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Northern Star (1837-1852), 1st October 1842, Edition 2 of 8, Page 5, Untitled Ad

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    • 3UraI an* (Dcentval %vteTlizence.
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      FOR NEW YORK , LINE OF PACKET SHIP , CAMBRIDGE , Captain Bairstow . Reeister Burthen , 911 tons ; Tonnage Burthen , 1 , 500 Tons . To sail 19 ih October : her regular Day . ; FOR BOSTON , The remarkably fast-sailiDg American Ship , SEVERN , Captain Cheever . Reeister Burthen , 572 Tons ; Tonnage Burthen , 950 Tons . To Sail 12 th October .

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      VOLTAIRE'S PHILOSOPHICAL DICTIONARY . COMPLETE IN ONE VOLUME . THIS CELEBRATED WORK is now publishin ? , in Penny Numbers , and Fourpenny Parta , and will comprise the whole of the Six Volume ? , now " charged £ 2 103 ., without mutilation or abridgement . It is printed in Crown 8 vo ., double Columns , with new Typa , small , but very plain , and will make a handsome Volume , fit for any Collection of Books . May be had of all Booksellers and Vendors of popular Periodicals . The Philosophical Dictionary will be completed in about One Hundred and Twenty Numbers , of which Twenty-four are now issued , or in Sir Parts , at Fourpence each . Also may be had , price 2 s . 6 d . boards ,

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      MARRIAGES . On Thursday morning , at St . Ann's Catholic church , Leeds , Mr . John Pinder , of York , to Miss Webster , of LeedB . On Thursday , the 22 nd instant , at Kirby Hill , near Richmond , by the Rev . Thomas Holme , Mr . Edward Parnaby , of Ebcr House , near Leeds , to Miss Anna Arrowsmith , of Newsham Hall , second daughter of Mr . James Arrovremith , of Aiskew . Same day , at the parish church , Lambeth , by the Rev . G . Brandling , James Grasse , Esq ., to Ellen , the third daughter of Mr . Ciay , manufacturer , Wakefield . Same day , at Kirkheaton , Mr . Wai . Milner , of Qaincey , lllonois , North America , to Elizabeth , youngest daughter of Mr . Joseph Milner , of Rawthorp , near Huddrrsfield . Same day , at the parish church , Otley , by the Rev . J . Hart , vicar , Mr . Jeremiah Walker , of the Queen ' s Head , to Marparet , youngest daughter of Mrs . Jennings , of the Malt Shovel Inn , allot Burley , near Otley .

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      DEATHS . On the 21 st-nit ., ' at Aislaby Hall , nearfWhitby . in his 68 th year , — Watkins , Esq ., father of Mr » John WatkinH , of Battersea . On Thursday , in the 84 th year ' of his age , Mf t . Jonathan Bland , of Clayton , near Bradford . On Friday last , at Moor Grange , pear Headiu / jtey , after a Ion illnpss , Eliza , the ; only 6 nrviving daughter of tho late Thomas Wilson , Esq ., of Islington Green , near London . ¦' Same day , aged 91 , Mrs . Elizabeth Rhodes , of Ycadon , near Leeds . Same day , ct WoodhouBe Carr , aged 37 , Bathia , wife of Mr . Jamc 3 Brayshaw , and daughter of the late Mr . Jchn Nichols , stationer , of Leeds . On Thursday , the 22 nd ult , Maria , wife of Mr . F . Ledyard , of Mhficld , solicitor , and second daughter of Samuel Brook , E ? q-, of West MiJla Mirfield .

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      ^ FOB THS RATIONAL DEFENCE FCSD . £ 8 . d . From a few friends at Wellington Foundry ... 0 15 „ a Radical , Leedj .., ... ... ... 0 0 6 the dnxtista of Leeds ... 1 10 0 „ the Chartists of Binrtal ( light halfwvereign ) . „ .. 098 , G . H-, Leeds . 0 0 6 _ D . Frr » , H * Iton 0 1 0 _ the Chartists of Holme Lane , Tong ... * 0 4 0 s few friends at a mill in Heckmond-* =- ...

      Trike 0 19 _ Liffletown 0 5 0 ^_ the Chartists of Hunslet 0 10 0 ~ the men of Elland , per E . Clayton ... 0 3 0 ~ the Chartists of Tew Green 0 5 0 Collected at Lockwood , by D . Gledhill „ . 0 6 0 From three friends , Hnddersfield ... ... 0 0 10 the Bristol Yonths 0 5 0 ~ F . Gibson , Bristol 0 10 2 Stockton , collected by J . "Pmpleby ... 1 15 3 2 a few working men at Burton Mills ... 0 2 0 ~ Kettering -0 90 2 a few friends , Donfermline ... ... 0 10 2 3 few friends of democracy , Torquay ... 0 6 6 ~ the Chartists of Bslton 0 10 9 ~ Chepstow friends 0 4 0 ' a few Chartists , Tonbridge Wells ... 0 10 0

      FOB THE EXECUTIVE . from Mr . Colicson , Csstle-rtreet , Hull ... 0 1 0 ^ Cihpstow friends ... ... ... 0 ^ 0 FOB C 00 PEB " 5 DEFEXCE . From John ilarsland 0 0 6 FOB . THE DEFE 5 CE OF GEOBGE "WHITE . Frem Robert yewhall , Jan ., Hawick , a deaf End dumb boy , edncated at Edinburgh , —a regular subscriber to the Northern Star , and a great admirer of its Proprietor and Editor . " ... 0 1 6

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      PUKTERMLIKE . —Sebious Fise . —Between Saturday nigh- , and Sunday morning , a farm-stead , in the neighborhood of Dunfennline , was discovered to be on fire ; and before assistance could be rendered , there were twelve stacks of oats and a qu antity of h *» y destroyed . There are many conjecture s afloat as " to the origin of the fire , bat nothing definite is known . U 2 EDS . —Labkjng . —The " Mies , " we understand , were amusing themselves in Springfield Place on Friday night last . They wrenched the knockers from nearly every door , and got off without detecrion .

      Alleged Case of Stabbixg . —On Tuesday last , Henry Hardwick , a joiner , residing in Bow-sireet , was charged at the Court House with having stabbed a man named John Stephenson , It appeared from the statement of the witnesses that the parties ( between whom there existed an old quarrel ) , met on Monday night , about nine o ' clock , at the corner of Dyer-srreet , when the prisoner , who was the Korse for liquor , wished " to have it out . ' Stephenson declined to have anything to say to him , and Hardwick having gone up to him he was poshed away . He then pulled from his pocket part of an iron spoon , which he held in his hand , and struck Stephenson several blows about the head , by which he was wounded on the side of his temples .

      Hard wick was then given into custody , and the wounds having been dressed , they w re found not to be of serious consequence . The magistrates treated the case as one of common assault , and fined Hardwick £ 5 , including costs , or in default T > f payment k > go two months to Wakefield . Hunslet . —Election of Constables . —A vestry meeting , for the nomination of constables , was holden in the Town School Room , Hunslet , on Thursday last , when the following list of names was agreed to . The working men were at their post , and did tKeir own work in gallant style . Here are the Dames of the men of their choice . —Mr . Thomas Stockdale , chief ; Mr . James Crawford ; Mr . Squire Jarrar ; Sir . Francis Jackson ; Mr . John Boddill j Mr . James Roberts ; and Mr . John Henderson .

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      A Sagacious A > thal . —At the fair of Ballintuhber a horse , on which a celebrated sporting character was mounted , actually kicked two latitats out of a fellow ' s waisicoat pocket , disabling his arm so as to prevent y >' rrn effecting service upon the owner ; and in Ies 3 than half an hour after prostrated two process-servers , who had civil bills to serve upon the same gentleman . —Roscommon Journal . [ Let our American friends match this if they can H

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      THE CUSTOMS DEPART JTENT . —ENORMOUS FRAUDS UPON THE REVENUE . When it is remembered how well the country remunerates the chief officers of those departments of the ¦ state to whom is delegated the collection of duties , and xnore especially those appertaining to the receipts of imposts upon foreign and colonial produce and manufactures , the pnblic are entitled to have as their servants the most intelligent and most attentive , and , ¦ without prejudice to any one , the most honest individuals . It will be for the public to express an opinion if , when we shall have brought before- its notice the many laxities , th& frands , the instances of favouritism , the attempt to Ecreen really guilty parties , and the immolation of their dupeB , the functions of the CoHimissieners of her Majesty ' s Customs at the head department have or have not been fully and satisfactorily administered . The enormous fraudB now in daily

      progress of investigation are not , in the aggregate , confined to tens of thousands , but hundreds of thousands of : pounds . Indeed , it is said in some quarters that the revenue has suffered to the enormous extent j -of nearly a million sterling . From the series ; of notices it may be necessary to devote to ' this important subject , names of parties high in commercial circles must be deemed requisite to be i given . The names of firms which are known to have i connived at these frauds -with the landing waiters are ; in our possession , with all the leading facts and line of examination in support cf participation , as given in j evidence before the Court cf Inquiry , now sitting npon i this subject But , independently of the non-perform- 1 ance of theii duties by the cfficials at the Custom j House , in protecting , by due diligence and ample

      control the revenues of the kingdom , there is another coa- j sideration , arising out of the long-continued practice of fraud , which involves the interest and prosperity of , the really honest merchant and trader . It must be \ clearly apparent that if four traders are carrying on ; business in the Base line , three of them paying their ; dnties honestly and openly on foreign goods imported , j while the fourth , by a connivance with any officer of ' Customs , gets his placed in warehouse without the outlay of the duty , or by paying infinitely less through ¦ the medium of false entries ( hereafter to be fully illus- j bated ) , it zenst be apparent that the former cannot ; compete with the latter , and though . they struggle ¦ ever so hard to maintain their position , though they [ mate sacrifices to effect sales , in order to keep their : customers together for a time , stffl , in the long ran , i wholesale losses must be entailed npon them by the . ruinous and fruitless competition indnced . - :

      It is pretty -well known , that as respects the frauds now the subject of investigation , many of-the landing waiters have been implicated in them . The duties of the landing waiters are but little known to parties unconnected with trade , commerce , and water-side business . _ It is , therefore , proposed to illustrate the facts and circumstances hereafter to be laid before the public , by giving a dtscription of their duties , their emoluments , ic . The principal business of this functionary is personally to attend the landing of goods at the docks and legal quays . For this purpose he is furnished ¦ with a " landing-book , " denominated under its respective eliss , " red or blue , " the issues of which take place bom the registrar's office , and contains certain copies cf entries previously passed of imports for merchandise about to be ¦ warehoused or at onca delivered . These

      entries are of three classes , 1 st , the " warehousing entry , " for goods intended to remain is bond ; 2 d , the : " prime entry , " which stipulates for the immediate delivery of gcoda , the duty having been paid ; and , ' Sd , the " sight entry , " the object of which is to assist : the merchant in cases where goods arrive consigned , to him without previous advice , when he is permitted . to have the packages upon tb . 9 declaration that their , contents are " unknown , " It mty be here necessary , ' with the view to carry the case out in all its bearings , to observe the opportunity these two descriptions of entry afford to these officers , if they are not persons of , strict and unimpeachable integrity-, to deceive and ' . falsify the returns which , as employes of the customs , they are appointed to make of the weight of and duty j en maehaadise landed at their respective stations ; the interference of the landing surveyor , their superior , ; being required only in the settlement of taxes , or in ths approval or otherwise of the valne put upon goods paying at the ad valorem rate .

      Having now mainly stated the dnty of a landing ' iraiter , it is necessary to add that the body is divided ; into six classes , with proportionate salaries . The j first class numbers 20 persons , with £ 400 per annum each ; the 2 d class 20 persons , with £ 350 per annum j each ; the 3 d class 20 persons , with £ 300 per annum j each ; the 4 th class 30 persons , with £ 250 per annum e * eh ; the 5 tti class SO persons , -with £ 206 per annum « sch ; and the 6 th class SO persons , with £ 160 per amma eaeb . As in the csurse of the investigation into these frauds it bas tppeared that more tT " one of the tending

      waiters implicated bare also filled the office of " searcher , " the duty appertaining to that department must also be illustrated . The " searcher , " to use the technicality of the department , " makes shipped , " the packages destined for shipment at bis station ; it is a part of his duty personally to examine the packages , noting their correspondence with the original description in the efficial papers , and should suspicions arise of eny exchange or fraud connected irith the shipment , they have the power of seizure and of bringing the matter before the beard for . irquiry and investigation . The separate duties of these officers being , as u tamed , cltaily defined , the mode in which Uie irre-

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      ful&r and falsified entries kave been concocted , involving such loss to the revenue , will no doebt be understood in the cases of fraud hereafter to be brought to the notice of the public . The first illustration we offer to the notice of the pnblic is in respect to the importation of silk already under the notice of the Board of Inquiry , but the charges of participation in fraud alleged against the several parties are bo numerous , that it would be difficult to define them in distinct order in the present notice . It is , however , sufficient to say that that the one above alluded to will clearly prove to the pnblic how easily and successfully they have been carried on for a period said to extend over a series of eight or nine years . . .

      The mode which is alleged to have been adopted in the wholesale smuggling of silks , was for the parties connected to send to the legal quays a ease of toys , books , or any other Freneh import of low Talue marked and numbered , say [ A ] No . 1 , for shipment coastwise , which , however , instead of forthwith being put on board , it was understood should be allowed to remain on the quay . When the French packets arrived , a " sight enby" was taken out for cases , marked and numbered precisely the same as those prepared as before stated , the contents being declared to be " unknown . " Tbe packages were then landed at the same quay , for examination by tbe landing officer . Immediately this was the case the former package was recalled , by an order to re-deliver , when the cases by the Freneh packets , which really contained silk were substituted to the parties applying , and the packages of books , < fec , examined and returned for , duty in lieu of the cases of gilk , the ship ' s manifest merely describing the case brought orei as merchandize , and thereby being ne check upon the fraud .

      The investigation into these irregularities in the Cttstoms Departments have already occupied many weeks . The results , we believe , will fully bear onfc tbe correctness of our introductory remarks , and in our next report facts and names will be stated in corroboration . —Evening Star .

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      DISCOVERY OF A SPY . Towes Hamlets . —Amos Treadwell , alias Jones , a member of the National Charter Association , and a member of the General Council , having been openly denounced by a shopmate as a spy on the movements of tbe London Chartists , a Special Council meeting was held on Monday evening , the 12 th instant , and continued by adjournment on the Wednesday following , for the purpose of instituting a rigid inquiry as to the truth of the soul-degrading imputation , and likewise to give the accused a fair opportunity of exonerating his character from odium if innocent . Treadwell was present during the investigation on Monday evening , but failed to make his appearance on Wednesday . When asked why he was absent he replied matters were so black against him , that all he could say or do would

      not prove his innocence . These meetings resulted in the unmasking of as vile a wretch as ever figured in tbe annals of espionage . A starved viper that lurks in the grass awaiting an opportunity to inflict the envenomed wound—a base sordid thing , that for filthy lucre barters the moral dignity ef man for the degradation of the spy ; a perfidious villain who , under the guise of friendship , worms himself Into men ' s favour and confidence , and then attempts to sacrifice them on the sanguinary altars cf Tory fury—a wretch who , in the language of Curran , weuld not hesitate to dip the Evangelists in blood in order to secure the reward of his infamy . Such is the light in which the Chartists of the Tower Hamlets now view the heretofore apparently active , persevering , and zealous Amos Treadwell . The following were the charges against Treadwell , which were borne out by evidence so conclusive as not to lea re the shadow of a doubt on the mind of any one

      present Firstly , th&t he went to an Inspector of Police , whose name , for prudence , we must withhold from prin \ , and gave him a mass of information ( false no doubt , ) respecting tbe Chartist movement in London . Secondly—That he has been conveyed by the said Inspector to Scotland-yard , where he remained for several hours . Thirdly—In consequence of Treadwell ' s information , ¦ warrants have been made out against seven individuals . The Inspector has promised to obtain for Treadwell a large reward , saying at the same time , that if they had half a dczen such men as Treadwell they would soon extirpate Chartism from the metropolis . Another charge made against this miscreant was that he had concocted , and endeavoured to put into execution , a plot to deliver Dr . M'Douall into the hands of Government , and thereby obtain the hundred pounds , the

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      the price despotism has set upon his head . This charge came like a thunder-clap on the degraded tool of tyranny . His embarrassment , prevarication , and insolent replies , clearly showed the workings of a guilty conscience . The evidence adduced in substantiation of this charge was circumstantial , but so powerful as to furnish the strongest presumptive testimony of tbe nefarious design of the villain . Treadwell writes a letter to Dr . M'Douall , which he takes to Mr . Campbell , requesting that he would forward it . Mr . Campbell ' s suspicions being awakened , opened the letter , and finds that Treadwell earnestly requests an interview with the Doctor , or that he would communicate with him by a letter , as he is the depository of information which would be of the highest importance to the Doctor under present

      circumstances . He likewise informs him , that he has a sum of money to pay over to him , which at the present moment m » y be very acceptable . Now , on being asked what was the Important information he had to communicate ? he said that , returning late one night from a Chartist meeting , he waB accosted by a Btranger , who told him that he came from Manchester , and that those persons who had Dr . M'Douall ' s entire confidence in Manchester were abont to sell him . On being asked how he could promise to pay Dr . M'Douall the 19 s . 6 d . he owed him , being out of employ the last five wetks , and borrowing money from all his acquaintances , he said he had written to bis friends in Bristol for money , which would enable him to pay

      the Doctor . He underwent a severe examination by the different members of the council , but every answer tended only to make his criminality more glaring . The following resolution was then proposed , and unanimously carried : — " That this meeting having carefully considered the charges alleged against Amos Treadwell , and the evidence brought forward in support of them , are decidedly of opinion that he is a base and flagitious spy , and therefore deserves to ba sceuted with execration from the society of all honest men . Tne said Ames Treadwell , alias Jenes , is a native of Bristol , a spare thin person , clockmaker by trade , stands abont five feet four inches in height , age twenty-two , fair complexion , slightly pockmarked . — Evening Sl * r .

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      MID AND EAST LOTHIANS COLLIERS ' STRIKE . a policeman killed . — military called opt . Saturday , Sept . 24 th , 4 p M . The colliers strike begins to assume a serious aspect I have just been informed by those on whom I can place the most implicit reliance that a policeman has been killed by the colliers , and the military sent for from Jock ' s Lodge . The particulars , as far as I am yet able to ascertain , are aa follows : — It appears that a number of colliers was met by a policeman at Edgehead , near Dalkeith , the colliers carrying a sack containing potatoes , they were stopped by the policeman , who insisted to know from whence they obtained the potatoes . They refused to tell him ; from words they eame to blows . A dreadful scuffls eusued , which ended by the policeman being left for dead . The whole of the police in the district were soon

      ou the alert , who succeeded in apprehending one man at his house , whom they placed in irons , and were about to convey him to prison , when lo ! the news had spread , they were surrounded by colliers , the policemen beaten off , and the man carried off in triumph , chains and all . To those who have watched the progress of late events , this will not be at all surprising ; the men on strike have been taunted and grossly insulted both by the coal-mastsrs and magistrates . The following proclamation will shew ths readers of the Star tbe way in which , the brave but much-injured colliers have been treated , and I ask if a greater insult was ever given to working men ? A few potatoes are stolen , ( which is the cass every year , when there are no strikes , ) and tbe colliers are charged with stealing th ? m ; it is then I repeat no wonder that the exasperated men , and the police should come into deadly conflict .

      The fallowing is the precious official document above referred to : — Proclamation ly the Sheriff of the County of Edinburgh . Whereas , extensive depredations have been recently committed upon potatoe and other crops , now upon the ground , in certain parts of the county of Edinburgh ; and whereas there is every reason to believe that those depredations were committed by those misguided persons , who , choosing to abstain from their ordinary calling , illegally endeavour to support themselves without working by plundering the fruits of the skill and industry of others , who rio choose to labour for their bread , contrary to law , and to the great injury of individuals and the public Notice is hereby given , that arrangements have been made by the Sheriff and by thoBe exposed to such depredations for the detection aud punishment of any persons who may be guilty of such effences in future . Graham Speirs , Sheriff .

      There ' s for you ! what think you of that ? I make no comment—it will tell its own tale . Add to this : a placard comes out during the week from the coal masters , in which it is stated that " sober and industrious" men could earn from 3 s . 6 d . to 4 s . per day ! A greater or a more wilful lie was never told . Yoar correspondent has not the least oonnexien with colliers ; but I have it from most respectable individuals , who have every means of ascertainig the truth , that the average wages of these injured men does not exceed 10 s . per week ! Further down this same placard , the men are called " idlers" and " unsteady workers" ! This is an old worn-out tale used by tyrannical masters , to prevent their men from receiving the sympathy and support of the public . Pharaoh , of old , said the same of the children of Israel !

      It would appear , however , that the black-hearted coal tyrants have been but too successful in preventing the men from receiving the support of the pnblic A great part of tbe shopkeepers of Dalkeith depend upon the colliers' wages : a deputation from the men went round to collect what they conld from those inclined to give , and hew much do the readers of the Star think they collected ? Why , the extraordinary sum of 15 s . from the whole of the shopkeepers of Dalkeith , whose incomes are derived from the hard-earned wages of these celliers , while the poor Chartists of the district collected them upwards of £ 3 at a social meeting ! This will teach them who are their friends , aud who are their foes ; and , I think , Bhould shew them the necessity of starting Co-operative Stores , when they get again into work .

      If any further facts come out on Monday , I will transmit them to you . MONDAT MORNING . The policeman is not dead , but it is naid cannot live . Another policeman is badly beat . Horse and foot soldiers continue to arrive ; all is confusion—the poor colliers who live in the mBBter ' a houses are this day to be turned out by tbe soldiers , their month ' s notice having expired . The horse soldiers galloped at that furious rate from Jock ' s Lodge , that one was thrown frem his horse , and seriously hurt ; it is said his shoulder is dislocated , and one of his arms broken . —Correspondent .

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      TO THE AGRICULTURAL LABOURERS OF THE UNITED KINGDOM . In beg inning a camplete exposition of the present system of legal spoliation and plunder , we address you , as not only the most numerous portion of the workingpopulation , bnt also that portion the most useful to society . The first great necessary of life ia food , and without your daily and ever-recurring aid , society , from the want of this important article of existence , would soon cease to be . In proportion , therefore , to the value and importance of your calling , as well as from your great numbers , are you entitled to the first consideration in tnis attempt to analiz 3 the wrongs of society , towards the application of an efficient remedy for its evils .

      Agricultural labourers , you have suffered much from the present system of dass-interest and class-legislation ; none more so . Step by step have your comforts been abridged—your privileges abrogated—your old consWtutional landmarks removed ; and yet you have hitherto paid but little attention to the causes whence ?? . frowing evils have arisen- Yon fc ^ e no' been politicians , but the too-willing tools of rapacious landlords , in their crusades against your more active and thinking fellow-countrymen , until , not only their liberties have been sacrificed , but your own ancient and constitutional rights have been swept away , and you now begin to see as through a glass darkly , the origin or your downfall , with that of your suffering fellowcountrymen . You are awakening to a true perception of the "Condition of England question , " especially the political bearing of this great subject So , to assist you in your deliberations , to fortify your judgments , strengthen your resolution , and encourage you onward in the path of political Inquiry , do we address you at the present time .

      It is said that men psy most attention to those questions that are connected with their social interests and weekly subsistence . As all cannot comprehend the true value of abstract principle , the tangible and matter of fact must be therefore connected and conjained , that the latter may be Bhewn to depend intimately on the former—in which case conviction respecting the real value of that waick otherwise might be looked upon as a mere baseless speculation is sure to follow . Upon this plan do we intend to proceed . Our motto is—Universal Suffbaoe , and No Subhendee—the entire Peopx . es Charter . And , as at present , misery and privation are the lot of toiling industry , and wealth and luxury the reward ef idleness , while under upright institutions industry and comfort would be synonymous , and privation only wait upon the profligate and idle , we intend to shew the intimate connection of these two states of social being with the present system of class legislation on the one band , aud the adoption of the People ' s Charter on the other .

      Agricultural labourers , your own history furnishes an admirable commentary on our text . You have been the victims of this remorseless spirit of class-interests and party . And to show how this process has been going forward , how the small comfortable farms of your forefathers have been heaped together for the modern bull-frog fanner , the " manufacturer of corn , " your cottage pulled down , your commons and wastes enclosed and rendered the private property of aristocratic burglars , your right to subsistence on the soil denied , with the other manifold evils under which you groan at present—to show these in as clear and concise a manner as possible , and their intimate connection with the great question . of Universal Suffrage , is the task we have undertaken in tbe present address .

      Your true condition has been well indicated in tbe following extract from a speech of an old and departed friend ; one , who though attached to a somewhat obs > - lete and bigoted political creed , had yet a heart to feel for your wrongs , and an eloquent and willing tongue to plead your canse . Michael Thomas Sadler , in a speech on agricultural distress , delivered in the House of Commons , October 11 , 1831 , says , " The system of demolition and monopoly , which has , in the emphatic language of tbe Inspired volume , ' laid house to house , and field to field , that they may stand alone in the earth , ' has left no place for the poor ; none for the little cultivator ,- none for the peasant's cow ; no not enough in one case in ten for a garden . The best of tbe cottages have been

      demolished' spurned indignant from the green , ' aa the loveliest of the poets of poverty , Goldsmith , sings . The lonely and naked but into which they ara now thrust , for which is exacted an exorbitant rent , is destitute , both without and within , of all that formerly distinguished their humble abodes , is of ten unfit to stable even quadrupeds , and frequently so crowded by different families , as to set not comfort merely bat decency at defiance , and render morality itself an impossible virtue . Thither , then , the unhappy father , when employed , carries bis wages , which , with the exception of a few short weeks in the year , are utterly inadequate to supply the necessities of a craving family . Wages did I say ? Parish pay ! He is , perhaps , sold by aution , as is the case in certain parishes , and therefore reduced to ths condition of a slave , or driven to the workhouse , where he is

      often treated worse than a felon . Libour , meant to degrade and insult him , is often prescribed to him ; or , wholly unemployed , be sits brooding over his miserable fate ; winter labour , whether for himself or his wife and children , having been long since taken away . Perpetually insulted by false aud heartless accusations , for being a pauper , when his accusers have compelled him to become such ; for being idle , when his work has been taken from him ; for improvidence , when he can hardly exist , he feels these insults barbed by past recollection . " The very sympathies of his nature become reversed : those who would once have constituted his comforts and pleasures , his ragged and half-starved offspring , ( who cannot stray a pace from hiB hovel without becoming trespassers and being severely treated as such , ) and their wretched mother , increase bis misery .

      He escapes , perhaps , from the scene of his distress , and attempts to lose tbe recollection of it and of himself , in dissolute and dangerous courses . Meantime , had some peculiar calamity , some inscrutable visitation of Providence reduced him to this condition , perhaps be might have sustained it with composure of spirit . But he knows otherwise . He can trace his sufferings and degradation to their ttue source . He knows by whom they have been inflicted upon him , and he feels what would be their cure , and can calculate how little it would cost others , to make him and his supremely happy . Meantime , the authors of his sufferings are those that insult him with demanding

      that he should be quiet and grateful , that he should be contented and cheerful under them ! ' They that have wasted him , require mirth ! ' Not only are the falsest Accusations levelled at him , but even the ( feelings common to nature are imputed to him as an offer ) C 9 ; his marriage was a crime ; his children are so many living nuisances ; himself is pronounced redundant ; and after having been despoiled of every advantage he once possessed , he is kindly recommended as his best , and indeed only course , to transport himself for life , —for the good of his oppressors , and to die unpitied and unknown iu Borne distant wilderness . Aud this , sir , is tbe condition , at the present moment , of thousands—of tens of thousands—of the labouring

      poor . " This is no overcharged picture , but much under the mark , and adapted to the tastes of the assembly he was addressing—parties always exceedingly fastidious , and unprone to overcolour anything cannected with industrial distress . As the results of the " enclosure" and large farming systems , and of the downward progrtss of your condition , we need only refer to the state of a few of the agricultural counties , which may be taken as a sample of the whole . The report of a committee on inclosures , in 1808 , stated , that the results which were the subject of examination in a tour of sixteen hundred miles , made for that purpose , proved that they baft been clearly injurious to the poor . An intelligent witness informed

      another committee , namely , that on the high price of provisions , that he had himself been a Cpmmisloner under twenty inclosure acts , and stated his opinion as to their general effect on the poor , lamenting tbat he had been thereby accessary to injuring two thousand people , at the rate of twenty families per parish . The reply of a poor fellow to Arthur Young , the great advocate of incldsures , ( though under regulations which would indeed have rendered them a benefit to all parties , ) recorded in one of his agricultual surveys , is true , to a more or less degree , of every industrious labourer in England , wherever these improvements have taken place . To his query as to whether the inclosure bad injured him , he replied , " Sir , before the inclosure I bad a good garden , kept two cows , and was getting on ; now I cannot keep so much as a goose , and am

      poor aud wretched , aud cannot , help myself ; and still yeu ask me if the inclosure has hurt me 1 " Another , and a still deeper injury which it has also perpetrated , still remains to be noticed . Not only has the little farm been monopolised , the common right destroyed , the garden in many instances seized , but the cottage itself demolished ; and the ploughshare now drives over many a little plot where once stood the bower of contented labour . Suffolk , has , in the course of one hundred and twenty years , increased in population , including the great increase of some of its towns , as much as eighty per cent ., and rather more . What has been the increase in the accommodation for the poorer part of the population ? Why , in 1690 , there were forty-seven thousand five hundred and

      thirtyseven houses in that county ; in 1821 , then , there ought to have been at least ninety thousand houses . But there were in the latter year only forty-two thousand seven hundred and seventy-three inhabited houses , the absolute number being eleven per cent fewer than one hundred and thirty yean before . The whole of six counties so selected , exhibited a result , in this respect , not quite bo appalling , but sufficiently distressing , however regarded . Their population had , from 1701 to to 1821 , advanced upwards of seventy-five per cent , but the houses for its accommodation less than twentyfive . It is unnecessary to remark on what class the misery of such » state of things would be made to rest . Even in counties supposed by the Committee free from this state of things , " th' infection works . "

      In a letter referred to by Mr . Sadler , in the speech already quoted , a Vicar in one of these counties gives the following picture of rural felicity in bis parish : — " During the last forty years , ' says the reverend gentleman , 'four cottages only have been built by •'¦•¦* , and even these in lieu of the same number taken or fallen down . The accommodation for the poor is far mere confined than it was same years past

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      Ths old parsonage , which I rebuilt when I came to the living , I found inhabited by four pauper families . There were also , a short time previously , five pauper families in two form-houses , now occupied again by farmers . The want of room , therefore , has created the greatest difficulties to the overseers , and has rendered their offlco peculiarly painful . For several weekB they have been compelled to quarter a poor family at the public-house , two of the young men being under the necessity of sleeping in a bam . In some of the cottages the poor are so huddled together that the sight is mest distressing , and the effect , of course , very demoralising . The following is a specimen : — .

      Ne . Families . Persons . Accommodation . 1 2 ...... 10 1 ground floor , 2 bedrooms 2 ...... 2 8 1 room only , 12 feotsquare 3 2 ...... 7 ...... 1 room ground floor , 12 ^ feet square . Two Rirls obliged to sleep on the ground floor . I 1 9 1 room ground floor , 1 bedroom 5 1 7 ...... 1 room only , 12 feet square 6 I 11 1 room ground fljor , 2 bed

      rooms ^ 0 11 Different individuals , all females , except a youth of eighteen , and a young boy . 1 room ground fl jor ; 1 bed

      room . 8 ...... 0 ...... 9 Different individuals . ' He goes on to say , ' Jlost of these cottages are in a sad state of repair ; and all , with the exception of the two last , which are parish houses , belong to the lord of the monor . " He saya that he made application to the nonresident proprietor ( to whose intentional benevolence , however , he bears testimony ) , and to his agent , but could obtain no redress of this grievous state of things ; as the latter had come to tbe determination ( a very usual one ) that not an additional cottage should be built—of course giving the orthodox reasan for the refusal . " The consequences of this neglect , and the huddling of human beings together , is drawn by Mr . Sadler in the following forcible and eloquent language : —

      " Not only early and general depravity , but crimes of the most fearful nature are thus generated . ( Here the Honourable Member related a case of the most appalling kind , which he hoped would not be communicated through the usual channels of information . ) But notts dwell on this horrid subject , what , I ask , must be the usual consequences , when different families are thus thrust into the same hole as a sleeping apartment ; and , immorality out of the question , how can decency be preserved , especially under certain circumstances , in the family , in such cases ? But , Sir , I will pursue these revolting descriptions no further . Hurried away by my indignation at this cruel and indecent usage of the poor peasantry , I had almost forgot one revolting feature of the system of oppression to which they are now subjected . For these accommodations , wretched as they are , the most exorbitant rents—exorbitant in

      reference to what they are worth ( that ia often , literally speaking , nothing ) or for the little pitch of garden ground , when they have any , are exacted ; a fact which has been fully verified , both by agricultural reports and surveys , and by witnesses before your own Committees , and is fully known and undisputed . Indeed , it has necessarily happened that the more the cottages have been diminished in number , the more have their rents been increased ( a consequence which the economists themselves will allow to have been inevitable ) , till they have at length , compared with every other species of property , become exorbitant , compelling the wretched tenant to resort to the parish for the means of paying them ; leaving him , therefore , the disgrace of being a piuper , but depriving him , at the same time , of the relief ho should receive as such .

      " I now come to another principal branch of the subject , namely , that which concerned the wagea and employment of the poor . But on this point , important as it plainly is , time will compel me to ba sort . When the improvements , aa they have been called , ( and might have been rendered ) in the agricultural system , took place , and the labouring classes were deprived of their little holdings , their commonage , aud often their good gardens , they were told that the demand for their labour would be so gieat y increased , and its wages consequently so much advanced , that they wsufd be infinitely better off under the new plan . Bat it admits no longer of a dispute , that while they have thus been deprived of their independent labour , that which they yield to others is rendered as far as possible less necessary and worse remunerated . In summer or harvest , as I have before Bhown , their work is indeed demanded ; but it is to the winter , the trying season to the poor , that lam now about to advert : —

      " First , the altered practice of hiring servants by the week , instead of , as was formerly the case , by the year , has had a pernicious effect on the winter employment of the poor . The report I have so eften alluded to , when referring to the Northern counties , as those in which the condition of the poor is still comparatively comfortable , should have stated , ( had the committee known it , ) that this practice still prevails in the border counties of England , to the equal comfort and advantage of all patties . Secondly , the thrashing machine has , as far as possible , dispensed with a great part of the winter employment of the labourers , aud all the incidental expencea duly considered , without , aa far as I have been able to calculate , any advantage whatever to the farmer , or to the public . I speak not thus as an apologist for the attacks that have been made upon this description of property , far otherwise : bat with the hope of inducing the agriculturists to count well the costs before they sanction , ( where it is unnecessary , ) that which will inevitably distress and pauperise the poor .

      " Lastly , and to this particular I wculd draw the attention of the House , as of inSnite importance in any view of the causes of the distress of our rural poorthe improvements of the machinery of this country , and tbe consequent transference of the simplest processes of manufacture to the large towns of England , have bad the inevitable result oi depriving the female part of the cottager's family of that profitable employment which presented itself , indeed , at every vacant hour throughout the year , but which secured to them a constant occupation in the winter season : A late Flemish writer exults in the

      circumstance of the winter cottage labour m that country being still preserved in a great measure ; and he attributes to that fact the comfort of their rural population . That is no longer the case in England , nor perhaps can ever bo again . Let us , then , be the more anxious to consider how we may compensate this great and necessary class of the community , far this connected series of deprivations and misfortunes which have occasioned the misery which now overwhelms them . Thus , then , have our rural poor been successively deprived of every advantage which they formerly possessed , and of every chance of improvement which they once were so eager to avail themselves of . "

      All acquainted with agricultural pursuits and disposed to a fair consideration of the subject , will at once agree with Sadler , at least respecting the proximate causes of the distress Btated—viz . tbe large farm system , the enclosure of wastes and commons—the introduction of the thrashing machine , and the annihilation of domestic manufactories by the " cheap" system of large factories and steam . Respecting the wagea paid for agricultural labour , Mr . Porter , in his " Progress of the Nation , " p . 122 , states the following interesting particulars : — "Among the questions sent to the various parishes in

      England , during the inquiry into tbe administration and practical operation of the Poor Laws , it was asked ' What on the whele might an average labourer , obtaining an average amount of employment , both in daywork and piece-work , expect to earn in the year , including harvest work and the value of all his other advantages and means of living , except parish relief ? And what on the whole might a labourers wife and four children , aged fourteen , eleven , eight , and five , respectively , ( the eldest a boy , ) expect to earn in the year , obtaining as in the former case , on average amount of employment V

      £ ¦ b . d . " The answer to these queries from 856 , give , for the annual earning of the man , an average of ... 27 17 10 Aud the answers from G 68 parishes , give aa the annual earnings of the wife and children an average of ... 13 19 10 Annual income of the family £ 41 17 8 " To the further question , ' Could * uch a family subsist on the aggregate earnings of the father , mother , and children ; and , if so , on what food ? ' Answers were returned from 899 to the following effect : —71 said simply 'No ; ' 212 , ' Yes ; ' 12 , ' Barely , and with out meat ; ' 491 , 'Without meat' "

      This account of the rate of wages paid for your labour may be considered a very faveurable one ; for it is to be observed , that it is not what you really do earn , but what you might earn with an average amount of employment , supposing you all employed . Other accounts state the income of agricultural labourers , particularizing Gloucestershire , Somersetshire , Worcestershire , and Wilts , at an average of £ 22 7 s , or 83- 6 d . per week . A correspondent of the Horning Chronicle says , that few earn more than 8 s . per week , aud that this , allowiog 9 d . per week for rent , Is . 6 d , for fuel , 9 d . for soap , candles , Set ., leaves 53 . for food , which , for a man and wife , and four children , is just lOd . a week for each ; or , allowing them food three times a-day , it will give something less than one halfpenny a meal . The above rate of wages of each dais , be it observed , is calculated upon the supposition that your order have constant employment , which is very seldom the case .

      From the quantity of facts yet at our disposal , for the illustration of this important subject , we must defer the conclusion of the article until our next number . The series of articles on the Wrongs of Ireland will then also be commenced . —Campbell ' s Penny Democrat .

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      Danger of Inconsiderate Offebs . —A gentleman in this county , who was much annoyed by wasps , rather thoughtlessly offered a shilling for every wasp ' s nest which could be brought to him . All hands in the neighbourhood immediately set to work , and the unlucky gentleman had to pay about £ 40 , there being nearly 800 neata brought to him . — Derby Mercury ,

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      ^ Parliament has been prorogued from tha 6 th of October to the 10 th of November next . Foreign Office , Sept . 24 . —The . Queen has been pleased to . appoint the Right Kon the Earl of Wilten . to proceed as her Majesty ' s Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary , on a special mission to the Court of his Majesty the King of Saxony , for the purpose of investing his said Majesty with the ensigns of the Most Noble Order of the Garter . [ How much will this cost 1— E . N . S . J Income Tax . —In Kendal tho number of blank forms 13 so limited that the commissioners cannot

      supply the town . One part of the population have had their billet doux for three weeks , while another part have not yet received these soft expressions of the Premier ' s regard ; and what is more amusing , the number of applications for forms , declaring that their income is below £ 150 per annum , is so great that any supply of papers hitherto received is wholly inadequate to the demand . We have heard several parties state , that with their best desires to fill up the returns consistently , they really oaunot understand tWem . Both Whigs and Tories are altogether out of humour with this dose of the state physician . —Kendal Mercury . . ' ¦

      Great Fires . —The two great fires that have proved so fxtensively destructive at Liverpool , it will be curious to the lovers of coincidences to remark , have occurred in the month of Septe mber . Tho former immense one took place on the 14 th of September , 1802 ; and the recent tremendous devastation commenced early in the morning of the 23 rd instant . September , indeed , appears to have been expensively distinguished in the * annals of extraordinary fires ,. as the following faw selections may shew : —Covent-garden Theatre was burnt 20 th . ofSeptembor , 1808 ; Devonport Dockyard , 27 th of September , 1840 ; Moscow , 14 th of September ( the anniversary of the first terrific fire at Liverpool ;) and "last , though not least , " undoubtedly , the great fire of London—" the fire , " par excellence—occurred in September , 1666 .

      What is Sedition ?—This is a question which every public man will sooner or later have to ask himself , if the present systematic ciBTurts to put down the free expression of opinion continue . Sir Robert Peel ' s powerful p osition in tho House of Commons has stimulated the magistracy to the most odious exercise of their functions ; and they seem to be fully conscious that neither from him nor Irs colleagues need they fear the least interruption to their barefaced proceedings . Although all excitement has long since ceased upon the part of tha operatives , yet every where the police are ordered to put down or take up publio speakers . A Chartist lecturer has ponetrated to the forest of Dean , ia Gloucestershire , and addressing the rustio inhabitauts of that spot , has been proved to say , " that it was a great shame the Queen did not maintain her own mother , as your poor foresters are obliged to

      do . " Tho magistrates have been so horrified by this language , and so convinced of its seditious tendency , that they have compelled the speaker to give bail , himself in £ 100 , and four sureties of £ 25 each , to answer any indictment tbat may be preferred against him . And should he be indicted , and such asinine boobies as these magistrates on the ' jury , he will , without fail , be convicted and sentenced to imprisonment . Law will not assist him , nor others in a like predicament . Nothing but the strong voice of an enlightened public opinion will ir apresr . the magisterial authorities with the prudence of not putting popular patience to too great a trial . It is much to be desired that public opinion were more active upon this subject than it has been . Whenever the people become indifferent to their rights , they stand a very fair chance of losing them . —Evening Star . '

      3urai An* (Dcentval %Vtetlizence.

      3 UraI an * ( Dcentval % vteTlizence .

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      THE CHARTISTS OF HUNSLET TO THEIR BRETHREN THROUGHOUT THE EMPIRE . Brother Democrats , —As fellow-workers -with us in the cause of right , we call upon you to do all that lisa in your power to promote the formation of such a defence fund as Bhall assure our champions tbat we appreciate their noble services ; and that by a proper display of our moral and united energies we are resolved to make the tyrants who oppress us tremble , and feel their utter insignificance when opposed to a patriotic and united people . Hundreds of good men have been dragged from their homes and immured in prisons by the operation of bad laws , and at the dictum of class-made minions cf power , and it the dnty of all who wish well to their country , to see that these innocent victims of the hellish system under which we groan , be not delivered over like aheep into the talons of the wolves who are thirsting for their blood .

      We are doing all we can in furtherance of the good cause ; and have , with this address , transmitted 10 s . to the Treasurer of the Defence Fund . Nor is this all we intend to do . We , like the rest of our brethren , are poor ; but we still keep our subscription books open , and take what the lovers of justice find themselves able to give . We believe that , under the blessings of the Gpd of Justice , the pence of the poor will yet triumph over the despotism of the rich oppressor . We are resolved to do all we can ; and we expecfc you to go and do likewise . Signed , on behalf of the Chartists of Hunslet , t . B . Smith .

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      KOCHDiiiE . POLICE OFFICE , FLYING HORSE . ( Before * William Chadicick and Henry Kelsall , Esquires . J James Ashley , a Chartist speaker , was charged with using seditious language at the meetings during thi turn out in this iowd , and exciting the people to riot Ashley said , your -worships , I should request before the proceedings of the Court commence , that the witnesses retire , and come in one it a time when called upon ; second , that I should be supplied with pens and paper , to take notes of this case . They were granted , and a seat at the table .

      Howarih Raby deposed—I live at Facifc , by trade a mechanic I remember the 12 th of August ; it was on Friday ; I work for George Hardman , cotton-spinner , at F&cit ; the mill is within a hundred yards of the turnpike road . A Mr . Whitworth ' s cotton-mill is on the right side of the road , near to Bacnp ; it is within sixty yards of our mill . I stood at the road leading to our mill . Betwixt seven and eight o'clock that morning I saw a body of people come from BochdaJe ; there were about 6 , 000 as near as I can tell . [ The witness was asked to point out the prisoner . I think it is this man that eits here . ] A part of the main body turned into our road . Ashley was not there . He was ia the turnpike-road , betwixt the mills . I said they did not need to go ; there was no one working . They turned back to Whitworth , a small village . I st » od at the top of the lane ; a second body came from the body of the people ; they were about five minutes betwixt They went dewn to our mills , and drew the

      plugs . I did not go down , nor did I see them draw them- The crowd was standing still in the turnpikeroad , I saw the people come back from our mill , and join the crowd ; the main body had started . I saw a number of the people go into Mr . Whitworth ' s mill ; my master told me to go and see if I could tell any of them again , aud I followed them to Bacup . [ Here one of the witnesses came into court , and was quickly found out ; the Bench ordered him to be taken out of the room . ] I did not see any that was at our place . When I got to Bacnp , tbe people were assembling together at a meeting at the bottom of Union Square . I saw ABhley there , in the cart where they spoke from . I did not get near to bear alL He said he wanted nothing but a fair day's wage for a fair day ' s labour . I heard it said . from the cart that they were to go to Newchurch and to Todmorden ; it was not Ashley that said so . I did not see Ashley when the people went away . The people had sticks with them .

      Ashley cross-examined this witness—He said , I did not hear you say any thing bad ; I thought it was a goad speech ; I was not alarmed . Ely Greenwood—I am an engineer and steam tenter for George Kardman and Company , at Facit . I remember the 12 th of August I was at the "factory that meming ; I remember some people coming down betwixt seven and eight o ' clock ; cannot tell how many came , I was standing at the fire-hole place ; the people came up to ma , they came from the turnpike road ; two or three rushed past me and knocked th 3 plugs out of the boilers ; they went back to the people in the road , and joined them ; there were 6 or 700 ef them ; they wers going qnietly away towards Bacnp . I did not see Ashley there .

      John Stott—I live at Mount Pleasant , Proctor-street , by trade a wheelwright ; I rememer Thursday , when the mob came to this town , but not the day of the month . The mills were stopped on that day . I went twice that day to a meeting at Cronkey Shaw . At night , between six and seven o ' clock , there were upwards of 3 , 000 people present . There was a meeting , and speakers in a cart The prisoner , Ashley , was there . I heard him speak that night I do not remember what he said . He said something about his fellow-brethren , that they bad been stopped from work by the people of Ashton and Oldham , and they must adopt some plan . I saw him take a show of bands . He talked abont the distress of the country ; and he would show them whether the Repeal of the Corn laws , or the Charter , would benefit the lower classes the best . A motion was put , and

      carried unanimously for the Charter . He spoke of meeting at five o ' clock next morning , on the same place , to adopt some plan . A motion was put and carried to that effect I went to a meeting on Saturday , ou the same place . It was held at nine o ' clock in the morning . Ashley was there . He said , if all manufacturers had behaved as well as they had done to them at Bacup , they should have had no occasion to turn out . He mentioned a Mr . Mnnn , who had showed him his books ; and he found they paid the sane wages they did six years ago . I did net stay till the conclusion of the meeting , I went up at night to a meeting . I did net stay many minutes ; I cannot say that Ashley was there —( the witness atood thinking ); I think he was there , and spoke and commented on tbe wages question ; that night it was mentiened that they Bhould meet next day ( Sunday ) , on the same spot and hold the

      same Eervice . Ashley—Did yen hear me say anything against the masters ? Stott—No ; you said it was time that something should be done far the people . Ashley—Will you swear that I put a motion from the cart ? Scott—Tes ; the sense of the meeting was taken by you whether they shonld stop for the repeal of Corn Laws or the Charter . Ashley—Were my speeches exciting and alarming to the minds of the people ? Stott—No ; I did not hear you say anything to disturb the minds of the people ; but to the contrary , you advised the people not to injure any person , nor do any harm to life or property . , and to respect the laws . Committed to Kirkdale , on a charge of misdemeanor ; Bail was allowed him ; himself in £ 100 and two Euretfes in £ 50 each .

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      TO THE EDITOR OF THE NOBTHERN STAR . Sib , —In your Notices to Correspondents" in the Star of last week , appeared a letaer from a George Clarkson , a member of the Political Institute , complaining of a paragraph sent by me , which appeared in the Star of Sept 17 tb . I have only to say that the report of Mr . GUI ' s announcement was taken from the Sheffield I ) is of Sept 13 th , and confirmed by several persons who incidentally mentioned tbe circumstance to me . I cannot see what right-Messrs . Clarkson and Co . have to find fault with me , in copying the " report" of tbe Iris , for I suppose they believe that what " report says" must be true ; at any rate , these sensitive gentlemen , so nice abont their own honour , but not over scnrpulons about other people's , might have first corrected tfaeir Comp lete Suffrage friend the Iris , before falling foul of th e Northern Star —a paper not often honoured with their correspondence . With respect to the remarks appended to the above letter , permit me , Sir , to reply , that , «*»» I am convinced that the Political Institute gentry are Chartists , I shall be happy to alter my tone towards them . In the meantime I Bhall pursue my own course , exposing humbug , of every description , and setting at defiance thcae whom I have before denounced , as " the ¦ real 1 foes of democracy , and the deadly enemies of all who honestly advocate the cause of the people . " Tour obedient Servant , George Juuas Habney . Sheffield , Sept 27 , 1842 .

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      . THE NORTHERN STAR . ¦ - ' - = ; ' - • - - - - —————— — . 5

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), Oct. 1, 1842, page 5, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct450/page/5/