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Northern Star (1837-1852), 2nd August 1851, Edition 1 of 2, Page 7

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      '^ TffE tf / rH AND COMMERCE OF & * 1 ££ 2 UNITED KINGDOM .

      fThe f ollowing paper was read by Mr . 1 aras , comp ositor , oa Wednesday , 23 rd £ v at the weekly meeting of the 'Rumiaa-* - ; '' a Bew Society established at Discussion 28 S hoe-lane , Fleet-street . It ia peculiarl y ^ Ibl ein itself , and most creditable to the f and the Society . ] '" ^ 2 paper which I hare , the honour to address to . » Vjcietf and visitors relates to the position , eoni-xa po ^ eri and influence of the British people * T « hich further proposes to consider , in detail * -j ; aggregate , so far aa the limits 0 ! a paper will s 7 rdU the wealth which the industry , in » e-Hr aad skill in trading concerns have gained for % ' &W people ; concluding by a few , general re' Q .:. i& a 3 to the probaWe ultimate destiny of so / riatie an accumulation , if the spirit of trade J ? ilrv parsnes its present irresistible coarse .

      ' f rom asetot Tamable tables , submitted to the u-2 . fi of Commons in 1827 , by a gentleman of the "ki of Couling , the land , called , tlie " United ^ dom , " consists of 77 , 394 , 433 acres , of which Zjaffl acres are under some sort of cultivation . £ th e total number of acres stated ,. there are r 37 U < 33 acres unworthy of cultivation—which ijifS 3 15 , 000 , 000 acres of acknowledged imports in a prolific sense , but which legislation and pate enterprise have not yet deemed advisable to jjrfl to a profitable account . Jiis opinions of our statisticians differ as to the selt&I value of the produce grown upon the land c ^ ier cultivation . Mr . Spackman quotes it at £ 39 , 000 , 00 !); Mr . Porter at £ 3 Q 0 Mo . 0 W : while a

      vr . J . Macqueen makes it £ 680 , 524 , 1-32 , under Ejection prices , and JEi / O . oSi ) , ^ , according to t prices of 1850 . Both Mr . Spackinan and Mr ? o : tei * estimates are based upon tao average prices which raled prior to 1816 ; and so were gr , il'Culloeh ' s ,. f or he make ? the value of £ 5 produce , m 181 ^ to be £ 227 , 771 , 543 , being , the lowest computation of the three authors named . jie annual rental of the said land : ia stated , by s-oebnan , *<> be £ -53 , 753 , 015 ; ihelocal taxation 011 * h < c ! iis £ 1 S , 3 H , 903 . The capital embarked thereon ^ " described as £ 250 , 000 , 000 . This rent i 3 paid in ? ie following proportions , by the different count s - Eoshud and Wales ,. £ 49 , 107 , 033 ; Seot-£ & ' , 5 S 6 , 03 S ; Ireland , £ 13 , 562 , 940 ;—Total .

      ^ s ? , 3 l 6 . C 63 ; from which deductions are made of jcs-j-3 . 017 , leaving , as before stated , the sum of X 53 . 7 J 3 , 615 , as the net total rental , annually , for rte United Kingdom . Mr . Dhraeli , in Ms speech , j- ^ marrSdih , 1850 , based Ms calculations on sixty ^ lions ' as the annualrental ; and as this so closely jjjicxinmJes to the figures previously quoted , jjaetiiing like correctness may be fairly assumed from the statements . In 1814-15 , the average of K't , peracre , in England and Wales , was iSs . Gfd . ; jn " l 342-3 , rather less than thirty years after , this grj B was augmented to . £ 1 Is . Sid , ; being a rise Of £ . ljd . more on each acre . Mr . Alison , the wellj ~ oirn historian makes this observation ,- when comceatiDg upon the rise in the rental of land , " That , jatLs last thirty years , while the laud rent has incased in Great Britain by about 12 per cent ; , 1335 S rent has advanced as much as ! 40 per cenfc .,

      cr cear ' y twelve times as . much ; and although the produce of the soil h . i 3 increased , in the same time , 3 M «; 45 per cent ., land-rent has been raised 12 per cert- only . " ThU augmentation of house-rent is a aint worthy of particular notice , since Professor Avon's statements are corroborated by the speeches cvie in parliament in 1845 , during the Corn Law Ag itation , pat forth as founded upon parliamentary rsiarns . Tims , in 1311 , house-rent in Great Britain i 3 mentioned aa $ 10 , 259 , 399 ; ia 1 S 43 the sum of £ 3 j , 47 J , 733 is quoted , being an increase of more £ tta £ 22 , 000 , 000 sterling , or 140 per cent . When the cry 13 raised of " house-rent reduction , " as it assuredly will be raised sooner or later , it will require tha ability of the ablest man to satisfactorily controTert the justice of the call , based as it will undoubtedly be on sueh facts as tb . O 3 e I hare here put forth .

      Having ascertained these particulars connected nth the land of the United Kingdom , 1 now turn to consider the numbers and condition of the people at present resident thereon . Tiie census returns for England and Wales , Scotland and Ireland , for 1851 , ^ re the following results : —England and Wak > 3 and Islands in British Seas , 18 , 043 , 747 ; Scotland . £ 370 . 734 : Ireland , 6 . 51-5 . 794 ;—Total , 27 , 435 , 325 . —Total increase for England and Scotland in ten yeis , 2 , 203 , 550 ; per week , 4 , 353 ; per day , 622 . Aa analysis of these figura 3 , and a comparison of them with the census returns of 1821 , 1831 , and 1511 , however briefly entered upon , points oat n ! 2 ca matter for philosophical inquiry ; . I find , for ustasce , England and Scotland have , in tea years ,

      iaereased at the rate of 8 per cent ., the additional number of souls returned iu 1 S 51 over 1841 being 3 , 20-3 , 550 , for whose accommodation 177 , 944 houses hi ? e been erected or are now standing , more than ikere were ten years ago . Tie metropolis comprises 2 , 503 , 141 souls , being an increase since 1841 of 414 , 772 , equal to an increase of 1 * per cent per annsa . Thi 3 augmentation is in precise accordance vi : h the anticipations of most well-informed men , vho spoke of it previous to the publication of the nensas ; but Liverpool , the second place in the Usited Kingdom , the rate of increase in it in ten years has been 50 per cent , and its dock space doubled ; so that wo have , in tho very heart of ' the empire , an emporium which doubles its population

      l : twenty years , and its commercial facilities in every ten . With such evidence as this , it is not extravagant to anticipate that a 3 eaport of a century ' s creation vrill at no very distant day be the capital ard rnlirig centre of the commerce of the world . Winchester ; Glasgow , and the other seats of manuiacturing industry , all present features of proportionate advance ; but-Ireland , ill-fated yet -largel y blessed Ireland , presents itself before us with an aspect as wretched as its progress is the opposite of that mentioned for the kingdoms of the South and the North " . Her population numbered in 1 S 21 6 . 331 . 827 ; in 1 S 31 , 7 , 767 , 401 ; in 1541 , 3 , 170 , 124 . ' ic 13-51 , e , al 5 , W 4 ; so that there are 2 S 5 . 0 S 3 souls

      Ia 33 inlS 51 than there were in 1 S 21 ( thirty years ago ) , and 1 , 665 , 171 Jessthanin 1841 ( ton years ago ) , vHcb , in other words , is equivalent to saying that Ireland contains 2 , 000 , 000 less people than ehe oa » ht to hare numbered when rated with the iatrease of the neighbouring kingdoms . In tenyears , 1 , 100 , 000 of the flower of her soil , have emigrated directly from ? her ports , and 500 , 000 of her race lave also left these shores from other- places . In 1311 ,. the number of houses was l , 3 Si , 360 ; in 1351 , 1 , 115 , 007 , less by 269 , 353 in the last ten years —a convincing proof not only of the extent of eviction but also of demolition of the ' mud huts of this ill-fated people ; '* " . ¦ ' . ;;' -. ' -- ¦ . :-

      ThU census of Ireland is really a very important if not alarming document . Depopulation , inso fair and rich a land seems to-awaken the words of a coatemporary of Goldsmith , one Lawrence TFhyte , and induces me to quote some thoughts , which , tiough describing a state of things 110 years ago , s . t . written so long back as 1741 , sixty year 3 l before the Act of Union , is quite appositeto the distressing &cts just mentioned . " The lands ar * all-aionopoliseiJ , The tenauta racked and sacrificed ; TVhole parishes , to shun the fate Of being oppressed at such a rate , By tyrants who still raise their rend . Sail to the 'Western Continent—Eather than live at home like slaves , They trust themselTe 3 to winds and waves . " Goldsmith has placed on record these truthful words : — - "; - -. .

      "Dl fares the land to threatening ills a prev mere wealth accumulates , and men decav ; Princes and lords may flourish or mav fadfr-A breath can make them as a breath ' has made-* ala bold peasantry—their country ' s pride-When once destroyed can never be suppl : ed !" Adam Smith declares "themost decisive mark « the prosperity of any eouhtiy is the increase of we number of its inhabitants j" but the Ti » tn of swurday , July 5 th , makes this comment on « mai as they now are- " For a whole generation n has been a drug in this country , and popula-£ oa a nuisance . " Probably , although these state-* A ' aro ° PP ° sed t 0 eacn other , there is some " ¦ r aUi M Wh ; albeit , the limes declaration smacks ? - * thB Malthusian doctrine , which is more Devilish fcua Christian .

      In the four provinces of Ireland , viz ., Leinster , « an 3 ter , Ulster , and Connaught , where the de-« WSe alluded to amounted to l , 73 « , C 04 , there are no 1 ^ 3 than 6 , 295 , 735 acres of bo ? land susceptible 'culture , but whicb , in modenfdays , a spade Las g f ; er b een permitted to penetrate . What a horrid ^ ° , aly then appears before us—the people leaving fitW - Of the lr hirtb ' aDd d y" » g in iandreds by " Nation and disease , occasioned by want offood , cm - SUC } l a P ^ 'g ious quantity of land remains J ^ , cultivation . This statement , too , is inca « f - ! n Talue bv another remark , that the dimi-< li ? w f tracea " particularly to the agricultural Dip * T ^ - i ^ e county of Mayo , for esam-^' . -Z here » ~ m 1 S 4 I , there were a population of cs ! t ? peraons employed and depeadent on agrip 4 qV * Knere 101 , 324 were engaged and deto 9 fj mannfactnres , the diminution is equal ' -t > per cent .. V ~ lUWl cnn-Uh nl ! fl . onrhpr

      * tuth t ? ucinS districts . Ti » 3 Irish census is xsuS * of a separate study , the leading features of Pnr ^ r ^ only be glanced at in a paper which iar / e wa ^ r state of society at tioJ ? . one m ° refact connected with the popula-W « tf pare of m y subject must close . It ap-550 r- / fc Jn England and Scotland there are ' Inch " ' ^^ r more ihan male ? , a proportion ¦ W itfcmif 5 a'mical to moral and social progress . th » nZ } - owever , enlarging upon thi 3 fruitfnl vi ^^ ^ wry and thousht , 1 will place before ""' Wttety gome results wiich aflect the fertility

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      of a people s propagation . A writer in vol . III . o pKr 3 ^ T " ' ° rL tfae Ameriwn Medical Aaso-« n fh toak ^ the c remargin a paper entitled , On the causes which operate on the proportion of the sexes at birth . " "An analysis of 65 , 542 births gives the greatest number of conceptions , male and female , as being born duringthe winter and sprint mpntfaa ; tho . greatest excess of mala births in winter . The infl . jenoe of plenty and deficiency of , tOOd , overworking , Are ., is . shown in the fact , that in many parts of Europe ,, where the general population is overworked and underfed , the excess of male births 13 very small , being in France and Prussia 6 per cent ., in England 5 per cent ., In Philadelphia , where the hygienic , condition of the people is

      favourable , the male births exceed the female by 7 . per cent . Male conceptions diminish in times of scarcity or alarm . Thus , during the cholera in Philadelphia , there vras a preponderance of female conceptions . . The same fact was noticed in Paris . " This conclusion J 3 of much importance , if it be true , as the result would , seem to imply that it is ; s ' mco , it would be an argument of a most convincing character , showing the necessity , in order to diminish ; or at any rate check , thia growth of female births , of looking to the physical , and sanatory wants of the working classes , so that they may always have cheap and wholesome food , and . be less prone to disease , through better drainage and improved habits of cleanliness . ...

      From the land and the numbers of the people , I now advert , upon our material . wealth , our trade , home and foreign , and our commerce , manufacturing and shipping . .: . .. l . —Railwavi . —A . paper , dated March 2 l 3 t , 1 S 50 , prepared by a " Mr . J . S . Yeats , a stockbroker , furnishes the following calculations , relating to thirteen of the principal railway companies : — " 3 , 16 i : miles were then occupied by these thirteen railways ; the gross receipt , ia the last half year , from pas-j 8 en » ers and merchandise , " £ 4 , 506 , 901 ; the working expenses , £ 1 , 632 , 610 ; the government duty , , £ 105 , 643 ; theJooal rates and tafre . s , 4135 . -S 1 S _; fcbe depreciation and renewal fund , £ 157 , 911 ; making , a total of expenses of £ 2 . 031 , 983 . The interest on '

      mortgages was £ 634 . 253 ; the dividends on preference shares , £ 219 , 770 ; rent 3 and tolls to other companies . £ 334 , 080 ; bo that the gros 3 expenditure to be deducted before any sum could be taken for dividend to the ordinary shareholders was . £ 3 , 220 , 372 in the half year .. The average dividend paid on the whole ordinary share capital . ; : of £ 30 , 044 , 063 wag at the vate of £ 3 03 , 6 d , per cent , per annum . This was for the last half year for 1849 ; the rate of dividend paid by these thirteen railways , for the fir 3 t half year of 1 S 50 was only . £ 2 17 s . 6 d . per cent , per annum . " . The money sunk , or rather expended , in the construction of the railroads

      formed at tbeendof 1849 , was equal to £ 250 , 000 , 000 , subscribed within six years from , the funds of the people of all classes who possesed- property ; and a writer in , the Horning Chronicle , January 22 nd , 1850 . estimates the laws and parliamentary charges of all the railways up to that - time at no less than ten millions sterling .. From a parliamentary return , published at the close of last year , it appears that the receipts forJ 849 w : ere £ ll , S 06 . 498 , of which £ 6 , 277 , 892 . was for passengers , and £ 5 , 528 , 606 for cattle , goods , « fce . In this year , 03 , 841 , 539 passengers rode . upon the whole of the lines then formed ,, in the following classes : — -. < =: ¦ _ .

      ' Kos . Pdfling ; Receipts from . First class 7 , 292 , 811 JE 1 , » 27 , 7 C 3 Second dirto .... 23 , 521 . 650 2 , 530 , 968 - Third ditto 35 . 636 , 911 711 , 592 Parliamentary .. 17 , 203 . 412 1 , 104 , 884 Mixed class .:.... ' 130 , 755 2 , 673 2 . Skipping . —Mr . Spackman says : — " The number of the vessels in the British empire in 1844 , consisted of 31 , 320 , amounting to 3 , 637 , 231 tons , and giving employment to 216 , 350 men . The capital invested L % rated at £ 10 per ton— £ 36 , 372 , 310—the profits on which , at 10 per cent ., gives £ 3 , 637 , 231 . In 1844 , our colonial trade gave employment to more than one-third in tonnage of the ships that entered inwards and cleared outwards . This fact is worthy of notice , as showing how . valuable . 13 this trade to tho- mother country ,, and with what care shouldjthe interests of the colonists be guarded bv the-British government .

      . 3 . Colonial Literests . r—Mr . Porter estimates that India pours in the lap of Britain £ 3 , 000 , 000 sterling annually ;• but Mr . Spackman more accurately speaks of it as equal to ten millions . The dividends on East India stock , charged on the land revenues of India , amount to . £ 630 , 000 per annum ; while the yearly revenue of India is £ 18 , 000 , 000 , a large proportion ofcwhich is paid to natives of oui own , and who are now employed in its government . Her trade with us is about £ 8 , 000 , 000 a year . What is here mentioned of India can be applied to the remaining colonies subject to British rule . The sugar islands in the-West Indies , in the value of production , are mines of wealth , for the Ios 3 of which nothing would compensate us . Our-possessions in

      the ( Jape of Good Hope , in the Slediterranean , in Australia ,- in the-European aud African colonies , in those -of North America , also the South , absorb one-fourth-of « the whole export 3 of the United Kingdom ; while the value of the land , and the va ' uoof the produce . grown on the same , ia ; estimated at nearly seven billions ( t . c , 7 , 000 millfona of money . Resident upon the soil governed- by British supremacy , are-130 , 000 , 000 of souls , who may bs said to be advancing , every day , into a state of civilisation highly flittering to the progressionist . From the days of the Stuarts , Great Britain has been adding-these immense links to her commercial and powerful chain of influence and power , until now , it i 3 saidi that thesun never sets on her

      dependencies . From our shipping and colonial interests Ihave but to ti = rn to another of the treasures of our land , viz . —the Mining operations ; which yield us an amount of wealth and power , too often forgotten whilst dealing ^ with such prodigious gifts and- undertakings . From the year 1200- we can date the discovery of coal ; and although this mineral has been more or less in use since that time until now , the annual consumption is estimated at 40 , 000 , 000 of tons , yet some of our best writers assure U 3 that the present stock of coal is likely to hold out for at least 2 , 000 years more . The annual produce , when rated at 10 s . per- ton , is worth £ 20 , 000 , 000 sterling ; but , to the consumer , this sum must be equal to £ 25 , 000 , 000 , a 3 paid for tbe

      use of coal alone . Our iron is computed to sell for £ 14 , 000 , 000 sterling by M'CulIoch ; and tin and copper severally-prosduce—tin , £ 315 , 000 ; copper , £ 1 , 406 , 000 . ¦ ¦ - ¦ From the sale of lead another million of money is raised , > and salt helps the total'by £ 400 , 000 . Thus , the mining interestgiveiemployaient to about 200 , 000 persons ; the value of the productions , in all , is equal to £ 30 , 000 , 000 , of which £ 31 , 000 , 000 are purchased by the home trade , and £ 5 , 000 , 000 by the foreign trade . The returns of the property and income tax , -in 1842-3 ; showed that the profits of this trade reached £ 2 , 872 , 305 16 s . 5 d . —which would give the capital laid out on the same , when reckoned at 10 per cent ., to be equal to £ 28 , 723 , 000 . : ¦¦ ; -

      Nor must we pause here ; for there is the manufacturing interest yet to consider . Ueither words nor figures can adequately pourtray the great value , in a social and commercial sense , of , this e 3 > pansion of trade in modern times . ' In the produo ? tions of goods , fabricated from cotton , wool , Has , and silfr , in our hardware and cutlery workings , and in the making of the other incidentals to this department , full . £ 100 , 000 , 000 of capital' has been embarked , giving employment directly to a million and a half of souls—the realised value of the productions being £ 200 , 000 , 000 sterling annually . Our Foreign trade , from the extent of its connexions , must always be a subject of careful atten « tion . In amount it certainly is not so large as it would be tbouf ht to be , considering the sacrifices which have been made to extend it . In 1849 our foreign trade exceeded by one-fifth , m exports , that of the-year preceding . The official return of the Board of Trade declares the total value of the

      exoorts of the principal articles of British and Irish produce , for 1849 , to be £ 58 , 848 , 042 , ^ and this includes the valueoftherawmateriaV which , in many cases , is of foreign production . Calculating the annual production of wealth in the United Kingdom at £ 500 millions , it is clear that , in the aggregate , the forei « m trade absorbs but one-ninth of the total amount . The home trade is that which British statesmen should struggle to extend , not exclusively , out in preference , if partiality be necessary ; for even in our manufacturing industry , the home trade purchases two-thirds , the foreign trade but one-third . In 1801 , the official value of the exports was £ 24 , 927 , 684 , and the real or declared value , £ 89 , 730 , G 59 . In 1846 the official value was d £ 134 , 885 , S 29 , showing that the quantity of goods exported to be about fire and a half times as much as in 1 S 01 ; but the real er deolared value of the exports in 1 S 46 was £ 59 , 837 , 600 ; so that , while the business done had increased more than

      400 per cent ., the price obtained had increased only 50 per cent . This proves that the foreigner 13 receiving now nearly eight times as much produce for his money , additional to what he received fifty years since . Mechanical skill and a decrease in the money value of the raw material have brought about so vast a disparity . We may quit this branch ofcommereo with a passing remark—that whilst there are too maDy of our people dependent upon foreign purc hasers for employment , ever to allow this Trade to decline , still those at home must not be neglected , in tbe desire to sell cheap to the forei « ner for , after all , with them rests the real prosperity of ouc producing aud consuming

      The ' revenues of the Church of England are too laree to be unnoticed here without committing the sin of omission . The whole church revenues , mpludinf the bishops landed estates , and the estates nf other dVnitariea , may be taken at £ 3 , 500 , 0 : 00 ? n 1 « 4 S the total number of benefices was 11 / GU ; of these , aa curates , thirty-six were in the rr . ceipt 0 between £ 50 and £ 40 per yea ? rjtfWht bad from 7 m to £ -59 ; 233 from £ 50 to £ 60 ; \ 18 from mil mm * m * 70 to « o ? « l ' km £ 8 °

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      to ' £ 90 ; sixty from ! £ 00 ' io £ 100 393 from' £ 100 to £ 110 ; twenty-fow from £ 110 lo £ 120 ; 484-from £ 120 to £ 180 ; aixty-two from £ 130 to £ 140 ; 153 from £ 140 to £ 160 ; and the remainder above £ 160 . Two archbishop ' s income is estimated ,, but known to be . much more , £ 28 , 300 '; and ! tffenty-five bishops' incomes are reckoned at no less a sum than £ 122 , 000 , nearly equal t 6 £ 5 , 000 a head . From the statement read of the income of the benefiecc ! clergy with that , of the archbishops and bishops just read , there can . be no question that the good things of the ' Church Establishment are ' not remarkable for ^ impartial distribution ^ 'Southey saysthat " this Courch of England has rescued us first from heathenism , then from papal idolatry and superstition ; it has saved U 3 from temporal as well as spiritual despotism , " The learned Dri Arnold eloquently obser vbs , that its parochial systeni

      13 "designed to secure for every parish the greatest blessing ' of human society—that is , 'the constant residence of one , individual who has no other business than to do good of every kind tbevery person . " And Canon Sidney Smith thus apostrophizes the " gentlemen of tiie money-bags , and of wheat arid bean land , " aa headdreaaesthemb ' y / "I would not haye you forget that the ' word . church means many other things than thirty-nine artidles ,- and a ' discourse of twenty-five minutes' duration on . the sabbath . " ' Church reform through church abuse is on nearly ' eyerybody ' s'tpngue ; and a faithful inquiry into the whole subjsct will assure the student thatnot ' only is church reform'ne ' eessary , but that many of the church miqiaters . need a Btrong reproof , not for doctrinal errors , only , but also for , a want of jhat ministering care and attention over those from whom they draw princely sums of

      money . . . I have now produced abnndant evidence , showing to . ffhat a height of riches and power thisnation has been -raised .-. To some , minds this almost incredible accumulation is : regarded as testimony of an' approaching decline . ' Mr . Alison , ' in his "'Principles of'Population , " says ' , ' "A survey of thefate 6 f all the great empires of antiquity , and a consideration of the close , resemblance which the vices and jjassions by which they were , distinguished at the pericd of the commencement of their , decline , bear to those by which' we ave agitated , ' leads to the Aielanchply conclusion that wo 'are fast approaching ,-if we have 'not already attained , the utmost limit of our greatness ; and that a long

      decay is destined to precede the fall of- the' British ' empire . l ) urin £ that period our population will remain stationary or recede , our courage will per-: naps ' abare , our wealth will certainly diminish , our ascendancy will disappear , and at length the Queen of . the waves . will sink into an . eternal , though not forgotten , slumber ; A few fiahermen will spread their nets oh the ruins of Plymouth , and the beaver cohsti net his little dwellirig under the arches of Waterloo ' Bridge '; the towers of' Yorkarise in dark magnificence amid an a « ed foi'est ; and the red-deer . sport in savage independence ? round the Athenian pillars of the Scotch metrppolis . " , Mr . Macaulay , in his History of . England , says , V The more carefully we examine the . history of the past , the more reason' shall ' we find to dissent from

      those who imagine that our age has . been fruitful of , new , social evils . ; . The truth is , that the evils are , wjjth scarcely , an , exception , . old . That which isnew- ^ s . the : intelligence- . wl ^ ich discerns , and the humahity' which remedies ' tn ' e ' ni . " Here are two . statements ,. the , declarations of two of our best men , the opposite of each other ; and perhaps Gaizot , who , previous to" the revolution in Fiance of 1848 , wrote these words ,. ' Never have human relations beeH regulated with more justice , nor produced a more general well-being as the result . ' At ho epoch , perhaps , has there been , all things considered , - so much honesty in human life , so many beingsiiying in . an orderly manner ;¦ never has so small an amount of public force been necessary to repress indiyidual . wrong-dbing . " . J say , perhaps , Guizot would not thus have written could he have

      foreseen the'days . ' of February , and contemplated himself living-in England as a" refugee . " Mr . Maekay , jii his " ^ Testern . ^ orld" observes ,.. " It is true that ' morehas been done for mankind during the-last seventy years , than , perhaps , during the previous seven hundred . " Mr . M'Culloch , somewhat differing , thus writes , " It-is doubtful whether the condition of the labouring part of the population has not been deteriorated during the last twenty-five , years ; and , at all events , it is but too certain that their comforts and enjoyments have not been increased in anything like the same proportion as those of the classes above them . " On January 19 , 1850 , the Timcsleader declares , " In the midst . of tho splendour and ¦ abundance of this

      country , there is so appalling an amount of squalor and destitution that the imagination almost recoils from conjuring up before it the alternate pictures that would convey a faithful idea of the social condition of . one of our great cities , It would be easy to Swell upon the contrasts between the extremes of human fortune , presented to the eye of the observer as he . passes along the London streets , and yet ' how faint are its outward signs in comparison with the inward . agony . of extreme destitution in the mid 9 t of civili 8 ation . " Li 3 ten to Lord John Russell' in 1 S 44 , "If we compare the condition of the working classes with what it was a century ago , ( say 1740 J ) it is impossible riot to see that , while ihe . higher . ahd middle classes have improved , and

      increased their means of obtaiuing cqmforta , the men who till the soil and work ia factories have retrogarded , and cannot now get for their wages the quantity of the necessaries of life they could a century . ago . " Mr . Sidney Herbert'has remarked , *• That our- wealth and our population have outgrown the narrow area of our country . We want more room . . "We . have too much capital and too m _ ahy pcqplfr—more capital thun ' wo can employ with profit—more people than we can . maintain in comfort . The-Poor Law returns tell iis , that in the year ending -Lady-day , ^ 1 S 49 , England ; and Wales al 6 nespent £ 5 , 792 , 9 GS in therelief of the poor , the tbtalamount raised , in taxes , being £ 7 , 074 , 146 . In'the following July , 997 , 796 paupers were

      receiving relief in these two places . This shows eveiy sixteenth person to be a pauper ; -but when we consider , the .. yaried forms of charity which obtain in this couritry , the untold millions of money spent in endowed afnasbousesi hospitals , asylums , . for every imaginable . infirmity , coal funds , clothing funds , charity ^ schbpls ,. VQluntary Libbur rites , churcli collections ' ,. alms done in : secret and trades'unions and societies , it is impossible not- to see that there is : a fearful amount of poverty prevailing , as" disj tressing-as it is alarming . "' The last ' accouni ; . '" published ; declared , that in 563 unionS / ' of Eriglahd , there . were 16 , 726 able-bodied paupers of both ; sexes

      receiving-relief in the house , and 136 , 058 in the receipt of'out-door relief , 50 , 000- of which were widows . If I turn to our ; Criminal' Jurisprudence , here the figures show , that crime increases far beyond that of population . ! , Froni 135 to ' 39 , five years , the number of commitments ; . was 112 , 864 ; from 1845 to ' 49 , ( ten yeara after , ) the numbers stand , 136 , 408 ; " being an increase of 23 , 544 ; and the great proportion of this increase can be traced to malicious offences against property ; and even in the ; easel of murder , the same observation of increase has to be mentioned , particularly in respect to female executions . The account stands thus : —

      ' . ; . ' . Males Fem . From 1835 to' 39 315 persons . were executed 223 02 :. „• 1840 to' 443 « . ditto . . 221 12 G " " ,, 1815 to' 49 . 365- . ' " ditto . . 205 1 G 0 Thus in fifteen years , female executions have almost doubled ; and the number of murderers has increased from 315 in 1839 , to 365 in 1349 , being fifty more . As respects our canals and turnpike-roads , our national liabilities , and the amount of taxation annually-raised to cover them and pay the exigencies of the state , the former are not of sufficient importance to be noticedhero , and the latter are so well known , that to enlarge upon them in a paper which does not exactly comprehend them , would

      be only to add to its length , and render it more tedious than is really necessary . But , in closing my remarks , and drawing my own conclusions from the facts and opinions I have deduced for the in formation of thoSbeiety , I may bo allowed to observe , that the decline spoken of by Professor Alison does not seem in my mind justified by the real position of the country . Nevertheless , it is madness to say that the great moral and social progress which the country has made in latter years , has been characterised with that degree oi improvement that should be supposed to accompany it . Whilst our statesmen have devised

      means for raising incredible sums of money for feeding paupers , they have been silent as to any practical measures how to employ them . Idleness is the parent of mischief ; our lands want cultivation , yet the country ia declared to be too confined in its area to feed those resident thereon . Our Colonies want peopling , yet emigration remains a voluntary effort . Crime is vastly on the increase , and no steps are taken , by governmental effort , to stay the demoralisation consequent on the same . All is iefc to private enterprise and benevolence ; the government duty seem 3 tc oe passive as to useful work , active in thelevyieg or taxes . But Education is bappils making great

      wav in the homes of the poosfist of men : th& ness is yielding up her treasures to raen who bave mtherto wallowed in ignoraase and lived m sloth a » a degradation . Tbe time will corae , when the an omalies I have here sketcied wUl be removed by tue master bauds of a few men ^ dictated by a wholesome public oamion ; when the immenBe barriers wmon uow separate rich anst ^ or will be struck down , when starvation and . destitution amongst t DOse . ^ th-a aDle-bodied of our people , willing to labour tor tineir bread , will no longer be heard of asaiact , \ rhen our women will be kept at home » r the pexformance of their domestic dutios , for which nature onlv intnndpd . them , in slace cf hurrying to tne lac

      toryat the sound of its vravning bell ; when tne children , of our poor will , at proper hours , be leeuing upon the mental food of an improved lifcrature , in place of following t&e actioa , ; to aadfro , oi a

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      jffiwfw ^^ tj' ^ i » ^ deda » there wiu hepoor Aienand women ;}) Hi onJy .- Btffira ' t 8 latiw sense ' -Ahe - ^ Fn ^^^^^^ ewhbl ^ ouWkhd ' arehbneatly requited for their wqrk-Lthe remainder ' of society , ? i ! nc& / DL ^ - ffliddleclass ^ yoiiTwill ; meaning . ^? jS ? ' W l ^ erve 3 t < - ° e * elope ' * the gdniui and handicraf t ski 1 of OUt people , AM VfhllSt 110 ^ onpr 9 sent ' : willeVcr eipCca 6 ^ S # » e ? r Wy pava . liso around them , yet may f'fflfW 0 ^ : individual exertions to obtain justice , for the labouring classes , whose ingenuity and perseverance , wlicri viewed in the aggregate , hay . made England tho models however inipV feet id be ) . of Civilised countries , and ataroped upon the nation a career of freedom and ease , in the honourable enjoyment of which long may it be ^ "illwiw ? * K ?» tish people . not ; by the wordy declamation of a temporal sovereign , but by Him who w the Be-all and the End-all of eterjlhin ^ that is human and divine . "

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      EMANCIPATION OF TEE JEWS . A meeting , convened by the National Charter A ? - sowation , wag held at tho National Hall , Holborn , on Wednesday last , to ; take into consideration the present question respecting the emancipation of the ¦ Jewa . v : ¦ : ¦ ¦ . ;' ... * ,-... - . .-.- Mr . 'D . Rurrr was called to the chair , and said , that although he did not hold with the principle of 'privilege , he contended , nevertheless , that ns Mr ; Salomons and ; Mr . Rothschild-were electeduhtfer a corrupt and rotten system / they had 'the right of sitting ln . ' a corrupt and rotten house . He considered that an injury wasinflicted upon the electors of London and Greenwichih refusing to allow tbe represent fitives they had selcted to perform the duties deleirnt . en them . ' ¦ ¦ ¦ .. .- 1 .. ¦ ' . . . 1

      Mr . Absott then read letters from Sir B . Hall , ' ^ Alderman Salomons , 'and' Air ; Rothschild , pleading other engagements for not attending ; The nnnil' of th © two latter members were received with some disapprobation , and cries of " ho usurers . " Mr . Ti-Hunt likewise apologised fornon-attendan ' cej on the ground of 'illness .- ::.. ¦ : : ; - • Mr . Eixiot moved tile ' first resolution , to : the ofiBCt'that the meeting resolves to support the cleclorsot'London and Greenwich against tho attempt to-disfranchise those constituencies because their members refused to take an . oath opposed to their conse ' ences , and resolves ] to use all legal mean ' s to romoveall roligioustGststondingtoplaceab . in on any man on account of religious opinion .

      Mr . G . Hall , a mechanic from Shcnield , seconded the resolution-in an able and augmentative speech . Had tbe meeting been called to support Mr . Salomons as a candidate to enter parliamont ; ho ( Mr . Hall ) - would" not have then appeared on the platform , but he seconded the resolution as an advocate of religious tolerance . Mr . Le Blond said the . question was not whether the meeting approved ' - of- the -persons elected for London and GrGenwicb ; but , whether they should permit disfrancbisemenfc' on account of religious opinions . ¦ They riiust look at the springs of action which induce tlie opponentsof Jewish emancipation to ' persist in ' that opposition . Ho did not think

      their " opposition arose from conscientious motives , but simply because they knew the emancipation / of the Jews to be a step in the ri ^ ht path of progressi a ' ndwould therefore give' a greater power to the masses of the people . ' 'The Jaw'did- '' not provide against dishonest men sitting in tbe ho ' usei but interdicted those who were too ' conscientious to cast aside tbeir religious scruples ; He considered that the nou 3 e of Commons' had lowered itself by p ' eimitting'the other house , to dictate in a matter of populiir representation ; but Mr ; 'Salomons'would show both houses that there w '» s a power superior to either—the'jury-box . ' ' ( Loud " cheers . ) " Mr . ' Dick regrettad ' that the ^ Chartist Executive had come forward in behalf of usurers : lie did hot

      think'either ' of them entitled to sympathy . ; Ho was credibly'informed that ono of the houses of Rothschild was now negotiating a loan for Austvia . ( Hisses ) . ¦ He moved ' as an amendment : — " That the meeting , sympathising with every religious' denomination , ' arid holding with the right of the people to elect'for their representatives persons of any religion without restriction / whatever , consider it is not the ihteresfc of the working classes hbre assembled * to symapthise with usurers and capita ! ists , iike Rothschild and Salomons . " - Mr . Bezer supported the juncndinent ; and asked where were ' Salomons and Rothschild ? He contended they did not think fit to come because the meeting was a Chartist meeting , and however rnuch ; they might prate about reJigiohj they cared nothing for other liberties . ; lie once asked Alderman Salomons whether hewoiild vote for manhood

      suffrage , and met with a positive negative . Wo know that Rothschild ' will support' Moses and Co . and Austrian despotism , but ai'C these reasons for supporting them ? He complained that the Executive had summoned ; a meetingon the same evening that one was appointed to be held elsewhere for the Chartist Victims of 1848 .- . ' ¦ ' "' ¦ ' ; O'UniKi * did not believe the measures being taken in and out of parliameiit were to emancipate the Jews as a body , but merely the rich ones . He read the other day in the Times that Baron James Rothschild was closeted with an Austrian minister

      trying to negotiate a loan for the purpose , of putting money into thopocket of the Erancror of Austria to enable him to ; cut down both Jews and Gentiles . ( Ilisses . ) " He did not think those people deserving of sympathy who would deprive the great masses of their'liberties . Jesus Christ was crucified because he preached liberty , equality , and fraternity , and those who crucified him followed the same avocations aud belonged to the same tribe as Rothschild , Salomons , and 'Moses . ' - /¦' ¦ " ¦ ¦ Mr . Ernest Jones cordially concurred in every word of the first resolution . '

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      TnB Framework Knitters of NoTmaimf . —A delegate meeting of the framework-knitters of North Nottinghamshire- was-held -on-Monday , July 28 th , at the-Blank Swan , Mansfield ; to adopt measures to prevent the reduction . of wanes now offered by their employers and other general business , — Delegates present— - "William Parker and-J , ohn-Gamble , Sutton-in-Ashfield ;; . \ Villiam Massey , and Edward Lee , Mansfield . ; Samuel Booker , Mansfjeld-WooUhous , e ; .. John Smith , Kuncar-gate ; , Francis , Lever , Hilltop , perbysbire ; Tuomas Mulu ' nittey ^ Eastfieldsi ^ e ; Thomas Mee ,, Aruold ; William Barnes and Jesse Ejiton , jBuddington , ; . Georgo , . -SEelton , flucknall-under-Heithwait ; Thomas Morris , Bug thorpe ; George Wood . H . 'irdsta . & ' j . SamueJ Bunting , ¦ Nottincham . —P . etcrM ' ee was called to the chair . —

      All the expenses of . tho different localities . were examined and found . correct , ^ wh ' . hh amounted tO [ £ 35 , and , was ordered to be paid according to Rule—Thatall localities pay , acaordingito their ^ number . of enrolled , members . As Skegloy did not pay their share of the expenses at the last monthly meeting , a deputaticm was agreed to be jent over . to induce them to join their brethrenand ' pay their fairshare of the . expense .-rrMr . Bunting , reported that out . of 1 200 enrolled , members in : the Npt ' tinghamj United Cut-up and Selviged ; Heel Branches , only about 300 are employed , butthat , they , have , through all diffioultiea maintained thestatenient price , and that the men in the Nottingham ijdistrict were determined to have the . prcaentprice , iia , Xntheir opinion , if thev made stockings at half price tbey would

      not have , one dozen more • to . manufacture . Mr . Mee , of Arnold , reported that , the old Wrought , nose hands were in a deplorable condition ; ' that hundreds of them had ,, been out , of work , weeka , ' and some of them . months !; ; that their brethren at Stieephead , in Leicestershire , had been oni strike for twenty-three weeks ; thati all Hheir funda had been gone some time , and , that ; thoir men ' . '¦ we ' re driven by , hunger to / accept the manufacturbrs propositions—that is ,, Messrs ^ ,. Green ,, Modey j ^ and Son ' s firm , AlWs firm . Hurst's firm' ; "Wilson ' s firm , and James'a firm , of Nottingham ; Ward ' s firm , and BrittloV . firm , of l ? elplier ,. Derbyshire , have , one and all , given notice that on Saturday next , they would take Is . per dozen of the present price paid ; that they < had no Lope to prevent the reduction from taking place , unless all branches of Framework Knitters stop , working for some timesay ono month , and ^ show the manufacturers their

      determination to maintain their present wages .. Mr . Lever , of Hilltop , ' supported the , last speaker , and s : iid tlmi if great efforts were not made at this momenttheir wages would go down , never more to rise . Mr . Kendall , district . secretary ,, suggested the propriety © f calling a three counties delegate mjeefcing ( of all branches ) , to be-: held at ' Notitnghanj .-by advertbement in the local papers , to take the . opinion of the whole trade respecting a general strike for . one month , or to-use any other means such , meet- ' ing might adopt ,, to ' maintain . tbeir preseat social ; position . —Mr . Boo ] io ? , of Mansfield "Wc ^ dhouso ,-proposed Mr . Kendall's suggestion , that an advertisement be scat to- . the Nottingham papers for the ; ab&re purpose ,, anil . that t&uee . delegates be appointed at this meeting to represent the North Nottinghanishire- district of Framewavk Knitters . — Re 3 olveii : — "That SaaiielBooker , Peter Mee ,, and EdNvaitti Lee , bo the thve 8 doputi 83 . "

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      PP . OCRSSS OF . " 35 ieOMERISM , " IS TnE U ^ TSD Sixths . —At a ball in Akron , Ohio , on the 4 th inst ., over sixty of the ladies were dressed in full Bloomer costume . The Cleveland Plaindealer says the scone was enchanting ; long drosses hitherto hid , from view all the graceful movements of the lady dancers , but here all was visible which related to tbe " poetry of motion . " In Lowell , all the factory girls turned out in procession on Mio 4 th , all leased in the Bloomer costume . During this day a banner was presented by the girls to one of tha fire companies , and in the evening a large company , the girls included , sat down to a sumptuous , entertainment . At Battle Creek , thirty-one young ladies ; in Bloomer costume , took part ia tha Wi&b . yaUw& Qft the ittu , — Albang ( Vt & , ) 4 rgusi ¦ '

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      SATURDAY , Juw 20 . ' ., HOUSE OF COMMONS . —Tho house met at twelve o'clock . . ' The Consolidated Fund ( Appropriation ) Sjll was read a third time and passed , _ The house then went into committee on the Improvement of Towns ( Ireland ) Bill , and ; passed a great many clauses after some prolonged discussion , Tho bil ! is ' to be proceeded with on Monday . The report on the Patent Lot Amendment Bill was brought up aud agreed to . The house then adjourned . MONDAY , July 23 . HOUSE OF LORDS . —Smithj-jeld Market Esmoval Bill . —The report of the committee on this bill was brought up . ' .... ,

      Earl GbakviiiLE offered some strictures upon the clauseintrodueed'intothebillinthe ¦ Commons , by which -compensation was granted to the City of London corporation for the loss of privileges consequent upon the abolition of the market of Smithfield ; and ' moved an' amendment by which tho compensating clause was expunged from tlie

      measure . . lord Powia , the Bishop of Ossory , Lord Salisbury ,-and Lord' Ilarrowby defended the recommendations of the committee , and urged the right of the Corporation of the City to compensation ; while Lord Granville ' s motion was supported by Lord Lonsdale , Lord Sydney , Lord Beaumont and Lord Civihworth : ¦¦¦ ¦ : ¦ ¦ ¦ - - . ¦ ¦ ¦• ¦ ¦ ¦ . ¦ ¦ : : . The house then divided , when the numbers were— - . - . - :: : ¦ . ' . ¦ For the motion of Lord Granville ... 5 D . ApiEStit ... ... i ... ... 15—ii The Merchant Seamen ' s Fund Bill was road a second time on the motion of- Lord Grakville . Sevornl-other bills before tho house were forwarded a stage , nnd ; their lordshipaadjourned . HOUSE . OF COMMONS .-Tho house mot at welve o ' clock . ' . - . .

      • Parliameniart Oaths . —Mr . V . Smith gave notice that early , next session he vrould move that the boUsa do resolve itself into committee to consider tbe question ef . parliamentary oaths , with a view of abolishing all oaths except tho oath of allegiance . Tub Park for Fissbury . —In reply to Mr . Waklev , who wished to know whether measures were in progress svich a-view to comply with the wishes 6 f the inhabitanfca of Finsburyand the > CJty of London , for the formation'of a park at the north-east end of London , ¦ Lord J . Russell was understood to say that he entertained a hope th . it those wishes might be coinplied with , but he was not able to say when .

      Sir J . FBASKtis'a , E- \ P £ i > mow . —Mr . Akstet wished to know from the hon , gentleman , the Secretary to the Admiralty , whether , from . any report which had been received at the Admiralty . 'ho could say whether the report which appeared in the news , papers respecting the expedition of ; Sir ¦ J . Frasku ' sr was a fabrication' or not , and , if it was , whether it-was the 'intention of the government to put . in force the laws regarding those who circulated false new 8 ? ¦ : . - ' . '¦ : . "¦ ¦ : •• ; ¦ < i - ¦¦ ¦¦ ••¦ . SIivParkbr said the : pnly report which he had seen was that . which appeared in the newspapers . Wheihcr it was afabrication or not he had no means of knowing . .. . ' ' ' ; , Medical Charities ( Ireland ) Bill . — The house having gone into committee on this bill , ••

      Sir W . SoMERyiLpBatated , that tha aiivanced period , of , the session left no chance of passing the bill in its present shapej ( so inuch opposition being threatened upon its very numerous clauses . He therefore proposed to pass the ertactinents having reference to . dispensaries , aud abandon all the rest of the measure . .. ¦ ' . ' . The bill thus retrenched was then allowed to pass through committee . .. : . ' ' Sir W . ' Somerville afcerwards announced that the Valuation ( Ireland ) Bill would not be pressed during the present Bcs 9 ion . " ¦ . Cask of Mb . Awxrwls Salomons . — . On # 19 motion for considering the petitions from Greenwich , ' The Speaker said that before proceeding with the order of the day / he had better read to the house the following letter ' which he'bid-received from Mi . Salomons : — - ' :

      . - ¦¦ .- .: Great Cumberland-place , Friday , July 20 , 1831 . ^ Sik , — I am advised that it . is my duty respectfully to inform you and the housei that . two actions at law under the statutej have been commenced against me , for penalties alleged to be incurred by me for having exercised , cm Monday last , the right of sitting and voting ia the House of Commons as member for Greenwich ; and' that at the trial of those , actions any resolutions or proceedings which the house may adopt ian be given in evidence in . that action . —With the greatest respect I have the honour to be , sir , y ' ouvinost obedient servant , >¦• '• David Salomons . To the right hoa . the Speaker . . ' 1 . ¦ ¦ : " Sir I ) . ' Hall presented the following petition from the electors ' of Greenwich : —

      The humble petition of the electors of the borough of Greenwich , assembled at a ' public meeting of the e ! ee-. tors , held at the Lecture Hall , Greenwich' , on T&ursday , - the 24 lh day of i ulj , 1851 , . ; Sheweth , — " ' ' ' ' . - That a vacancy having occurred in the representation of this borough on the death of our . late , respected member , Edward George Barnard , Esq ., we elected l > avid Salomons , Esq . ' ; alderman of the City of London , to represent tha borough in parliament ; who , ) being duly returned has , us we believe . - qualified himself to be a nicmber of your honowraWe hauae .

      ¦¦ Wo therefore deeplyii'egret to leavn that your honourable house contemplates some . measure by which our undoubted right of having our interests represented in the House of Commons may be interfered with ; and , believing that our honourable member , is under no legal disability , and hasquaiified iiimself to sit and vote in your honourable hpu 3 t ' , we humbly ' but earnestlypray that your honouvable house will permit u * to be heavd byeounsel at your bar in defence of-our undoubted right , to elect our own representatives—a principle which not only affects our constitutional privileges , but those of every other con ^ stituency . in the . kingdom . ¦; . ;• ,. ' ., . ,: ' And your petitioners will ever pray , &c , ; . , . - -. ¦ ¦¦¦¦ ' ;¦'¦ ¦ •' - < ¦' , - - - ; : ¦¦ ¦ ' M . roNTiFEx ; Chairman . ;

      Ho cbncluded '; by moving that the prayer thereof jmighfc be-gi'aritedj arid the p ' etitibBers-heard at'the bar ; by counsel , ; in defence . of' the right of their elected member-tq enjoj ;; the privileges and perform the functions of a legislator hi . that , house ... . i " Th ' e ' AT'ioRSBT-fJBSEjRAi ; boiitehdeU Ihat ' the sub- ^ iject had been already' sa full y dis ' cusse'd , that no new ; iignt"coul d ^ be ' tht ' own ^^ upoii ^^^ 'it ,- " an tho ' only ^ rbs \ ilt ifr . oin tha arguniehtsof counsel ! would' be a ; further wasting of time by , ' tlie legislature . ,,: ; ;• ; ;; . : Mx . C . Anstky supppr , tp . a . the motion . . . . - . . , . > . i ! Bir ' T . jTriEsioER observed : 'that Hha petitioners asted ih 1 erms 6 nly to defend a right which ' no 6 H& contested ^ hamelyj > thiit , of = Electing- ' ivho ' m ^ they ' pleased aa their representative . n er

      .. 4 f ^^ . miscellaneous coflyersahon ,, . ; , . L -, ' ! ' , Slr . ! AotiosBii '' recommenaed ^ , tho . government to graht'Vonie delay , for thbpurp' 6 soof , ' cbnsiderihgjthe ^ erplexctfqufestion ^ before proceeding' to settle it otf-hiind , by passing- the resolution " which"librd'Ji Russell had announced . ,: •/ . ' : ¦ ;¦ ; > ' •¦ . " ' • ! Lor d , . J . ; , Russj 5 Lii denied that 5 the electors , of Or . eehwichfiad ; any . Zocui . s £ andi inthe house . Their privilegle extenued ' oh ' ly as to the choice of the . re-) re ' s ' eBtatiTe wh ' om th'ey ' would ' returri " , ' and was not interfered w'itn by aresolutioh of tbo ious ' e , suhc asjhe . had suggested , simply declaring : the - duty tljat devolved on ; them npt . to adniita niemberjwho had " been iinabte ' tb ., fuifil the formalities required Byiaw ^' ; . ; : ,: ' - - ¦ , . . ¦ ¦"' ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ / ¦ ¦¦¦ . ¦" '" .. ¦' . " ¦ ¦ . ¦; v ; "" :. ' ; : ; Mr . l 'AlderrA ^ 'SiD itt ( t ' a'iid Mri ' llAisaREQo ' R ^ up ported tbe ^ mdtio ' n . ' . - '' •' ' ¦ " ; .. ¦ ' ' ' : ' ¦ :: Theho ' use divided— ' ' . J

      For the motion . ; . ... to , ; . Againstit' . ; ... . ... ... ... 133—GO BAiidJi de KosTHSc'iiiLD . —Mr . R . Cbiihie thcroupon forebore to repeat the same tfnotion in this case , urging Lord " 'John Russell at the ! same ' time to Tiring , forward " a . measure next session ' for securing to rt ' he ,- ' electors of . the kingdom their indefeasible " r , iglit to return jto the , house , ttio men ' they deemed best fitted , to represent , their interests . "'¦¦'" - " ' Mr ; Anstev , however , moved that , tho petition from tho electors of the city of London , in the matter of Baroa de Rothschild ^ bo taken into considerationj . and that the petitioneM be heard -by eounssl ' a ^ tha' ba ? j in ' ' pur su ana& of the prayer , ot their petition . ' ; - ¦ " ; ' ; - !"' - '" ' : '• • ¦ '' .: ¦¦ ' - ¦ ; Mr , Aquoss ? supported this-motion . .

      \ Mr . 11 . ; Cbrrib , ' as . chatrman . © f the . meetang . , at which the London petition , was adopted ,, entered into a variety , of particular 8- toiM ! hing th » ioQidonts that " occurred dn . ihat decasioh . ' ' ¦ . ' ' ['"¦[''¦ " : ¦ Mr . lj ; ' (>» 3 onifE rebuke'di't ^ e ! hon . member - 'for Northampton for his iaebnaidsrate revelations ^ aad the Prime Minister fciV'his ; tepid advocacy oi the great ca-iselie . had undertaken . to promote ., if the queitw > ano . vi ; . l ) ofoW themj inyol ' vjnj ,. as it d « dj' the higlieiSeorisideraiiwnsl ' wbre'riof ^ satisfa ' ctowly . settled ^ hg fo resaw tiie ' probability of a serioua ' jiopular agitation , and . a perilous . insista&ee , on th » " partof

      theoouutry , fos- svrefKfm ot" tits uppeu- brancb . . ofi the legislature . ;; ' . Sir ( J . 'TYRm , ! ,. opposed the motion . ; Mr . llonuwj ' su ,, ttiter obaervbg upcri the pevsonantios' that'had . ' been - imported into . the ; debate , ; cited precedents-for the proceeding now desired' by the petiticners v and insisted upon their , right to be heard by counsel at tho bar . He defended , . xsitb many aigunients . tho ultimato object that was m view , © oafcjnding tUat veligioua - differetlees ' ought not ta operate as a barrier » gainst theexeroise of consVitutional functions . ¦¦ : ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ . On division there appoared : . „ 4 - »^

      ^^ ' * — — — -- ^^ j- ^ For tho motion . ••• ••• 41 ^ Against , .., 77-oo . The resolution proposed by Lord J , ' Russell having become the question before the houae , Mr . C . Asstby moved as amendment thead- dition of a sentence which recognised the sincerity of the conscientious scruples which prevented Mr . Alderman Salomons from taking the . oath of abjuration ; and pledged the house so . to alter the formula ' of that oath as to obviate ' the objections which now prevented elected members professing the Jewish religionrronitaking . it . ¦• . ' .., . ¦ <¦¦ . ;¦ Mr . Headiiaji supported tUe amendment ., '

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      Mr . Evans found" that the law ' allowed all other oaths to be so adapted to the conscience ^ of the Jews , and contended that the oath of abjuration should not bo made tho only exception . Tho house dividedu For the amendment ... ... GO Against ... :. 8 ^ -33 Mr " , Bktukl reopened the legal argumont , imiintnlamg that if any doubts existed as to the sufficiency of tho oaths as taken by Aldarninn Salomons , they were such . 13 could only be properly solved in a courfc ef law .

      Lord J . RussELt again stated the question that bad been placed Dffota tiie house They had simply to decide upon the interpretation- of an act regulating the formalities nher . ding the admissioii of members t& their own bo-i-y . This'point he contended the / wsrs perfectly competent to determine , nnd he proceeded arguing that tbe doterniinatioa ought to be against the- aiifflissibility of themQinbers for Greenwich and London . If the opinion of a court of law frere desired , however , it might be easily obtained ? and tlie preliminary steps were , it sjemed , already Saken for the accomplishment of thrtic-bjeet . ¦ ' ' ¦ \

      . ... ,. Mr . C . Akstey , © pposin" : tho resolution Trhich now stood before thsai , declared taj-conviction that even if it were now passed ; : the time was near ad hand when it would bv rescinded . ' '• > " . After somo remarks by Mi . A . SstMr ,. a division was taken on the rcsol » iion of lord £ iiusseJl . Ayes ¦ ... ¦¦ ...- ; ...- ' ... 12 S < Ji ' ces ... ... ... ... 08—55 The orders of the day were then gono-Shrough , and the house arfjournca at twenty-five minutes past two , :

      . Tlie Chancellor cf tho Exchequer said Shat notwithstanding his personal impression in favour of retaining the structure , the commissionevs , of . whom he was one , could not think themselvas justified in delaying the performance of their undertaking to pull it do ' ffii , unless there should be a very general expression of public opinion to- that effect . ( Hear , hear . ) ¦ -i ¦' Sir R . Isolis contended that the pledge given to tho country for the speedy demolition of the' editica was . of too solemn a character to bo violated ; , Mv . Ewaut understood the pledge in the light of a contract between , two parties , namely , the commissioners &nd the public , which < might , therefore , be rescinded at the will of the grantee .

      . Mr . Macgregor and Col . TuwraoH swpportCft tU 9 motion for an address . ¦ ¦ ¦ . Mr . Govlburs insisted on tbe duty of keeping unbroken faith with the public , lie apprehended groat danger from any precedent to encroachment on these most valuable public properties , the metropolitan parks ,- ' . . " . ¦ 1 The motion was opposed , for similar reasons , by Mr . Bankes and Lord . Seymour . Mr . Wakley , M Villiers , and Mr . Gcacli supported it . ; Ceystaii Palace . —Mr . IIeywood then moved pursuant to notice ,. an address to the . Queen , pray , ing her Majesty to issue directious ,. in suoh- way she nuy deem n t , that tho Crystal Palace , may be retained in its present position until the 1 st of May next , with tbe view of . determining whether the building could bo appropriated to purposes of pu ¦ lie utility and amusement . , ... ' , ¦ Col , SiBTiroiiPopposed the motion , , .

      , . The Chancellor , of the ' . Exciikquer , recommend , ing the house to proceed cautiously , stated the extent of the liabilities which the maintenance of tho Crystal Palace might involve . On the part of > the govprnmont he professed to offer no opinion on tha subject , luiivirig the ; determination of the question entirely with tho public . • On a division , the motion was carried by a majority of 7 S to 47 . . . . ¦ . Mr . C . Anstky introduced the subject of transportation and was insisting upon the propriety of discontinuing tho transmission of convicts . to Van Diernen ' s Land , when tho house was counted out at ten minutes to eleven o'clock . / ¦ . .. TUESDAY , Ml 29 .

      HOUSE OP LORDS . —The Episcopal and Capitular Estates Management ^ 0 . ' 2 ) Bill , the Smithfield Market Removal Bill , ami the- Civil Bills ( Ireland ) Bill , were read a , third time and passed . Ecclesiastical' Titles Assumption Btll . — -The Marquis of Laxsdowne moved the third rouding of this Bill . ' ' ' Tho Earl of Aberdeen reiterated some of the objections he had at a previous stage , urged against the measure , and declaviDg his apprehensions of its rniodliiuvous consequences were still unalleviated , entered . a protest against tho passing of the Bill . The Bishop of Oxfokd supported ; and : Lord Stuart de Decies opposed thu iheasuve .

      The Duke of Aiio contended that the Churcli " of'England being a national histitutibii i might summon the legislature to her aid when attacked by a foreign power . : ' ¦ ' Earl Foiitescue , in intimating his assent to tha measure , trusted that Parliament would not shrinlc from passing a more stringent enactment- if required . . ¦ : ' After some remarks by the Earl of Glcr . gall , Earl Nelson , the Marquis of ¦ SHgo , ¦ Lord ¦ Rodeadale , Viscount Gage , and Earl Grey , the Dill was read athird time . - On the question that the Bill do pass , LordMoNTEAdLEuroposed an additional clause , by which the penalties enacted under the measure were to bo avoided , if the Roman Catholic Prelates in Ireland took the designation used in the Bequests Act . ' ' ' ;

      The Marquis of Lassdowse , in explaining that the amendment was based upon an erroneous interpretation of its Jegal effects , took occasion to offer some vindicatory arguments upontlie general scope of the measure . ' ! . •'• ¦¦ ¦ ¦; ¦ ¦¦ ' --The Earl of St ^ Germans , Lord Cranworth , ami tlie Bishop of Oxford having spoken , ' ¦¦ Lord AJonteagle withdrew his amendment . The Bill then passed . .... . The Charitable' Trusts Bill- went through committee ; ' . ' ¦'¦ ' - : : - > : ' '"• ; - ¦ ' ¦ ' - < : - ' - ¦ ¦ ' ¦' ¦ - - ' ' ¦ Their lordships adjourned at a quarter past eleven o ' cloekJ '' ' : i ' ¦ ¦¦ ¦ ¦ ' •!¦ - = •¦ ¦ ¦ ' ••• ¦• ¦ -i ; ¦ ¦•'¦ '¦ f :

      i HOUSE OF COMMOKS .-At tho noon sitting of the house , the medical Charities Irelarid Bill was ir ' ead ' a third time arid passed . : i ; _ '• ;¦ ' . '' ; , ; A ' considerable time wa ' 3 de ' votedin discussing th » ' cVahses of tho ' Metropolitan " ' Se ' wors Bill , : whiohj jfinally went through committee , and the house ad > journed ' for ; ttn ? fl ' ouri 9 i < t .-.. .: > : v , ?¦ - ¦ ¦ <>'< ¦ Ii '! ' : Kesuming ' at'h « H past six , " ' . ¦ . . ! 'Mr . Frewes < mbved- ' atresolution declaring tnafc the excise dutf pn -hope was impolitic nnd unjust , ¦ andoughtio ¦ be ' 1 ' repealed ' 'at ^ the earliest possible , momeritr i : " ¦ ¦ ¦ ' ¦ ¦ " ¦ * - ° '" - r v-j . ' . : v . ' . i .. v ; \\ i Mri L . HoDpk ^ -moved an amendment setting forth the ' expediency' of-accompanying'any ; 'reidiiction'in nheduty ^ n hopsliomuigi-own , ' . with a corresponding diminution : in- Che iiriportduty on tha ' article . ' 1 '' ' ¦'¦ - •'• ¦ :: ' : ' ^ - ;;; '; : ; : ; >¦' - ' * '' '' ¦¦ j' After a few words from Mr . Barrow and Mr iCurteis - ' l " 1 ; ' ! - •"¦ 'I' '¦¦ ' - ¦ . " ' ; ¦ : " •; ¦ ;•

      , . . ; - The Chakceiior of tho Exchequer declined t » j enter upon- a topic which > had * been four time 3 I already disousBis'd ' - ' aiid . decided during the present ses&ioji . " ''• ' '<¦ '¦ ^ ¦ : ¦ ¦¦¦¦ 1- •' . „ ¦" v .. .. ¦ ¦ . j---. "Sir i . TyreU . 'Mr . Cobdea / andMr . Bass having ispoken / "'¦ "' '¦ "; ' ¦ : - ' . 'i" '; : - ¦ ¦' ' , £ >> ' Mr . IIodobs withdrew his amendment , and the uiouso divided'upon . iMr . E-rewon ' B motionj ¦ . ' ¦ : . ' ¦ ¦ Ayes- ^ -. ^ - ^ . - ... ¦••' .... - ^ - 29 Koes ... r ! ••• -.. -. ¦ e > a » -ifi <» . WEDNESDAY , Jvi . y 30 . . ^ HOUSE . OP LORDS . r-A brief sitting was held for the purpose' of advancing several public and private bills through , a ^ age respectively , and tneir lordships atfiourned . ' . j i . ' " . « ¦ ' ^ 'J ' ' - '"

      __ _ . ¦¦ HOU&S ¦ OF COMMAS ;—Lord J . Rnsssw ,. m-r tiraated that on Friday ho should move . the adjoumment of-the house- oa rising until iha'fallowing Wednesday ; - ; - '! . : >' ¦ ¦ ¦»•> . ¦ - ' ¦ '¦* - ¦ ' ¦'¦>¦'' ¦ ¦ - '¦ ¦¦ ¦ ' ... " ^ ' - ¦ The Patent Law Amendment BilLwas committea 7 ? rojfsr / nii , ' -after . S 6 > me-di 5 CU 53 ion ; o : : ¦ ¦ > : '• >•'' ¦ The Church-Building Acts Amendment : Bill , ana the Petty Session , ( jteland ) 'Billweutithroug ^ committee . . ' , '• : ' ¦ " - - ¦•¦¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ Hue house adjoaroed afc six o clocK . ; , , ( Ctr . liiMdihthi' ^ ightiipagi ) 'i -: ¦

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      Untitled Article

      An iNTBsiMXiSG Expebimbkt , —At cae of the cvenins mestiugs of the British Associatum . tor the > Advancement of . Science , Jh Bouti&B 3 i » . fcFtenctt philosopher having been plodged tp -truatihia handl into a pci of . melted icon ; a .-pot > of glow ) ng metaU red hotfroia-the furnaca ,.. was ¦ placed , belqrelum , wheniha , 'iins aampctl Iv » right hasyi . witU a , little water , ho-uluaged it witi > perfect , impunity into . the niass ^ Tlve sensation ,, lie asauisd the . spectators , ¦ was . one raiber ' iofcoldithan of heat , and he gave ; the , followiu » reasoai for the pheiHxsJBnon : —The moisture of tbe skinbeesaie . converted , by-heat , into that neculi ' ar condition termed spieroidal ; vapp . ur ,, which , being a ¦ bad'Coniaetorof . hear , ; effeclually . preYeuted thesliin . ftom . bEiiigburned ^ v . ¦; , .,.. ; -r > - ... ' .

      Srinns . — -Ihe . use of spirits , says Liebig , the ceiebriited . oiifemist , is noftlie cause , but an effect ol'poyisrtj ' : ' "It is ait exception from the yule-.-wheu a WelW ' ed man becomes a apirit-tirihkeri iOn tha other hand , when the labourer- ¦ > oarn 9 > by his , work lessthan'is ' requiredtoprovide ! thoamountof food which 13 ' ind \ sp ' cass \ Wo' | n order to restore fully his wbrking power , an unyielding , ' inexorable law ; or necessity ' cqmpelshim to ' haverecourse to spirits . He must work . 'but in consequence ! of insufficient ; food ; a' certain portibn of hsi working power is daily wanting . Spirits , by their action on tha nerves , enable him' to make up tho deficient power at'the . ext iensc of Ms bodv , —to consume to-day toac quantity whicli ought naturally to have been employed a dtty later ; Ho draws , ' so to ff ^ J ^ t Ori his health , which nmat he . always rraweji » e caused for want of means , ' he ™*™ i ! r £ { Lti » te ooWinedliis- -capitel : ; iii 8 ^ n « j » tew ^ and the result is tlie inentabie banluruptcy 0 ; body , i' ' ¦ ¦ - . ' - ¦¦¦¦

      Untitled Article

      Aueg Lii ^ - - - „„ , ¦ THE ^ N ttR fH * l % ^ : gTA R 7 " _ m _ r-nmrT- "MaMBaiMM —^_^ ^^ -nm ^ ' ' r—¦¦ m ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ^ -- ^^ .. .-v ^ - - ^ - > - ^ ^ . " " _ _ . .. „ . .. /

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), Aug. 2, 1851, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1637/page/7/