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THOMAS PASS,, PARR'S LIFE; P ILLS ' lave acknowledged to be the best Medicine ia ">* world. . '¦ . - . '
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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au uuu Doxes soiq weeKiy 1 The fine balsamic and invigorating powers of this m " ' cine arc wondtrlul : & trial of a single iloso will carry ct *" viction that they are all that is neeussa-. y to invigurate ii » froble , TsstoreVheiv . vaUdto hcalfli , and ao good in ' ^ cases . . The heads of families should always have tlitn >^ the house ,. asthey may / with the greatest confidci cc , c » resorted to at any time ' or'in any case . ¦ ,, ¦ Bihops Disorcebs . —l ' arr ' s Life ¦ Pills are all P " in ii-movihg the distressing symptoms attenda "' "P , bilious obstructions ,-disordered state of the stomaw »" -hovvels—such as pains in the head , dimness ofsiglifi »;' ness , oppression ot' the chest , lowness of spirits , d ' , 'IJ tion for active emplojment ' , ' and various other si' " !'' ; ... 1
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FRANCE . The B raapartist committee ( or pro moting petitions for the revision , hava publish * , d a manifesto , urging the country to fresh efforts during the next three manlbs , to make known through petitions the will of Trance . In the sitting of the Assembly on Friday last M . Leon Faucher presented a bili authorising the City of Paris to contract a loan of fiiiy millions for the completion of the Sae de Hivoli and the construe lion of the Halles . Urgency was demanded for tin-Vill and adopted . The remaindkr of the silting was taken up witii disposing of a string of motions withou : the least importance .
Numerous arrests have recently taken piacs a * Nantes for various otfencss , but more particularly for altering seditious cries . On the night of the 20 th twentr-two persons were arrested for the latter offence . " One of them , it is said , who had been sinsrfng the ' Charlotte Ilfipu !> lica : aef' exclaimed , while lie wa 3 being conducted to the Mairie , ' If a good republic comas we wi'l erect the guiilouue , and vou shall no longer put U 3 in prison . " Vive la Repu blique Dmocratique et S-dale 1 "' A swarm of workmen of all sorts have been essployed during ! he last week at the vast pilace of the Hotel de ViHc , to aake preparations for the great industrial fete , which wi 1 commence on the
2 cd of next montn . These works are under the direction of M . Baltard , architect of the Hold de "Vile . Tm court of Louis X \ V . is conversed into a garden , and thettiineof t ' je ' Grand Itoi / which was in the centre , has bean iaken down from its pedestal to make way lor a handsome fountain , full-grown trees are to be planted at the corners of the court , and the great gallery will be decora : ed for the banquet of 500 covers , which is to be served by Chevet , of gastronomic celebrity . Expeditions lave been undertaken into the provinces to cater luxuries for the distinguished visitors . The meadows of Normandy have been ransacked for the finest oxen . A prizi ox is to J » a served whole , in order to
gratify the British relish for roast beef . The garde meuble of the state has opened its stores to the prefect of the Seine to furnish the most sumptuous gold and silver plate . Immense numbers of lustres of rock crystal ara to be suspended from the ceilings . The military spectacle on tie 6 th August is intended to be much more " than a simple review of the army of Paris . A series of brilliant rnanosiivres are to be performed in the Champs de Mars a :. d ou the heights of Trocadero . The artillery are to throw a bridge over the Seine above the Pont de Jena . Arraagemeuts arc making to enable as large a number of people as possible to have a good view of the operation ? .
Tsial of M . Cabet . —The great event of the flay is the triumph of the Socialist party in the acquittal of M . Uabet , again 3 t whom the fauleit and most unsparing a-ws 8 has been hurled , ever since the revolution , by the Koyalist 3 aud friends of order . M . Cabef , it may be remembered , induced a number of people to follow him and establish a colony in lbs primeval forests of America . Some of the colonists who were discontented returned , aud complained ttat M . fabet had swindled them out of their money , and as be wa 3 a prominent member
of the Socialist party , and mareover at some thousands of miies distance , hs was tried and condemned fcy default to various fines and imprisonments . The noise of this reached him in his solitary abode , and lie returned to Paris ta face his accusers , and after a long and patient investigation , he has been acquitted , all his previous cuudetnuatiOHS have been quashed , he is freal from all costs , and his character has bsen thus pronounced unscathed . The following report o ? his defence we take from * Galigaani's Messenger' of Monday last : —
< In the sitting of the Court of Appeal on Saturday M . Cabet delivered his defence to the iadictnsent charging him with swindling . He began by saying that if he had really been guilty of smr . dlw . z , he was one of the vilest men living , and deserved the maximum of punishment . I 3 . it no one who knew him could suppose him guilty . e had been an advocate , a member of the Chamber of Deputies , a procureur-general , and had enjoyed the friendship of some eminent political characters , and was it liselj that he would have dishonoured himself by such a crime ? All his life had ham passed in study ancUabour , and he had published several important work 3 ; this also proved that he bad not
the habits of a swindler . He had rendered great services in Corsica , aad bad been dismissed from his situation on account of his independence ; but if he had bsen fond of money , he would have flittered the government , and perhapB by so doing wouli liava become a minister , as many of his friends had been . W hen he was in England , Louis Kauoleon bad called on him tnr . ee or four limes , to endeavour to persusde him to support his cause " but he had refused , and had thereby rejected ihe offer of honours and fortune Hade to him . This hs would not have done if he had been a swindler . He might have married kis daughter to a xveahhy man , but he had preferred giving her to an
intelligent workman . If he had loved money , or been a-8 windier , he would evidently not have done that . The idea that fc . 2 could have sent his friends and brethren to die in a desert , in order to swindle them out of a few sous , was an outrage to reason . If he had intended to swindle them , would he not have made them pay their money , and then not have sent them out at all ? lie was sura that if Louis Philippe now lived , and were asked if he thought him a swindler , he wonld say , ' Cabet is the most honest of men . ' M . Laffiite had onca said to some political men , that he did not know any one more honest or more silly than he was , for that be bad offered him everything , and he had re
fusedall . Tie accusation that he had swindled for the sake of money could not be supported ; and it was said that he had swindled for the sake of ambition . But if he had been ambitious , he would have been a revolutionist , end he was not one , His doctrine was uoi revolution and violence ; it was love of Order , peace , equality , and fraternity . In 18 J 8 , be had repudiated and combatted violent communism , immediately brought into practice , because he only wished coiataunisis to us accomplished by legal and pacific propaganda , by the free consent oi all . No one mere than he had done had combatted ideas of violence and revolution . No one loved the people more than be did ; no one believed less in
victories owing to coups de main . If ho had been of the violent revolutionary party , he might have become a member of the provisional government . That government had more than once offered him an important place , but he had refussd it . When lie was menaced by the demonstration against him On April 16 : h , 1348 , M . Lamartine wrote to offer him an asylum , and would have given him an embassy in America . Ila then entered into an eiaborate ' exaroisauon of the different charges against liira with respect to the expedition to Texas , and e . « .:-dud ; d that , u&dsr the circumstance ; , he ccu d not have acted otherwise than hs had Uoae , and that
nothing v . ha ' ever prorsd that he had L = een guiltj of anyfting approaching to SYfimJlijlR , Tna speech Of M . Cabei lasted four hours . The Court then retired , and , after deliberating , decided that the enterprise of M . Cabet was not a fraudulent o&a ; thai he had proved that . he had a concession of laud in Texas ; that the Icarians bad not subscribed their money oa the condition of & concession being oi ) tained ; that there had been no fraudulent ma : ccjwes ; and that the charge of having misappropriated certain effects was not made out . it accordingly quashed the judgxaezt against him , and orJered aim to hi dismissed . '
The Assembly has adopted , by -120 to 232 votes , tie prorogation from the 10 : h of August to the 4 tb of N-jvemher . .- The CrGiral European Committee has issued in tae'Ycli du Proscrh' another raanifctta to the Poles , si gned Ky Mazzini , Ledru Kcilin , and othen . , The ' Siecle was seized on Tuesday kit , and wil ! be pros : eu ; cd for an article combining sr ^ bdilous allusions to the private life of tha President , his ceb : annsemeiiw , &c ,, «!« UlQ political mlnglies fibi- ps-iisans . Th ? 'Monitor' contains the decision of the tri-Duaai of the firs ; instance in the Caslier-Lcmuiicr Case , lue court decides that there is nogroand prosecmioa ajahist M . Carlier .
• t , " , - , 0 CC 0 Unts of the eieet » n « of the Nord give 13 , 1 . > 1 votes in favour of M . Wsv ex-M - nuier of tie Interior , and 2 , 463 for M . d 4 « kc .-& ITALY . W ' a learn / roa Borne that the scandalous cbromc : e has furnished some deialU r « p-c - vjng iiit casisaof Mcr . iigaorTiZzim ' s fright , and the blowing np . of his haa ; e ; wi . icn , without ansirerisg for their correctness , I consider sufficientl y amusing to lav before your . rfiaders . This prelate , who is said to ferittfierbflgallaatdisposition , was obliged to teaVe Buki , of . wh ch place he was bishop , on account of a rather scandalous affair . On his return *» Bome , although hi belongs to the regular clergy
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of St . Pietro in Vincoli , in his quality of bishop he lives out of the convent , at the house of a lady towhose charms backbiters siace that he is not in sensible . Recently this prelate was appointed to preach to ths political prisoaers at St . Michael ' s Prison , but these poor wretches were , so enraged at » eini ? exhorted to repentance by a hermit of the boudoir , that long groans and hisses interrupted his sermons , and some agent or accomplice of theirs carried the unfavourable demonstration so far as to throw a grenade into the cellar of kis house , which produced no other mischief than that of infliciitig a severe panicupon all the inmates .
English journals are now virtually prohibited in the Roman States by the enormous postage people are made to pay for them . The priests take this mods of showing their admiration for the London press . Theatiti-smoking deraoustration still continues . From Milan we learn that the chief feature of Radetsky ' s proclamation , issued from Monza on the 19 th ulr ., is the threat to hold the entire municipality responsible for the acts of seditious citizens . He is persuaded that the state of siege is no inconvenience to peaceable citizens ; is resolved to abolish all the mitigations which have been introduced into that regime of military despotism , and declares in full vigour his proclamation of March lOih . 1849 .
The Opinione , ' of Turin , speak 3 of a rumoa that 1 , 000 Austrians are marching upon Naples .
PIEDMONT . Advices from Arona state that- from Genoa fo the Alps there is but one prevailing sentiment , with regard to the present political institutions of Piedmont—a feeling of sincere love for constitutional liberty , and attachment to the person of the King , to whose firmness , in spite of the intrigues of the ecclesiastical and uitra-aristccratical party , the preservation of the constitution in the midst of reactionary power ? , is mainly attributed . Tliis sentiment is certainly not unmingled with some slight degree of trepidation , lest the league of'despotic sovereigns should finally triumph over this last stronghold of Italian Iibeitv ; but great faith is
placed in the enthusiasm of the country , and , incredible as it may seem , after the wretched part which France has acted in the effairs of the ' peninsula , hopes are still entertained by the majority of the people that the grahde nation would not stand tamely by whilst Piedment was again being reduced to the yoke of despotism . The traditional hostilities of France and Austria in the vast plains of Lombardy appear to have left a lasting conviction in the minds of the common people , that it is the destiny of the Teutonic race to be swept out of northern Italy by the Gauls , and , often as their hopes are deceived , they return to them again with inconceivable tenacity . ¦ * ' :. ¦
The state of the country appears to be highly satisfactory with regard to the material'interests of the people ; and , when " sucli is the ease , the financial embarrassments of the ' government can only be of temporary duration ' . The taxes , although just now very heavy , are cheerfully paid , as the necessity of then ; is fully recognised—that ; of ten per cent , on the net incomes of house proprietors , which has reeentlv coibd into action , as well'as
that of sixty francs per annum on commercial establishments of the higher order , will considerably increase the state revenue , and allow the government to diminish still more the duties on articles of general consumption . The duties on colonial produce are now so low that this part of the country , bordering on the frontiers of Lombard )' and Switzerland , is becoming a great entrepot oi that sort of merchandise , which gradually finds its way into the neighbouring states .
It is apparently tbe intention of the government , or the natural bias of the people ^' to give the whole country a military organisation , in the same manner that , in the Roman States , every public institution assumes a priestly garb . This is evident even in colleges , where the boys wear a semi-mili tary costume , are distinguished by military grades , and ere daily exercised in military manoeuvres i whereas , in the Papal seminaries , all the lads look like priesfs in minature , and wear black , white , or purple gowns , with little knee breeches and cocked hats . Throughout the'country the national guard is full of enthusiasm , and rifle companies are being everywhere organised , and have regular days for practising ; nor does the spirit cf the people appear much broken by their recent defeats .
SPAIN . The Senate has definately adopted the law for the settisment of the debt by a * majority of fifty-nine to nineteen votes . It will ba promulgated on Tuesday .
CANADA . We learn from Toronto , July 12 th , that the parliament during the previous week has been occupied with matters of chiefly local interest , and a number of private bills have been advanced a stage . Among these the principal one has been a bill of Sir Alan MacNah , to incorporate a college , under the name of Trinity College , to be under the superintendence of the bisbop of the church of England ; This is the college that bishop Strachan intends shall run in opposition to what he terms the 'godless' provincial university ; and it was to obtain aid for this that hs recently visited England . This proposition of Bishop . StracUan has caused a good deal of bitter
feeling against the church of England on the part of the party who are opposed to state endowments of churches . Not on the ground that this college is a state endowment , but that it is an attempt to break dawn the provincial university , which , ¦ was rendered non-sectarian in its character by . an act of last session , which excluded all religious teaching from within its walls . The charter will be granted , as the bill has already passed its second reading , and been committed . But , in place of the college being allowed to hold real property to the value of £ 10 , 000 per annum as demanded , it will only be allowed £ 5 , 000 ; and a clause of the bill which provided for the incorporation of affiliated preparatory grammar schools all over ibe country has been struck
out
UNITED STATES . The royal mail steamer , Africa , Captain Ryrie , which left New Yort' on the 16 th ult . at . noon , arrived itt the Mersey « n Saturday ; - ' evening at half , past nine , with the usual . mails , ninety-six passengers , and upwards of a million dollars in specie . By this arrival , which is one of the quickest voyages ever made , we have dates from New York four days later than those received by the Hermann , which arrived at Southampton on Saturday morning .
The Tehuantepec Surveying Expedition has returned to New Orleans . All the essential surveys , at least those which go to show tha entire practicability of the railway route , are now complete . A few parties have been left on the ground to make rfCJimoisances and survey a line for the onsti action or a carriage road . Tbe Coatzacoalcos river is reported navigable , for twenty-five miles above its mouth , " for ships drawing eleven feet of water . ' The climate is healthy , and tbe officers and men attached to the expedition contracted no disease
The overflow in the Upper Mississippi and its tributaries still continues , to thfi great damage of the inhabitants in the vicinity . Such a flood has never been known before since the settlement of the country . It is now more than a month since the waters began to rise , and for hundreds of miles along the Mississippi , Missouri , and their tributaries , the bottom lands are completely submerged ; the growing crop has been entirely destroyed ; many houses have been washed away ; a vast amount of live stock has perished ; and a wide extent of territory , which promised aa abundant yield , has heen
rendered barren and dessolate for the season . The levee , or dyke , at the city of St . Louis has been entlrely overflowed , and the warehouses filled wiib . water to the depth of several feet . Duricg this period business has been almost entirely suspended , as boats could neither receive nor discbarge their cargoes at the usual landings . The river is now several miles wide opposite St . Lou * i 3 . Great fear * are entertained that when tho waters subside , leaving a large surface of wet and swampy land exposed to the midsummer suu , the effect will be highly ininrious to health .
The health of Mr . J . Finnimore Cooper has improved , and he is now out of danger . The political canvass for state officers continues to produce great excitement in Texay . Co ! . G . Vt lloc ! t !< : y , one o / the veterans oi tbe Texas revolution , died at Corpus Caristi on the 6 th tilt . Dates from Utah have been received to may 31 st . The first ground was broken : or the great Salt Lake and Mountain llailway on the 1 st of May . When this enterprise is compleiedj preparations will bs commenced for the erection of the Temple . The condition of affiirs ia the new settlement is represented as highly encouraging .
General Talcott has been found guilty of the charges preferred against him by the Secretary of War , and dismissed from the army . His offence consisted in giving out ordnance contracts illegally , and concealing the facts to avoid censure . It may be that there are circu . na 6 tan . ces worse than this con
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nected with the transaction . He has a son in tbe army , a colonel by' brevet , who has distinguished himself greatly both in the Florida and Mexican wars .
INDIA . The Overland Mail having arrived , we are in possession of our usual letters and filea in anticipation of the Overland Mail . The dales are—Bombay , June 25 , and Calcutta , June 12 . Our corres - pondent ' s letter is as follows : — DariiiK the past fortnight there have been a couple of shipwrecks at the entrance of the harbour at Bombay , one of which was attended with fearful loss of ' life . The ships were ; the Atiet Rahoman , from Jedda , with pilgrims , and the English vessel Charlotte , Captain Douglas , from . Calcutta to Bombay . Th « first went ashore on the islaud of Kenery , when upwards of 150 of the pilgrims perished . The Charlotte was destroyed off Jingeerab , twenty miles south of Kenery—crew all saved but two . :
On the 22 nd of May nn extraordinary fall of ice occurred near Bangalore , during a storm . of thunder , lightning , and rain ; the haihtones which at first made their appearance were about tbe size of limes and oranges , but broke through the tiles and roofs of houses , and destroyed gardens and fruit trees . Some of the hailstones found next morning were as large as goose eggs , some as big as pumpkins ; one block , found in a dry well , measured four feet . and
a half in length , three in breedth , and one arid a half in thickness . If was probably the result of the cementation of several of tha smaller pieces into one lump , ' although tbe fall of pieces of ice cf this siz ? is not uhfrequcnt iu India . In the reign of Tippo Sultan a piece was found the siz 3 of an elephant , which took several days to melt ; in 1826 , a piece of similar size fell in Candeish ; in 1838 ; a block of ice , apparently a mass of cemented hailsstones , was found near Dliarwar , measuring twenty
feet in circumference . the tranquillity of the Punjab has'Mnduced the Governor-General to direct the release of seventytwo political prisoners who had been sentenced to various terras of imprisonment as 'rebels ; , An event , however ; occurred ' at-Umritsiri onthe 10 th of June , which 'might have been attended . with serious consequences .. AdruiikenEuropean soldier who had been placed in confinement fordesertion managed to get possession'of a sword , and ¦ with , it cut down Jewan Singh , the commander ; of a Sikh
regiment forming part of the garrison . ; The death of tkeiv . coraniandet naturally occasioned much . excitement a' the time in Jewan ; Si . igh ' s regimenti but the rnmderer having been imprisoned to stand his trial , all was quiet again by . the fotldwing . moni ing . Jewan Singh was a very "distinguished Sikh officer , who had done ' good service . to the British Government both before and since annexation , for which the government had rewarded him by trebling his ' 'pay and- ' presenting him ; wita-a sword and dress of honour ; ¦''' ' * " " •¦ ' ¦' ¦ ' - - •¦ ' ; " . ¦
The ' suspension . ' of-the State allowance to ; the temple of Juggernaut !) ,-and some cases which have been decided in accordance with the recently passed Toleration Act ( No 21 of 1850 . ) have give rise to an -anti-missionary movement among the orthodox Hiados at Calcutta . At all three Presidencies an English education is considered by all classes of natives as the shortest road to wealth , and the . only e ' ieap English Education obtainable . is ; that af-f forded by the mission schools . Many thousands , o native children ore accordingly educated at these institutions , and now and then , ( though such an occurrence is wonderfullv rare ) a Hindoo youth
is converted , muclitotbe scendal of / the native com munity . Many of these outcasts ) on arriving at year 3 of discretion , are desirous of-re urning to the religion of their fathers , but they have hitherto been prevented from so doing by the impossible ^ severity of' the racde ' of expiating loss oficaste ^ wandering . forty-eight years as an ascetic ) hi- , therto insisted on . A great meeting of orthodox Iliadoos has accordingly been held at Calcutta , for the purpose of substituting a milder form of expiration . It was stated at the meeting that there were fifty Christian ' Converts , at Calcutta , who would return to the Hindoo creed bb soon
as the milder form of penance was assented to . There is little doubt that it will be ' So eventually . THE SANDWICH ISLANDS . AdvioM from Washington dated the 12 th inst . state that very important information has been recently received by the government in -regard to the interference '< Vf the French in the affairs of the Sandwich Islands . The 3 edispatches show that the French have made certain very extravagant demands , upon the refusal of : which . theyvhave threat * ened a resort to force .: The commander of the British squadron bad , it is stated , applied to his government for orders , and was awaiting an order to exert his force . ¦ - - ¦ .... :.
The auihonties of the islands have applied to the United States government for protection . The Cabinet havs , it is said , agreeil unanimously upon the course of this government on the subject , and the result has been a remonstrance against the interference of the government , of France , ' and an assurance that the government will not . permit the threatened hostile interference on the part of France . .- ¦ ¦¦¦ -, . \ . . TURKEY . A letter from Constantinople , 15 th ull ., says : — It appears that all the members of the /' amily of the late Mehemet Ali Pacha-have decided on quitting Egypt , and taking refuge at Constantinople . ' By the last French packet two more of . them have arrived here—Alim Bey , son of the bid viceroy , and MoustafaBev , son of the latelbrahim Pacha .
CALIFORNIA . ; ARRIVAL CF M MAN 0 S AT SAN ^ RANCISCO . : The correspondent of the New York Herald' has the following : —Terence Bellew M'Manus , one of the Irish exiles , arrived in'San Francisco on the 5 th of June , having made his escape from Launceston , Australia , and been carried away on board a British barque . His arrival at San Francisco was celebrated by a public dinner , at which the . Major presided , and which waYattended by the senators , representaiives , arid many of the moijt distibguisLed men of the state . M'Manus looks in capital liealth and
spirits ., About the time ' of his ' escape ' a . like attempt was made "by" Smith O'Brien ; O'Dohoghue , and O'Doherty / The ' sum of- ^ 600 had been put in the hands of an Englishman named Ellis ) to ' purchase a brig , which wasi done , ' and after loading arid clearing at the Custom-bouse , a concerted signal was to be given by the-exiles on the : beach * when a boat was to be sent on shore , from the brig . The government officers ,, however , received information-of the project , ant \ as soon as the signal was ! given for . the boat , the exiles were secured by the officers and carried back . .
ALARMING / NEWS FROM CALIFORNIA . By the Baltic , which arrived on Tuesday last , the intelligence from California is of a most disastrous character . Publicorder had been entirely lost sight of , lynch-law wasquite prevalent , and in the excitement that had ensued , the police "; force had proved quite inefficient for the'maintenance of peace . TKe amount of specie received is 700 ; 000 dollars . The commercial reports from the state are unchanged in tone . - ¦
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The dihgencs between Vera Cruz and the c ! ty r , i Mexico was recently attacked a short distance irom Pueb'a , by a small party of robbers . ! The stage lefi Vera Cruz on the 9 : h ult . with nine passengers in all . Of thesis ,- two were Mexicans unarmed , one a Freucliraa :: indifferently provided for defencs , three were English miners , also poorly armed , one was a Califomian will ) a trifling revolving pistol , but in the coach were two English gentlemen , S . T . Cii .-
-sold and C . \ V . xv , Fitzwilliam , who were aroicd and equipped as the law regulating safety on U . e Mexican-Rao ' s requires and directs . In addition to a goodly showing 6 f Colt ' s revolvers , ihebest weapon we know of for any service , they had double-barrelled guns , well loaded with buckshot , and for the latter in particular they found especial need . Every : tiling ivent . r . n smoothly during the first day ' s journey , and-they rsached and passed l \\ rn ' . 6 without molestation from the swarms of ladronos who have
long held travellers as their own property .. But while on the route between Acajete and Araospque , about two o ' clock in tbe afternoon of the scennd day , the stage was suddenly beleagured by a-pany of brigands , weil masked but better mounted , wh < i riding up ordered the driver to halt . They next , and with great show of coiiraga , presented their pistols in a way to bring them to bear upon the ua 5 ssriger 3 inside , and were about ; to charge Iwl : upon the siage , when Clissold discharged s heavj load of buckshot directly into the breast of one of them . The fellow ' s head fell listlessly , his bridle reins dropped from his bands , and he was evidentl y about to tumble from , his saddle , when one of his companions , Beizing him by tbe collar and steadying him for a moment , turned his horse ' s head in an opposite direction . In another moment ^ second
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charge of buckshot was lodged in the side of the second robber , while the Californian , who was seated on the box with the driver , opened an ineffectual fire from his little revolver . After the second shot ( rom Clissold ' s gun , who was seated inside the stage and on the quarter upon which the brigands made the onslaught , the entire party scampered off , and thus was a party . of . Mexican robbers completely beaten off with loss by two welldirected discharges from a double ; barrelled gun . Onarriving at Amosoque , a large village ten miles
. from Puebla , anrt where the stage horses are changed , CIi « o !< i was advised to go to thealcade , and inform that functionary . of what had happened . He did so , ' stating that he believed he had killed one robber , if not 'tirof when' he was told it was a pity he had not slain the entire party . It afterwards appeared that the first br ' gand shot lived but a , few moments ; and that the second , after lingering four days , finally .. expired . They were all described as naw hands upon the road , their faces not being recognised . The affair created not a little stir aloug
the road . . : A table has recently been published . containing an account of the railways in the United States . The whole number of railways is 335 , measuring 10 , 287 miles in length , and constructed at a cost of 300 , 607 , 954 dolls . The directors of the French Mint received , about twenty day 3 since , 26 , 000 , 000 of francs in gold ingots from California , by way of the United States . A cession'by ths state to the city of Paris _ of tha Bois de Boulogne is in cohterophv . ion , the city undertaking to make vast improvements , so as to add to the convenience and beauty of the promenades ..
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THE FH 1 ENDS OF ITALY . CConcluded from our last . ) WHAT CAN WE , ASMENGLISHMEN , DO FOR ITALY ? This is " a question on which we have already touched ; it remains , however , to show , a little more in detuil , what features there are in the present which should induce us to give-cur interest in the Italian , Question some practical shape , and what .. the special means are by which our Society proposes to facilitate this end . ' - ' .
There aretwo . sfcages in the growth ondeasauch as that of the national Independence of Italy . ' Thefirst i . . when , uttered and preached by a few solitary thinkers , they do not find , a sufficient echo : in . the heart of tlie masses ; when , in short , they may be a . prophecy , but are not in reality a fact . As spectators of the growth of such ideas , we can then admire , and sympathise vvith them—but we cannot act for , them . We must be prudent aud preach prudence , even while our souls are moved , lest we should , by ill-timed-encouragement , provoke to premature attempts and to bootless sacrifices .- - But there is a second stage , which follow . s on . the . first . at a greater or . a less interval . ¦ ; , Ifc is when the idaa formerly , preacued ; by the few . has grown to be tue i ) 6 ue , of the uiany . ~\ Yuei \ the martyr of
of to-day , is replaced by ^ the combatant tb . -mor . row , when a people torn arid ' mangied by brute force , cle ' c ' imatedof it ' s best men through ' the scaffold , the dungeon , aud exile , still , in that weak and urigeneralled state , c-irries on an ¦ incessant struggle , generals itseU ' , or contents itself with captains and bold leaders of bands , and through a long series of repeated and ever strong'aUempts . jmarches . onand onto .. victory When such a stage has been inconlestably reached , then it is the imperative duty of all who believe in the oneness of-the human race , " who recognise the noble as it is manifested in their fellow beings , and who profess to be the worshippers of truth , and justice ; it is tbe imperative duty of all such to stand up and bear witness ' that tho cause for which this people is
contending and bleeding is a righteous aud . just one , to pi'OteJt-against its enemies , and to shorten , as much ai possible , and render as bloodless as possible , that struggle which the law of history declares to be unavoidable . .. ' . ' ' This second stage ha 3 evidently arrived for the national cause . of Italy . A while ago it waa the cry of shameless men : — " The Italians do not desire liberty —they are very happy as it ia—were it not for a few conspirators , ar . d demagogues , and hot young spirits , they and . the Austrians , and the Pope , and the King of Naples , and all . the rest of them , would get on very amicably together . " This was always fundamentally alie , but , even had it been the truth , what impression ought such a fact to have produced on us ? We
shi ' -uld then certainly have been absolved from all duty of actively participatingin the cause of . Italian Independence . It is not for one people to force liberty upon another , liberty is too grand a boon to be forced on those that do not feel the want of it . But surely it bad been no cause for congratulation had it been so . It had surely rather been a cause for shame and sorrow that a people once so great as the Italians had fallen so low—that a people with eyes so Bright aiid brows so majestic , should have hearts so craven—that a people so gifted and impassioned with the universal genius of song and beauty ,- should have suffered so total an eradication of all moral principle . The Italians happy!—to those who had flaunted that phrase in bur- luces , our reply should have been—¦ would
' ; We despise them for being happy ,. ¦ to God they were once . well miserable ! " And should we have seen a few men—young or old—miserable , amid ; the general hap ' piaess , melancholy exceptions to the general mirth '—should'We have discerned here and there in the towns , or amid the mountains of Italy , a solitary manor two still nursing the dream of liberty , still thinking the thought of Dante , still knawed _ by the pain that leaves not the noble heart , and striving ti > communicate that pain to others—how then ought we to have greeted such men ? . With the name of conspirators , demagogues , hut and insubordinate spirits ? Despicable they who had . done sol It would have been tue duty of all to sympathise with those men ; to admire them , to pity thein : to
moderate certainly , if possible , their excessive impetus towards action , and to prevent them from rash enterprises , which would but sacrifice themselves and others , and compromise their cause ; but , had that been impossible , to follow them at least to the scaffold with respect , aud to shed a tear over their , unfortunate , tombs .. As each martyr changed . his place above , for his ' place > beneath , " the Italian earth , our' thought should have bebtt- ^ Orie more "for' Italy . " Aiid as these' martyrdoms became frequent and numerous , we should have marked the omen with interest , hailing every fresh symptom ; tliaf the- struggle- was becoming ripe , and' the . championship of the > national cause
being transferred from individuals to the people , This is the law of all . heroic movernents . There was a time in the struggle for the , independence , of Scotland wheii the sole ' representative of tbatstruggle , the one man of mark " until Scotland" that had not taken oaths , double and triple , to the English Edward was the western chieftain-Wallace . Yet Scottish Independence was woriinevertheless , and the legitimacy of the process no one gainsays . Extend , then , the parallel to Italy . Strange that men should read history with . olher eyes than they observe conttmporary events ; . that they should " malign and deprecia ' . e in the present those very ' kinds and wa ' ys of action which form all that is-poetic and valuable in the past ! ' Success , ^ success ia ' still the test ; the wor . hipful thing is still the fait accompli / ' ' .
iortuoately , however , that old cry of the happiness of the Italians in their slavery ,-always essentially a lie , is now a lie convicted . Never again can it be repeated , except by a sheer exercise of meudauious impvulencw The cause of Italian Independence has opeiily and incontestably reached its . second stage . .-Since 1815 tho Italian people have been always protesting against the arrangement imposed on the peninsula by the Congress of Vienna—have always p leaded and published their claims -to nationality . ¦ The attempts to asaerfc these claim 3 in fact , at first put down by force , have been regularly gaining in . power and unanimity .. The * .-memorable years 1821 , 1831 , and 184 S are epochs . along which the growth of the cause in the "Italian mind
may be most easily ' measured . But between these epochs ,. aud connecting ~ them together in a less visible , manner is to be traced a series of local and partial demonstrations evincing the propagation and acceptance of the national thouglvi iu almost every district cf Italy . ' The forces of the misguided . Italian princes were at first sutiluiout to maiiUa ' m the system of despotism ; the strength of . Austria was then required ,: in addition , tor that purpes ; more recently , even this has been insufficient , and the recreant might of France has been called iuto the arena . A . combination of . all cabinets and all forces 13 noff scarcely . powerful enough to keep down , , for what everybody feels to ba but n . transitory period , the strong Italian spirit . From Sicily to Venice the cry is one—Liberty , Independence , Nationality .- There have .-beon thousands ot ' martyrs , tilousauds of exiles . The popular will has been so strong as to compel Princes . and 1 ' opG
into the hypocrisy , of liberalism . . "Welcomed bv civilisation in this their new character , ' Pope anil l ' rinces were abandoned as soon as they deserted its cause . ' We" have seen a Pope Hying from the metropolis of the Christian world , his thunders of , e , \ CO ( nmunicalion falling scatheicsa and unnoticed , his tiara not finding a single defender among his subjects . \ Vc :: ave seen Austrian armies driven away from the Italian soil by almost unarmed populations ; we have seen : jt French army defied . and held in check by the valour and the : extemporised --military Sitill of tflC liMt ot Italian cities . Whatever differences about the means , there is not a single . Italian writer of hi » h ri'pute , uoi a single intellectual man in , Italy that does not belong really to the National Partv In spite of military terrorism-in spite of all the exertions of a police , ecclesiastical , secular , internal anr foragn-the struggle yet continues . ' The wK press u overpowered and extinguished ; a clandesf '«« SKI ?"! > . ! f ^ tment , which no p S can put down ! A word is whispered by loaJW Donot ^ kej' - ngusbjgi , ^ \ m £ »
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streets of populous towns , ' except in the mouths of gensdarmes and . hired . spies ! A military foreign chief walks into a theatre ; instantly boxes , pit , and every other part of the house are deserted by the spectators ! ¦ "In the face of such facts , who will dare to repeat the old calumny that the-Italian movement exists only in the persona of a few vestless conspirators ? It is evident that tbe national feeling has spread through the whole population ; that it is impossible to crush that feelih ' , ' ; -that what i 3 at work in Ita ' yisnota faction but an entire people—not an emeute but a revolution— nofthe logic of a few dreamers , or the rhetoric of a'f ew ambitious men , but the design of
Providence , the will of God . And this is evident , too , from another . infallible sign—the . progressive self-improvement of the struggling people ; the punfyiho-action " which the work in which they are en-° a " ° d is exerting upon their thoughts and character . The persecution is horrible , unceasing , and such as Englishmen cannot imagine ; thereaction , one might think / would be terrible and unsparing . The revene takes , place . Wherever the people have been triumphant , there has been clemency , magnanimity tolerance . At Rutne , at Venice , at Milan the behaviour of ths people and of their leaders , even . at the hour when the temptation to retaliation was greatest , was exemplary and noble . .-. ¦¦ . . ¦ ~
.. . Thecauseofltalianlndependenceis , thereforc , ju 3 t ; it has reached its- full . tide ; andtlie people are ripe for- its final victory ..: Bayonets-r-foreign bayonets , French bayonets—alone prevent this result . Remove other foreign troops from the soil of Italy , leaving due'Italians to deal with . ' the Austriatis , and raly would be a free nation ere many " months should have passed . ' Is the inertness ; of Englishmen now in tins cause to be tnrgiven ? Are . we , the protectors of the black , race , to see unmoved one of the most renowned portions of the white race trampled on and given over as a prey to physical force ? And this even were it in Ibe mat
not true that we have a personal interest - ter ; were it not true that the power that mainly rules in Italy pretends also to rule over our minds ; were it notHrue that it is chiefly in Italy that whatveaiains of the great and all-interesting problem of Freedom of Conscience is to be worked out ; were it not true that Rome is tho centre of that oniy partially : brolcen web of error arid corruption which " still entangles multitudes ; were it not true that there is that in Italy , which proves that , were she once emancipated , sho might again start forward as of old in the cause of humanity , and amply discharge , by new intellectual , moral , and political service , all her ebtto tha assisting nations ? ••''' ¦
But what con we do to assist Italy ? Many In the first place , we can take care to be wellinformed in-all--that pertains to Italy ; we can lay it as a duty upon ourselves individually and collece tively to acquir . e and maintain a conipetcnf knowledg of Italian affairs . . The great impediment , as we have already said , to any efficient activity on the part . of Great Britain in the question ofltalianlndepeiiderice is the ignorance of British men and wo ^ men as to the ' real- state and views of the Italian people .. -Moreover , believing as we do . that thoroughly correct action in any matter whatever must be . baaed on . correct knowledge , ourearue&t desire is that whatever course of conduct Knglishraen . may . adopt . with , regard to Italy should proceed , not on a few generalities' and never" so amiable enthusiasms , biit ' on as thorough and intimate ^ an acquaintance with the whole case as it is possible ' for En ^ iishrnen to attain . . We desire that ' Englishmen sb . ould . know as many particularsas possible
respectin ? the physical , moral , intellectual ,, and rehgicms conations of Italy , and its inhabitants . We desire that Englishmen should find themselves able to be mentally present , as ^ . it . were , . in the various centres of . Italian life and 1 industry—in . Rome , An Milan > in Tuvin . -iu Genoa , in Venice ,-in Florence , in'Lucca , in' Naples ; not present as the mere tourist arid , pleasure seeker is , but " . present a 3 strict judges of what they see—as social and politicalcritics : . ' . We ' desire that Englishmen should nave before them all Hie materials for an impartial decision of the que 9-tion . as between the Italian people and their rulers ; that they should see by actual and numerous specimens the ' nature and working'of the Austrian rule in . Lombafby , the . uaturo aricl . working of the Papal rule in the lloraan States , and the nn tore and workr . ing of the Neapolitan-rule in the Kingdom ot ' the Sicilies . We desire that , of every Italian incident reported in the newspapers , or not repirted therewhether that incident tells in favour of the one side
or in favour of the other—they should be able to forma literally accurate , and not a vague or distorted impression . In short , we desire that the reul and whole . truth . oflhe . Italian case should be ' submitted to the honest , judgment aad investigation oi the British public ; confident thafcthen the right enthusiasms and the rig lit generalities will attain ; the sway which we seek lot them . Again , founded on this " corr sot knowledge , and accompanying its growth , there may be an expression ' of national - opinion . ' ¦ With - all our insular habits , and all our indifference towards foreign affairs , England is not yet so far sunk in reputation as not to be listened to when she is evidently in earnest . Recent events , indeed , and the apathy of
our government have robbed England of muck of her ]) rcilige among the . nations . Russia , ' and not . England , is now universally regarded on ' the Continent aa the coun try whose' will determines the balance . During"the recent struggles in Hungary land Italy , English residents abroad saw their personal " -respectability evidently diminishing in conisequence . of the impression produced by the conduce of'the English government at home . . Still Britain has some moral power left . Underneath jthe opinion of her government , 'arid legally capable of an independent expression" through the press , ' I through . conversation in social circles , and through public meetings , lies the opinion of the mass of the people . That , we' believe , is , ir . 'i the main , right
and generous . There was something stoutly English , though the demonstration came , too late to be of-much avail , in the . cheers for Kossuth and , Hungary , and those others ; for Mazziui and Italy , which rang through many" a public hall ia our large lowns , not long ago . " It' is to be hoped that the fervour then excited has npt ' cooldd do ' wu " , ' and that , ! on a fitting occasion" being given , it may . again , aiid more promptly than before , blazd-forth in emphatic manifestation . And though , if bereft of its due outlet through the special organ of . our government ; this enthusiasm of the British people-cannot do all it might , still even alone it . may do something . -Even a bully trembles and desists . in tlie presence of spectators who show by . wordspr by gestures their scorn
for " what he i ^ . ahoutj and even tlie '; t ) oldest ; man finds his courb ' se nerved to a higher pitch by the expressed sympathy of those whom he honours , And j to some extent the same is true of governments and nations .: ' -So firm is our faith in the necessary interdependence of ; all parts of this physical and moral universe to which we belong , and in the power even of silent thought ahd : feeling , much more of opiuiah strongly expressed ,, to find . a way for itself into , the general fabric of / things , that ' we can believe a time might arise when , were we Britocs , standing oh our own soil , only wisMny as vehemenUy the freedom ot Italy , as the Italians , standing on theirs / are ready toactfor it , the very ; substanceof the earth would lend itself as ' a-conveying raediam between us .: and
the wish of . the Island would shoot ,- as a decisive stimulus , through the act of the Peninsula . Feeling and talk , however , arc small matters ; and he who , deeply moved by any wrong of which he hears or reads , does not' avail himself of whatever way may be open of showing , his feeling in appropriate - action—nay , ' -who tlo ' 1 not strive to create a Way , if none fsists—islbui a sentimental poltroon . The < last and chief duty , therefore , iacumberit on England in the matter of Italy , is « course of ajipropriate national action . It is not much that individuals , or even that corporate portionis of tbe community , can do dji-eptiy and immediately , towards this end . Something , indeed , rusiy be done ne « ativ ' elv . British capitalists of honourable
feeling inay refrain from lending thoir " money to ' the despotic Italian governmentsi-bv'toUny that are in leaguewiih them ; and British publin -opinion may uxert itself to multiply . ' such cases . On the whole , however , the action , properly so called , that 5 s legally possible for Englishmen upon Italy resolves , itself chiefly into this—action upon Italy through a prior constitutional action , upon our own ' . British government ; ., " In international affairs , the people may ' think arid speak in their , own ' namV ; the power ultin ' ia : ely to decide' tha mode of direct action on Kther nations—the power ; by ' ship or diplomatic messagej-to convey to Austria , to Russia , or to ¦ Portugal , as the case : may be , the Yea or Nay . ol lingland in any matter -England cares for—rests
with the government . It is by constitutional action outhe parliament and government of this country , theretore , that we can carry our national sympatuies with the Italian cause to ' any effective-praciical issue . And , as preliminary to this , it is above all necessary that we should know what our gOVemmtnt IS spontaneously doing or inclined to do in the matters-It is necessary that . - --Englishmen should be able , as taras possible , to strip theveil of secrecy from tne tliplomatic conduct of their government in the Italiau n uostioa ; that , in a question somomentoiis , arid mi -which . to bo dilatory is to be useless , they should " not be Wt merely " to form' their opinion of the past behaviour of their government from Blue
iiooKsa year old , but" should ' have a sharp and clear insight into what government is doing or wn doing from moment to moment . 16 ia necessarythat , Whilo all England ruay be onthusiasticiilly sayir . g nay to tlia policy , of . despotism in Italy , Englishmen should have " the guarantee of actual Ki r 4 owledge ..-tp convince thorn that , in passing through the ' orgati of tlieir government , this message . is , not frittered into , something that may sound like a yew in tho ears of foreign Cabinets . Thus informed of what is actually done or meditated by Government , ' Englishmen may work by the usual means upon Pariiamont , and work less in the dark . Opportunities for . Parliamentary discussion may bo made and turned to the best account . And
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much , very much renjairis to be done in this Wa , How finally tho will of England in tlie matter nf Italy ou £ [ ht to take ' shape'in' Parliamentary deoi sions and in : Ministerial dispatches , i $ a largo Rbh weighty-question . It is hardly for us , at this stapp to pursue the inquiry so far . This only vie $ \ \ say that we cannot believe that circumstances lr such that -Britain , as' n nation , may not , witli ' an duo diplomatic prudence and all duo zmdfor poaco find means for acting in behalf of Iuly , novo D 8 ' vemptorily , more liberally , more honestly , and " more creditably than she has hitherto done . ' e \ J | on the narrow platform of the non-iiiterfor ^ p . principle how much could be effected ? jv timo may come _ when again in tho cour « of European events the Austrians mav i ^
t __ *• it . . Ti . i !^ -. --. ' I I . .. ri . i : wu driven from tho Italian soil by Italian courage - when again the foot of an intrepid Ronian triuim-: ' miiy be trampling , nmid-the acclamations of aii Ital . v , on the . neck-of the secular Papacy , ju ' England may do a noulo work and retrieve w former error . Asa strong diplomatic word before might possibly have kept the French from thn shores of Italy , so a similarly small thin * nii » u havo a like eftect again . Thus , were it but by n , e "" inteference in behalf of non-interference—by niero English resolve that Italy should have fur ' plavjj England might do much for Italy . Only let tfoj rule of procedure , whatever id is , be honest , , sistent , and earnest as becomes a British States ! man ; and let Britain bo . prepared to support that rule with the wholo weight of her influence , hec conscience , and her character .
' ' The Society of ihe Friends of Itah hr . s been formed to assist in carrying out theso views . To promote a correct knowledge of the Italian question , to stimulate ; the expression of just public opinion en the Italian . question , and- to urge the P . n-Uaraent and the government of the country to an appro , priato course " of national action in tho Italian quoj . tioh—such are the aims of this Society . It purposes nothing-but what is strictly British . It pro . poses to act unon Italy by stiring up England to act upon Italy . It assumos no right of direct opera , tions upon the land in which it takes an interest ,
Its funds are not to be expended in suosidies for war , or in any other way contrary to tho spirit and habits of Englishmen ^ It is to pronounce nothing ' , to dictate nothing ; as to the form , or forms of national government which it . might be desirablo to see set up in Italy . Tliis question of the futuro internal organisation of Italy , it regards as . belong , ing exclusively to the' Italian people . It is strictly a society of Englishmen , working vrithin the Bnn . lish territory , and according to English methods , for the freedom and . independence of the Italia nation . .
V / e appeal , then , to the British public in behalf of this Society . ' Wo appeal to all-classes . We ap . peal to working men ; we appeal to the wealthy ; tve appeal to men in stations of offioial iniluenco ; we appeal to journalists and men of letters . Wo appeal to clergymen , we appeal to laymen ; we ap . poal to Churchmen , we apuoal to Dissenters . Confident as we are that the question of Italy is ono which may call forth a more general , a more truly national , enthusiasm in Great Britain tlinn any other foreign question that could be named , it i ' 3 our caniGSt wislv'to avoid , in tUo conafeitution of ow
Society , all that'is sectarian or exclusive . We invite- all who can co-operate with us at once to do so ; we invite . all who think they can co-operata with us to try to do so . Nor do wo ask too much . We do not ask that you , as Englishmen , should devote your days and nights to the Italian question-, that you should neglect other interests for this . We only ask that , aV far and as strongly as you do feel for Italy when the matter is brought before you , so far and so strongly you will take a part ia her behalf ; . we only nsk that you would give to this cause and ' question an amount of ^ study and of active interest proportionate to its just and gveat claims . '
Foreign Iiusiugeucf •
foreign iiusiUgeucf
Jfoveisn- |Wf8celtott».'" :
JFoveisn- | Wf 8 celtott » . '" :
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The Fl'oitivb Slaye Laiv . —The Congrega « tional Union of England and Wales , at its last meeting , passed a resolution denouncing the Americaa Fugitive Slave Law , and refusing church fellowsuip to all who uphold it and shivery . . Death ltostuk Stage ' . — During the performanca of Jack Shcjypard , at the St . Louis Theatre , on tho Cth , a large flat iron , suspending a lamp . from tbo ceiling , slipped from its fastenings and fell to tl : g tround , striking Mrs . Shea , on the top of the head , ha uttered a fiiint " 0 ! my God I" and in a moment fell dead upon the stage , which was soon covered with her blood . Of course the performance was immediately suspended . and the moncy _ rc « turned . Mrs . Sheii came to America a 3 Miss Kem « ble , and is the granddaughter of . Stophen Kcmble , and tho grandcioco of the famous Mrs . Siddonj . Her husband is at present in New Orleans . —Toronto Chronicle . . ' .. ' - .-
. The Avenir , ' office , ofthe 23 rd , ult ., states that a ^ Pierlmontese inspector of customs has visited tha French frontier of that country , with a view to estahlish a . lino of custom-houses . _ It adds , however , that the nature of the country is so favourable to smuggling , that it is considered next to impossiblo toprevent . it . The Danish Ministry has heen . reconstructed under the presidency of Count Moltke . rRonocATios . OF PAni-iAJiBsr . —It is her moss gracious M .-ijesty ' s intention to prorogue the session of parliament for 1851 in person . The session
draws rapidly to a close . ' The ministerial white * buit dinner is fixed for Saturday next , at' the Trafalgar , Greenwich—a feast rendered all the moro [ pleasant because it signifies a release from the labours of the session towards the close of the fol « lowing week , or at all events curly in the week after ithafc , as it was last year . —Observer ' , : , Bdl ' s Lift in iondourecentlv states tti&t a lady Iwa lost no less than ^ 20 , 000 on the '¦ D .-tby ' . Tho . limerick'Chronicle says tbe lady is the only daughter of the poet Lord-Byron— " Ada , sole daughter of my house and heart !" i- *' . - - Dkeadfcl Bad Legs Cubed bt ITolloway ' s OintmeiT and 1 ' trj . s ' . -Exthict of a'letter from John Eastman , Esq .. Merchant at lluerio ' s Ayres , dated January 3 rd 1850 . ' fo Trofessor Ilolloway—My dear Sir , your l'ills and Oiutment avtf hi very great repute here , and : many wonderful curea have , been performed , by tlieir use ; one in particu lar 1 will relate . A Portuguese farmer , who had been confinea to the house with sore legs for more than five years ; wlticii rendered him quite'incapable ' of following any wovk , « nowsoperfectly cured by the use of your l'ills and Ointment that he can follow the plough and attend persoHaliy
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2 THE NORTHERN STAR . AuflTTflT fl , 1851
Thomas Pass,, Parr's Life; P Ills ' Lave Acknowledged To Be The Best Medicine Ia "≫* World. . '¦ . - . '
THOMAS PASS ,, PARR'S LIFE ; P ILLS ' lave acknowledged to be the best Medicine ia " >* world . . ' ¦ . - . '
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Aug. 2, 1851, page 2, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1637/page/2/
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