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©tiarttBt Jtntelli&nce.
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^\Mie Afftttfttgft.
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SLalu EnteUirjeucc
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tioztytvatite MtlliQintt*
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EB BS ANP FIOWS OF POPULATION.
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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jjb . Editor , — ; . > . , r ^ As paper after paper is issned T ) y the Com , loners of the Cessus of Great Britain , the re we are impressed with the importance of rtis modeof ' numbering the people . ' Merimay ^ dike ngares , and be disposed to cast aside ^ jeh a mass of numbers as now lie before uB ; l et their indisposition to gather the rich frait « hicb is imbedded beneath ; what to them ap-« ear 5 a ^ so many thorns , mast not deter the journalist from penetrating , aB far as his digits yftl permit him , into the prickly bush , even thoug h wounded fingers and hands punish him for his ^ venturous research . ...-,:. ' ¦ '
Without such , tables as those in question ,: it jj impossible to master the political and social difficulties which beset us on all sides . Tour practical , well-up men , know this full well . The age of great talk , as distinct from useful sai appreciable talk , is all but departed . Our senators must be men of business , calculating , sincere men , to make way with such a shopkeep ing people , as that whom they are absurdly said to represent . Hence , we would bespeak from our readers a thoughtful study of the documents alluded to , as placing within their reach the best- Manual of Information for comprehending the real position of affairs , a 3 respects their own country .
The first fact detailed is , that in fifty years Great Britain has all but doubled her population , lu 1801 the numbers were 10 , 567 , 893 ; iol 851 they are , 20 , 936 , 468 , exclusive of the . Army and Navy , and Merchant Seamen out of the country ; and the second ' great fact ' teaches us , how vast has been the progress of her manufacturing skill , and how . retrogressive have been her steps in the further expansion of her agricultural resources . "
It is not our purpose to publish , in detail , the particulars contained in the tables , bat to make some passing comments on the facts they divulge ; for , if there be one characteristic more striking than another , to he pointed out as convincing evidence of the position we lere aBsume , viz ., the importance of these Census papers , it is this—that the Mill power of this country is fast tending to crush that of the Land power , and that in the BtTuggle— - unless the working classes be alive to their sense of duty—the Trardens which have laid so heavily upon them in times past , and which still oppress them , will but be shifted in their
imposition , hut by no means be removed fiom off their backs . The toiling classes are « wiH able to decide which of the two powers they would prefer to be governed by . If called " upon to give their suffrages upon this point ,, perhaps they wonld declare forneither ; but if compelled to giva a preference ,, they might hesitate to pronounce in favour of the former . Certain it is these classes are now waging a fearful war for supremacy ; the * bigloaf * agitation has been a Hercules for the Mill owners j yet , we are inclined . to say that this is more the power of Might than of Kiffht
When we see , as this Census shows , that in such places as Bedfordshire and Rutland , where , ten years ago / the population engaged in agricultural pursuits was respectively 63 and 56 in every hundred so employed , . now the rate of increase in the same time is but as 1-36 and 57 per centum ; whilst in Suffolk it is DO ; Bucks , -81 j and the Xorfch Biding , -55 ; &c as contrasted with the aggregate increase , which is equal to 1 * 47 annually { nearly 1 * per cent , per annum ) , and with oar manufacturing districts , which , in Monaaonthsliire , is as 2 * 37 per annum , nearly 2 per cent ; in Lancashire , 2 * 23 ; West Biding ,
1-70 ; Cheshire , 1-62 ; and so on . To observe such an extraordinary increase , and thinking that the North Riding—the agricultural district—has but added £ per cent ., and the "W est Biding , 1 ' 7 Q , to their populations ; that Canterbury has a thousand leas booIs than ten years ago ; that Buckingham has added bnt 173 to its number ; and the assize town of Snssex ( Lewes ) has remained stationary , are facts so important , and euggeBtive of such profound thought , that , in truth , these Census Tables will afford the philosopher a stock in trade that , during the parliamentary interregnum , he will have much matter for serious
inquiry . It will be our pleasure to draw attention to these said tables in a clear and convincing form , so soon as we are furnished with the numbers for the various towns and districts , those ftom which we are now quoting only relating to Counties and Registration divisions . In the meanwhile , w » wonld earnestly remind onr readers that these figures , being authentic , can he argued upon safely ; and that an attentive study of them will assuredly go far to teach them more practical and . useful lessons of politico-social conomy , than all the speeches made by modern orators upon this very abstruse science .
When a man is pressed to show a cause of depopulation—for example , Ireland—such diminution being established npon proof so xiuobjectionaWe , we 8 kaU invariably find that we have asked more than can be readily answered . How is this ? Wherever we are told to look at the falling off in the numbers of our pauper population , it is followed np by a congratulatory seuteuce , like to * This is * the result , the good working , the mere shadowing forth of Free Trade 1 ' Well , we will not pause to question the declaration , but merely observe , as Ireland and
the other places mentioned have alike been blessed with this modern mode of governing Exports and Imports , whence the cause of their decrease or stationary position ? This cannot be replied to in a eimUar way , and , consequently , it is a plain question that where one man will claim the laurel for his petsystem another will pronounce it as pregnant with Satanic evil . Who is to decide ? Mere mouthings and hustings vociferations , will not settle the dispute . The British people must be mentall y fed with more nutritious food than these ; and probably , until the real workers themselves set about the solution of
the problem , it will remain , for years to come , as undecided as ever . There is no doubt hut that these Census Tables will greatly aid in this endeavour ; and tiat amongst our thinking working population -co ahall find in a few years time men , though humble in circumstances , yet great in deduction , tracing oat the causes of the monstrous- anomalies at present witnessed in our Social Crovernment . Probably , when that answer is given , it will be found that our national curses have sprung aofcfrom Protection nor from Free Trade as
principles distinefc in themselves , bat £ com JHere social errors in the first instance . Sotiety , it may be said , as expressing the idea , started from the wrong terminus . It wanted to go to the Isle of . Eight , bnt in mistake suffered its precious body to be carried to the & ! e of Wrong ; and wastoo lazy to insist upon !> eing transported to its purposed designation . J&S is admitting that there is the former territory ; and most . emphatically do we insist ttat there is ; for he is a bold man who would ** $ that the evils complained of are not of ^ an ' s creation , which an opposite policy in ? aya gone l > y wonld have materially obviated ,
** not have wholly prevented . Having so far solicited the reader to journey *» th us on this railroad of figures , with a view flf pointing out to them what an entertaining ^ fl instructive landscape they will be invited * ? gaze npon , we would conclude by remarking &at our subscribers will act as wise men if ^ J * do not attach themselves to either of the two great parties alluded to—Protectionists ^ Free Traders . The honourable member tot Scarborough , Mr . Yo tkg , may find it to ** advantage to declare in the House of GomajiniB—as he latel y did—that CHAKTISTS were «• ^ lEcuoiasTS : and the honourable member
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fo * ihe West Riding may : choose to ; refer to the peaceful condition of the labouring classes , as evidence of their approval of the Free Trade system ; but to all we would ! say , be you Charxxsts only . Our . principles we determined . Our cause is just and easy of attainment . Let the coming election be the test of the sincerity-of those-who possess the Franchise ; while upon those unconstitutio . nally shut out from its legal possession , let it act as a summons to an unanimous appeal not to serve in the interests of any candidate who will not vote for MANHOOD SUFFRAGE . Censor . i _ ** 1 ¦ _ ¦ ^ t VP -. « ^ fc m ¦«* ' ' ' - ^ * "" J j *
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NATIONAL CHARTER ASSOCIATION Offices—14 , Southampton-street , Strand . The Executive Committee of this body held their usual weekly meeting as above on Wednesday evening last . Present : Messrs . Arnotfc , Grassby , Hunt , Milne , and Reynolds . " Messrs . Harney , Holyoake , Jones , and O'Connor being out of town , were absent . Mr , Thornton Hunt was called to . the chair The correspondence received was read , - including the following from Ernest JoneB : —
OHJICIAL REPORT . . . On Wednesday and Saturday I lectured at Torquay , and . on both occasions , though the admission was threepence each , the audience was large . I enrolled thirty members , and the members took forty cards besides , seventy in all , A locality was formed on Saturday evening , auditor . William Tape elected secretary of the meeting . On Thursday I lectured in the Guildhall at Plymouth , which was crowded to overflowing . On Friday at Devonpprt , Forty-eight new members ' were enrolled . In all 168 cards have been disposed of , and 128 new members enrolled . '
On Monday evening I lectured in the Assembly Rooms , Princes-street , Bristol , to a large audience—the great hall of the building being nearly filled , notwithstanding ^ charge of sixpence and threepence to defray the expense of the building , for which the . charge is five guineas . No cards were issued on this occasion , owing to the circumstances under which the rooms were obtained .:. ¦ Everywhere I find a genuine' democratic spirit at work , and I am truly gratified to see that half measures of -Reform find no support . Neither Lord John Russell nor the Ministerial Millocrats need expect much support to their , bastard Charter . . . Tours fraternally , Ernest Jones .
Mr . John Arnott . .. .. ' ' . . Mr . Reynolds consented , at the request of the Committee , to write the tract to be inserted in the next' Monthly Circular ; ' and all subsecretaries are earnestly desired , not only to exert themselves in extending the circulation of the Circular for the present month , but also to forward their reports of the number of members enrolled , and the general position of the movement , to the General Secretary , on or before Monday , August 25 th .
Other business having been disposed of , an Important Meeting of Metropolitan Agents and Delegates then took place , and in compliance with the request of the Executive Committee , the following localities were represented by the undermentioned friends : — Limehouse and Ratcliffe , T . Sheppard ; Hoxton , C . F . NicholB ; 3 ? insbury , Messrs . Osborne aud Xewaome ; Greenwich , Messrs . Cooper and Floyd ; Cripplegate , Messrs . Delaforce and Farrah ; East London , S . Palteret ; Ship , Whitechapel , G . Smith ; Marylebone , W . J . Highley .
The Secretary stated that he would briefly explain the reasons why that meeting had been called . They were met ' to take into consideration the necessity of a renewed and vigorous metropolitan agitation during the ensuing autumn and winter months ; ' and" the Executive , feeling assured that they , as the representatives of the various localities , must be better informed of the present position and the prospects which existed in their several districts , were desirous of hearing from them a plain statement of facts relative thereto ,, and would also be most happy to receive from
them . any suggestion which might tend to create a concentrated , harmonious , and effective agitation . . Mr . Sheppard stated that in Limehouse and Ratcliffe they had a vast amount of ignorance to contend with . " They had , however , a goodly number of active membera , who were resolved to do their utmost during the ensuing winter to break np new ground , and he believed that his locality might be relied on to do their duty in carrying out the objects for which they had met . Mr . Nichols Baid that the Hoxton locality
had only been commenced three weeks . They had twenty-three members , and all who had joined were not only paying but working members . They had established a Tract propoganda , and formed themselves into sections as district visitors and tract distributors . Air . Nichols , at some length , detailed the plan they had adopted , which gave Buch satisfaction that he was requested to send copies thereof to the ' Northern Star , ' 'Reynolds ' s Newspaper , ' and the ' Leader , ' for insertion in those journals . Mr . Osborne reported , that at present Chartism was in » very low position in Finsbury ; they had worked hard , and by their exertions
obtained possession of on excellent hall ; and he was authorised to state that the free use thereof would be given to the Executive every Tuesday evening , aud he also was confident , that with the assistance of the Executive , great ffood might be done in the district . Mr . Mr . OBborne said he . was instructed ^ suggest that a monthly conference of the whole of the metropolitan members be held , and that the Metropolitan Delegate Council be reorganised . -. - ••'" . V .- ; - Mr . Newsome spoke in , corroboration , and added that they were about printing addresses arid tracts for distribution . . ; :
Mr . Cooper said , that great prejudice existed against Chartism in Greenwich . They had established , ; a Tract , Fund ,, and were about to commence a regular propagandism by the distribution of tracts ; and Mr . Floyd added that they had a room in which they met regularly , and trusted that during the winter they should make considerable progress .. ¦ - * :: ' ¦ " ¦ - ' ¦ ¦ ' ¦ ¦¦ ---- - , Messrs . Delaforce , Farrah , Pilteret , Smith , and Hig hley , briefl y reported from their localities , to the effect , that although tHey could not boast of what they were doing at the present time , still they hoped that ere long their localities would be in a more flourishing positurn . The majority were in favour of tracts as the best me ans of spreading Democracy .
Mr . Reynolds and the Chairman asked many " questions relative to the movement , Whichwere promptly answered ; and the Chairman having thanked the fnends for the valuable information they had given , it was agreed , on the motion of Messrs . Reynolds and Grassty That this meetiag be adjourned till
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Wednesday evening , ' Augusj ; 2 pthJ . and that the Bermondseyi' prown and Anchor , Lambeth , and Washington localities be . requesj ted to send representatives on that-evening . ' i Sighed on behalf of the Committee , " i John Arn 6 tt , . Gen ; : Sec >* ^ ^ m '* « ' . A i *^ 4- ; L ^ . «* ?"•* . f \ . >¦ ¦ v ii *
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ESETER . ~ Mr . Ernest Jones dfeliyered a lecture in this" city , ori the ^ o ' tli ; instant , | o , n 'Class Interest and Class Laws , V . . the'Lawa of God'and Man . * After the lecture , the Rev . Archer Gcuroey , curate of Holy "Trinity , addressed the meeting with the best' of feeling for the people ' s cause , disputing ' some points advanced by Mr . Jones ,: who , challenged the rev . gentleman io , a discussion , which was accepted , - and is . to take placein about three weeks ; Mr . Jones ' s lecture lias been- the means of inducing many to jo . in the association , and the forthcoming discussion excites ' the deepest interest .
PiA-sBour Scrawnnc Isstmmox . —Oa Friday evening William Worseldine delivered , a lecture on " The oljnthisss and philippics of Demosthenes . " The lecturer , speaking of the oration of Machines on the Crown , and that of DemoatheDea in reply thereto , Baid that Ctesiphon having moved , the Senate to make a decree ( for confirmation by the popular AsBemblj ) , to bestow upon DemoBthenes a golden crown , Machines impeached him on the ground of illegality . Never was a contest carried on with so much eloquence , and spirit , and never was a cause more fanned into a . blazeriby
thepartizans of both orators—the issue of iWbich was the triumph of Demosthenes , who aaid that— "The decree scattered like a vapour the . danger , which hovered over . Greece . " - There never ; , was . an orator more faraouB for brilliancy of language an 4 spirit , stirring impetus , combined-too with . iavge and dignified views of . polity and human :: nature . The lecturer , after descanting upon the subject ; alluded to the late grand display of oratory between Lord Stanley ( now the . Earl :. of Derby ) , and Lord , Palmerston , on the , Greek ^ Question . The lecturer was loudly , applauded , and was honoured with a vote of thanks .... > , . : ¦; .
Joh . v-Stbbei Loc 4 i . iir . — -On . Tuesday , . evening last the tenth discussion on . " The relative merits of Free-trade and Protection , ' took place in the coffee-room of the Institution . Mr . A . Bate in the chair , Messrs .. Weston , Llewellyn , Delaforce ; Turley , Dalyrmple , Bead , Slocombe , ' and Campbell having expressed their , opinions thereon , it was agreed ,.. on . the motion of Messrs . Turley and Arnott , that the question for discussion on next Tuesday evening should be- «" , What is the radical cure for the present , social condition of adciety ? " ' . ,-.. ' -. ¦'¦ . ¦ . ¦ ,. ; . .-. ¦ .. . ^ -:- ^< u ¦ i •' .
. KiwcAsixB-ON-TrNR—The quarterly imeeting of the Democratic Beading-Room and Charter Association was held on the 3 rd inst—Mr . ' Gunn ia the chair—when the following members were appointed a committee for the current : quarter : —William Johnston , Neile Mf . Quin , George . Grant , -James Charlton , , James Hay , James Watson , Jonathan Rhyne ^ Joaiah Thomas , Alexander Guun , James Ciims ; James Walker , Treasurer ; Jolm Brown , Financial Secretary ; Augus M'Leod , ! Corresponding Secretary , 2 , Melborne-streeti * GatsheaJ , to whom all communications will please be addressed . Rochdale . —The Committee of tbe Foliah Hungarian Refugees held a special , meeting on the 6 tb mst ., for the purpose of considering the best means
to obtain the release of Kossuth .. After a lengthy discussion , the following resolutions were agreed to : — " That a requiaition be presented to the chief constable of the borough , requesting him to call a public meeting , to memoralise Lord Palmerston for the release of Kossuth , late Governor of Hungary . That we , the Rochdale committee , do recommend the country to get up public meetings in all parts , so that a simultaneous movement may be made throughout the country , as we feel convinced that if something in not done , Kossuth . -will still be held in bondage . " Finsbury , Literary and Scientific Institution , Leicester-place , Saffron-hill . On Sunday evening Mr . Broom lectured at this neat and commodious place . Subject : " The life of Henry the VIII . "
The lecturer , with considerable power , delineated the . varying shades of the character of this iron willed , and despotic monarch . Learned in all the acquirements of the past , possessed of a deep insight into human character , daring and ambitious , though versatile iri politics , possessed , in his younger days of great personal advantages and power of address , he maintained his influence abroad against two Of the most powerful monurehs that had ever , at one time , striven for the master of Europe . At home rebellion after rebellion in vain endeavoured to shake his power . The dominion of Home was thrown off to gratify a mere evanescent capr ice ; the whole power of the priesthood was set at nougat . The monasteries were
destroyed and their revenues confiscated , almost before an . arm could be raised in their defence , until , swollen with vanity and power , he deemed himself above all human feelings , and sacrificed consort after consort to his brutal lust , with as little remorse as he felt towards his political foea . All these trait were dwelt upon and illustrated by thelecturer , ia addition to which the characters of his various wives—of Wolaey , Cromwell , Cavendisb , Cranmer and others were given , The . lecturer concluded at a ' very late hour , by urging upon his audience to imitate one great feature in the character of lleury , his unswerving unbending resolution ; let them be determined to succeed , and obstacles would vanish before them . Resolution was the talisman that ever insured victory . This he illus «
trated by numerous examples , especially by the success that had attended themselves in the steps they had . taken to bring to justice the perpetrators of the late police outrage in Plumtree-court . The lecture was well attended . . ••' ¦¦ .-Daribsionb , —At a meeting lately held at this place , Mr . Ernest Jones delivered a lecture on the recent conspiracy case of the Tin Plate . Workers ot Wolverhampton ; after which the , folio whig resolution was adopted : — " That this meeting has witnessed with regret the proceedings of the Messrs . Perry ? , in the late trial at Stafford ,, against , nine o the working men of the Trades' Unionj for , an alleged conspiracy . Wo feel it our duty to sympathise with the men , and to do all we can to aesiet them in obtaining a reversal of their conviction . "
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Bradford ( Yorkshire ) .- —At a meeting of members , held . ou Sunday last at their room , Hope-Street , the propriety of joining the National Loan Society was discussed , when it was agreed that the rules should be obtained , and a determination expressed that the property of the Company should not be disposed of to' the opponents of the working classes .-. ¦ :. . .. - ¦ . -.. ;; ¦ ¦ ¦ ... - . ¦ : —¦•—^ - " ^ -- ^——^^ fc ^^—^ -v ^ i ^^^ y ^ i ,, ^ ^ ...
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T ™ Tn , ? Jl AND MANUFACTURES , THEIR RBLATIOKr TO SQCIETY . i ^ 8 unday ^ enihg " Mr . S . Kydd delivered a ~^| ° . _ f » ve subject at the institution , John-street , Tottenbam-court-road . - . He com menced by stating that 100 years ago the learned ' / A eUry L ffork on tLe " Jewiah ¦ Nation , " stated tbat ^ ne peasant fed the citizen , the ecoleaiastio , and . the gontleman . This was a simple , but a fundamental truth-one which would-never change . So self-evident did it appear that agriculture was thefrootoHhe strength and " greatriesa of asiate , that ne . was astonishednhat men claiming credit for VRtclUgenccrghould raiseithe ^ cry that the manufactunng should . predominate . above : everv other Al-v \< 11 . 1 T T fpTTTi T ^ ¦ ¦ ^^^ f * ^ ^ *'»^»«_ . ^ - ^^^^ __ .
interest . Yet that was the ,, pry ; of nine-tenths of tne a ^ e min d of . this country—a-cry that had reaoneathe House of Commons , and that the Press repeated , day by day and week by weok . So universal had thia idea become , that when a season of dull trade occurred , and men found it difficult to procure labour , and capitalists found they could not get remunerative employment for their capital , the only remedy which presented itself tO their minds wag to extend their commerco and look abroad for new markets ; whereas , if they would but direct their attention to the resources , of the soil in their own land , they need not go searching for fresh markets in China or America . If authority was wanted in favour of agrioulture heing the foundation of a state , they had the universal
experience of all ages—they , had the written convictions of the greatest and wisest men to which this or any other country gave birth .: Lord Bacon declared that the decline of a state began when manufactures and merchandise were in the ascendant . What was the opinion of a Manchester Cotton Spinner to that of Lord Bacon ? He did notdespiBe the opinions of the manufacturers , -but they were not ' philosophers , and looking at the queation with an eye to their own interest , they took only acontraoted view of it , one utterly at variance with our national greatness .. and stability . Benjamin Franklin wa 8 ; an author much quoted by the economists , but , ttiey only quoted a portion of his writings . Franklin said there were only three ways by which a nation , could be enriched , War , as was the
case with the Romans , which was plunder ; commerce , which was generally cheating ; and agriculture ,: which . was the application of labour , to aid the natural operations of nature , and whioh brought , its peaceable reward many fold , Coleridge —the inanr-minded Coleridge-rwriting of the present system , of political economy , said that he dishonored a system wbich was at war with every feeling that was . pure and natural in the history of the past , and he had no sympathy with those men who cared not it the fields ' of England were covered with lava , in order that the people might be forced to look ^ abroad for their food .. All ; history showed that a people could not remain great at home and respected abroad , unless they ; fully ; developed the natural resources of their own country . ~ He was not opposed to manufactures , they were essential
to the happiness and . welfare of a nation . Manufactures , in relation to agriculture , was as a son to a father , both , in infancy and maturity . It was unwise to disregard the motto of ¦¦> " Speed the Plough . " How was it that the present strife had arisen between manufactures aud agriculture ? that to-day one party was in the ascendant in the senate , and . to-morrow ' the other ; that the nation was split into two rival parties ? The very existence of thia antagonism was a proof of the ignorance of those who created and sustained it . The great object of society was to establish harmony ; these two interests were bound together by the strongest ties possible ; neither interest should rule , but both should rule ; n their turn , Agriculture came first , manufactures next , and commerce and maritime
power waB the tie which bound them together ; and until this union was . effected , they would fail to attain to real greatness abroad , or happiness at home . How was it that the manufacturing interest had arisen to such an immense power in this oouritry—that " the Manchester Chamber of Commerce possessed more influence than the British legislature ? England was a great country com ' paratively , and her people were happy , comparatively , when manufactures were hut in their infancy . Manufacturing' property was but of yesterday ' s growth ; it dated its rise only from a period of 100 or 120 years . Prior to then , small manufactories were scattered over the face of the whole country ; traces of their existence were still to be met with , telling them that once in that uiace thev
had ' " ' »; local habitation and , a name . V The inventions of ; Hargreuyes , Aikwrigbt , and Watt had concentrated the manufacture of most of our leading branches in Lancashire and Yorkshire , and a few men ' , chiefly the children of poor men , had , by this machinery , been enabled to acquire immense wealth ; and thus to obtain power both in and out of parliament . Its effects on the moral and social welfare of the community were soon seen—the people were withdrawn from the agricultural districts to the largo towns . -Thecensus of 1851 showed that there was a loss population in our agricultural districts " than in , 1841 ; and there was less in 1841 , than in 1811 ; whilst the populations of the large towns and cities had greatly increased . Other circumstances hud contributed to
bring about this [ result . The landholders , participating in this ' increase . of . wealth , ceased to regard the peasant ' s as fellow-beings ; with the hope of decreasing their poor rates they annihilated all the small farms upon their estates , dispossessed the majority of the cottagers , and pulled down their houses by wholesale . They bartered with the manufacturers to receive all the paupers of the agricultural , districts at so much per ' head , ignbfantly thinking thereby to consolidate their : supremacy , ~ though , at the same time they were fatally . undermining it . The Maccksfield Chronicle for 1816 contained an advertisement from a manufacturer ,- offering to take one pauper idiot for -every nineteen sane ones . Shame . ) They continued to work this system
until they worked up the blood , bonea , and ahWWB of the ; . pauper 8 . of > England . Our manufacturing system had been built up at the expense of ail that was true and good in the nature of man . Our philanthropists and manufacturers expressed themselves astonished at the vice which abounded in eur manufacturing- districts . They were astonished that the majority of children should die so young . " To remedy , the evil they established eoup kitchens and charity schools . After having enriched themselves by producing these results , they pretend to remedy them by a vain parade of personal berievolence . It was with feelings akin to those that he ( Mr . Kydd ) stepped out of the Crystal Palace to view Prince Albert ' s model cottages . He meant not to throw discredit on the intentions
of the Prince ; but those who knew the history of the past could but smile at the attempt to reform the future by . . the erection of a few model cottages ; The people muat take their- affairs out of the hands ' of a set of cunning gamblers , who care'd '^ hot whether themselves or their opponents won provided the ^ people were kept in subjection . ' They must make the press of tho kingdom , and , where possible , the pulpit resound with their demand for political power . England was drank with the great * ness : of her own handiwork .. ¦ Her brain was apoplectio .. i :: The thought that : she had mechanical ahd ohemical power equal- to , that-of 600 millions' of adults , that . ahO : commanded tho ocean ,-and mono ? polised the oommercq of the world , 'that one of her . single : machines sot thousands of spindles in
motion , was dverpoweririg to her : jtidgmentjf-and she was inclined'to bow down and-worship- this power which gave her command'over the / material universe , forgetful that all thiiwas but mere ; curi ^ riin ' g : and skillj unless it proved ndvantageous to thempr&land pocial happiness of fcbe inajbrityof mankind . ; ( Cheers . ) What'had machinery done for the benefit of the masses 1 Dr .- Bewringj iri 1885 / informed thu House of Commons ( Mr . Kydd here read ' long exttacta ) that fromsix to eight hundted tuduf sand ; handJoom weaver ' s were reduced fromcompairatiye ; plenty to . starvation byithe introduotibn . iof the ! power ' .. loom ; but-muoh' as ^ ho ( Dri'BOwring ) regretted , this individual suffering—it was ' part ' 'of the law of progression , and their suffering u ! timitely tended to the benefit of the nation . . Dr ; Bowring told them that machinery superseded 'toianual labour . - He did not say that it aided' ifc / or ttiat ! 1 !
it alleviatedits sufferings—only 'that it supersMed ^ it . What did the weavers gain by'it?—Star vatitel ' ¦ Y efcit was the Jaw of nature ; and they . mustgo'onprogressing I ; . What-l ftprograBsing in = -superseding manual labour ! Progressing , in- etarvationl-nntil hunger produced a revolution , -or until , ' like-the people of Ireland , worn , down by famine , millions > erished of hunger ! They were told by Dri Porter ^ " that the national- good could hot' bo purchased j save at the expense of some individual evil ; " which meant that manual labour -should be superseded , and men die'of starvation . Firati the weavers suffered for the benefit of the nation ; then the cabinet makers ; then ; the framework knitters ; tueu } the agricultural population , &c . Who . did they mean by the nation ? Was it the tailors , the shoemakers , the hatters , the glovers , &o ., or who was the nation ? Not one of these classes ; for they all suf-
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fered by the present system ; He would get John Stuart Mill to answer this question . Mr . Eydd then read an extract from' that celebrated writer , averring that , " he . doubtea if a single working mail had benefited by the introduction of machinery ; it was only a few of the middle class , and the great manufacturers who had been enabled to profit by it . " \ These men , in their own estimation , were the nation ; Yet men , for daring to withstand thia ruinous , doctrine wore stigmatised as ignorant and bigoted . . Dr . Bowrjng asserted " that society was ma transition state , and that the present suffering , produced by the suspension of naanualilabour ,. would ultimately cease . Wonld Dr . Bowring stopr improvement in machinery ? No ! Then ; if the cause continued in existence , how could the effect cease ? ( Loud cheers . ) If he willhave . as ne asserts , no limit to improvement or competition , how can he put any limit to the displacement of manual labour and consequent ararvationffCtieera . ) ine lecturer
then pursued this question , 'dwelling upon some articles in the . Timet , upon the Tinplate Workers' Case , and upon the improved ma-«?» nery .-7 , nu ^ ciiiiring aud agvicultural-now exhibilinff in the Crystal Pa / ace . He then dwelt upon the effects of our system of manufactures upon other nations , and read official reports from th ' e Governor-General of India , dec . ; Bhowing that t ^ e introduction of our power-loom goods had entirely destroyed the cotton weaving trade in Ihdia , though some years ago they exported ei ght million pieces of cotton goods to England , besides large quantities to America and other places . The etteotof this , according to the-. report of the Governor of India , had , under their peculiar system of caste , been to cause the death of millions of the natives by starvation . ( Cries of "Shame . " ) Thelecturer then dwelt upon its effects in America ; and con * eluded by advocating , at some length , theestablish'f ment of a board of labour similar to the board of
trade , having power to regulate the introduction of newmachiriery , and to enforce compensation where necessary . The' machinery of the board could be formed something after the model of that for the : alteration of the Patent Laws . During a long lee--ture the ' speaker was much applauded . ; ;
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CENTRAL CO-OPERATIVE AGENCY . A meeting in connexion with the Central Co-operative Agency took place on Friday night at Blagrove ' s Concert Rooms , Mortimer-street . Mr . E . VansittairtNeale occupied the chair , and in the courso of a few observations stated the object of the agency to be the promotion of "Christian Socia | isin . " He introduced to the meeting Mr . T . Ramsay . who delivered a lecture explanatory of tlie principle by which the agency Was guidedfthe principle of mutual co-operation for the
mutual good . The lecturer commenced by explaining the meaning of the term Socialism , which he defined as the embodiment of a great principle involving the public interest . He then glanced at the manifold evils which the present state of society , presented , and drew therefrom an argument for the establishment of the co-operative system . Although he did not maintain that the social pr inciple was a panacea for all the ills to which fleBh is heir , yet he held that by it - the condition of mankind might be made something like what it was intended to be—the love of one ' s
neighbour overruling the corrupt principle of selfishness . The operation of the selfi s h principle he traced through all the ramifications of church and state , and then went onto remark at some length on the character of the early church , which " was popular because it was social . " He concluded by urging on the acceptance of his hearers the Bible principle of truth — that principle " on " "which Christian Socialism was based ~ as the only principle whereon society could have a sure and lasting foundation . - Mr . Lloyd Jones then . gave a few details connected with the Socialist movement
throughout the country . He . stated . that the working men were'jbiuing together and opening stores'to supply thernselvea with food and clothing , in order to protect themselvea from the numerous frauds of dealers . This , however , was but one step towards the full adoption of the co-operative system , but it was a step which was being taken with eminent success by the industrious working classes , in almost every district of . the kingdom . The chairman having made a few observations , the proceedings of the evening were wound up b y a plentiful Bervice of tea , coffee , and other refreshments .
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PROTECTION AND FREE TRADE MEETIKO IN BETHNAL-GREEN .
TO THE EDITOR OF THE XORTBEBN STAR . Sib , —I beg leave to subjoin a copy of the petition unanimously adopted at the public meeting held in Buthnal-green , Tower Hamlets , on the 29 th ult ., to consider the eftects of Free Trade . This petition , numerously sifi » 6 d , having been presented ¦ by G . F . Young , " Esq ., M . P ., in the . Commons , ' the papers of the following day designated it as from a " Body of Chartists praying for the five points of the Charter , " and that it was received withi -laughter ; If , Sir , ' ' -the '' statement Of the povei'tyiof the people and their want of employmentisto be'received thus with-derisionand insult , iit is to be hoped that those who have votes will use them at the next election , which cannot be far distant , ' against eviry stigporter of the present Whig Free Trade - Government , and those who havo no votes will receive their tools ns they deserve with every legal opposition ; but I leave the petition tospeakfor itself . ' ¦ ¦ . :- • I " ¦¦< ¦¦ ¦ ¦ " ¦ ¦¦ lam , Sir , . - ' ; ' ? "' ¦ '"' '' -.- : ONB OF THB MkETINO ,
. ¦ : ¦ : : ( This is a copy of the petition . ) The followinjf petition , unanimously adopted by a public meeting held . in Bcthnal-green ,. borough of . the Tower Hamlets , ' ., ' i :- , .:. . .. ,.,,.. ; ¦ ; BesDectfuily Sheweth , ' ¦ . . . - ....- ' That your petitioners are almost entirely of the unrepre . sented—consequently , powerless and uncared for working classes , and are now reduced'to the most pitiable condition by rents , - , taxes , and other esac . tiojiSj over , which they have ' no control '; aiid , in especial manner , they complain of waut of employment through that conspiracy of usurers and employers to reduce . wages—ialsely denominated Free Trade ! ' ' . -
That this fiilee and delusive Free Trade ( so . -caJledJ is prcclaimed by its interested advocates to furnish a cheap oaf , ! whilst ) in ' reality , itis taking- . aw ay our means of bayiug it at almost any price , by transferring our labour to lightly . taxed foreigners ,, thereby reducing us fast to the state ' of . Ireland's misery , wiLh : the ; prpspi ; ct of . externiina tibn bv ' ekUe andt ' uuilne , lilia ' ihc two . millionso £ its inliab . itants recently annihiluted in thiit ivretched country , as proved by the presentcensusi '^ turns . ^ . ... - .. . . ..- „• ;' ' ¦ '• Your petitioners pray your ' Koiidurab ' le . house to enact that Uhivfersai Suffrage , and the other five points ' of ; the People ' s -ChiirteiV become the law " of the" land , so that ¦ ahd
¦ every , man ; inn these kingdoms may be represented , 'have some control over , public affairs through his representatives , freely r chosen without ; any , restriction ; and also '( bat ' wh ' Lle ' . ' ybur petitioners remain ,. as -. at present , overtaxed and overwhelmed , > va $ es slaves , over whom capitjlfsts hold thdpower of life and death , by giving or ' withWdingemplbyment , that aBevi ' esof laws' be 8 pccdily passeu : to restrain the tyranny ef money-capital , ' it ' s absorp . tidn ' of all property ,, on its own terms ,-: and the extevminatidn ' df ' aU remunerative labour by , usurers ,., and . that . the h 6 me | morlJ ^ t , be , preseryed ' inviolate Jo the British ! pro-, - ; And your petitioners will pray , &C ; : '
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; thb political victim ^ . association , v' 0 n Sund . iy . list the members met at Mr , Dud' o ^ ridge ' s ; Mr . Gurney in . ihe , cha , jr . . , Ih ' e- minutes of the previous meeting having . been confirmed ,,... . V The SECRBT ^ Rv . annouticeu that , the . ' , Trustees . of the . ? a ' ragqn Chapel , Bermohdsey , 4 had placed the chapbr ' ai ; the ' - disposal of ' the ' association- at any ' tiifte , on their paying for the gas .. ; .. ; '• ¦ M 15 . . P'Bwes sa \ d that , the- National Reform League had authorisedhim . to . state ,. that the
asso-. ciation could ' . have the use of their hall gratuitously , as often as th ey ; ' pleased ,. and , for ; jiny ^ piu-poae . that hail ' humftriityfov its object . -. .-. . ¦ : ; ' ciise ' of Mi-. Fowler , undergoing criminal imprisonment for nonrpayment of poor . ratea , was postponed till the next meeting . ¦ . .: '» . . ' . . "" Mr . Bezer proposed : — " That the association bold , a-public meeting at the Eclectic Institute , Oil Tuesday , the 19 th iost ,, to expose the Neapolitan atrocities , and hold such conduct up . to popular indignation , " . . . ., ...
Mr . Pbouxikc , in seconding the motion , - •¦¦\ ww happy to see that the association was extundin ' ita sympathies' to , other-victim ? , although tliey had been neglected , themselves by thoso who ou ^ ht W have sy in path isod . with them . ¦ ; a The jii'oposition was unanimously agreed to ; The '' secretary , was instructed to invite W . ~ % Gladstono , Esq ., M . P ., to take tho- chair ; and , to j ena-iettera pfinvitaiion to the Earl of Aberdeen , and ViscouQt Palmerston . ¦ . ..- ; --After transacting other business , a rote ot thahkr rff « , f \ u ? }! . ch » m « n . and the meeting sepabSS ' m S T ? dellfihte « w * th the prospects offuture success . . .. The room , was crowded to suflecation . ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ . ¦ ¦ . ; J- M ..-JQRY 8 o » i Seoretary . '¦ -s ;!^ : - 'I : ' -: ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ - ' ¦ " >¦ ' ' - . ' .-...
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VICE-CHANCELLOR ' S COURT . . ( Before Sir J , K , BflUCB . ) BX-PARTB . JB 4 B 0 DJB OICOKNOB , W THE MATTER O ? THE NATIONAt Li . HO COMPAKTT , AND OP AN ACT T 0 > . DISSOLVE THE SAlOJ ,. > M > I . V THE tiitlER OP THIS , WINDIBQ-W ACTS . ¦• This was the petition of Mr . Feargat O'Connor , late of Jfotting-hill-terrace ,, but now of No . 16 , Great Windmill-street ,- stating , that in 1845 the ChiU'ti&S Co-operative Land Society was projected , and was provisionally registered in 1846 , under the statute Ttb and 8 tu . of hei * Majesty's reign , under the title of *' thb National Land Company ; ' that by the > 'deed of settlemeut of tlie Company the objeefc
was declared to be the purchasing of land ia various . parts of the United Kingdom , aad erecting thereon dwellings to be allotted to the members ., and the raigiug of a fund out of which sums of money should be paid to the members , being allottees of land , the capital of , the Company ; that the capital should be £ 130 , 000 , in 100 , 000 shares of £ 1 6 a . each , Winch was afterwards expressed to b » f 6 l 95 , OO 0 , in 150 , 000 sh&reB of ihe above amount each ; that by the act which received the " Royal assent on Thursday lust , the 7 th instant , tlie Company was absolutely dissolved : and it waB thereliv
enncted that the Court of Chancery , should , on the petition ot'llr . ' Feairgus O'Connor . Iris heirs , executors , or admifiil * trators , or- of any subscriber to the Company , or any claimant against its asaests , make an order absolute re . ferriug it to one of the Musters of the Court to wind up tjieaftiiirs of the Company ; tdat no advertisement but one similar to the due required by the Wiuding-up Acts should bo'necessary . The petition then stated that Mr . O'Cennor' was desirous that the aft « irs of the Company should b * wuund up , iinil prayed tdeftime accordingly . . Air ' ., VV .. JI . Behheti HujiiiorUd the putition , and requested that the reference wight be sent to the vacation Master . ' 1 HisHokourmade the ' order .
©Tiarttbt Jtntelli&Nce.
© tiarttBt Jtntelli&nce .
&Atioml Aaim Company*
&atioMl aaim company *
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. ^ NATIONAL LOAN SOCIETY .-At the usual raeetingon Wednesbay evenin g' correspondence of a satisfatory nature was read . Messrs . Hewitt and ' Batten--having audited the accounts for the previous quarter , reported their correctness , It appeared that loanB had been granted on scrip to the amount of between £ 60 ' and £ 70 , andthatBcrip to a considerable amount had been deposited with Mr . Sewell , one , of the trustees . The officers having given their services , the only items pi expense were - for printing , stationery T&c . Several Joans were granted , and anj address ddopte d r which wanfcj ; of- spaceJiCompels . us to aostPone until next ^ weekv ¦ ¦ : ¦ ¦ ; ' ' ¦ ¦ - ¦
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• A girl of prepossessing appearance , aged nineteen years , wlio , proud" of . her luxuriant black hair , wore itJongand flowing ,: was following her ; occupa " tion Jast week , in one of the Belfast spinning mills . Her hair became entangled in the machinery ,, she . was-drawn up , and one halfof her scalp torn clean oft . = ¦ ¦ * "¦ "¦ _ ¦ -- ¦;• ; . - ;;; ; : ' . ; . ' Sib' James Graham , ' it is said , has intimated to his tenants" that his house in london wilLbe open bediand board , " to suca ' aa may yisit ' tlie Great ax-MbitiOD . " ' - ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦' - ¦ " ¦ - "' - ' ¦ ¦ . . .
: M . ; Cuussen ' s flax manufacturing diacoyeries are about tobe brought iuto operation under tneaur spices of a ipint-stook company . It is , proposed to commence with a capital . of £ 250 , 000 / . with power to . increase the amount' to half a . million , " the pre-emBtioh to Be with the origfrial shareholders . " . ' ¦ ¦ ' ¦ ¦ : . Onb hundred dollars have been offered through the American tract society , for the best traccagaiust the UBe of tobacco . TimB for competitors , until the 1 st of November . .
^\Mie Afftttfttgft.
^\ Mie Afftttfttgft .
Slalu Enteuirjeucc
SLalu EnteUirjeucc
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Bradford . Wohkino-Mek's Co-ojpxrativb AbsociATio ' N .-r . liradtord Btore opened for the first time , on Saturday evening , Way 31 , for the sale of provisions and clothing , and has continued business with success , on . Monday , "Wednesday , and Priday evenings in oach week , from six to nine p . m ., and du ' Saturday irom four to eleven o ' clock . We have seventy-four , ^ members . The averago amount ) of business . don « is about £ 25 weekly upon a capital ' oi £ 120 ., BeBidea the provisions and grocery business ^ —the principal of which goods are supplied us
by' tuV " ° . IiO&don' Qo > Dper ^ tiye Agency , " Charlottestreer , ~ w ' fl have entered , iiitp . the trade , of Btuffi piecesj jwhicK , vre » re able to . do aiivantaj > eouslyv , as' "their whole process from . beginning to end . is ¦ ' personally conduuteti and supeiiiitended by several of our mombers , whoso long experience' of these . articles has given them a perfeot knowledge in manufacturing superior goods , and imparting an iiupruved texture iu tuetinisaiwg . Tl » & following is a lisc of what we are now ; in a position to aupjily both retail and wholesale , at au eveu lower scale of prices than any extensive merchant in . that town , resulting from the many peculiar advantages Hire pbssoss .,. ., . , i Merinos , Orleans , Coburg cloths , Alpaca
lustresfor . coat linings , waistcoating , &c . ; and Alpaeamixtureb of every description ior dresses . We have already sent off . several consignments of Alpaca 1 liisu'es for coat linings to the Castle-street and Joint * Stock Tailors' Associations , London , who state that they do exceedingly well . We have also j ust completed ' arrangements for supplying members with , coals , which will in a great measure protect' them from the gross imposition now practised here by coal dealers . On Saturday last , 26 th ult ., we received our first consignment of huts from the Co-operative Hat Manufacture' ! . ' !}' , Manchester , which has
proved highly satisfactory to all , r- £ O much . so tliafc ' another order of a dozen has bean speedily gob Upand Bent . off . We have purchased some pieces of ,. striped cotton , for slvirling , of the Whit-lane \ Vea-. viiig , Company , Manchester ; . but they being very negligent ; iii attending to bur orders , we fear wa " , shall be obliged to go elsewhere . "Wo havelikewisoa little trade in the silk line , which W 0 8 D 0 UUl . bB » giat ! to do with our Macclcstield brethren . We alsointend to extend , our . business to various other * coninaoilities , in proportion as , our cupicnl , and a knowledge ' of business increases . . v . . - . ,, W , Scoit , Secretary . .
Tioztytvatite Mtlliqintt*
tioztytvatite MtlliQintt *
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FACTS JiKD .-INCIDENTS OF THE GREAOT ; . , . . " ; EXHIBITION . The receipts at the Crystal Palace on Saturdayamounted to £ 1 , 584 15 s ., the number of person * who entered the building being 18 , 348 . This wasr the ; lirsfc experiment of' the reduced entrance fee on-Saturdays . From the sale of season tickets , also reduced in price , £ 25 was realised . In the United States department twenty four large packages werereceived . ' ¦ . Qn Monday the number of persons who visited the building was 58 , 631 , the receipt ' s ' at the doors being £ 2 . 829 19 s . '! ' ' - - ;
Tfao new arrivals from the United States consist chiefly of agricultural implements and carriages ; Several of the latter are handsomely shaped , and ' remarkable for the lightness of their construction . Thej former class do not diffur very muoh as far as we have yet seen in theirfeatures lrqni the old contributions in the same stctiou ; their principal okaractjeristics' being cheapness and lightness' of draught . . Ever since the experimental trial at Tiptree ! farm , M'Gormack ' s reaping m .-icliino iiiis been anobject of intense interest among the agriculturists who ! have visited the Exhibition . How that harvesting operations ihava commenced , ifc 9 iuerifcg might very readily be tested on a scale so extended as to leave no doubt on the public mind with respect to them . If it turns out as effective aa its exhibitor states its value to the English farmer will be
enormous . Propose Museum of ihb Works of Industry .. —> It isthe . intention of the Royal Commissioners to form amuseum , containing specimens and drawings of all the objects of interest in the Crystal Palace , to remain as a national record of the Exhibition . "With this view , "they cave issued circulars to th © exhibitor ^ requesting them to co-operate in the designi ' " ,..., .,..,....: , ...,. - The cash taken at the doors on Tuesday . amounted , to £ 2 , 833 19 a ., and 58 , 5 oi persons visited the building .- * - ¦¦ ' ¦ ' : --- ^ On . . Wednosclay only , one season ticket was sold ; Thej money taken at .-, the doors amounted to-£ 2 , 264 . iO 3 .,. uiaking the .. total receipts £ 2 , 2 G 5 10 s . The : police' report gives the number of visitors as 47 . 817 . ¦ ¦ . •¦ ¦ •¦ ¦«¦ •• - : ¦ ¦ " ¦ 1 ; . " ' ¦ " .
Effects or Low Railway Fares . —The low fares at Which the Midland and Great Sortnern railways are'Conveying passengers to London , have siimu-\ atea the curiosityof tne humbler classes to visit the Exhibition inVvery ext ' raoVdintiry degree . " A . trip io Iiondoh and- ' -back for 5 s . is what : no one dreahied of seeing . Tens of thousands have gone iVonii the ; WestjEiding within the last two or three weekB ; . , and . not . pnly ; hav , e . persons , gone . . w . h . o .- possessed the "' pecuniary ' . means ,, but . great numbera have ! raised tn ' e means ' by ' pawning watohes ^ blaiike'ts ] and " other ! tirtiofes . ' We Ke » r tfiarthe jiivnbrokers of '< York- and inany other "towns' iii the country . are-. full-of pledged ¦ articles ' , —Leeds J / ef-CKryJ .-. „ . ,.-. ; ,. ' ' - , '¦ ¦? ; - ' - : c ;¦ : :- ¦ ' ¦ . •¦ : . : !•• - ' Oi ^ Thursday ., ' £ 2 , 330 was the amount taken at the djoprs / ' tbe ' pjolice ' return of visitors being 49 , 452 .
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YfniiiST'the Iicrd Mayor was visiting the gardens , and waterworks nt Yeraaillea :. on Sunday , agirl . of , loosff character aU at once rushed . on M ., B— , a re- .. speeliablo ' tracle 3 ma . n ,, wh 6 . wa 8 with his wife . in tha crowa , and reprouched'hiui in-violent terms ' witi having abandoned nor . --lie assured ^ hernhali she mistookihim for' anotherj 1 but ' she ^ continued to > -:-heap : abuse ., on binj , jvTlJe wjfe agked : her if- it w . aareally M ., B-rT th at ... 6 , lie wanted , , Ontihearirig the ! . ' name ,- ihp girl ' cried , " ^ h ,, ' l / am miafakeivtlien , but the re ' semblance ' , is sd " extra : 6 r 5 iuai y " ?" ' ani ri
she numea-away :-JB- ; B— was glad to " get ' ritL of her ,-but a- little after-he 'found that "his Wd ' watch and diain , had disappeared ;—e < xhWw . ^ ¦ The I'JPie . dmqntese ... Gazette ' states , tuat , on tha 1 st inst ., the Arvej in Saypy ,, 6 yerflowod its banks and caused a . frightful inundation ; ' All the couiitr ' y around Bonneville and Thyez- ^ was under water "; the potato- haryeatia . eutirolyi spoiled ,... the comwashed uwayv and a large , number of Bmall farni . er » ruined . in eonseiiuencQ . .. The high . road . to . Cna-. mouny has suffered ' much dairiage" Irom the inundation - ¦ ¦ i - •< ¦ " ' ¦< ¦? ¦¦ ' rf > - ¦ ¦ : i ;; *^ ' "^
. . ' . *; . v _ ,, Here ^ obd ? 'M : ' SSBRW SBVRt' -KAIlwAT . — *«» works are proceeding actively between ShrewsDurjr aud Ludlow , to which . points the line isexpcotel to be opened before th ? end of-. t h * yearv ¦
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1 ND NATIONAL TRADES' JOURNAL n ¦ ¦
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yolhy . p . m ¦ -. / HWBi ^ , jaTiMBiAf . riinMFj ^ ga :-.- / :-:-:- : ¦ : - ^ - ;¦ - ¦ ¦ ^^ j % s 2 S& * ^^ MWM * MMMWW ^ MMMWMWi ^^^ B ^^^ Ma ^ MMM ^^^ W ^^ Mi ^^^^^^^^ MM , ^^^^^^^ M ^> j ______ J 2 I- _ JllJIlIll ^^ - ¦¦¦¦ —' ¦' - ¦¦ i — — L- _ - J , . ' 1 L ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^¦^ " ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ¦^¦¦^^^¦¦•^¦^¦^^¦^^ WBi ^^^^^ B ^^^^^^*
Eb Bs Anp Fiows Of Population.
EB ANP FIOWS OF POPULATION .
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Aug. 16, 1851, page 1, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1639/page/1/
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