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    " THE JARROW COLLIERY . XTe gi « the following extracts from a letter ff Hch has appeared in the Mining Journal which painfully shows the alarming state of the Janw gpffiery , and the daring recklessness of the Manager , jo enforcing the ase of gunpowder in a pit charged pith inflammable gas . After alluding to the vast ia crifices of life iD this colliery , the writer proceed ! to saj : — ffhen I show the present condition of this mine jU mode of working , and the unusually dangerous processes to which it is subjected , the surprise will i > e that the catastrophe has not already arrived Upwards of eight years ago the utmost ventilation jn the mam passage was little more than three feet - thr j arrow rnTfiuov laa jariiuw iau * ubKi .

    per second , which dwindled down in the boards to one foot and one-eighth foot per second , two-third 3 and one mile and a quarter an hour . { Shields Mm ™ jtqort , p . 34 . ) It may be imagined what it is now * ith eight years workings , and the low-main seam additional , with no additional means to ventilate it At thai period , thieo years before the last accident , therecord of thesefactsconiainedthisstartlin <* warning :- " That the air thus struggling through these extended passages , where gas o 6 zes at every pore , should become surcharged and explosive , is a physical consequence as clear as a mathematical demonstration

    . In such a system there is ever » - thing to encourage the production of aa explosive mixture , just sufficient air to prepare in some neglected recess the combustible , not enough to dilute or sweep it away . Perpetually ready , on the slightest derangement of any ofitsmachinery . it falls naturally at once into a vast arena of subterraneous thunder , whose terrors a boy ' s finder can unloose " " This , " said the Etonomiet , " looks like prophecy read by the light of the late explosion ; but it is only sober science and common sense , tracing the necessary connection which subsists Between cause and effect . "

    let us again apply them . Dr . John Hntchinson , of London , who made some most Interesting investigations in the northern mines , when examined before tho Committee of the Lords , in 1819 , is asked by Lord Wharncliffe , { Evidences , p . 147—qy . 1447 . ) ' What mine are you speaking ot ? " Answers , " I am speaking of Jarrow Colliery . There was , by way of ventilation in Hie nine , just tlte least movement of air , like as if it were a man gently breathing upon you , from the extremely constricted state of the shaft . "When I was going towards that mine , I asked a miner . ' which is toe way to Jarrow Colliery V and hesai < l , 'Sir , ldo not Know of any colliery ; but there ( pmntiug in the direction of the colliery ) is a butcher ' s shop / It was very distressing to see it , but mere so to go into it . "

    And Mr . Wood , the distinguished viewer , is asked by the same Lords' Committee " "What is tho present state of Jarrow ? we see that there are frequent 3 CCJdoutji there . " And says , " That is the same seam ; it is the Behsbam seam , and itis an extremely ¦ nan < -aili « ry , discharging a vast quantity of gas , not only in tae coal itself , hut from the floor of the mine . I think those mine ; are certainly liable to accidents of considerable magnitude , under any circunisi : tiicc 3 ; and Hierefort Hit only way of working sack mines ( as Jarrow , ) witfi safely , would le to work Hicm tutinhi with lasija . " { JKnuta of Evidence , p . 212 . ) This vioi 7 was taken of it by the proprietors and viewers after the last explosion ; its terrors operated .-is a means of safety to the survivors , and no naked ligi . t was for the future to approach this ga 3 magazine .

    John Atkinson , deputy from Jarrow-j examined by the same Committee , says ( 5499 ) : — "At Jarrow they work all with lamps ; no candles liave been allowed to go down ever since the last explosion . " This was said in 1819 , but in 1850 , growing bold by immunity from accident , for they had been nearly five years without any , the viewer resolved , in the face of every danger , on the introduction of aaked lights for particular purposes , and the men , alannfd J « r their lives , struck work , —with what reason ns >< i result we shall shortly see . Considering tbe hv . l antecedents of this mine , the absence of

    Tent : la ? i i ! i , the enormous quantity of gas , in 1 S 50 , by the force of a single blower , detaching six tons of soli'i c- > : « l , ( Phillips' Report , 1 S 50 . —Appendix ~ So . 4 , by Thomas Taylor , p . 7 . ) and in 1841 filling 7 , 700 , 009 cubic feet of passages in three days ! { Slucl'k fcport , p . 7 , ) and considering the con-Tiction . light or wrong , tliat the Davy lamp is a security a » uiust circumstances so eminently dangerous , it might be supposed that the proprietor siiul "viewer of * uch a mine would have been rejoiecd to have secured their people and their works against the always impending destruction , by its continued adoption .

    Bui t > o ; a calculation is made , and it Is found ihat the cost of -working the coal by lamps , where gunpowJer cannot be used for blasting , amonnts in addition io about Sd . per score , oncjiennuper ton , and would cost the colliery about £ 100 a year . So that , f"r tiiis miserable saving , hundreds of valuable lives are to stand daily on the brink of a precipice , to he plunged , there is a physical ccrtaiilty , at no distrait < i « y into the aby .-s ; and for this , numbers of { am ' uiea living in constant terror , part daily from their husbands , fathers , sons , and brothers , with dread forebodings of each day ; and , at last , their worst fears realised in the desolation of their hearths aud homes ; and for this a whole district is to be Iniit in mourning and in vroe . Was it not time for the Government to take the mines of Britain under surveillance , and the people under jirr . tection ? Let us see .

    The men , in June last , struck work , chiefly because they were ordered io blast with gunpowder , and to use naked lights to do so . I find this reference io it ia a local paper ( Si . iclds Gazette , Aug . 9 , 1 S 50 ) : — " With the wanes question we Lave nothing to do , ibit being a matter which masters and men must s-tile between themselves ; but we cannot refrain from expressing our astonishment that , in a pit so notoriously ill-ventilated and dangerous as Jarrow , the use of gunpowder as a means of blasting should be thought of , even although the hewers should not be asked to Si c the shots , but this should be done by others . Los 3 of life will very probably be the consequence , and it is a heavy responsibility thatsiaa takes upon him who encounters such a risk ior j he sake of saving a littlo money . " It was then agreed that thero should be no blasting , and li

    no nak'j : ! ghts , and the people , rcas 3 urcd , resulted work . Bat it appears the manager of this colliery had not . fore »; ono his fatal intention , and having discharged some of those men who had been most prominent in refusing to be accessories to their own destruction , he insisted soon after oa the coal lein « blasted witii gunpowder ; and to skr over tbo pra < TSce , or for some other motive , which I will not seek to penetnit <\ he insists upon the men , at the same time , working with the safety-lamp . Working with the safety-lamp , and blasting gunpowder with candies , not only in the ' sainc mine , but in tho very workings which , by the adoption of the lamp , sire emphatically pronounced unsafe by the viewer This is r . iisost extraordinary course of conductindefensible , criminal , self-condemned , and big with fatal resnlts .

    The men much alarmed , befora the appointment of inspectors upon the 13 :. li 2 Covcinber , memorialised the IlcriiC Secretary , urgently praying his immediate . mention to "the greatdangerto which they were exposed by their master introducing powder as a is . miis of tlisting coal in a pit so notoriously ill-versiil-ited as Jarrow . " These are their own words , fr- ' im their own document , and no better course touM bs adopted than by throwing themselves , i-i the emergency , upon the protection of Govermmuit . Tiie charges against the men riskhii : the lives of themselves and fellow-workmen by recklcs-wss does not hold good hero , at any rate , and probaMy in most other cases ; but the " silence of tLc grave is not easily broken .

    Sir George Grey , it appears , had immediately on the iipjiohuineut of the northern inspector of mines rcfenvil the workman ' s memorial to him , for we find him at Jarrow on the 29 th November , accompanied by some of the men and the viewer , examining the coiidition of the mine . The nature of his Opinions and suggestions , of which copies I understand were given to both masters and men , n . ay be learnt iron : another memorial to the Home Secretary , which is expressed so well , and breathes such

    just and projser sentiments , that I cannot do better than leave this part of the case in their own hands . " At a meeting of a large number of the workmen of Jarrow Colliery , held on Tuesday , December 17 , 1 was requested to forward to you the following details regarding the safe working of the pit , and the continuance of the process of Wasting the coal , as before complained of to you . The workmen arc desirous U express their gratitude to you for the prom jit a ! tendon in directing the inspector of mines for tiiin district to examine iuto the causes of such

    complaint , and they beg to intimate that they were highSy satisfied with the attention that inspector gave to the case , the result being a confirmation of the justness of such complaint , attended with kindly suggestions for removing the cause thereof , hut which Higuestions they regret to observe have not been attended to , nor has the practice of blasting the coal been discontinued , the master refusing to order the said practice io be laid off . Under these ¦ antqward circumstances , they feel themselves nc cejsitaied to appeal to yon , trusting that something will be done to induce their employer to take some steps , cither to increase the quantity of air , or to

    cease blasting the coal whilst tho current of air is so weak as it is at present . They desire also to state that they have appealed to their employer on the subject , bnt he refuses to adopt any such modes as were so kindly suggested to him by the inspector , his answer being , tnat the whole of the workmen who thought themselves in danger might leave the colliery , thus leaving them no alternative but either to risk their lives or to allow their families to want bread , the depressed state of the co : d trade rendering it next to impossible for them to obtain employment elsewhere . They would , therefore , humbly intreat ( seeing the pit is subject to sudden

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    S ' of ^ ho * * j ay » - ^ * a ' ^ ited by tifi a ^ mfir * hL aho * ' seated considerable alarm ainong them , but which , happily belne of small aR **» att * , nded " ***» I "" o ^ life ) ; that some attempt should be made by the authorities to take cognisance of the matter , and for which attention , in addition to the regard the case has already had at your hands , they will consider themselves under deep obligations . " ! am Sir , on behalf of the workmen , " Your humble and obedient servant , " pec . 20 , 18 o 0 . " L-• " The following are the names of the workmen * ho guarantee the above statements , but whose names are forwarded in confidence , seeing the individual who wrote the last Jetter to jou has been ( iisoharged from his employment at the colliery . " - lrrnntions nf ¦»¦ « AM .. tnni . ?„ . 7 ^ «

    The Home Secretary , true to his duty , it appears had sent further instructions to tho inspector on the subject , and again we find him at the colliery on the 30 th of December , investigating the case '; and a day or two after the following report , found in the hands of the owners and workmen , each having received a copy , enables us to give it entire : "Xewcasilb , Dec . 31 . —Having yesterday again visited the east workings of the colliery , I have to observe , in reference to my former report , as follows : —1 . That the quantity of air passing into the colliery is considerably increased by sundry-measures . —2 . That the doubling of the cross-cut doors is incomplete , inasmuch as one of the doors is only a swing door , instead of a frame dcor . —3 . But , notwithstanding the increase of air , upon viewing the continual extension and change of circumstances in these workings , the universal system of bratticing , and the number of swing doors , together

    with the acknowledged necessity of working entirely with safety lamps , I am bound to declare against giving my sanction to the praotice of firing shots with candles , even under the discretion of the overman and deputies , in a seam six feet high , and ^ so liable to sudden discharges of inflammable gas . "Signed by the Inspector . ¦ : The increase of air named in the first article is only a portion drawn from another part of tho mine , and sent to this point of greatest danger , or rather immediate alarm , weakening that other part . There is no means , and no increased power has been attempted to be applied for ventilationthe mine remains exactly as it has ever been in that respect . And I know that the entire air consists of little more than 7 , 000 cubic feet per minute , split and divided amongst about sixteen working boards , giving in them an impferceptible breathing of airnot a mile an hour .

    The writer then alludes to the Walls End Colliery , xhere the same description of coals are worked , aud where the viewer will not allow a shot to he fired , or a candle to go within a mile of such workings ; and concludes as follows : — If any viewer is allowed at his pleasure to precipitate British subjects to destruction , to take the exact course to produce it , to set aside the repeated warnings of experience and clear consequences , to defy the officers of Government appointed to protect the miners and the mines , and repudiate the opinions and practice of experienced viewers , then farewell to Davy lamps , inspectors , aud all appliances of safety .

    If one viewer may so net , eo may all , and British mining , instead of advancing in safety and in science , will again retrograde , under such auspice 3 , into a state of " barbarism . Ibis faint description of the condition of things here , will , I earnestly hope , be in time to-aid in arresting , what I cannet but conceive , an impending calamity .

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    THE MANCHESTER CONFERENCE . WEDNESDAY ; ... . .. The minutes of the previous day were read and confirmed . The secretary read the following letter from Mr . Duncan Sherrington , of Glasgow : — " 48 , Rumford-street , Bridgeton , Glasgow , ¦ January 25 th , 1851 . Dear Sir , —I have no doubt but the Council In Manchester will be surprised at the Chartists of Glasgow taking no part with them in the present Conference , but I can assure you that the leading portioa of them are very dissatisfied at the Chartists of England for showing so much party spleen as they are doing ; believing as they do that no evil results could flow from any portion of the country - ' ^ T —*

    holding a' Conference to endeavour to organise the Mattered elements together . They , along with you , think that some change in the mode of agitating the people must be adopted . We must have no more bluster and braggadoci ; we have now , I think , had sufficient experience to teach us the evils resulting from such a mode of agitation , and I hope that the spirit manifested at this Conference will be such as to give a loftiness and respectability to the movement , that the Press will be compelled—instead of insulting and degrading us—to acknowledge that we are progressing onward ; for whatever some may think , there is no mistaking of the matter , that the minds of the vast majority of tho people of the country are moulded by ' the view

    that the Press puts forward regarding us . We have only to look back to the position we occupied in 1 S 48 in the minds of the people , before the wrangling and bluster commenced , at least in Glasgow , I can ass ura you that the middle classes were all but coming over to us , and subscribed very liberally to assist tho movement , but so soon as the Press launched forth its vituperation , so soon did they begin to show a different spirit , and when called upon for assistance , we were pointed out the conduct of different pnrtic ? , and told that if that was Chartism , they could not cquntenauce it ; indeed some ef them told us that they would rather subscribe for a rope to hang us , than subscribe to support such characters . Now seeing tbe influence

    the conduct of those attending this Conference , is likely to produce on the minds of both the working and middle classes , I do hope and trust that the course pursued will be such as will give no handle to the Prsss to abuse , but the contrary ; and thai no measures of an extreme nature will be added to the Charter . Indeed I do think that if we had all along argued the vjeccssity of adopting tho Charter as a measuro of justice to the unenfranchished people , instead of ¦ terrifying the various interests and classes about their annihilation , that we would have stood in a much better position than we now do . These remarks may be adverse to the opinions of some of the parties attending tho Conference , but I can assure you that , from the

    experience I have had in the movement , and of the various failures I have seen , together with the opinions I hear expressed by the parties that I have mixed with , has brought my mind to the conelusion that I have come to regarding the outcry ror social rights and co-operation . First get tho Charter , and then I have not the least doubt but that measures of a social nature will soon sprint out of it . For instance , tell the aristocracy that you intend to make the land national property and destroy them as a class , and you at once make them your mortal enemies ; tell the middle classes that as soon as you get the Charter that you intend to do without , them , and institute labour bazaars for the exchange of your labour ; and , I would ask , is it at all likel

    y that they , as a class , will assist you ? 2 fo , sir , they will throw every obstacle in your way that they can . To avoid making enemies ought to be the greater part of our policy ; create friends among all classes of . society , if we can , and if wo succeed , our triumph will soon be achieved . " 1 am , dear sir , yours in the Cause of Progress , "Duncan Shkrbingios . " Mr . Clark Bnid , he would now , with'the consent of Mr . Leach , the seconder of his motion , substistute the following for that before tho Conference , namely , " That this Conference recommends the Chartist body to aid and assist the endeavours of all societies , whose objects are to obtain the reformation of all or any of the institutions of the country . "

    Mr . Leach seconded the motion . Mr . O'Conxor thought it would be better to frame a resolution , " simply ; stating that the Chartists would offer no opposition to other parties ; hut not pledging them to render support . The resolution proposed by Mr . Clark would create divisions among the body , and oause this Conference to be looked at with suspicion and distrust , Mr . LBAcn said , that every act of his in that Conference was grounded upon the fact , that there was at ' present no Chartist , organisation in existence . They were met there to lay down principles for the guidance of a movement , which they thought best . The question as to how the rights of the people were to be obtained must not be any longer tampered with . If they wished to make the Charter an act of parliament they must not only achieve the old system of obstructionbut

    , aid every reform which would be likely to strengthen their cause and hasten the time of its triumph . He would not lose his time in attending mere Financial Reform meetings ; but mcetine " called for the extension of the franchise , however small the measure , should have his support , lie ridiculed the idea that partial enfranchisement would prove an injury , as too despicable for refutation . Mr . Mantle ' s resolution breathed the most foul suspicions of other political parties . If they indul ed in this they should not be surprised at retaliation . He thought that the worst enemies of the people were those who were continually circulating insidious suspicions among them . Whatever might he their resolve on the point beforo them , he would , while holding firmly by the Charter , support any party seeking power for his order . '

    Mr . 0 Cosxob said , ho would now move an amendment , which , while it met the views of all parties , would , at the same lime , show that they were not catering for middle class popularity . He would move , " That the people shall offer no opposition to any party who will honestly join with them for the establishment of the People ' s Charter , whole and entire . " Anil as nearly all had said that they had confidence in Messrs . Bright , Cobilen and Wahnsley , even those , if they would go honestly for the Charter , were included in his proposition . Mr . Lawson seconded Mr . O'Connor ' s motion .

    Mr . Clark said that Mr . O'Connor ' s motion proposed ju 6 t nothing at all . It mo ? t generously asked them not to oppose those who would houestly support them . He did not think that a resolution of this body was required to induce the people to do that . The principle of his resolution was , that the Chartists should countenance , aid , and support those reformers who did not go the whole length of the Charter as the surest means of rendering that document law . He strongly deprocated the system of denouncing politicians as dishonest , because they did not come up to their standard of perfection . Mr . Bright had been frequently mentioned . He believed that that man was as honest in his convictions as any Chartist in the land . Mr . Clark said ho hoped they would never have a democracy in England that would ascribe differences of opinion to dishonesty , instead of errors of the judgment .

    Mr . 0 'Co . nkor . —I have no more confidence in your manufacturing reformers , than I have -in a band of robbers . Mr . Clark thought that they were as honest as any other men , and Mr . O'Connor mistook popular opinion , if he thought that ungenerous suspicion and class antipathy were congenial with it . By acting in the spirit of his resolution , they would enrol an association a thousand times stronger than any he had ever witnessed . They should not act under the impression that all must be conceded to them whilst they conceded nothing .

    Mr . O Conkor said that Mr . Clark , in order to prove the integrity of tho reformers , said they might as well say that Mr . Cobden was not sincere in advocating Free Trade , as to say that he was not sincere in advocating reform ; hut lie wouli ask what proofs had these men given of their devotion to the cause of tbe people ! Had they ever toted for the Charter ? If they thought to get the Charter from these men they might as well think of snuffing out the moon . They should entirely rely upon themselves . The Charter was the only thine for them ; but he would advise them to wait until the Conference met in London to Bee what kind of an organisation they proposed for the people .

    Mr . Habile had no objection to Mr . O'Connor ' s motion . Ic was a transparent attempt to shelve that of Mr . Clark . Ho would advise Mr . Clark to withdraw his motion , and take no further notice of the point to which it referred . Mr . North said his constituents would offer no opposition to any party . He would support the Parliamentary Reformers himself . Mr . Leach said if the proposition of the ' Parliamentary Reformers were bad , let them be honest , and tell the people to oppose it ; if good , to support it . If they pursued the old system of obstruction they never would gain strength . He had no objection to adopt Mr . O'Connor ' s proposition ; he was sure they would be unanimous upon it , because it merely asked them to agree with their friends .

    Mr . Horsfau , said he would have all parties free to oppose , or support , as their judgments directed . Mr . HcnsT supported Mr . Clark ' s proposition . Mr . O'Coxson said they should keep the Charter clear of every " »»> " and confide only in themselves ; they should not look for aid from any other pcrty . Look at the Parliamentary Reformers ; they gave , on one platform , £ 1 , 500 to promote their own measure ; but they would not give one farthing to carry the Charter . To show how hostile they were , they were opposed to his speaking on their platforms , He implored them to do nothing

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    that would oreate division or suspicion . There never wan a tune , when union was more required .. Taey would witness during the next session , such a struggle as Jiever took place in the . house ,-before , tie wished it to be understood by the . country that no division was in this Conference ;¦ but , as for co-operation with the manufacturers , he would say , — .. . : ... '; - . " As well may the lamb with the lion unite , v i " , f . Ine mouse with the cat , or the lark with the kite . " . . After a few words from Messrs . Mao tlb and JrlCKVAJJCE .

    Mr . M Gram said that / as they yesterday condemned the past policy of the movement , it was now their duty to define an improved--one . ' A party without ' a policy was like : a body , with-° . V T- ^ would not do to be satisfied witti merely talking about the Charter , witheut pointing out some tangible and intelligible means of lendering that measure law . As Mr . Loach said , political onange could only be accomplished in two ways—by physical revolution , or by an act of the legislature ; To the former-means the people-of ni ng « j *! *?* ' imm ° ™ bly averse , and he was pleased that such was tho fact . Then the rccommenuable and available means was through tho law . lliat

    being a setflod point , ho asked , was it not tneir first and paramount duty to win the support , and affection of tho electoral body ? How wan par liament to bo influenced . except through them ? And with that plass hostile to them and the aristocracy ^ irrevocable enemies , what would-be the people s prospect of emancipation ? An intelligible answer to that question had been often asked but never given . It was their duty to contend for the uiavtor m its integrity and entirety , but it would be their folly to refuse aid from parties willing nnd able to render it . They have aforetime petitioiiod even for the repeal of the rate-paying clauses in the lleform Act ; then why . should they curl up their lips in contempt at so extensive a measure as that proposed by the Reform Asseciation ? Ha was for

    preserving m its integrity an association for the Charter , but working in amity and good will with every other reforming body . The policy of tho resolution was tho policy of the men of Manchester , as expressed at the large meeting on Sunday night £ 8 t . It was the policy of every sensible Chartist in England , and if the men of Manchester stood b y it ., he was sure this would soon be the rule of action in evory locality in England . The Chairman then took the vote , and Mr . O'Connor's motion was earned unanimously . Mr , Clark ' s was cawied ; Messrs . O'Connor , " North , and Mantle dissenting . Mr . AInntle ' s was lost , that gentleman and Mr . North alone supporting it .

    THURSDAY . : The minutes were read and confirmed . The Chairman said that . the next point in the programme was whether they should agitate for the Charter , pure and simple , or whether they should ally it with social rights ? Mr . O'CoNNon moved , that , the object of the Association be the Charter , —whole , entire , and alone . Mr . LEAcn seconded tho motion , ¦ which , after a few remarks by Mr . North , was carried unanimously . Mr . Leach next brought forward the subject of co-operation . He was ever an advocate for an extensive application of tho principle by working men . He was confident that if the

    members oi the Land Company had done their dulv ' they might have sent thousands weekly to the ' Lnnd Fund , He thought they would do well to eneourago this principle on account of the strength it would give , by binding tho people together by tho tie of interest .. He ( Mr . Loach ) -then- went ' into detail , showing that co-operative societies . of working men wero rapidly spreading throughout Yorkshire and Lancashire . Among others , he said that the Bacup Co-operative establishment was worth over £ 5 , 000 . Generally connected with these societies were found libraries , reading-rooms , and classes for educational purposes . These 1 bv

    im-, proving the circumstances of the members , ' must soon produce a telling effect upon society . They wore rapidly spreading intelli gence ; and that was tho only basis bn which Io rear up a durable monument to the liberties of a people . He did not propose to connect co-operation in any way with . the Charter , but he thought that body would act wisely in recommending the widest possible extortion to the principle . He moved that tho Conference' recommend to tho working classes the establishment of co-operative stores as an available and practicable means of improving and elevating their condition .

    Mr . Clark secondcJ tho motion . Mr . O'Consou could not agree to this recommendation . Ho did not sop that co-operative stores were likely to do much to promote , the . Charter . They might confer some benefit upon those who belonged to them ; but , as he often told them , tho man earning £ 2 a week looked with contempt on him who only earned £ 1 , and the man who earned £ 1 looked with contempt upon him who earned ten shillings . lie could not support any recommendation that would , in the remotest ' den-ee , mix up the Charter with anvthing else .

    Mr . Clark said , the samo argument how vised by Mr . _ O'Connor against Co-operation was used against the Land Company , by those agitators who see no hope for tho people but in crisis and convulsions . He hoped that tiiey would never see any other Democracy in England than a liberal , tolerant , and conservative one . The Land Company proved the means of eiiabling tho Chartists to obtain the use of the most magnificent Town Halls in England , in which to promulgate their principles , until the language of some ' orators excluded them from such places of meeting , lie supported I the motion as one which recommended a principle likely to benefit tho circumstances of the people , and whatever had that tendency was calculated to strengthen their demand for their political-rights .

    Mr . O'Connor , would define tho effect . this system would have on the people , ne . met a ' number of the allottees after their location at Minster , and inquired whether they wore not free traders befoi-e coining to the Lind ? They , replied-, that 'Ithey wero . " He asked them " Wore they freetraders now they were on . the Land ? " . Their answer was " No ; because the effects of free trade would bo to lower the price of land produce . " That would confirm his maxim , " That self interest is tho basis of man ' s action . "

    Messrs . North and LAwsoxsupported the motion . Mr . LEAcn would state a fact which would show that the Co-operators were not averse t& politics . During the imprisonment of Ernest Jones the Halifax Co-operators subscribed most handsomely—he believed upwards of £ 52—towards the support of his family ; whereas the veritable Chartists , as they call themselves , would not subscribe the means o ' f exempting him from the degradation of oakum picking . These men would join a sensible and rationally conducted agitation , ' but they would ever hold aloof from political buffoonery . Mr . Hurst said , that Co-operation was a great engine of amelioration in the hands of working men , to work which nothing was wanting but the will in themselves . Ho cordially agreed with the resolution . Mr . O'Cosxor said that ho would offer no further opposition .

    The motion was then put from the chair and . carried , Mr . Mantle dissenting . : Mr . Mantle submitted the following resolution : — "That the delegates feel it to be their ' duty before separating , to make public their anxious desire that neither this Conference , rior any . of its acts , may be deemed disrespectful towards / ov antagonistic to , tho London Executive . And , further ,-this Conference cherishes an anxious hope that tho Conference to beheld in London on the . 3 rd of March next , may he so emphatically . the representative of the people , as to . be . powerful , to legislate for , and 'inaugurate a national movement , a £ once worthy of the English . people arid the sublime object-of the People ' s Charter . " lie siiid he honed thatsonio ^ of

    the members of this conference would moderate the feelings which seemed to actuate them towards some persons on the London Executive .. Ho had heard some of them declare that they would never again act in concert with those parties ; he did ' not dmirc the mode of their election , ne thought this Conference should throw themselves intotho . breach with a view to restore union and ¦ confidence . ; Lt-t them , by all means , take their scats in the London Convention , and there combat whatever : they thought wrong in the ' management ' -of thoaomon . lie thought they had , in that Conference , ' that

    which was essential to a great movement , i They had the long experience , the unquailing resolution , the unwavering devotion , and the tried honesty , which could alone create a sound organisationand could alone consummate a just aud " great cause ' . Ho would , therefore , implore the delegates present to go to tho London Conference ,. and . there combat and conquer any improper views of policy expressed by those parties in London . He did ., not at all see that the adoption of his resolution would at all compromise their honour , their position , or their judgment . . Mr . North seconded , the motion .

    Mr . O ' Cosxor said that ho did not think he had ever listened to a nsorc conciliatory speech tbjvh Mr . Mantle s ; and if he had . studied for a whole month he could not , have penned a better or more timely resolution , than the one now before them .. Surely , if their object was union they , must adopt it . lie thanked Mr . Mantle most cordially for introducing it . . . Mr . Clark said , theresolution now before them , if adopted , would stultify the Conference , lie thought that they were assembled to conduct their business irrespective of any other body ; but they weve now called upon to make their labours subservunt to those who had continually nialignedand : misrepresented tbera . It would be impossible for ithen * ever to co-pperate with these men , until their rinode of agitation . < anderwent a thorough . reformation . It-was theirduty to fulfil the missionforwhich ' ¦ they were senLragardless of what the London Exe-

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    outive or any other body thought of their conduct . They . canie . there to perfect a plan of organisationlet them complete their work , and let tho country judge , it by its merits . ' lie ,, for one would not oonsehl to submit their proceedings for ratification to the London Conference . And as for antagonism , to , the so-called Executive , that body was the exponent of a policy , which the Conference had already condemned . He never quarrelled till he was first assailed , and as long as he lived he would not permit ah assault upon him with impunity . ¦ Mr . M'Giuin said , that Mr . Mantle , from tlie commencement of their business , had been fighting the battle of hia ' patrons with zeal and ability . His

    first act ; , was an attempt to get the Conference to vote itself a , nonentity . He then opposed every motion proposed , and now at the eleventh hour , he proposes to make some body , not in existence , supervisor of their proceedings . Ho could not consent to vote the incompetency of that body to do its own work ; let them perfect and promulgate their orgftnis Uion and policy , and let the London Executivo and tho London Conference adopt them , or reject thorn at pleasure . Were they not aware that the proposed London Conference was convened in . direst antagonism to the present one ? And were they not also awaro , that tho most unmeasured calumny and abuse were heaped upon all those favourable to the Manchester Conference ? Ho

    hoped that they would proceed firmly , like men , in . prosecuting the groat work for which they had met . If a p . eaco ottering was to be made , let itcomo from the ag !» vessor , and not from the aggrieved . Mr . Noktii thought that tho Conference about to assemble in London would be a fair representation of tho people . He was sure that tho blood and thunder , men would . bo at a discount in tlie Conference . He felt certain , after what had been , seen , they would not be listened to by this generation . Whoever goes from Bradford would support all the views of that Conference , except aiding and assisting other reformers . Mr . IIurst said , considering the antecedence of their movements , Mr . Mantle asked them to do too much . lie should consider the amount of denunciation with whieh they had been assailed within the last two months . Every man ought to have some

    feftling of personal respect , and the passing of that resolution would imply an entire want of it on their part . They did not pretend to represent a party , though he might say , in passing , that their policy had already received the sanction of agreat number of individuals throughout the empire . They must not . lea . vo . their work half done , that would be but wonving Ponolope's wab . He hoped Mi . Mantle would withdraw his resolution , which was ill-timed , and calculated to do no good . Mr . O'Connor said he differed with Mr . IIurst , as to the effect of Mr . Mantle ' s motion . It was ono ! ikely .. to create union . As regarded the Executivo ho . was , it is true , a member of it , but he stood nlone thero . lie had submitted motions in that body , respecting tbe Manchester Conference , to which he could not get a seconder , no know that antagonism existed , and he wished to put a stop to it .

    Mr . LuAcn said he regretted antagonism as much as any person , but could not consent to put it down at the expense of principle . Tho Manchester democrats , sent him there to do their work , and he coul'lnot degrade himself , nor would he sneakingly desert his post . He expected nothing more than that' a fow approvers of the past policy of tho Executive would form the London Conference , and ho for , ono whs not prepared to submit hia labours to their award ., They wero there to attempt to crouto a new mind , and they must show , hv their conduct

    to tho country , that they wero competent to the task . He knew that Manchester would send no delegate to London . Let their own actions go forth to the world , and let them bo . judgod thereby . The resolution , in its present shape , was an abnegation of all they h ; id done . He would , therefore , move as an amendment— " That the latter part of the resolution he wholly rejected , and for the words ' antagonistic to tho London Executive' there be substituted the words , ' to any political body who arc endeavouring to aid the people in the attainment of their riirhts / . "

    . Mr . M'Gratti seconded tho amendment . Mr . Cmhk said the better courso for Mr . Mantle to pursue would ho to withdraw his resolution , and endeavour to imbue his friends in London with his own amiable sentiments . Mr . Mantle told them that thoy would be opposed bitterl y , unless they propitiated , by their good offices , the London Executive . He hoped that this opposition would be estimated at its real worth by the Conference , and that , by their vote , they would show themselves capable of doing justice to the wishes of their constituents . Mr . O'Connor would advise conciliation , and that Mr . Mantle would not press the loiter part of his resolution . Mr . Mantle refused to withdraw it .

    . After some further discussion , Mr . P . Roberts said , although not a delegate , he was anxious to give his opinion on the resolution . He judge d ' of it by itself .. At the present time their movument appeared to him beset with two difficulties . The ono was that there wero violent men who went to meetings and talked fustian ; those men were dangerous . They have taken the emblem of rod , which he supposed to ho symbolical of sanguinary intention . Ho thought Chartists couM never be too much on their guard against these violent men . lie believed his countrymen ' were too deeply imbued with the love of order , ever to be made the dupes to any great extont by those designers . They are treacherous and cowardly ; their extravagance should ho satirised and ridiculed whenever it is

    exhibited . The other , which presents itself to my mind , is a tlosiro of gonteelising ourselves . Whilst \ ye iiyoid the ScylJa of redisin , let us also avoid the Charybdis of gentility . They could not shut their eyes ' . to the fact , that for the last ton years reformers had been watching them , and it was only tho other day they saw their wants for the first time . Did not this show dishonesty ? Why did they not recognise tho Chartists before ? These men wore the opponents of all measures calculated to relieve labour ; they did not honestly desire the Charter . They only wanted a wider extension of the franchise to prevent Protectionist ascendancy . These men would compromise with the government any day fer a loss measuro of justice tlian that which they pretended to seek . Those who had always fought the battle should still continue tbo leaders of tho

    people , aivl if thoy countenanced anything less than the Charter they would inevitably be juggled and sold . The Conference here adjourned until Friday morning . FRIDAY . The minutes of tho preceding day wero read and confirmed . The adjourned debate was opened by Mr . Leach , who said , evevy man who votes for that resolution will confess his incapacity to perform his duties , It was virtual admission of their ineompotcney ;

    and he thought that such men as Mr . Roberts should be very wary how he stigmatised as dishonest , parties , who were going for less political re formers than themselves , if thoro wero any parties upon whom thoy ought to look u ith suspicion , it wiis upon those who had neither the magnanimity nor the humanity to believe that thero integrity was only resident among themselves . Manchester , by rrany large public rnbotinjrs , had affirmed tho policy and the resolutions " their passed . He was sent there to support a policy very different from tiio spirit of the resolution proposed by Mr . Mantle .

    Mr .. O Connor said , he hoped that Mr . Loach would not press his amendment to a division . What objection could ho have to the London Conference ? llo would guarantee that tho Conference should not lie tho tool of tho Executive ; aud if their plan was one which ho could approve of , he would recommend ic to tho delegates , lie could not see how any one could object to a single line in Mr . 'M ' antle ' a proposition . Let them not mako it known to the country that any antagonism existed . He would not surrender his political principles , whatever trafficking politicians may say or do . Tho people would never associate with Messrs . Bri ght , Cobden and Hume , if he could help it . Nothing ever

    minoyed him more than hearing Messrs . Bright ,-Cobd ' en , and Hume , lauded as uonsistmit men . Their ( the delegates ) purpose should be . union , . and there never was a time when it'was . more necessary . They would he astounded at the convulsion which the next session would exhibit . . If three hundred thousand elected him to the London Conference , their united voices would not induce him to givo a vote contrary to his convictions . They . would find him there as energetic as ever : he would go : with that party that represented the people . Although he had little influence with tho Executive , he siiececilud afew evenings since in preventing . a socialist resolution from being introduced , at a meeting in John-street . , .

    . Mr . M ' . Giuiii . said , Mr ., O'Connor in his speeches and writings ; made frequent mention ofirafneking politicians . He thought that Mr . O'Connor should distinctly state who . he meant , in order that the people may be on their guard againstitho . deceivors . This phrase was now used in another place , and that , too , with an exceedingly bad grace , lien who derived from four to six pounds per week from the Chartist agitation should bo the last in the . world . to prate about trafficking politicians . If this insulting phrase was intended to . designate . mon who honestly gave their time and . talent fora stipend less than mechanic ' s wages , ho thought it both unjust and cruel . The labourer , was worth y of his hire , and the Chartist lecturer , who honestly performed his , engagements , with the public , was aslhonourable a man as he who earned his living in . tho heated factory by the sweat of his brow . Iloiiad heard no argument to induce him to alter his opinion rospooling Mr . Mantle ' s motion .

    .. Mr . Masim said , , that that . Conference should not attempt to force its p an . against the will of the majority , He felt cer . tain that . the policy of the Execute would be rejected by the London Confe-

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    renee , and that the policy which that body would sanction would be a conservative one , that boW most in unison with the genius of tho English people . Tbe principle of order was doeplv rooted in their hearts , and was not to be easily ' eradicated They should sacrifice private opinion for public good . If the leaders pursued a course inimical to union , tho people would taboo them in every town in England . Mr . Hurst had listened with pain to the misd irection of Mr . Mantle ' s talents . The course which ho now advised would terminate the whole of those proceedings , and place them in abeyance till some oody , which might or might not assemble in London , stamped upon them the seal of their

    sanetion . He , for one did not recognise tho authority sought to bo established ; he acknowledged no fealty towards it Who called this London Conference of which' thoy had heard so much , and to which , m humility they wero to submit their labours ? -the so-called Executivo . Who will respond to the call ? -the people ! no , but tho fraction which supports the Executive . The policy of that body was well known ; it had beou considered already in their resolutions . Their platforms wero more exclusive than those of either Whi gs or Tories . He could mention a case where a young man , not twenty years of age , was prevented from addressing a public meeting by a vote put by members of tho Executivo . Ho had no confidence in men who

    could act in this anti-democratic spirit , and would never consent to submit his labours to the supervision of them or their patrons . The Chairman then took the vote upon the resolution and tho amendment , when thero appeared for the amendment , Messrs . ' Leach , Chirk , * ami M'Grath . For tho resolution , Messrs . O'Connor , Mantle , North , and Lawson . Tho resolution-was consequently carried . Tho Chairman stated that tho resolution jusf , passed was tantamount to a dissolution of the Conference , and that he , as Chairman , should proceed no further with the business .

    Mr . M'Grath coincided with thn Chairman , and sanl , that as tho men of Manchester had in four public moetings held during tint week confirmed the policy sanctioned by tho Conference , except tho last resolution , it was for them to pursue their onward and independent courso . Ho would go beforo tho mooting on Sunday evening next , and dospito all tho logic and eloquence in tho world , he would obtain from the mon of Manchester a vote confirmative of their policy . Messrs . Leacu and Olauk having expressed their unwillingness to proceed further , the Conference dissolved .

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    TUESDAY , Feb . i . nOUSE OP LOIIDS .-The session of 1351 waa opened to-day by her Majesty in person . The doors of the House of Lords wero thrown open at twelvo o ' clock , and shortly after tho peeresses and other ladies who had been fortunate enough to obtain orders from tho Lord Grent Chamberlain bouan to arrive , and continued to do so until the house was crowded l .-y a galaxy of beauty and fashion , greatar and more diversified than was ever witnessed on a similar occasion . There was also an unusual

    numoer of poors , judges , and foreign ministers present . Shortly bulb-re two o ' clock , the Lord Chancellor took his scat on the woolsack , and soon after tho booming of cannon announced tho arrival of her Miijosty . Her Majesty , who was attired in a white siitin brocade dress , embroidered with j . 'old , and wore a splendid tiara of diamonds * , entered tho house at twenty minutes past two o ' clock , k-ing led hy the Prince Consort , and accompanied by the officers of . state , heralds , pages , &c . Her Majesty appeared ia excellent health and spirits .

    The Prince Consort wore crape on his left firm aa mourning for the Queen of the Belgians . When her Majesty had ascended ' the throne , tha whole house rose , and remained standing until her Majesty motioned tho house to be seated . At this period the scene pruscnted was of a most brilliant and dazzling character . The sun who so ofien lends his rays to . gild those gorgeous spectiicles , shone with unusual splendour for this season of tho year , and heightened the effect of the scene . Mr . Pulman , the deputy usher of the hlack rod

    , having summoned tbo Commons to the bar of their lordships' house , the silence which for some minute 3 had reigned in the magnificent hall , in which were assembled tho greatest of England ' s nobles and tho elite of her beauty , was broken liy tho rushing and jostling of the members of tlie Lower House , " who , hoadod hy tho Speaker-, drossod in his robes o £ state , all but fought their way to the bur . Aftoi : order had been with some difficulty restored , her Majesty , with a clear voice , and distinct accent , read the folio wins : —

    My Loiids and Gentlemen * , It is with gnat satisfaction that I again meet my parliament , and resort to your advice and assistance in tha cocside . raliou . of measures which , affect the welfare of our country . I continue to maintain the relations of peace and amity with forei gn powers . It has been my endeavour to induce the States of Germany to carry into full effect the provisions of the treaty with Denmark which was concluded at Berlin in the month of July of last year . I am much gratified in being able to inform you that the German confederation and the government of Denmark ar « now engaged in fulfilling the stipula ' . iona of that treaty , and thereby put . ting an end to hostilities which at one time appeared full of danger to the peaco of Europe .

    I trust that ihe affairs of Germany may he arranged hy mutual agreement , in such a manner as to preserve the strength of the confederation and to maintain the freedom of its separate states . I have concluded with lha King of Sardinia Articles Additional to the Treaty of September , 1811 , and I have directed that those Articles shall be laid before you . The government of Brazil has taken new , and r hope efficient , measures for the suppression of the atrocious traffic in slaves .

    GENTLEMEN' OF THE HOUSE OF COMMON'S , 1 have directed the Estimates of th « year to lie prepared and laid before yon without delay . They have been framed with a due'regard to economy , and to the necessities of the public service . My Lords and Gentlemen , Notwithstanding the large reductions of taxation which have been effected in late years , the receipts of the revenue have been satisfactory . The state of tlie commerce and raan'ifaclures of the United Kingdom has been such as to afford general employment to the labouring classes . 1 hnve to'lsraent , however the difficulties which are still felt by that important hndy among my peo-; ilfi who are owners and occupiers of land .

    Butit is ray confident hops that the prosperous condition of other classes , of ii > y subjects will have a favourable effect in diminishing those difficulties and promoting the interests of agriculture . _ The recent assumption of certain ecclesiastical titles . conferred'by a foreign power has excited strong feslings in this country , and large bedies of my subjects liuvn presented addresses to me , expressing their attachment to the thronp , and praying that such assumptions should be resisted . I have assured them of my resolution to maintain the rights of my crown and the indepnulenco of the nation against all encroachment , from whatever quarter ifc may proceed . I have , at the . same ; time , expressed my earnest desire and firm determination , umler God ' s blessing , to maintain unimpared the reli gious liberty which is so justly pri-ed b y the people of this country .

    It will be for you to consider ihe measure which will be ' laid hsfore you on this subject . The administration of justice in the several departments of law and pqaity , will no doubt receive the serious , attention ' of 1 ' arliament : and I fee ! eon . iident that' the measures ' which may be submitted , with a view of improving , that administration , will be discussed with-ithat mature deliberation which important changes in the highest Courts of

    Judicature in the Kingdom ; imperatively demand . ' A measure will be laid before you , providing for t . he , est ' iiblishmcht of a system- of Registration of De ' e ' dVa ' nd instruments' relating to the transfer of property . "' . This ' racasure ; is the result of- inquiries which I have caused to' bs Made into the practicability of adopting a system of registration calculated to give security . to -titles , and . to diraihisli . the causes of litigation to which they have . hitherto been liable and to reduce the cost of transfers .

    ¦ To combine the progress , ot . improvement with he stability of our insi . itutions will , I am confident , e your constant'care ., ;\ Ye may esteem ourselves ortunate that v ,- can pursue , without disturbance , thP eoursp of calm nnd peaceable ' amelioration and we have every cause to be thankful to Almighty God or the measure of tranquillity and happiness ' whicb . has been vouchbafed to us . _ The Address , in answ to the speech from the Ihronej was moved by the Earl of Effingham . The

    noble-earl expressed-much satisfaction at the amicable stato of our foreign relations , and at the proswr ous . condition of the revenue , attended , as these favourable cirquinstarices , were , by remunerative employment , and increased comforts on tho prt of tho people , especially in . Uio manufacturing districts : Ilodid . not deny that considerable distress existed amongst those engaged in agriculture , particularly tenant farmers . ; but the . labourer was'in a bettor condition , and he had no doubt that British energy would bring the farmors through , their pres nt diffi .

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    THE MINERS OF THE NORTH . A meeting of the minera of Handsworth Woodhouse , near Sheffield , was h .-ld on the 20 th nit ., to reorganise tho Miners' Association of Great Britain . At the appointed time , seven o ' clock , tha large room belonging to Mr . John Stamforth was filled . After the appointment of a chairman , Messrs . Daniels and Clark addressed the meeting in a masterly manner , showing the benefits that would result from a union of masters and men in destroying competition , which is fast reducing the small capitalist to bankruptcy , and the working man to the bastile . The address gave entire satisfaction , and was listened to with the greatest attention . Thirty members were enrolled , and a moeting was appointed to he held on tke Saturday following to form a committee for carrying out the ahove object . The petition for an Eight Houra Bill iva 3 numerously signed by the meeting .

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    DERBY AXD XOTTKGIIAM MINERS . A public meeting of the miners of Shiploy and its vicinity was held on Monday last , in the Marketplace , Shipley , and by adjournment at the White Lion Inn ; ' the large room of which was crowded . Mr . W . Walker , of Clay-cross , was called to the c hair , and opened the meeting with some very sensible remarks . The following resolutions and petition were moved hy Messrs . Clark , Brown , Hexsoj * , ,-. nd Cottemll , and ably supported by Mr . W . Daxiells in a long speech , which was loudly cheered : — ' " That this meeting is of opinion tfcat , while almost everything is improving , the condition nf

    the miners of Great Britain is getting worse , and heing convinced that they cannot protect their only property , -which is their lahour , unless they are united together , and cultivate a spirit of love and friendship towards each other ; therefore , this meeting resolves to join and support the Miners ' National Association , being convinced that that society , if properly carried out , has a tendency to benefit both masters and men , and will injure no pariy . We are the more determined to join the ahovc association , as ono of its objects is to settle all differences between masters and men by arhitration and fair argument , instead of having recourse to disastrous strikes . "

    " That thi 3 meeting is convinced , hy dear-hou £ * ht experience , that among tho manifold grievances ' ^ which the mining trade is now suffering , that underselling each other among the masters , and over working among the men , arenottheleastevils ; consequently , in order to remedy this injurious state of things , and to remove the ignorance now prevailing among the mining population , we resolve to petition the legislature to pass an Eight Ilours Bill for the working and regulating the mines and : ollierics ot Great Britain , so that we may . have time to obtain information ourselves , and be enabled to give a proper education to our children . " 11 To the Honourable the Commons of Great Britain and Ireland in Parliament assembled , the petition of the undersigned respectfully sheweth ,

    ' That your petitioners are miners , and from the nature of our employment are subjected to many and various dangers ; that we are surrounded by noxious life and health-destroying gasses , and are , for the greater part of the winter , shut out from the light of the day . That owing to the hard and long hours of labour to which your petitioners are subjected , premature old age and early death are common among us . " That your petitioners deplore the ignorance which unhappily prevails among the mir , in <* population , and aro convinced that tint givatevil can never be remedied whilst the present long hours of minesand the h

    working m , pysical exhaustion consequent upon the hard , unnatural labour anion <* miners continues ; therefore , your petitioners earnestly pray your honourable house to pass an Eight Ilours Bill for the working and regulating the mines and collieries of Great Britain , to especially apply to all boys and young men employed in the mines under eighteen years of age , so that they may have time to obtain proper instruction , and that the present deplorable ignorance may bo effectually removed . "And your petitioners , as in duty bound , will ever pray . "

    It was then resolved : — " That a short report of the proceedings be sent to the people ' s paper—the Northern Star . " Three hearty cheers were then given for the union , and the meeting broke up . After the public meeting , a delegate meeting for the two counties was held , delegates being present from most of tho mining districts . Mr . Waiter was again called to the chair , and Mr . W . Dasiells was chosen county corresponding secretary . After the local and financial business were disposed of , and the report of the delegates given in , from which it appeared that the union was in a prosperous state , the following resolutions wero passed : —

    ,, - —" Thata Victim Fund be established , and that Id . per week , per member , be paid thereto . " Lud . —" That we strongly advise all organised mining districts to do all they can to hnn out again the Miners ' Advocate ; and , in the meantime , tbat Mr . Darnells be requested to write a pamphlet on the question— ' What do the Miners want V SUCh to bo sold at a cheap rate . " 3 rd . — " Thatthe Victims pay be 7 s . per week , and 3 s . 6 d . per week boys . " 4 th . — "That beds be provided for the lecturers , at the respective places which they may be at . " excellent union

    A moirt spirit was displaved hy the delegates , all heing determined to do their best to forward the good cause . Meetings have lately been held at Old Basford Underbill , Cossa , Kipley , Eeage , North Minefield Hunston , Dronfield , Woodhouse , Handsworth Woodhouse Mill , Whittington , Staveley , Brimmington , Swanwick , Ileanor , < tc . Five new lodges have been opened , and many added to the ranks of tbe association . AH the above meetings were addressed by Mr . Daaiells , ani several by Mr , Clark ,

    Nilgrn —. ©Nperfal Itortfonwitt.

    niLgrn — . © nperfal Itortfonwitt .

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    February 8 , 1851 , ¦ ¦ - - ¦¦ - ¦ =- - - ~ . . .. . ... _ ;< ; , •' , , ; ¦ .. •¦ .-,- > . _ " - ' ¦ - • • --- the Northern star : „ . 7 — " : = s g ^ gy ' " ——— ' . . . o i a'ft » r ^ ..:: .,.,, ^ v . ^ , ., „ .,,,. ..,. T m ¦ 7 ' ^ ——^——— ^ m—»<—¦»————^—_—^———— : —^ . v _ - - - - - - - ^ — _ . ...... . ___ *

• Citation
  • Northern Star (1837-1852), Feb. 8, 1851, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1612/page/7/