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Northern Star (1837-1852), 3rd April 1852, Edition 1 of 2, Page 1, Untitled Article

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      Untitled Article

      The truce between the party in power and the threefold Opposition has this week been broken by the course pursued by Earl Derby . Upon the distinct engagement that the Session was to close speedily , and be confined to argent business only , the opponents of the "Government consented to waive all oppo sition , and to grant the supplies for the year . In this manner the Army , Navy , and Ordnance estimates have been voted with a celerity and a unanimity almost unparalleled , but having succeeded in obtaining them , the Prime Minister haa- ^ uddehly

      turned round , repudiated the arrangement , and dedared that , as far as he is concerned , the session shall not be ihorter than usual ; while the Chancellor of the Exchequer intimated , the same night , that it is his intention to bring forward a budget , involving , as a matter of course , a sitting of at least the ordinary duration . It is not to be expected that the opposition will tamely submit to these unscrupulous tactics . They have the majority , and can , at any moment put an end to the unconstitutional policy attempted to be pursued by the Derby Cabinet . The grants for the civil service are not yet voted , and they have ,

      therefore , either the option of refusing them altogether , or of voting them for a short period , and thus compel that appeal to the hustings , from which the Government appear to shrink . If that fails a direct vote of want of confidence is open to them , in which case it would be impossible for the Ministry to continue Parliament . Under any circumstances , Lord Derby ' s conduct must prove exceedingly damaging , not only to his own reputation as an honourable man , but also to the character of his Ministry . There is nothing of which the English people are less tolerant , than playins fast and loose with distinct pledges ; and we cannot

      doubt that the struggle between parties , both in and out of Parliament , will grow more keen and bitter in consequence of this avowal . In other respects , the week has been a busy one in Parliament . It was opened by a stirring debate on the Militia Bill , proposed by the new Ministry , which , upon the whole , was well received by the Commons , with tha exception of the Manchester School , though they confined themselves to a mere protest , and declined , on the first stage , to press a division . It would be premature to express any decided ojiini on as to the ultimate fate of the measure , though we incline to believe that , as its nature becomes better

      understood in connexion with the absence of any real cause for such an exceptional and burdensone arrangement , public opinion will declare strongly against it . The motion of Mr . Ajcderson , by which the Steam Mercantile Navy might be converted , in case of necessity , into a warlike armament , had far more of practical utility , and is , at once , the cheapest , the readiest , and the most effective mode of meeting any hostile aggression , should such be contemplated . The division on Mr . Berkeley ' s annual motion for the Ballot , indicates the near approach of a general election . A larger number voted in its favour than we believe on any former occasion ; and even Lord John

      offered a very modified opposition ,. qoalified . by . the distinct admission tna * tke ^ r <» pblal was largely supported by public opinion . Mr . Ahsxey's tf otion for thelmpoat ion of aduty of one shilling a gallon on foreign wine is one recommended not only by financial but moral reasons . He Bhowed clearly that the effect would be such an increase to the revenue as would permit of the reduction of numerous taxes which bear heavily on home produce and home industry ; while the encouragement it would hold out for the consumption of the light and wholesome wines of France , would not only promote temperance and comfort amongst the large classes of tbe community , but also extend our

      trade with those countries from which these wines are imported . Indefatigable Mr . Sharman Crawford again tried his Tenant Right Bill for Ireland , which has small chance of being adopted by a Parliament of Landlords , though , to the credit of many of them , it was warmly supported by men belonging to both parties . The treatment of foreign refugees constituted on Thursday the topic of an animated debate , with little immediate result , besides the expression of an opiaion which must have the effect of showing the Ministry that there is a p int beyond which the people of tHs country will not permit them to go , in order t

      o oblige their despotic friends on the Continent . The rejection of Sir DeLacy Evans ' s motion for inquiring into bribery and corruption , in the borou-h of Harwich , is only one more added to the many proofs , that our Legislators , with all their pro . wsaed anXI ety to suppress both , have no heart in the matter , and studiousl y discourage every genuine attempt to put an end to these disgraceful and demoralising agencies . hefd , f ng - more noti «* ble items under the tee of Ur'Tv Intelll >™ ce this week is the candid :,. en « M I ' SEtVT 0 S for the Tower Hamlet * . Labour ha ttr , ettet ° rabler re P «* entHtiveia 1 ' nrliamS S deterir ? " " ' ? « ™**» te . H ' tell'fient , yet firm ™ determined mannermwhich hehassuiraortedtw ,.. t «

      ffiSL " hon T ^ O 5 ion ir - but np ° «» & *« w m » . " : and lfcwi " ^ the commencement of a new eiMH n - an S 0 m'U fittcdbr Practical knowledge and of tW "'! ™ ' 1 WanU l' ? e 8 uflefinss , andtl . e intelligence irSrS ""! Cl f * . S find 3 a place in tlle I * gi « l » tw $ , ^ d £ 2 StS ) he" s »»* tte sound of a re ; . l working J » s voice . We trust that the democratic boroo . fa h ! tseTot ^ o ! relf the Wr ° f ***¦* ¦*¦ . irom the speech of Sir J . Graham at Carlisle , it would y » m though he was ruuning a race for the Premiershiit « the m-xt liberal Ministry . He has come hack to hss arst love , and after having broken -with the 'Whl" ! ' allied aimself with Lord Stanley , and served under ' Feel

      returns to the ranks of Liberals and Reformers , makin- ' protestations which throw Lrd J . Russell ' s hesitating lib eralism into the shade . lie is not quite ready for the aailot j . t , but entertains bo insurmountable o ' bjection , W £ . 5 ttite Prepared to sweep away the small jw oglu « nieh the late Premier was so anxious to prehr to "lstTlonte lhe'r members among larger popu-C 7 « m ° re WOrthv constitutes . This is bidding the . p " !? ' » d * all events render * the restoration of Pteabi ! iiy J t 0 pOwer iu " 8 tld iute S rilv an

      imthe txU ^ T c ffota the manufacturing districts show anceVttU hL ° \ . SIate ° f 'hings bv no means in accordhow nr ether ti mics of t ! ie Fr ( e Trade' i <""™ ls . Some Presented lit fi tp !"' d 5 d ' totals' and aggregate results tial basi < = whfn ' 5 Eem t 0 rest on no reliaol « < "" -ubstan-4 e Uou ' rino eW ? * ° ir ^ ' into the condition of *« k is slack « ,, „ . - detaiL Ia almost evevv tratle flw * ared £ t P i alBte sene ! ? ' and in wbwwi cases Auc tion of wb « luruouts iu consequence of attempted to ftVfiL C ve s a I h J ° { . ^ J lEos Slivered an Imperial nfcan * b » i » « Wpn ^ , 1 esJ"n aTed b ? leaWatoiul titles , ^ 0 . 2 , 1 ???*? , onthw PBrt to exercise Legislative T 6 e 4 « di litt ' v"l r . tlley arenot « Mv toface . ^ SHffr?—i ts-s kS ^^* * r&JsSr *^ = ! . = ¦ - 1 Z - ^ ' ° S : tii ^ T ? """ lbilt «« mn £ / £ > S' ?" "t « . in , k .. «' """"""^ thc ! B >* mr Mini-^ f"SlZ ^ , il "f m J" " " '" 1 W previous I . Oiahr . r ,. f . " ° ? t wuhout evpn mi ,, ii » . o . j ; .. .. . " . ""

      4 1 ^ rbra £ f p th « c « f »? bew ; one of thich is prlat ' * Mift i ! K R «^» Ucan . who delivered «„ inau-S' ° " ° f « * i ? i 2 h the baaes ' i «' « " « t di eting adu-!?' nn «« er hU fcJ '" ? " ^"" P 1 '" 1 ConHtitutional GoTern-. ^ ecali iIlg ^ "w of the Continent present no new fea-S * S ?^« ffiSi , E ? CTyw !! ' " -te-force I / to tte . £ >» not loud , are deep-and the diywiU

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      swer the question . Tub following figures will bear evidence to the value of these remarks : — 'In 1843 , 4 , 680 marriages were celebrated in Prussia , between persons , of whom , either the man or the woman , was more than forty . five years old . In the same year , 26 , 836 marriages were recorded , when the man was more than forty-five , and the woman less than forty-five , or the woman was more than thirty , and the man less than sixty ; 21 , 138 men were married , each of whom was more than thirty and less than thirty five ; and 25 , 123 women , each of whom was more thau thirty years of &ge . So that of all the persons married in "Prussia , in 1843 , there were : —

      131 , 737 mat under 45 years of nee . 7 , 273 „ between 45 and 00 „ 1 . M 4 „ above 60 ,, 111 39 G women under 30 years of age . 25 123 „ between SO and 45 „ ' 3 , 935 ,, above 43 „ The average age of marriages in Prussia , is , for men thirty-five years , for women thirty . Now look to England , « upon this picture and upon that . ' In England , in 1846 , out of 24 , 35 G men married to the same number of women , —

      S 9 G men werennder 20 years of age 11 , 790 „ were just 20 ^ 1 » » 25 „ and less than 1 . 180 ;; ;; 1 ;; ;; 11 . 511 >• * , 45 " and over . 2 , 812 women were un . ler 20 years ofage . 12 . 470 ,, were just 20 „ b 1819 " " II " analessthan 897 " , " 35 " » 596 40 5 SO " »• l > 00

      .. ' » » 4 > J ,, and over . In Prussia , one man in every sixteen who marry is forty . five years old ; in England , only ono in every twenty . one , of the same age ; while nearly half of all the men married , every year , are not older than twenty years ! Early marriages are severe blots upon the industrial escutchon of English labourers . What with their

      mental ignorance , and the hopeless prospect before them , too many of the working classes plunge themselves iu this way into inextricable sorrow ; producing a fearful amount of pauperism , and a conflicting redundancy of population . Our bastardy laws , also , betoken a fearful amount of error committed by illicit intercourse ; yet the statistics collected by the governments of Germany , Austria , Belgium , and France , show that fewer illegitimate children are born in Prussia than in any other of the European countries .

      _ I do not hold with the French law upon the subdivision of land , although I am quite sure that it is fiir superior to the restrictive laws of our own country . In France it is a forced partition , upon the death of each proprietor ; elsewhere , it is a voluntary disposal on the part of the testator . This is an important difference ; for the French law compels such a minute subdivision as to conduce , to a certain extent , to the squatting system ; still , however , the average is eight and a-half acres for each proprietor . Twenty-four out of tUwty-six millions ^ nf souls are now supposed to he living . aponknd in . France , the prriporty of the heads of five millions of families ; and says Buret , though in France there is poverty , in England , there is misery ! I shall pursue this subject in my next letter . Censor .

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      THE O'CONNOR FUND . MONIRS BKCEIVBD . Brought forward , £ 8 lGs . 6 . 1 . ; Daniel Campbell , Ban- - head , la . ; E-lward llann-. h , ditto , Is . ; Robertson Fisher Is . ; A Democrat , G < l . ; Eagle Tavern , Nottingham , per J . Sweet , 4 s . ; T . Stones , per ditto , 2 « 1 . ; Three Friends at King ' s Cross , near Halifax , Ss .-Total , £ i 0 s . 2 d . RKCHIVED BT MR . IS . O ' CONNOR . Two Friends , Yorkshire , 23 . 1-StOCkpnrt * J . Walker , and son , 2 a . 6 d . ; J . Berwick , Is . ; J . Ilome , la ; J . Whitehead , Is . ; A . Dockf-r , Is , ; W . Hewson , Is . ; 3 . Bridge , U . ; J Crahtrpc . C 1 . ; J . Hough , Gd .-Braintree : + B . Knop , la . ; W . Kirby , Is . ' thJh ia * n il . ; nowle < te ;; «! in The Star' of the Oih of . March , under the head Bramtrc-e , peril . Kirk . VThis was acVnnwled Rcd in' The Star' of the 20 th . of March , under lliehtadof Sto ^ knort . nor . T Wnibm . '

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      THE CO-OPERATIVE LEAGUE . On Tiiesday , the first ev ni > 'g meetin ; of this Association WR 9 held at tbe Craven How . l , Mr . Gonningham in the chair . Mr . E . Vansittart Neale rnad a paper explanatory of tbe objects of the league . It was formed 10 pi ice those who entertain , or even incline towards the principles of Co-operative Association , in direct , frequent , and permanent intercommunication , so that they might acquire a positive knowledge and clear comprehension of each others views and opinions , and the diffusion and propagation of co-operative principles .- The attainment of f > eneral happiness was the basis of alhocial theories . To found a new science , that of co-operation , was their great object . They were to collect books , papers and facts , and all general information which might be useful for this purpose . All persons without distinction of nation or creed , political or reli gious , mii < hl he admitted members . If they should suc-eed ' in establish .

      ing a new science , it would he the crowning scienceone which would truly produce as its fruits " peace on earth and goodwill wowards men . " An animated discussion then ensued , in which the chairman , M ^ s-s . Hunt . Johnson , and others took part . Amongst the speakers was a German gentleman , whose address was received with ere . it attention . 6

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      COKVICTS LEFT FOR EXECUTION ,- Ust WCCk ' 8 aSRlZeB left Happily but of rare occurrenc 3 in this country of late years . Already three murderers have suffered the extreme penalty of the law , v , ., K-Uaborro , at Oxford ; Turner Kerrd , % ^ lad J > Derl ) y ¦ and the * ° ™ Pmckiird , at , Northampton , for strangling her mother-inlaw . The wretehed woman , Sarah French , who was convicted at Lbwos of poisoning her husband at Cliiddinglev awaits execution on Saturday ( this day ) » 7 eek , so that with the two men , Eyres and Kernish , who were found mWtv , h

      tne Winchester assizes of a murder at Itomsey , but have since been reprieved , there has been altogether twelve criminals condemned to deatb during the present assize * and as yet they are not brought to a close . At Bury St Edmunds Lord Campbell performed the painful office of leaving three convicts f , ir execution in a 3 many datB Of those criminals , the aged poi « oner , William Rollinson , ? Xcites the most attention . The miserable old creature is eighty-three years of age , and he was convicted of administenn £ arsenic to a married woman named Cowell . As may be remembered , ho lived with his daughter , and hearing she was about to get married , and thinking lie would

      oe deprived of his home , he endeavoured to dissuade her and failing in doing so , he mixed arsenic with hoi- food , and altogther , it ia said , upwards of a dozen persons inno ently took of it , the deceased woman Cowell dying from the effects of it . When sentenced he was removed from the dock in apparently a dying state , and it is considered a matter of much doubt whether he will live until the sentence of the law can ba carried into effect . It is stated he has made a confession of his guilt to one of the prisoners . The second convict , William Buldry , the farmer of Pre ^ on , who was left for execution for poisoning his wife , will suffer death at the same period as old Rollinson . John Mickleliurgh is the third criminal . He his been removed to Ipswich where he will undergo his sentence . This convict was a farmer at Thrawdeston : he desired to have a certain intimacy with his servant girl , who repulsed him ; he followed her to a village feast , and , finding her in the company of

      Her 8 wcetheart , he procured a knife and stabbed her in the abiomen , of which she died . The fourth convict is John Keene , who is now awaiting death at Horsemongcr-lane Gaol for throwing his wife ' s child down a well on Aidbury Heath . The law will be carried into effect on the 12 th inst The other two culprits are Abel Ovansand his pirammir ' fclizaDove , who . were convicted at tbe Monmouthshire Assizes and sentenced to die for drowning their illegitimate child . The woman baa confessed that her companion took the infant from her breast and tbrew it into the river where it waB drowned . Tna probability ii that the ex ' £ 5 ClSiS " wm be only omiei int 0 effeot on

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      [ As the columns uuder this head are open for the free expression of all opinions , the Editor is not responsible for , or committed to , any , ]

      THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF TIIE BIBLE COlfflUED . TO TUB EDIT ^ BtS ! £ THE ST&K . Dbar Sir , —la my last letter I laid before your readers God ' s First Great Lund Charter to the Human Race , and God ' s Second Great Land Charter to bis people Israel ; both of which , you perceive , are in strict accordance with the natural stsvte of society , in which tho wages and rewards of labour are all that labour can acquire or produce ; and , notwithstanding Dr . Adam Smith ' s assertion to the contrary , wo havo seen that it is quite possible for this naural state of tilings to last beyond the first appropriation of land and accumulation of capital , provided that such appropriation and accumulation take placo in a just and equitablp manner . If it be saidin objection to this" The

      , , land of Canaan you know was not much larger than Ireland , and if all the land were divided among the generation of men then existing , and they were afterwards to increase , as was promised , till they were like the stars in Heaven , or the sands on the sea shove for multitude , over-population muat soon have destroyed that system of government , as that small strip of land , though fruitful boyond any other , and literally flowing with milk and honey , could not possibly continue to produce sufficient food for its rapidly increasing inhabitants . " Englishmen know that this state of things might easily bo provided for by employing one part of their surplus hands in manufactures , and another p . irt in foreign trade and commerce , for which their sea .

      coast was , from its extent , and its excellent situation , particularly convenient ; or they might , in obedience to God ' s first command , and under God ' s first blessing , swarm off and emigrate to other lands , —in Asia or Africa , —not yet used or appropriated , there "to replenish the earth , and subdue it , and have dominion over it . " In my last letter , in connexion with God ' s Great Land Charter to the people of Israel , I showed how the Priests , and the Tribe of Levi , were provided for in the division of the land ; this renders it necessary for me to describe their form of government ; but my present purposo is , to lay before you the laws given liy Moses , to secure tbe permanency of the People ' s Great Land Charier .

      Exodus—Ohnp . XX . — " God spake these words , saying : Remember tho Sabbath day , to keep it holy , six days shall thou labour , and do all thy work , but the seventh , day is the Sabbath of the Lord thy God : in it thou slialfc not do any work , thou , nor thy son , nor thy daughter , nor thy man servant , nor thy maid servant , nor thy cattle , nor the strancer that is within thy gates ; and the Lord blessed the Sabbiith and hallowed it . " Tho Sabbath , therefore , is God ' s weekly holiday , for the refreshment and ease of tho human labourer and labouring cattle . The command , observe , requires , and is restricted simply to abstinence from labour and the day ia to be spent in ease and rest by all . " The Sabbath is made for man , and not man for the Sabbath "

      Leviticus-Chap . XXV . — "And the Lord spake unto Moses in Mount Sinai , saying , When ye come into the land which I give you , then shall ye keep a Sabbath year unto the Lovd . Six yea . 3 thou shalt sow thy field , and six years thou shalt prune thy vineyard , and gather in the fruit thereof ; but the seventh year shall be a Sabbath of rest unto the Lord ; in it thou sbalt neither sow thy field nor prune thy vineyard . That which groweth of its own accord of thy harvest , thou shalt not reap , neither gather the prapes of thy vine ; but it shall be free for meat , for tbee ,

      ana ior iny servant , ami tor thy maid , and tor thy hired servant , and for the stranger that aojourneth with thee , and for thy cattle , and for the beast that are in thy land shall all the Increase thereof befor meat . " Thua , wo see ' that during every Beventh year , the private appropriation aud ownership of land ceased , and the land was resumed by God , the Great Original , and the only rightful Land Owner , who gave all the spontaneous produce thereof of that year for the free and equal use of every human beine and of every living creature in all the land of Israel . But this was not all . Read on ,

      Deutevonomy , chap . XV- " At the end of every seven years thou shalt make a release , which is the Lord ' s release and in this manner sbalt thou make it . —Every creditor that lendeth aught to his neighbour shall release it ; he sball not exact it of his nei ghbour or of his brother , but thnt which is thine with thy brother thine hand shall release . Save when there shall be no poor among you ; for the Lord sball greatly bless thee , if thou observe to do all these commandments , which I command thee this duy , Ami tliou shalt lend to many nations , but thou shale not borrow . Aud

      if there be among you any poor man of your brethren , in any of thy gates , thou shalt not harden thy heart and shut thy hnti'la against th y poor brother , but thou shalt surely lend him sufficient for his need . Beware that there be not a thought in thy wicked heart , saying , the seventh year , tbe year of release , is at hand , and thine eye be evil against thy poor brother , and he cry unto me ; and it be sin ° unto theo , but thou shalt surely give him , and thine heart shaH not bo grieved when thou givest unto him . " Exodus , chap . AXII . — " And if thnu lend money to any of my people , thnt is poor , thou shalt not be an usurer to him , neither shalt

      uiou lay upon mm usury . " Deuteronomy , chap . XXIII" Thou ahalt not lend upon usury to thy brother—usury of money , usury of victuals , or usury of any thing that is lent upon usury . And if thy brother , an Hebrew mun , or an Hebrew woman , be sold unto theo , and serve theo six years then , in the seventh year , thou shalt let him go free from thee ; and thou shalt not let him go away empty , buCshalt furnish him liberally , out of thy flock , and out of thy floor and out of thy winepress , according aa the Lord" hath blessed thee . Ami thou shalt veraomher that iliou wast , a bondman in Egypt , and that the Lord redeemed thee " Wo Christians despise , or , ; it least think ligluly of the Jewish as compared with the Christian dispensation ; but how immeasurably inferior is our law and practice in all Christian countries to the laws of Moses , in all that relates to the labouring people . We now come to tho Jewish Great Sabbath of Sabbaths—the fuftioth year—the year of jubilee—tho great means devised by Moses to confirm and perpetuato God ' s second great Land Charter . Ilia Land Charter to his people Israel .

      Leviticus , chap . XXV ,- ' - Ami the Lord spako unto Moses in Mount Sinai , saying , Thou shalt number seven Sabbaths of years unto thee , sevon timog soven years even forty , ind nine year * . Then Shalt thou cause the trumpet ot the jubilee to sound on the tenth day of the seventh month ; in the day of atonement shall ye make the trumpet sound throughout all your land . And yo slnll hallow t \ . e fiftieth year and proclaim liberty throughout all tho land , unto all tho inhabitants thereof ; and ye shall return every man to bis possession , and every man unto his family . A jubilee shall that fiftieth year bo unto you ye shall not sow ; neither shall ye reap that which groweth of itself in it , nor gather the grapes in it of th y vine undress- d It shall be lioly unto you ; ye shall eat the " increase thereof out of the field . Ami if yc shall say , ' What shall we eat the soventh year behold wo shall not , so . v nor gather in our increase , then will I command my blowing upon you in tho sixth year , and it shall bring forth fruit sufficient for three

      years ; and ye shall bow m the eighth year , and continue to eat the old fruit even unto the ninth year . The land shall not be sold for ever , for the land is mine , for ye are strangers and sojourners with me . And in the land of your possession ye shall grant a redemption for the land . And Jhi - li ? v uilt 1 ° thy nei ghbour , or buyett aught of % J ^ L ^ ? ' £ . " > ssz & 2 r ± t « 7 ; u j ^ iH . " S Kfuxatt . rstiar safS ^ -Sf' -SJSAssSSt

      fssssliil there mBafety . If thy brother be waxen noor Sd I at sold away some of hi . possession , and SS / Jbh kin com ol T ^ sow And if the roan have none to redeem it , and himsolf ipsiHSSSrS if he he notable to restore it to him , then that which is sold shall remain in the hand of him that ha h hou " h until the year of Jubilee : and in the JaUi £ it » &il eo ^ J ¦ S l . ? . . !! «™ ™« "is poJSE . AndV

      wdeemitwUhn " 8 hT ' f W ! lllu ( 1 ^ then he may redeem it witlun a whole year after it is sold ir , H if it hi ga ~ 5 ssss may theLevites rS 808 ° » cilieB of their possessions , may tne Levites redeem , at any t ine . And if a man miri andThe ciirof i Le ' ' then th « ^ out that was sS , Jubiee . £ l 2 P ° e 88 ' ' 8 ha 11 fi ° o « t ™ the year of BSon ! t * h ? nWM hWB ^ the citieB are their Pwiewlon . among the children of Israel . But the field of the suburbs

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      SSot " '" ' 17110 ^ 080111 ' ^ ' h th 0 ir ™ tual " AM if thy brother bo waxen poor , and fallen into decay with thee , then thou shah relievo him : yea , though he be a stranger , or a s <> journer ; that ho imiy livo with tlieo . . And take thou no usury from him . Thou shalt not give him thy money on usury , nor lend him thy victuals tor increase ; but fear thy God . And if thy brother be waxen poor , and be sold unto theo ; thou shalt not compel aim to serve as a loud-servant , but as an hired servant , ami as a sojourner , be shall bo with thee , unto the vear of Kwi ! d th f n s lKl 11 he de P art from thee , both he and f mill ST Tl > and slmil return mit 0 lli 3 ow » it ™ , ^ ™ ^ tho possession of his fathers shall ho renutn ' f fh i J *? r servants , whiuh I brought forth out of tho land of Egypt ; they shall not be sold as bondftnr th Gd " ^ ' ° * him W ' l > i £ ° " r ; butshalfc

      fhv if " m a .. tranger , or rojonrncr wax rich by thee , and hj brother , that d . velloth b y him , wax poor , and soil him-™ I 'V , * or « "journcr , or to the stock of tho ri / omf . ) . f f - '" y A Aftor tl 8 » fc »«» » 3 ° W he may bo rehi , uni « S ! UVOne of llis br (; t ! iren " >»>• ™ tecm him , or into . s Vimi ^ Bncle ' 8 , ' or aily " ! nt i 3 "W 0 { * in Seem h&ir * ' , i lccin him ; 0 I > if lic is abItJ hc may SW i ' Hd lle s !^ l « ckon , with him that 0 ™ iubUaP '• iT ° . reartliat h 0 Wiis sokl - to the y ** Sir Si . ' th « ° yct mi ] y y ™ ^ or if there remain EwSl " r ' according to the number of tie } e , irs , shall lw giVtt nun aaain lll 0 f ,. ,. „ .,. _ . _ _

      sin l ' , « „ , V « nOfc redui ; mcd iu tlleso ye »» then ho sml go out m tbe year of Jubilee , botU he . and his children with him ; and during the time , when he was sold KiXte ^ lh . ^ nf T ««» 1 n H l ngonr > ln thy si - - For thc oWldrott nf , ? rf A ? " 7 y ™ * ' ! lIoill ! . w » om I brought torth forVi q hela . nd « f tot . topivcyou the land of Cniman for a possession I am , the Lord your God . Therefore , Snfi i H P ? wortl 8 in your heart , and in your soul , Z X > ^'" fonv s'gnupon your hand , that they may CmnI ^ T y 0 U 1 ' Oy 0 S ' ^ 8 » A » taM * them unto 1 your children , speakinjr of thorn , when thou ittebt in tbeiv Lowe , aud when thou walkcstby thc wav , when thouliest down ; and when thou risest up , and thou slmlt write them upon the door posts of thine bouse , and upon thy gates that your days may be multiplied , and tho days of your children , in tho land , which the LorJ s « oro upSnthewrth , " ' * " fiIVethcm ' aS the da }' Hoftm J !^ . ™^ . ^ and P ^ » t 'otters demand your most serious consideration

      , and also every othor man ' s « erious attention who reverences the Bible , or professes to bo either a Jew or a Curirtian . They contain the spirit of a code of laws , delivered under tho hi ghest sanction aud authority , and in the most solemn manner , bv the greatest patriot , legislator , statesman , philosopher , ' politician , and political economist of ancient times and as such have his own beloved people , at least , frr whom he cheerfully sacrificed all that is < le , ir to . man on earth-always esteemed , him . " When ho was cast out , " we are told , " Pharoah ' a daughter took him up , and nourished him , for her own son . And Moses was learned in all the wisdom of the Egynturns ; ( at that time the most learned people in tho world ) , and Moses was mighty in words and in deeds ; and when ho was full forty years old , it came into his heart to visit his brethren of the children of Israel , and , refusinff tho honour of being called the son of Pbaroah ' s daughter he chose rather to suffer affliction with the peoplo of God than to enjoy the pleasures of sin for a season . Esteeming the reproach of Christ ( viz ., God ' s Messiah , or Sent

      Messenger , to a nation of slaves ) , greater riches than all tho treasures of E gypt ; he forsook E gypt , therefore , notfearin * the wrath of the . king : " and after training hia people many years in tho wilderness , in the knowledge and tho love of rational liberty , just laws , and cheap and good government : carefull y teaching them , also , as we have seen , pohtioal economy , or tho Natural State of Human Society as God has ordained and commanded it . In which all tho land belonging to the nation should for ever remain equally tho property , under God , the only just landowner , of all the people ; tho wages and rewards of l abour being at all time 3 all that labour produces ; and in which tho men whom God has blessed with surplus capital arecommanded , under fcho stimulus of God ' s highest rewards for obedience , and Ins mostawlul threatening ? for disobedience , freely to givo , or , without asking for usury , or seeking for inn ™**

      which are strictly forbidden , generously to lend out of their abundance , to assist their poor " and unfortunate brethren . Moses brought his people to tho borders of the land God had promised them ; and there , in sight of that goodly land , " Moses , the servant of tlio Lord , died , aud was buried in a valley , in the land of Moab , " Working men ! you must have schools of your own in which to teach youv children ttiblical Politics , and Biblical 1 olmoal Economy ; and you are welcome to mv letters , for Scriptural Lossons for them . In my next , I think I shall be aulo to prove to you , that tho Constitution and Form of Government of Moses is more just and rational , and even better and cheaper , than tho boasted Constitution of tho United States of America , which is , in thc estimation of many , the pot pattern , if not tho perfection , of legislation , Iain . &c , Joiis ' Fiscii . Liverpool , March 21 th , 1852 .

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      TO THE EDITOR OF THE STAR . Sin , —It was gratifyino to every patriotic man to hear tho announcement at tlus Chartist , meeting , bold at the Druid ' s llall , Snow-liUl , on Thursday last , that there was to be no declamation , no nppo . il to prejudices , no denunciation , but a , froo , fair , calm , and open discussion . It was more gratifying , becmso indicative of improvement in action , as well as in desire , to find these promises to a considerable extent fulfilled . If men would recoiled " that to impugn other men ' s motives is merely ruoss work ' that it lays thc accuser ' s motives open to imputation , and incites retaliation . That when such imputation is iutluWl

      the matter in discussion 13 generally ovi-rlooked . That it makes partisans of both audience and speakers . That it is liable to cause blind passion to usurp tho pkco of far-seeing reason . Ami would they ulso remember , that no matter what a man ' s motives may bi « , if you disprove his case refute bis arguments , you settle the matter , you nut him down , effectually . An honest well-intentioned man may bo a fool , a bad adviser . A dishonest man a b ; id man , may bo a wise man and give t ' ie lost advice . Are wo to reject Bacon ' s learning , Bacon ' s great gifts to posterity , because ho was a time server ? Advice should be taken for what it is intrinsica ly worth . A statement should he taken for its stm-lim >

      value . It is a question of facts , of sound reasoning-not a question of moral * , or of personal iiitejnMy . If this hal boon remembered and accepted , Mr . Shaw would not haro said , "Thnt 11 great m . my of tho Parliamentary Reformers had nof . tith in their own scheme . That hc thought they were only gammoning the people . " This was accepted by tho meeting . How easily is this sort of tulh retaliated . Many thousands of persons think Mr . O'Connor humbugged tho people , gammoned them , Ac , tfcc . ; and think thc same of present leaders . The suspicious and ignorant can always find sufficient to feed their suspicion , whether they ar e middle class men or working men , Chartists or Parliamentary Reformers . For the sake of tlio people lefc this sort of tiling cease . The ( ruth must lie paramount if there is free , fair , and calm discussion , without imnut-i-Uon distract . l

      By what right dW Mr . O ' Brien tell an audience , to whoso understanding he was appealing , " That if they held ud their hands fur tho amendment , they wore to hold down , their heads . Did ho mean men were to he . ashamed of being convinced ? Did be mean to advocate the dastardly conduct of not voting ; according to convictions ? Did hi innan ¦ to bully his audience , because ho felt ho could not convince it ? If so , let him say so . Surely ii , O'DiS wi , on reflection , see that to hold tl . is kfnd of " hn ~ wil neither increase the dignity nor the uwfulSTf m *•<„„ .. t in- l , O . F . Niciious . 10 , Great Winchester-street , March 20 th , 1852 .

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      PARLIAMENTARY REPOllM . -PROGRESS . Mr . Hume has brought forward his motion for Reform in the sessions of IS 13 , 1819 , 1850 , and 1 S 52 :-1 " \ l \ l . ' 8 mot ! o u Wils "Wortcii by 8 ( 5 r « - « ' ^ members *» O did not vote in 1813 22 In lhaO , by mcmler * who did not vole in MS or ifW 15 In ISai , b y members who dia not vote in ISIS , 1 S 1 U , or 1830 .. 18 Total number of member * who have voted in support of Mr . Hume ' s motion in 18 ) 8 , 18 )!) , IS 3 U , 1852 I 4 I Deduct members not now in the house , 9

      TflE BAM-0 T . 13 DIVISIONS . Aye . tf . \ IS 3 C as ! n { 3 S 37 137 ;) , ;„ . 1 S 3 S 202 qi > , 1839 220 ., d i'I 1842 id ... "" 2 fli 1817 00 ... or 18 « { . 9 , f . 1830 125 " 0 1851 i . " " m 1852 ;;; J ra In 1861 , it will be remembered " that Mi . "ii " * ir 1 v accident , was successful-the buccP « ? ' Berkele y- . br an nothing , success , however , coming to

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      Mr . Editor , —The countries wherein the laws respecting land are unrestrictive in their operation , and attendant with but trifling expense ; wherein , too , the Educational Question has been largely considered , and the children of the poor have been blessed with >\ good practical education ; in these countries the condition of the working classes is in a gratifying state . There , abject poverty , such as is daily witnessed in this wealthy empire , is not to be seen ; that mental degradation , by which bo many of our people are reducecNo the lerel ^ fM * i bn ^« creaH « f' thosev ^ oea

      THE SOCIAL CONDITION OF LABOUR . ^^ m ^ ai ^ tf ^ — ^^ . ^^_ _— _ ^^ —u ^^ ^ h w Mtfc ^ # ^ 4 v ^^ ^ ^* . _ » . . __ k > __

      not prevail ; while to the social misery of the Anglo-Saxon peasant many of thc continental nations are strangers . Much as the British labourer may boast of his civil and political freedom , is point of social comfort and intellectual joy , his position is Jtruly distressing , when compared with that of the Swiss and Prussian peasantry ; and wherever the land is permitted to become individual property , that country stands out in bold relief , and shows a sunny sky and a cheerful aspect , as contrasted with the terrible picture which Ireland presents to the world . In England , Scotland , and Ireland , as we too well know , the laws pertaining to land are restrictive , obscure , and exceedingly expensive . God ' s earth , upon this speck of the globe's surface , is the orivileged possession

      of the one thousand and eightieth partof the peoplenow living thereon—the property of some 25 , 000 persons ; aud the British law protects them in their holdings to the almost absolute exclusion of the remaining inhabitants . Hence , for the majority of 27 , 000 , 000 of souls , there is but the faintest hope , that many of their numbers will become land proprietors ; and hence the condition of the workman is what it is , for the system has closed against him nearl y every chance of his becoming an independent man , as the master of his own position . I shall endeavour to make this clear to my readers , because I feel strong in the conviction that the Labour Problem cannot be solved , unless the land of the country is made public property , and the laws which press upon tbe same wholly repealed .

      But , it must be understood , that , as my object , in this letter , is to place in contrast the condition of the continental labourer with that of one of our own countrymen , be he English , Irish , or Scotch , I do not purpose to discuss the abstract question of the right of any one man to the land , or any portion of it , so that it may be indci ' easibly his property , and his only . Such a right , when so considered , I unhesitatingly say , does not exist . But taking things as they are , and with a desire to help in the solution of the difficulties which so heavily bear upon Labour , by working the imperfect materials of the present into a shape and form fit to face the future , I claim

      for land that which iaVenjoyed by trade generally , viz ., that it shall be aB much a marketable commodity as is the seed which men bur y in its bowels . It is not so with us ; and because it is not , I make bold to say , much of the misery and degradation of the people is fairly attributable . — The law-of-Brqmogenitoro and Entail , And those yW ^ W ^^ jy ^ d ^ geneEaljj ;^ arq ^ he remnants of feudality '; and though Wei times and the institutions of the people have undergone severe changes , these laws have been but slightly modified . Such enactments must have been passed for the purpose of rendering concord an impossibility , otherwise they would

      not have been , m this respect , so eminently successful . To keep the land in as few hands as possible , and to give to the territorial class » ll but a supernal power over the nation , were the leading objects contemplated . The end has been attained . The soil has ceased to be the property of a majority of the people ; and the laws above-named declare that , in relation to certain holdings , the right of disposal has terminated ; the estate must descend from generation to generation , always as the private property of the family , whose names are written upon certain title deed . " , executed hundreds of years since ; and descending , too , from eldest sou to eldest son , or by a defined law of affinities .

      . Perish such an abomination as this ; its workings are fiendish and inhuman ; its effects upon suffering labour are cruel beyond description . It is in Great Britain and Ireland , in Russia , and in some parts of Austria , that this monster evil is perpetrated ; but , thanks to the events in France , of 1739 , the wrong does not elsewhere prevail . The statutes which gave power to the territorial class of France , to keep the land in their respective families , for several generations together , fell iu 1789 ; of Prussia , in 1811 ; of Holland , Belgium , Denmark , ' Saxouy , Nassau , Bavaria , Wuitemburg , Baden , and Switzerland , at various times , during the last fifty

      years . Before such alterations took place , our best writers and travellers pictured to us horrors such as are dally to be seen in Ireland , and in a slightly modified exteut , iu many parts of England . Mr . Arthur Young , writing about the condition ef the French peasantry , previous to the subdivision of the great estates in France , says : — 'It reminded me of the miseries of Ireland . ItwaBasbad in Germany and in Prussin . ' The peasautry , ' Bays Mr . Young ' were in the most indigent stute ; their houses dark comfortless , and almost destitute of furniture ; their dress , ragged and miserable ; their food , the coarsest aud most humble fare . ' But so vast has been the

      improvement since the land became saleable property , and subdivided into small farms , that the traveller can detect the difference it has made upon the men of . thirty-five , and those more advanced in years . The former have been educated , aud made partakers of the present advantages of the altered system ; the latter cannot efface the scars , nor thoroughly heal the wounds of their early struggles which a helot system solely occasioned . Each class ' young and old , bears the respective stamp of their history . On the one , the impression is as if struck with the die of humanity , the other with that of crushing tyranny and devilish desi gu .

      In Germany , Holland , and Switzerland , for the last thirty years , every child , male and female , has been receivmg a good education . « Of the men and women s ! iys Mr . Joseph Kay , ' under thirty-five Tq ^ ? . ? ' ulue-tc ° tlls ^ e well-educated .... In 1816 , the Prussian Government made a general inquiry throughout the kingdom to discover how far the school education had been extended , and it was then ascertained , that , out of all the young men in the kingdom who had attained the age of twenty-one years , only two in every 100 were unable to read . ' And , as may be supposed , the effect of this diffusion of knowledg e is bearing fruit in other ways ; for it has taught the people to appreciate their position

      , seeing that by the practice of self-denial , " aud a steady refusal to incur responsibilities which ave certain to keep him poor for the remainder of his davs a man can , by his industry , pM 8 eas himself of a small estate , and thus far become independent So it is found , 'that the poor of these countries do not marry so early in life as the English labourers , and do not rear , consequently , such large families . In some parts of Switzerland , as in the canton of Argovie , for instance , a peasant never marries before he attains the age of twenty-fiv e , and generally much later in life the women very Beldom before they have attained the age of thirty . ' In Lucerne , Argovie , TJnterwalden , &c , laws are in

      force , which impose heavy penaltiea upon young per-Bons who marry before they have proved to the magistrate that they are able to support a family , so far as present circumstances enable them to au-

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      Try /* AND NATIONAL TRADES JOURNAL .

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      ' VOL . XY . Ho . 752 . LONDON . SATDRDIY , APRIL 3 . 1852 ~~~ »«¦ ««™« r ; 1 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ' ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ' ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ B ^^^^ Q ^^^^ nn ^ BM ^^^ U ^ BM ^ M ^ S ^ K ^^^^ Btn ^^^^ B ^^ m ^^^^^^^^^ . ^^^^——^ — . ^ —

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), April 3, 1852, page 1, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1672/page/1/