and not one voice had been raised in opposition to it . It was said that the bill offered benefits to tho factory operatives in return for the restrictions which it imposed , but he greatly feared that the additional strain , crused by half an hour ' s extra work , on the constitution of young persons , would produce the worst effects , and in
particular aggravate that tendency to consumption which , as their lordships knew , was a disease very rife in the manufacturing districts . As to this bill being a final settlement of the question , he could not believe that such would bo the case . The calm which prevailed in the manufacturing districts was onl y an indication of the depth and strength of tho feeling on the subieot . He did not like to use strong language , but he believed that the feeling among the operatives was one of indignation—( hear , hear , )—and he could not say how far the peace oftho country might be endangered if their just and reasonable expectations were disappointed . Come , however , what might , he had the satisfaction of raising his voice in the support of what he
believed to be a righteous cause , and lie entreated their lordships to pauso beiore they rejected the prayer of these ' working men . Lord TVopKHbtsB said that if the noblo duke pressed his amendment to a division , he should vote in opposition to it , because he thought that the bill of her Majesty's government afforded a very fair hope of a permanent and satisfactory settlement of the question , and because it gave tho operative a considerable boon in exchange for the additional half . houv ' 8 labour . Tho restrictions which the bill would impose on the hours of labour would , he believed , be beneficial to the . operative ; but ho warned the house that they might go too far in that direction , and , by imposing additional restrictions , drv
up the sources ot our commercial prosperity , Lord Fevkrsham denied that the bill would bo a satisfactory arrangement of the question at issue , and he read extracts from , petitions from the manufacturing districts to show that . the operatives regavded . tho . bill before their lordships with the greatest discontent . Half an hour ' s extra work every day was a very serious thing , and the Legislature of Pennsylvania , who , in-1849 , passed a ten hours act , declared that ten hours' labour was enough for the health and strength of any human being . For these reasons he ' was decidedly in favour of a ten hours bill in it ' s full integrity . Earl Grey said the noble lord opposite appeared to him to be labouring under a mistake in treating
the question , and he therefore wanted to explain the ground upon which he would vote against the motion submitted to the house by tho noble duke . ' The noble lord was mistaken in thinking that he had been a supporter of the Ten Hours Act from the time when this question was first agitated . It was not until 1844 that he had consented that some restriction should be placed on the hours during which females and young persons were to work , and even then , ho had some doubts as to the policy of the measure , and when the bill of 1847 was brought forward , he supported it . He did not regret the voto which he gave on that occasion . However contrary that bill was to his own opinions , still there was something so peculiar in the case as to
justify the interference of parliament with respect to those persons who could not protect themselves . He still entertained objections to the principle of interfering between master and workman ; but he agreed with the noblo lord opposite in supporting the present proposition' . nnal . and permanent settlement of a question which has been long agitated . In accepting the measure before tho house , the owners of factories made a very large concession , because they consented that the hours of la-, hour should be reduced from fifteen to twelve , and in case any accident should happen to the machinery , they would be deprived , of the means of making up any loss which they might sustain , and
they had also to bear up against the loss which they might have entailed upon them in consequence of shortening the hours of labour on the Saturday . He thought the balance of advantago was in favour of the workers , and not in fevouv of tho masters It appeared to him that , if they adopted the amendmentthey would in all probability be defeating legislation on the subject' altogether during the present session . The real question whioh they had to decide wag ,, whether , by passing the measure , they would get vid of the system of shifts , which was attended , with great inconvenienco to , the 1 ° f h ^ ^ whiohl if I ( l ^ settled during the next lew Tnonths , would give rise to great discussion 'between , the employers' and the employed . * o noble duke , ia proposing bis amendment , laid
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great streBB on . ; the Factory Reports '; but , upon the whole , and after . perusing those reports , he I ™ it ? rey ) was of OP " "" that it was considered tL ^ Pwatives themselves that the me asure , waa favourable to them , and he would therefore give his vote in favour of it , which he thought would be perfecUy consistent with tho voto which he gave in wffit&fi «! iv u thcre w ew { wo Questions SftwLfr 111 ^ ^ - ' 0011813811 - Tll 0 fir 8 t JSm in f V I ad u !? e amendment , they would , in fact , be abandoning legislation on the subject ? and next , whether ,, by adoiLTthe 2 they were effecting a compromise Xhms sat sfactory to the parties chieflv int « ZJm" ™ Vi
respect to the first question ho begged to call their lordships attention to a resolution which was passed on the 4 th of May , in the present yeav , by a large portion of the operatives of Lancashire , which was to the effect that tho House of Commons should throw out the bill , and that that course would be . more satisfactory to them than any infringement on the bill of . 1847 , and the amendment of his noble friend was therefore in accordance with the spirit of that resolution . But they had another meeting in Lancashire for a Ten-and-a-half Hours 13111 , where it was said , and unanimously agreed to ; that a ten hours act would meet with their unqualified approbation . He might read half a dozen similar resolutions passed at public meetings , if it werA
necessary , all tending to show that any settlement ot the question which was inconsistent with a ten hours act would bo unsatisfactory to the operatives , and would by them , be considered aa contrary to theformer decision of Parliament . It was , however , stated that a compromise had taken place . \ Z «? lu W - ° , uI < i aak ' that compromise ? Where was the evidence that it had been made ? Hadany petitions been presented to the house , praying that STCft ^ ^ 1181011 from ten to tenVda half hours ? There was no such petition . Who , then , were tho parties to the compromise ? If there was a compromise , it was the duty of the government to inform them who were the parties to it . As to the millowners , they were all but
unanimous against the bill . He had some time ago presented a petition signed by 271 of that body , of whom thirty alone employed 30 , 000 hands , and that petition prayed that the Ten Hours Act should be , maintained in its integrity . It was not , therefore , tne millowners , nor the operatives who were parties to . the compromise , and be thought he had a right to ask who were the parties . Tho medical men Mid the ministers of religion resident in the manufaotunng districts had expressed their opinions of the beneficial working of the Ten Hours Act , and that act he thought should remain undisturbed . He had presented several petitions to that effect , and urging upon the house thonecessity of supporting the Ten Hours Act . He was glad to see a right reverend
prelate opposite , who could bear testimony to the unanimous feeling of the clergy of the Established thurch in favour of that measure , which in their opinion had produced the most beneficial effects in a moral and physical point of view . He begged of tbe house not to disturb the settlement which' had a ready been come to , and which was satisfactory alike to the great majority of the millowners and the operatives . ( Hear . ) The Bishop of Manchester said he felt called upon to make one or two observations on the bill before the house . He was quite willing to allow that a petition in favour of a ten hours act from a large body of the clergy was entitled to their lordships ' best consideration ; but at the same time , lookuiff to the before
measure their lordships , and the h £ terests involved , he was bound to come to a different conclusion from those who signed that petition , and to differ from the amendment of the nobleduk . It was not the fact that a large proportion of the millowners and operatives were opposed to the bill . One of the largest firms in Lancashire had , through his medium presented a petition to the bouse in favour of the bill . He acknowledged . that manypetitions . had been presented against the bill , but their lordships well knew hew easy it was to get up petitions . Ho was disposed to support the present bill , not because he believed it would he a final settlement of the question , but because he believed the operatives would come forward and demand that boon
from the house which they thought they should transmit to their children believed with a right reverend prelate , who had addressed ! them that night , that the population of Lancashire had within the last few years greatly advanced ia intelligence . When , a few years ago , he had paid his first visit to Lancashire , the population of that county was different from what it is now—a great and favourable change had taken placo , mainly , as he believed , through the instrumentality of mechanics institutions and the labour of the church ,-and he was fully convinced that the shortening the ' duration of the hours of labour would contribute to improve the beneficial effects of the change . But what was it that the bill sought to effect ? Onlv
tosubstitute sixty hours for fifty-eight—a difference of . two hours only , and sure he was that that difference could not be productive of any mischief . He did not hesitate to say that the operatives w » uld willingly labour during those two hours , and he waa sure they would . willingly accept the measure proposed by her Majesty ' s government . Lord Galloway was in favour of a ten hours bill , but he was at the same time unwilling to forego tha positive and practical benefit which would be secured by the bill , and he would therefore give it hia The Bishop of Oxford said that having been a lowed to take a part in the discussion which took place on tho subject in 1847 , he was anxious to address a few observations to their lordshi Their
ps . lordships had , m his opinion , wandered on the present occasion from the real discussion . The cuestion was , whether this bill was or was not a virtual breach of the contract made with the operatives for a ten hours bill . He believed the bill before them wa 3 a breach of that contract , and he , therefore , felt called upon to oppose it . In the course of tha speeches of those who supported the bill , they acknowledged that they were against a ten hours bill . The right reverend prelate who had just addressed them had stated , that only a v . ery slight advantage would be conceded by the -bill to the millowners ; but if the advantage was so slight , he thought it should rather be in favour of the labour of the workman , than the profits of the master . If the
advantages wero so small , that was a strong reason , why they should not commit ; a breach of the contract which Parliament had made with the operatives . They had also been told by those who supported tha bill that tho factory operative was better off . than , the agricultural labourer , who worked a greater number of hours , and for less pay ; but they should remember that they were legislating not for the manufacturing or the agricultural labourer , but for women and young persons . They were stepping in . by the desire of the one party , the millowners , but without the consent of the other party , the operatives , and he was of opinion that they had no right to do so . They would make a large portion of the ) operatives bolieve that they were dealing uniustlv
with them . He believed there were very few things at the present moment of more importance than that the operatives should have confidence in tha decision of their lordships , and that they should look to it as a tribunal of ultimate appeal , Avherfl justice would be rendered to them . Lord Clarendon had told them , that when the labouring classes had ceased to look to their lordships' house as a court where equal-handed justice would be meted out , the population would cease to respect the institutions of the land . In that he cordially concurred ; and believing that the present measure was calculated to weaken the confidence of the labouving classes in the proceedings of that house , ho would voto for the amendment .
The Marquis of Lvnsdowse Biild , tlli \ t although ha could not add anything to what had fallen from the noble earl behind him , still , from tho speech of tha right reverend prelate who had just sat down , he was induced to offer a few observations to the house . The right reverend prelate had proceeded entirely on assumption ; and if he had attended to what had been said in the course of the debate , ho would nob have fallen into such an error . He had said that all who had supported the bill were opposed to the principle of a ten hours bill . Tho Bishop of Oxvord said what he intended to say was , that theywere opposed to the principle of legislative interference between the labourer and the employer .
The Marquis of Lansdovpkb said tho bill came before them recommended by those who were opposed to legislative interference , because the bill clearly defined the extent of that interference . It came before them recommended by Lord Ashley , who for the last seventeen years , at a great sacrifice of time and everything that mi ght have attracted his atlentiop to other subjects , had devoted himself to the subject to which tho bill referred , and he was exerting his great abilities and influence with the operatives to induce them to accept tha measure before them aa tho beat settlement they oould obtain of the question . He had come forth and advised then , g iving , his reasons for such a step , to come to this happy degree of understanding which prevailed between a very large number © the-masters and the employers . The right reverend prolate said he- could not violate a compact
put what compact was made- beyond that contained m ^ c act ef Pa 5 fl Jament , which coul ( l be repealed or ffiOulfied by any other act ; and whioh , in case of misundemaadiBg , it was tho duty -of the Parliament to sofc right . With respect to . the observation that . the proposed additional half-hour would be as unimportant to . the manufacturer as it appeared to be considered to the operative , he must say that he ? was surprised to hear such a statement from tha right rev . prelate . Half an hour might be very little for the operatiyo to givo up , but itJ ^^ L ^^ 'y * thing for the manufacturer . J « tf ^ hl >» f-the oapital of the manufacturer wjs / itmWWjrfWJW ihej wages paid to the operatives ^ wMn ^ hfmai ^ srji whioh was employed , ^^ WM M ^^ M would be sustained by thepn ^ f (* ffire . T ^« q lowing the machinery to fl ^ p ^ to ^ ffl ^ B ^ ' ll ^^ W
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Northern Star (1837-1852), July 20, 1850, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1583/page/7/
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