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VOLTAIRE'S PHILOSOPHICAL DICTIONARY. The first Volume of this colo-
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brated Work is now complete , and contains 614 Pages , double- columns , and an elegant Portrait of the Author . This ia undoubtedly the cheapest Liberal Book em offered to ( the Public . The second Volume is progressing ; Part 16 , commencing it , may now be had , and Part 17 will be ready this ensuing wefk . | The Publisher hopes that those who have hesitated to purchase will do so no longer , as without some assistance such a Volume could not be produced for the same money . 1 THE DEVIL'S PULPIT , by the Rev . R . Taylor , is complete in 4 & Numbers at Twopenoe each , or may be had in Two Volumes , boards , price Mine Shillings . \
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AINSWORTH'S MAGAZINE . Now in course of Publication , in this Magasine , THE ELLISTON PAPERS . ) From Authentic Doc ments in the hands of the Executors . Edited by George Raymond , Esq . Illustrated on Steel , by George Cruikshank . Remarkable family incident— Elliston ' s analysis of dramatic characters —Mrs . Collins' severe admonition—Elliston a public lecturer—Hazard table—Earl of Harcourt—Interesting letters of bis Lordship—Mr . | Sheridan , and tbe Duchess of Devonshire—Elliston ' s first appearance before George the Third—Odd adventure with Tom Owen , the pugilist—the King at Weymouth—Theatrical matters—Curious anecdote of his Majesty . Cunningham and Mortimer , Publishers , Adelaide Street , Trafalgar Square . .
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THE BEST MEDICINE IN THE WORLD . ' I ; BEAD ! AND JDPGB FOB YOURSELVES ! ! THE following statement of facts has been communicated to the Proprietors of PARR'S LIFE PILLS : — Messrs . T . Roberts and Co . Malton , Jan . 30 , 1843 . Gentlemen , —Though it is but a very short time since I last wrote for a supply of Parr ' s Life Pills , I find that owing to an astonishing increase in the ale of them , 1 am again compelled to request you to send me twenty dozen of the small , as also a supply of the large size . I should wish you to forward them by railway to York , thence by carrier , as early as
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Gentlemen , —When I consider the very great relief I have experienced from tho use of Parr's Life Pills , I think it not only to be my duty to you but to every one who may be suffering from similar complaints with whioh I have been afflicted , to make my astonishing case as public as possible . For a long time past 1 have been greatly troubled with a most severe nervous complaint , giddiness , and swimming in the head , which increased to ' such a degree that at times 1 was compelled to leavejoff from my work , being unable to boar the least fatigue or excitement . At the suggestion of many of my friends , I was in-
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A most extraordinary Case of Cure communicated by Mrs . Moxon of York . i Mrs . Mathers , of tbat City , had for many years been affected with a most inveterate disease , which her medical attendants pronounced to be Canctr . It
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From F . Mattheisz , Jaffra , Ceylon . Jaffra , October 17 th , 1842 . Sir , —I beg to inform you that haviDg undertaken the small supply of the celebrated Parr ' s Life Pills , lately received Here from you by the Rev . P . Percival , they have met with a very rapid sale , and the constantly increasing demand front every part of the province ensures to a very large j extent Buocess to the dealer , and good to the people at large- May I theiefore take the liberty of requesting you will be good enough to send me 1000 boxes by tbe very first opportunity , making , if you please , the usual discount to purchasers of such large quantities . I beg to remark tbat the value of the above will be given by me into the hands of the Rev . Mr . jPercival , who has kindly offered to be responsible ! to you for the same . I remain , your obedient s ervant . F . MATTHEISZ . Please address me F . Mattheiszj Jaffra , Ceylon .
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j To Messrs . T . Roberts and Co ., Proprietors of Parr ' s Life Pills , Crane-Court , Fleet-street . Communioated by Mr . H . Foste ^ , Chemist , Winchester . Ea 8 tStratton , near Winchester ^ Deo . 13 th , 1842 . Sir , —You will remember I sentjto your shop for a bottle of medicine round which was a paper containing testimonials of cures effected by the use of Parr's Life Pills . Amongst many-others I observed one ; a case of Rheumatism , whioh appeared to me similar to my own case , and seeing it so successfully treated , simply by the ubo of Parr ' s Life Pills . I re-
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THE CORDIAL BALM OF SYR 1 ACUM . Is a gentle stimulant and renovator of the impaired functions of life , and ia exclusively directed to the cure of the Generative System , whether constitutional or acquired , loss of Bexual power , and debility arising from Syphilitic disease ; and is calculated to afford decided relief to those who , by early indulgence in solitary habits , have weakened the powers of their system , and fallen into a state of chronic debility , by whioh the constitution is left in a deplorable state , and that nervous mentality kept up which places the individual in a state of anxiety for the remainder of life . The consequences arising from this dangerous
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- » nature , that ne felt he shonld only De wasting SSJb of the jury and that of the pnbHc , by longer jgS g the gaud jury from the * dntaes . *^ e ^ nd jury then retired to their room , and the ^ onjnrors were called , Sagral claimed exem p-5 n-one because he "was not qualified by rental or i rtoertT another , becwse above age ; and a third , Sinjiea member of the tDwi oonnail of a municipal ^^ h . 1 * ^ ihe 3 e * ases ***> P * 1 ** were e *" * % « first case tried -was a man named Editard frfia&m * * £ ed 60 . years , for stealmga quantity . / ist at Skerton , near Lancaster . The jury found * h « rrEoner gnilty , and he was sentenced to two ^ Shs im prisonment to iard labour . _ _
jakaAFKo un O'Netk 40 , and , 7 oS » BrmthvadiU , i «;^ e indicted fox having stolen , at Hornby , fifty iS gwesand one ram , the property of Henry Mor-\* L He jury found both prisoners gmHy , and the Wned Judge sentenced CNeil to fifteen years importation , and Braithwaite to three months imDjiSOBDlPIli . Josaes Kat / , 26 , and WURam Almond , 18 , were jJgcied for stealing from James Ardray , on the wAtrar nearlBlackbnrn , a quantity of bread and JEIL and & book . ^ Ehe Jury found Ssj , ~ 2 it of an a ssault only , and acquitted Almond . Sw Learned Judge said , as Kay had been con-ISjsome time ( nearly six months ) , ie would take ^ otmirecognuance in > 250 to keep the peace for
gjee years . Octree TvrabuU , 38 , pleaded guilty to an indictment for bigamy , and put in a statement , apparently E ^ jiation , that his first wife had been unfaithful . Sijjesnied -Judge said it was no palliation Jbr inJDJnrj done to the second wife , that the first had fureaied ihe prisoner ; and sentenced him to eight a ^ hs imp risonment * ° ^ ara labour . j ^ nJagioiB , 29 , was indicted for a Burglary in fla house of Mr . William CoDinson , farmer , at O » T ion-le-P * kb *> ear Blackbnrn , on the night of ft » 7 th October- It appeared that three men entered rtttionsB 3 S ^ bedroom of the prosecutor , all of Sun armed , the prisoner with a pistol in each hand , ijiil tbe-othertwo with swords , and demanded his noaej . They stole £ 315 s . and some other articles . TiioDe&red that they had forced the front door open
wai *« row-bar . The prisoner threatened to blow « ajhe brains of Catharine CoHinson ( the ptosecu-2 ft daughter ) , if she did not get out of bed . The -gamer afterwards used the fame threat to , the pro-^^ r , and ^ aid they were come for money , and Ssj theyTrould hare . The prosecutor identified fi » prisoner as the man who ha" * the pistols ; he Isi a candle in his . hand j ; and "witness had kno-sm ^ h as reading in the Beighbonrhood , for a period rffcrenVf years . The prisoner called witnesses to won ! an aJUn ; but they failed to do so , till just at % t doseof "the trial a woman , who had lived with iJa prisoner as his wife , * wore positively to his haying been T » ith her during the whole of the night in fliesaon . The Jury , to the great surprise of almost rrery one presentj acquitted the prisoner , The Court feennee .
TUESDAY , xsbsvxr t 28 th . TheCerartTrasoccupied till after twelve o ' clock iritb a case , the details of which are unfit for pnblieaaon . The next was a mint case of no interest . Another mint ca 3 e followed . James Jxnsworih , ^ i , « nd WUIiam Thompson , 21 , were indicted for a burglarious entering of the house of Thomas Lund , grocer , as Prettyfoot Bridge , in "W 3 Bshire , Mar Blackburn ,, on the night of the 39 th ^ Angus ; lastj and also with assaultingXnnd , with intent to murder Mm . The prosecutor , hearing a noise is Mb house , got up and strnck alight , and fbufidboih prisoners in the room ; Ainsworth wearis ; a light , and Thompson a dark or black mask , led armed with pistols , which they snapped repeatedly at him , but which fortunately on every wesson missed fire . The prosecutor , with great eoaraee and gallantry , seized both men : and one
Kroekhim with snch force on the month as to loosen two ieefti ; and they dragged him towards the window . cf&BDthar room , got loose , and escaped through it Ih&alarm was given ; several neighbours joined in fee parsnit ; the burglars were tracked to a neighbimrhignursery ^ jround or plantation ; and when a KfiEJent force had assembled to surround the plantjbjs , the prisoners were apprehendedin it . The pro-Bestor , in the struggle , not only wrested the pistols frcmboth men , bnthad torathebiaekmaskoff Thompjos ' s oee ; asd when the prisoners were taken , Ains * wonh was seen io remove some black cotton , which corresponded with that on the mask from the face of Thompson . One of the men had left a cap behind Main the house , and Thompson was without cap Tsten * pprehende < L lie prisoners , in defence , Bald they were out pcttdring in the nursery .
TkB Jury found them both Guilty , and the Learned isige Eajd that this was still a capital offence . Hid there been any filing like serious injury to the Wsses&at , he should have left them for execution , rortnnaielj they had fallen in with one who had resolution and nerve enough to resist them . Sentence of death iroald be recorded against them , and the remainder of their days would be parsed in Trorkmg as slaves in a foreign land . He should recommend commutation of their punishment into transportation for life . Jotgph jfflott , alias Joseph Yorke 33 , was infictedlorihe irilfnl murder of Thomas Isherwood , at BlMkbnru , on the 20 A of December , 1839 , by ^ ooang inm with a cun .
Dr . B&oira stated the ease for the prosecution . On ihe night in question , the deceased and two other iBepers , and an assstani , srere watching OBia . Thej heard the fi ^ wg of gnus , and found Ids persons , who attacked them , and dared them to follow . Three of the poachers had dark jackets ; ad the fourth—the prisoner —^ wore light clothes . Tee prisoner ' s hand did not fire the gun ; but , by fi « law . he was equally liable . The prisoner ' s gun * mt < & , as ihe keeper believed , aeecidentally ; and , &ortlj afterwards , another gun was fired , vrhich ossed the deceased ' s death . One material witness wuo ne of the poachers , who was at first charged " rob fee murder , whose evidence was to be taken WBmatcftntion .
Jnis learned Gentleman called Robert Sutfcon , ™ at the time was game keeper to Mr . Hargreaves xBrsai Oak , near Blackburn , and was out on the Ep trnqnestion , with Thomas and Henry Isher-?«^ k eepers to Win . Henry Hornby , Esq ., of ^»« inrn , and a third named Henry Eddleston . ^ nr ere on the laud of Henry Petera , Esq ., of ^ y ^ teahiUih ; and about one o ' clock on the morning «« s 2 l 5 t December , 1839 , they heard four reports » » pa , or guns , and set off in the direction of the Sf ^ - T ^ o of the keepers , Thomas Isherwood r ^ ihsTntness , had guns ^ and Aey met four men r * £ * & * adone of them knocked witness down , ***« e he ft > erceived them . Three of the poachers ? EEEnie ° tie . gnus at the other keepera and swore *« nnraldihM > r item , if they did not stand back . Mieehad- dark clothesand the fourth had a light tm
, ^^ T . — ^~ ^^ - ^ ^ mm % ^^ m a *«>*^ B M B ^ f ^^ —^ ^^^ ^^^ - ^ m w ~~^ £ ^ " ™ £ *» oa . After presenting their guns , they made " * J whether . The keepers and witness agreed to ^ w thoa ; an d the-poachers , oaSndingthemselves ^ M ^ tnmed ronnd and swore if the keepers did TPJ&& * ihey would shoot them . Tne man in ' *•* £ » coloured coat stood at witness side , and » B 8 is would Bhoet Mm . The poachers went on " ^ and Henry E-j dleston ( who is since dead ) *?* , V * for more assistance . Tub keepers still *~* w the poachers across some meadows and a ? T = l J M * Poachers were getting over a gate , ^^ » ood cficied < snatched ) at one o ! their guns . ki » Jrv 33 * OTer the gate , and the keepers fol"win emiiioastnbMgfie ]^ on going up which
J ^ i £ . A l > oac ^ er 3 threw a stone , and again k £ * aaa to shoot the keepera if they did not . go to * * ** - ^^ er going a few roods further , the poachers r *™ rottBd , And all four came olose np to the toff ¦ ° ? e came to witness to strike him with his 3 ^ * a ° ther to Henry Isherwood , and two to ^^ -Unerwood . The man struck at witness tSff ^ ° f his gon , but witness broke the » Wh his gun , Witnees noticed that it was the Ita-wenT S ? lltHJoloiirea C 0 ** J ™ * h 0 Btrnggle his * istK 7 v **> M appeared to witness accidentally , ^ uesaot lodged in the ground . Shortly after-« va gnn went off , and Thomas Isherwood cried '< s& . VLf ** Ibis t ^ 6 had hold of the man in iao
ij >^ Ji mas Isherwood , who was about fifteen L » . , 7 \ P ° ^ t "was on fire . Two men were j £ l » tan ai the time . Witness left loose of the fcsfcmi T * P to Thomas Isherwood , and ' ^ r ^ J ^^ Brs afi ran off . Isherwood said , in Tsa Sv * Oi ^ dear , youVe shot my arm oft " Uje » 2 a P -lepers took Isnerwood home , and he isSv , ***** an hour and a half . The place StoLrV ! shea was on the land of which Mr . ^^^ Hercer , one of the poachers , identified the j ^ woiie of the party , and corroborated the tb » ZvJL ^ ^ ' witness . The poachers shot Cf o ^ j ^^ Qts , which one of the party , named Sejjj ^'^ s ^ iih him . This witness stated , that fij j *]^ -Abbott heing knocked down , he cried CsLuff ^ , ^ yon see me killed ! " on which ^ areahis gui ^ and shot the deceased . ft ^^ fwood , brother of the deceased , also
**» & ^ . ^ m U » e ; rtatemente of Hereer , that U « B ^|?^ Ktniiisd to Blackburn , they went fc » l he »» r 3 L ^ wton , and other places , to keep out ol spi att g ^^ PoEee . juereer , however , gave himself ^ W 0 ^* 1 tte foDowingweek . A second was **** f * M * m ° & 7 some time after , tried at the last 1 = 4 ij ^*? 111 " ^ Crossley Tfai tiacea toAmeric ^ c ^ L ^^ ' Prisoner Abbott -was taken * t 1 » SL ^ Ka « ibam only a &w weeks ago . ttcfeaoi ^;^" Erased the Jury lot jUie defence , KaoaaS ^ S ' * io evidence ^ fe ? that the * ° ^^ fii ^ i My common ^ xsxp ^^ Mh Crosdey cftJu w ^ fJ ? to the deceased . Xhatit tf » 3 ttie act »« htj ^^? 1 ^ one foi -Which the prisoner eonld Sj ^ f ^ ^ - ""^^ , *" re ti 2 boi & L mijnites * consaltation , returned
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THE TRIAL . &OYERNMENT PBOSECUTION OFFEARGUS O'COIWOR , ESQ . AND OTHEBS , FOR AN ALLEGED CONSPIRACY . LANCASTER . —NISI PRITJS COTJBT . Wediiesdat , Mxrch 1 . Mr . Baron Rolps , the Judge of the Assize , having Z ? , ^ Morning for the commencement of the trials of Mr . Feareus O'Connor and others , charged by net Majesty ' s Go > ernment , under the ** monster indictment , " ( a copy of which we published a few weeks ago in the Star , ) for a conspiracy , by violeuce , to bring ^ about a change in the Constitution , the Court , at an early hour , was besieged by persons anxious to hear the proceedings . The body of the Court was crowded io exeess , and included a large proportion of the defendants , who mixed promiscuously among the general body of spectators . On the bench were a number of fashionably-attired ladies , the daughters of the gentry resident in the neighbourhood of Lancaster , who probably graced the Court with their presence , for two reasons , first , to hear the evidence , and secondly , to have an opportunity of seeing what shocking people these Chartists are .
The Learned Judge took his seat on the bench precisely at nine o ' clock ; soon after which Mr . O'Connor , accompanied by Mr . ScholefieW , Rev . W . Hill , and W . RobertB , Esq ., solicitor , of Bath , came into Court , and took their seats immediately behind those reserved for the members of the bar . The Court having been opened with the usual formalities , the Clerk of Arraigns called over the names of the Jurors summoned to Berve . Four of the Special Jurors , upon whom notice had been regularly Berved , did not appear when called , and no sufficient excuse being tendered for their absence , they were fined £ 25 each . The following gentlemen were then sworn on the Jury : — special . JamesRoihwell Barnes , Somer-field , Great-Lever , Esq . John Bentiey , of Farnworth , Esq . James Anderson , of Burgh Hall , Duxbury , Esq .
Edward Brook , of Melbourne-place , Rufiholme , merchant . Isaiah Ashlin , of Great Mersey-street , Kirkdale , merchant . Thomas Edgeley , of Park View , Rusholme , merchant . Forsyth William Smith , of Wellfield-plaee , Toxteth Park , merchant . Charles Armstrong , of St . George ' s-ioad , Everlon , merchant . James Blythe , of Plymouth ^ grove , Chorlton upon-Medlock , merchant . Thomas Haigh , Elm Hall , Aintree . merchant .
TALBSMES . Richard Harrison , of Baraby , tallow chandler . Charles Storrs Kennedy , of Ulverstone , gentleman . William Scott , of Ulverstone , gentleman . The Jud # e , addressing the Attorney-General , said that an objection to serve on the jury had been made by Mr . Bentley , of Farnworth , on the ground that being a magistrate , and having taken an active part in the proceedings against the parties with whom the transactions about to be investigated , were said to have originated , he did not think he should be an impartial person for the discharge of the duty . He ( the Judge ) did not think the reason a " sufficient one , but as the objection had been nude , he wished to state it . The Attoknet-Gkmeeal said that if his Learned Friends on the other side had no objection , he had none to the withdrawal of Mr . Bentley ' s name .
Mr . PtrosAS said , that as appearing for two of the defendants , he had no objection to foe tried by any magistrate . A desultory conversation followed , which ended in Mr . Bsntlej ' s name being retained on the list . Sir Fbkdk . Pollock , Attorney-General ; the Hon Jas . S . Wobilet , M . P . and Q ,. C . ; Sir Gbkgobt Lewtn , Knight ; Mr . Hiidtabd ; and Mr . F . Pollock , appeared to conduct the prosecution on the part of the Crown . Mr . Baines , Q . C ., appeared for James Scholefield and William Scholefield . With reference to the last mentioned defendant , the Attohset-G-knkbal said he would at once relieve his Learned Friend from all trouble by consenting to a verdict of acyut / ta / being taken . Mr . Do'Pas , Q .. C * , appeared for Thos . \ i \ nn and William Brook .
Mr . Sergeant Muhpht appeared for Thomas Railton , William Johnson , and John Derham . Mr . Athkbton appeared for James Fen ton and William Stephenson . Mr . M ' Obray appeared for one or more of the defendants , bnt we did not distinctly understand which . Mr . F . Pollock opened the pleadings . The indictment charged the defendants with having illegally conspired together , and with divers other persons to the jurors unknown , unlawfully assembled together , and by violence , threats , and intimidation , to compel persons to desist from their lawful occupations , all tending to bring about a change in the law and the constitution as established in these realm ? . To this indictment the defendants had severally pleaded not guilty , on which issue was joined , which issue it was for the jurors to try , and say whether the defendants were guilty or not guilty .
- Mr . O'Cojwob applied to have the witnessed for examination ordered out of court , which was immediately complied with . The ATTORNEY-GENERAL then rose , and addressing the Jury , said he could assure them most nnfeignedly that he never rose to discharge a more painful duty than the one which fell to his lot to-day , or one in which he considered that the responsibility cast upon those who ad need the Crown , was greater than on the present occasion . While for a moment he adverted to circumstances which , more or less , must be within the knowledge of every gentleman comprising the Jury , as probably of almost every person in court , —while he alluded to that for one moment , in order to caution them
against any impressions which they might have received with frespect to any individual charged , before they came into that box , it was scarcely possible not to entertain the strongest impression of the danger and the mischief that might ensue from offences such as those mentioned in the indictment , if indeed they had been committed by the defendants . He would call their attention exclusively on this occasion to the facts that would be brought before them , and he would state in ihe ontset , without the slightest difficulty , that if they were not satisfied of the guilty participation of every defendant , let all those who had by their own evidence or not implicated themselves , if the evidence given on the part of the prosecution shonld
leave any fair or reasonable doubt in the minds of the Jury , have the benefit of that doubt , and by their verdict be acquitted . The offence imputed to the defendants was that of endeavouring , by large assemblages of persons , to accomplish by force , violence , menaces , and intimidation , such a degree of alarm and terror throughout the country as to produce a change in some of the fundamental parts of the Constitution of the country . He should not stop there to inquire , nor should he , moreover , attempt to discuss lor one moment , the merit or the demerit of the change , or the beauty of the constitution , or the happiness which it might or might mot shed upon those who had the blessing to live under it . He was there—not to discuss any
political subject whatever . He was there merely for the purpose of vindicating the law , and he doubled not but that his Lordship would tell the Jury that the course of proceeding which he ( the Attorney-General ) had adverted to was illegal—that it was not by such proceedings that any change , of whatever sort , was to be brought about in the constitution of the country ; and if they were satisfied by the evidence that the respective defendants had taken any part in a proceeding which had this for its object , and those means to which he had adverted were the means to be resorted to by the defendants , then it would be the dnty of the Jury , however painful , to find them guilty . As little had he to do with the political orij $ in of the meetings to
which he must first call their attention . He proposed not to enter into the secret history of the motives of any individual anterior to the time when first the law was violated . He proposed not to enver into any inquiry as to what were the circumstances that led to the commission of these offences , beyond what iwas absolutely necessary to render the facts connected with them intelligible to she Jury . Having then stated to them the duty he had to perform , and entreated them to dismiss from their recollections any circumstances tending to create prejudice , or to weigh againBt any of the defendants individually , or as a body , he should proceed , as shortly as he could , to narrate the facts which he proposed to lay before them as matter of evidence . Somewhere about the 26 th of July last , a meeting was held at A&hton-under-Lyne , the situation of which , as they were probably aware ,
with reference to Manchester , was about bix miles to tbe east ot the town . At the meeting , one of the defendants , William Woodruff ; was the chairman , and another of the defendants , Rd . Pilling , was also present , and the Jury would find that the language used on that occasion could leave no doubt whatever as to what were the objects and intention of the parties who were then assembled . He proposed to read a very few sentences of what fell from the Chairman and from Pilling , when he addressed the meeting , because he believed there was no doubt that evidence would be given to confirm the statements he ihonld make . Woodruff opened the meeting in a speech iu which he exhorted the people u to give over work until they could get a fair day ' s wage for a fair day ' s work . " He then called upon Pilling to address the meeting . The language he used was very strong , and was personally directed to owners of mills in t e neigh-
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bourhood . He said he should " advise the cotton lords to keep within the precinots of their own P ***^ for dark nights were coming on : and some bold hand , more daring than the rest , would reckon with them , for the reckoning day was near , and a bloody reckoning it was like to be . " It appeared that shortly before this there had been some reduction made by the master manufacturers in the wage 3 of the various workmen whom they employed . He believed that two er three of these reductions occurred in the month of April last year , and seme of the observations made by tbe defendants were with reference to a still farther reduction that was suspected . The meeting on the 26 th of July was adjourned to the following day , but either no meeting took place , or else it was so thinly attended , that it excited no public attention whatever . On tbe 1 st of August , Moorhouse , the bellman of Hyde , gave notice of another meeting , and at that meeting , George Candelet , another of the defendants , acted as the i Chairman , and notice was then given of a further meeting for Sunday , the 7 th of AHgust , to take place at Mottram Moor , or Wednesoff-green , four miles from Ashton , where the Chartists were in the habit of holding Iheir camp meetings . The Jury would find that on Sunday the 7 th of August , two meetings were held , one in the morning and the other in the afternoon , to which he must call their attention , because in the meantime , the manufacturers who had given notice of an intention to reduce
their wages , at least all , he believed , with the exception of one , withdrew the notiee of reduction . On Friday , the 5 th of August , one house having persisted in their intention , a sort of meeting of the masters and workmen of that factory occurred , at which something was said that gave offence to the men . He could hardly suppose that such offence was intended j but undoubtedly some offence was created , and the men immediately abaadoned their work , and that he believed was the first commencement of what was called the turnout . On Saturday , the 6 th of August , there was a procession of not less than 1 , 500 or 1 . S 00 persons , who went through Newtou , headed by John Durham and John Crossley . At the meeting held on Sunday , the fth of August , Moorhouse addressed the people , and then , perhaps , for the first time , the objset of the meeting was distinctly avowed . He told the
meeting that it was neither a wage question nor a religious question—it was a national question—and that their object was to make what was commonly called the " People ' s Charter" the law of the laud . At that meeting Candelet , one of the defendants , spoke , and a man named Wild , who was now soffering under sentence , at Chester , also addressed the people . At two o ' clock in the afternoon , there was a larger meeting , and on that occasion , the defendants John Leech , Thomas Storah , James Stephenson , and Thomas Mahon , spoke , and it was then stated that on the following day , there would be a great turn-out , and that no one should return to work until every principle of the People ' s Charter should become the law of the land . On that occasion , Moorhouse used language , of which he believed this was a correct statement . He aaid , " Yoa have been told of the evils under which we labour , and I am requested " - — Mr . Dumdas—There is no such person in the indictment .
The Attosnet-Genebal was not aware that he had mentioned Moorhouse as a defendant . He was alluding to language used by the chairman of a meeting , and he believed he should be perfectly correct in stating to the Jury , that that which a chairman , uninterrupted , and without opposition , was permitted to state , was , at least evidence of the intention of those who were assembled at that meeting , and he believed several of the defendants were actually present . Moorhouse said , " You have been told of the evils we labour under , and I am requested to tell you that to-morrow a meeting will take place at Stalybridge , at fire o ' clock in the morning , when we shall proceed from factory to factory , and the hands that will not willingly come out we will turn them out , and when we are out , we will remain out , till the Charter , which is the only guarantee for your wages , becomes the law of the land . I
hope to meet you all to-morrow morning , when we will join hand in hand in this great national turn-ouu" On the following morning , a meeting was held at a place called Haigh , near Stalybridge , at which from 2 , 000 to 3 , C 00 persons were present . There were two placards exhibited , on one of which were these words : — The men of Stalybridjjc will follow whereTer danger points the way ; " and upon tbe other : — "They that perish by tbe sword are better than they that perish by hunger /' After the meeting was over , the people proceeded first to the mill of Messrs . Harrison , where they turned out all the hands , and stopped the mill . They then went to the mill of Messieurs . Lees , where they did not find the same
willingness to receive their proposal to stop labour . They burst open the door , and by force they did that which at the Messrs . Harrison ' s they were enabled to do merely by their presence and appearance . It was arranged that they should meet the following morning , and something was said about going to Manchester . At a very early hour on the morning of Tuesday the 9 th of August , the people were meeting at Hyde , at Stalybridge , and at Ashton ; and from the place where they all assembled , they determined to march to Manchester . Accordingly some thousands of persons , with certain descriotions of arms , with bludgeons , and banners , having something the appearance or military array and order , marched into the town of
Manchester , and finding the military very near tbe entrance , they halted , and there was » sort of parley between them and tbe Magistrates . To the remonstrance of the latter , they answered that their object was " peace , law and order , " and they promised faithfully to keep the peace , and to commit no diBorder of any kind . On these assnranoes , the Magistrates withdrew the military , and placed themselves , not exactly at the head of the people , as leaders , but for the purpose of pointing oat where they might go , and to watch that they did no mischief . The people then marched into the town together , the military having withdrawn toprerenl any hostile conflict . They had scarcely got into the town when those who wererather in the rear , separated themselves into different bodies ,
going from street to street , and from house to house , and took possession of the town . For three days the shops were shut up , —all labour was suspended , and portions of the mob went from place to place , not merely to the mills , but to every place where the labour of man was used , and they obliged a cessation from labour . In some instances they demanded bread , ia others they accepted money , and for three days Manchester was in a state of the most lawless riot anB confusion . The following week , proceedings manifested themselves 6 f a still more threatening aspect thau perhaps was indicated by the assembling of the people in tbe manner he had described . It appeared that at that time there had been a meeting , at
Manchester , of delegates , or persons from the Trades ' Union ; and hebeggedito call the attention of the jury to a resolution which was pat forth on Friday , the 12 th of August . It was this— " That we , the delegates representing the trades of Manchester and its vicinity , with delegates from various parts of Yorkshire and Lancashire , do most emphatically declare that it is our solemn and conscientious conviction that ill the evil 8 which afflict society , and which have prostrated the industry and energy of the great body of the producing classes , arises solely from class legislation , and that the only remedy for the present alarming distress and wide spread destitution , is the immediate and unmutilated adoption , and carrying into law , the document known as the '
People ' s Charter . ' That this meeting recommends the people of all trades and callings , forthwith to cease to work until the above document becomes tbe law of the land . " He might here incidentally remark to the Jury , that if a number of persons had formed the design of going into the country , from place to place , for the purpose of causing a cessation of labour , and compelling the public authorities in different parts of the country to adopt particular changes in the constitution , all those who , in any way , offered encouragement of any sort to the persons so acting , become what in the law was called accessoriesbefore or after the fact , made very little difference , for in a case ef misdemeanour , which this was , all accessories were principals—all who used
encouragement to parties committing this description of offence , were themselves guilty of that which they encouraged in others . And it would be for the Jury to say whether this resolution , and other resolutions of a similar kind , being brought home to certain parties who were before them as defendants , could leave any doubt on their minds as to tbe object for which resolutions of this character were put forth . It would be for them to say whether those who adopted this method of encouraging and producing a system , and giving effect to the designs of others , must not be held , in point of fact , by them , as adopting such a course with a view to assist and promote the designs of others . If that were so , he believed his Lordship would tell them that such persons , altogether and entirely , participated in the full guilt which they thus encouraged . Now , by this time , the state of Manchester bad attraoted the attention of the authorities there , and
the authorities in London . On the 14 th of August there was a proclamation issued by the Magistrates on their own authority , and , on the 15 th , anotker proclamation was issued in ; the name of the Queen by the Executive Government ; and after that proclamation , calling upon evtry one to preserve the peace , and to abstain , from giving any encouragement to the violence of others , it became Btill more and more the bonnden duty of all persons who were determined to obey the law , and who were determined not to disobey it , to abstain from any proceedings that could give enconrajjement , directly or indirectly , to persons going about the country endeavouring to turn out those who were anxious to continue to work for their masters . On the Monday following this , a meeting was held at a public-house in Tib-iStreec , Manchester , which was afterwards adjonrned to the Carpenter ' s Hall . The Jury would find that at the meeting
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various resolutions ' were carried , and at length it SrfS ^? " ?^ issuo a P « d » t o wbi * iSSSfi *? " « K . caU their a « ention . It was I ^ USPi- * . erty * ° the trade 3 of Manchester and surrounding districts ! Fellow-workmen , we « Sv ai » - befor « you the paramount importance ofthiB day ' s proceedings . The delegates from the m «™ a <> tunng districts have been more numerous tt * £ — ? 4 ? neet ^ K ' than yesterday , and the spirit hL ?? n « min » tlou manifested for the people ' s rights SinT ?? d 6 Very hottr * In consequence « rf the unjust and unconstitutional interference of the magiatrateB , our proceedings were abruptly brought to a close by dispersing the meating , bat not ™ JJ » . th *> f very teeth , we passed the following resolution : 'That we , a 3 delegatesi w pabho meeting assembled , o \ o recommend to -tne various constituencies we reoresent . to adoDt
ail legal means to carry into efftet the 'People ' s Charter , and further we recommend that delegates be sent through the whole of the country , to endeavour to obtain the co-operation of the middle and working classes , in- carrying out the reso . ' otionof ceasing labour until the Charter be made the law of the land . Englishmen I rigidly determine to maintain the peace and well being of society ; , and show by your strict adherence to this resolution that we are your true represen tatives . Do your duty , and we will do ours . We meet again to-morrow , and the result of our deliberations will be fully laid betore you . " Now , he had read to the Jurv the
words of thiB placard . There were expressions with respect to " legal means , " and "keepingthepeace . " He was afraid that those who directed tbe framing of that paragraph differ in the view which his Lordship would lay down as to what were the " legal means by whioh such an object could be carried into effect . It wouid be for the Jury to judge whether those upon whose lips hung the language of " peace , iaw , and order , " were not actuated by very different motives . It would be for them to judge how far the expressions which were used in a placard , put forth to the public , really conveyed the intention of those who used them ; or whether they were used with an intention to depart from those professions
whenever a convenient opportunity might occur . On Tuesday , the 16 th of August ,, a meeting , not of tradea , but of delegates , was held , for the purpose of assembling a sort of Convention of persons from different partB of the country ; and in accordance with the recommendation , he believed that not fewer than from sixty to seventy delegates arrived in Manchester . At one of the meetings , undoubtedly about forty attended . At the meeting , an address was considered and approved of , to be printed and published to the people of England . It was an address from five persons styling themselves , — " The Executive Committee of the National Association , for carrying the Charter ; " and he begged to call the attention of the Jury to the contents of that
document . The proof sheet , corrected in the handwriting of one of the defendants ( Peter Murray M'Douall ) would be produced in evidence . The Learned Gentleman then proceeded to read extracts from this address ; - the first of which called upon the people never to resume work until full justice had been done to the working classes their wives and families , by the enactment of the People ' 6 Charter . He ( the Attorney-General ) regretted deeply to say that at Preston and Blackburn , there had been a conflict with ( he military whioh unfortunately did termijaate in bloodshed . The language used in this address with reference to the event was this : r— " Fellow-Chartists , the blood of your brothers redden the streets of Preston and
Blackburn , and the murderers thirst for more . But be firm , be courageous , be men . Peace , law , and order , have prevailed on our side . Let them be revered until our brothers in Scotland , Wales , and Ireland , are informed of our resolution , and when a universal holiday prevails , which will be the case in eight days , then of what use will bayonets be against public opinion ? " Then again , in allusion to the stoppage of the mills , the address said " every hand is at rest , savp the peaceful siokle of the reaper in the fruitful fields . " That was perfectly true . Within fifty miles of Manchester , all was still , bat ia what way that stillness had been produced , whether by the spontaneous wish of all the persons who were compelled to observe that stillness , the jury
would that day judge by the evidence ; and thsy would further judge whether those who prepared this document could by possibility be ignorant , that although , undoubtedly , a large portion of the rest from labour was acceded to cheerfully by many , a very considerable portion of the people—he believed he should not be wrong if he said the greater part , yielded a reluctant assent , and were acted upon by the force and threats of those who went from place to place to produce a complete abandonment oi labour . The address concluded by asking the people to leave tha decision of their rights to the M God of justice and of battle . " This placard was extensively dispersed over Manchester . It became a sort of rallying point at various meetings that
took place afterwards , and the question that the Jury would have to decide was , whether all those who were connected with the framing and putting it forth , —whether in the entire scope and object of the production , they did not find a direct encouragement given to those persons , who were going about the country , from factory to faotory , and almost from house to house , to suspend labour of every kind , and to do it by force , in order to carry out that change in the constitution , whioh would be effected by carrying the People's Charter into law ! The Jury would have evidence given them of what occurred at the meeting of delegates ; and as against one of the defendants- ^ he meant Mr . Fear gus O'Connor—they would have the strongest evidence of his
participation in it , in a direct allusion to it m his own newspaper , the Northern Star , to which his name was affixed as the proprietor , and for the contents of whioh he was responsible . He proposed to read from the Northern Star , a few expressions which would dearly connect Mr . O'Connor with the publioation of the document . He thought it perfectly right , however , to say that before the date of the paper to which he was about to refer—the 20 th of August last , many paragraphs had appeared in the Northern Star , dissuading the people from taking the course whioh they seemed to be bent upon ; and whatever benefit , in . any way , Mr . O'Connor could derive from a candid admission on his ( che Attorney-General ' s ) part , that prior to tbe 20 th of August , the Northern Star was apparently directed
against the strike , the benefit of that admission he should certainly not seek to withhold from him . But he had not the least doubt , from the paper he held in his hand , that , for some reason or other , —whether because the impulse seemed to be so strong—whether the current seemed to be so irresistible that it was no longer of any use opposing the stream—or whether Mr . O'Connor was carried along by that current—or whether , seeing that there was such a prospect of Chartism becoming the law of the land , he thought the time was come when use might be made of the crisis , he ( the Attorney-General ) knew not ;—be dealt with the facts merely as they were before him ;—and he found in the Northern Star of the 20 th August a statement of
a meeting of delegates in conference at Manchester ; and he used this against Mr . O'Connor to prove tie fact that was there stated—that there was a meeting of delegates . He should confirm it by notes that were found in the band writing of one of the members , who took notes of what passed ; and , last of all , he should confirm it by the testimony of a person who was present , and who now thought proper—with whatever spirit it would be for the jury to judge—to give evidence of what took place in that ) assemblage . But in order , as he was aware that remarks might be made on testimony of this description , and as the Jury had a right that such testimony should be confirmed by every document that he could have recourse to for the purpose .
be should prove , against several of the defendants , as it were , out of their own lips , that they were prosent , and what took place . He would now read the statement which appeared in the Northern Star of the date he had mentioned . £ Tne Attorney-General here read the report of the Meeting of delegates in conference at Manchester , " as it appeared in the Star of the 20 th of August last , } He wanted to show that this was as good evidence against Mr . O'Connor as could possibly be given , because it was deliberately published by him , in a newspaper of which he was the sole proprietor . ( He also read another extract from the same paper . ] On a subsequent day , the 3 rd of September , Mr . O'Connor published another number of the Northern
Star , in the leading columns of which he gave au account of the meeting of the delegates . It was ia the form of a letter , but nserted as a leading article , and was addressed to the " Imperial Chartists . " [ Here he read Mr . O'Connor's answer to the letter of the *• Old Chartist , " in the British Statesman , which answer necessarily contained a sucoinct account of the Delegate Meeting at Manchester , and Mr . O'Connor ' s proceedings at it . J Sir Frederick then went oa to describe the part which Mr . Scholefield had taken in promoting the object of the strike , by lending his chapel for the use of the meetings , and having tea parties of Chartists at his own house . [ Our Reporter was obliged to send off his first packet before he had transcribed the whole of Ms notes of the Attorney-GeneraVs speech .
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ABERDEEN . —On Monday last , the National District Charter Union , held their monthly , . or business meeting io their Hall , 38 , George-street ; Mr . Arehibald M'Donald in the chair . The statements of tbe union fnnds having been read over by the , secretary , appeared highly satisfactory . A new code of regulations which bad been drawn up under the inspection of tbe Council was confirmed by the meeting , aa likewise some few additions then proposed , This having been the night for electing half of the Council to supply the vacancy created by twelve having completed their period of service , was allowed to lie over until next monthly meeting , as the house was considered too thin , owing to tbe extraordinary Btate of the weather . Mi . James M'Pherson moved a vote of thanks te T . S Duucombe , Esq ., M . P ., and those members who supported hia motion , tot an enquiry into the qn-judge-lite conduct of Lord Abinger . Tb . < a motion was carried amidst toutdtJs of applause .
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THE NORTHERN STAR 5
Voltaire's Philosophical Dictionary. The First Volume Of This Colo-
VOLTAIRE ' S PHILOSOPHICAL DICTIONARY . The first Volume of this colo-
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), March 4, 1843, page 5, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct471/page/5/
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