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Northern Star (1837-1852), 25th November 1843, Edition 2 of 7, Page 1, THE LAND! THE LAND U J

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    • TO DANIEL O'COHNELL, ESG>, M-P.
    • TO THE WORKING PEOPLE.
    • ffGYtizn $&obemcnt$.
    • Ct>aft$i EnteniSfNCf.
    • & Gi'li)comhtej C^arttjst $®eeiing$
    • THE LAND! THE LAND U J
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  • Text (15)
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      Untitled Ad

      ; iVew FviKdang , complete in One VoL , neatly Bound in Cloth , I > nce 2 s . Bd , A PRACTICAL WORK on the MANA 6 EAinarr OF SHALL FARMS . By iSuwra O'Cohsos , Esq ., Barrister and Farmer . The desire of tiie author has been to furnish a valuable compendium-at such price as wonld enable every yorfangaian to become possessed of it . No . 4 may be said to contain all the practical instrnobons necessary for carrying ont the plan , together with Plates , describing Farm House , Offices , Tank , J < arm Yard i &c ; while the whole contains all the information requisite for carrying oat all the operations , -- - .- .- . : N 3 . —3 ke above Workmay stm be procured in . numbers , price 63 . each .

      Untitled Article

      Sib , —No very material change has taken place in joor position sinee I last addressed you , save and exeept the rich token that you hare received of Irish confidence , and the large . refresher given to you for increased exertion . And 1 think , Sir , * & »* I may take the opportunity which lias jnst presented itseif of , at one and lie same time , making a comparison between jour situation and mine , and of replying to another © f yonr chargesagainst me and some of the Chartist leaders , to the effect that we were in the pay of ihe Tories . Just as I was reading the gratifying intelligence of yoar pecuniary prespects for the present year , and yonr ability to purchase

      delay , from the proceeds of a ^ national contribution . ITTBSpresented with a Bill of Costa amounting to £ 389 Si 2 < L for a Tery short period , —in addition to many other Bills of Costs which I hare also paid , independently of travelling and other expences , —at the suit of the Crown ; and I beg to as 3 snre you , Sir , that while you can draw upon an Exchequer where your 4 rafts will be honoured , the Carlton Gab wonld be the very last source from whence I "WOTllu be ahle to ensure the means of paying those expenees imposed upon me by a Tory Government . But no moie of that , Sir . I merely mention it as a single item of that persecution \ o wMch I have been exposed by a Tory Government on the one hand , and "by your unjust insinuations on the other !

      I shall now refer to whai I consider the mo 3 t important question for your consideration at the present moment . As long ago as June last I told you that the Irish Arm 3 Bill wonld be the signal for transferring the power of the Executive into the hands of the Irish Orange faction . Tnat law' cam 6 into operation a fortnight since ; and from the sunnltanft > us demand of the Orange party for more troops > whether regular , militia or yeomen , to protect the Irish Protestants , you may learn that , as I predicted , the Irish Axni 3 Bill would be the standard round which the Protestant party would rally , not

      only to secure Protestant ascendancy , but also to ensure a market for Protestant butchers . The signal fires may or may not have been demonstrations of your triumph over the cantankerous Attorney-Gee eral . If they were intended as such , they were not only justifiable , but praiseworthy . The faction wonld have triumphed over Ireland ; and why should Ireland net triumph orer them ? But 3 > efore I answer the charge of concert and conspiracy , of which the English Tory press assert tbose demonstrations to be proof . I would now

      caution yon again si permitting their continuance ; and for this reason : no further demonstration can be required of Irish devotion to their country ' s cause than has been already nnmistakablj manifestefl by iha "Klioia penpls j wMls tiey fnmlsL the T £ ry besi tx&p For leading the unarmed people into a eonfiict in the dead hour of the night wiih- their armed assailants . Therefore , if tbose nocturnal illuminations a : e to be continued , let them henceforth be the sport of faction , rather than illustrative of national feeling .

      Depend upon it , bir , that whatever precaution you take , those Jres will nevertheless -be cor ; tinned as a means of arousing the Protestants and the Government to a senss of their duty ; and you should caution the people against even attending those fixes ; and for this reason : the times are coming , when nightly domiciliary visits will be made to the poor man ' s hoTel ; and when to be absent , lured by a sop of straw or "fuize bush , * ' lit by some Protestant yeoman seeking employment , may subject the ¦ rictim io transportation , or some severer punishment ; while a sanguinary cotflict may lead yon , in

      ignoxanee of the real cause , to the fulfilment of youi threat to abandon the people . " P-or these reasons it becomes your duty to dissuade the . people from the continuance of such a practice . I presume that jon are thoroughly acquainted with ihe mod © and manner in which evidence is got up by the Crown whereon to ground an application for powers . , beyond the law : but as a few-facts ¦ which have come to my own knowledge maj be serviceable , even io you , I shall here relate them . In the recess of 1833 , after . the Irish Coercion Bill had been enacted by the Whigs npon

      the testimony of policemen , police Serjeants , and police commissioners , the following fact came to my knowledge , and nndei the following riMumsiaaees . Tour present Secretary , Mr . O'Neill Daunt rode to my house . Shortly after his arrival , my presence was required at Clouakilty ; and I said to him , "Daunt , as my horses are watered , 111 ride year ' s to CJonakilty f to which he assented . On my way , the horae stumbled and fell upon me , and so far iojured me , that I was obliged to hobble up to the house of Captain Davis , a friend of mine , who very kindly vsui me home in his gi ? , driven by ope of his

      servants . Upon the road the following conversation occurred . The man was aware that I had been tried in 1 E 32 , In Cork , upon charges arising out of the Tithe agitation ; and he said to me , " I' hope and trust in God , jour honour mil take care what you do lor the fuiure ; for believe me , you bare a power of enemies against you . " I replied , " 1 know 3 have , but I'D beat them all . " " You might , " he rejoined , "if yon knew them ; bnt you don ' t . " I asked him what he zneani ? and the man wept and said , ** I am ashamed to ttli vc > ur honour . " However he did tell me the following story : — God

      knows , its little I thought when I was forced to fern out one night , that it would be the means of injuring jou or Ireland ; but I was foolish and didn ' t think . Darrce the Tithe aghatioD , 1 lived ^ nth Captain S , and one day after dinner j ^ jqj . , and some other gentlemen who were stopping at the house , had me sent for ; and we all had our faces blacked , ar > d went oat in the country to several houses , and took arms and powder whereever we could find them , and money in some cases t © bny more ; and we swore them to be true to the

      cause , and to abolish the tithes /* I asked the man why he had noi commnBlraled those facts to a magis-Jratel and Ms answer was , that he might as well shoot himself ; for he would never get another place if he betrayed the gentlemen . " I then asked him 3 f he would swear to the facts and give evidence , if I esEured . him protection I He told me he would . I communicated the whole affair to Mr . Littleton , ihe then Irish Secretary , and asked him to pro 3 ecnte ihe parlies , and to ensure the man protection ; but with him it has rested up to the present moment .

      I seed not < lwell further npon thi 3 case ; bus shall bow put you in "possession of a circumstance that occurred in 1823 , during the "Whiteboy riots . A man of the name of Peheen , who was known to have a private still , received & letter signed Bock , " commanding him , under severe penalties , to meet » Captain Bock" at a given place , npon a certain night , -with , two gallons of " singling , " or " first diot , " which means the best description ol Illicit > j ? iisky . Feheen obeyed theorder , but took the pre-^ anJion to take a neighbour with him ; and to his aetoBitsbjaen * * he recognised the Captain of a yvsomanry Corps in the person of Captain Rock . I jiov » ' pass on to consider whether or no those signal fires i ^* l » M « ij proof of concert , or conspiracy .

      Untitled Article

      When I was returned for the County of Cork , in 1832 , ft man named Coghlan , whose family had lived for several generations under my family , said : "By Jams Mr . Fargas , bat I H go and set the country onfire . " I knew perfectly well what be meant . He went to a cabin and procured a spear , like a pike with a long handle , commonly used for searching for bog timber . He put a small bundle of lighted furze withe spear , and stood , on a hQl ; and in lees than twenty minutes , the whole country appeared in a blaze , which spread throughout the County of Cork , and to Kerry and Limerick , without any understanding or concert whatever ; and I will venture to assert , that any man anxious for such amusement , « an , of himself , on any night of the year , produce the very same specticle in Ireland .

      I mention these things firstly , to set you thinking ; and secondly , to disarm those who would make such occurrence a pretext for the further Coercion of Ireland , Meantime , Sir , neither slumber , nor be deluded ; for rely upon it , that you have a vindictive and revengeful faction in the field , and party in the Cabinet fco deal with : neither of whom will be satisfied with anything short ofydnr total destruction . Argue you not too favonrably from the law ' s delay . Be assured that its vigour will not be relaxed , nor its hold upon you loosened . Wo have already seen

      the apparent change produced in the temper of the Attorney-General after his consultation With Sugden ; but we have seen nothing to lead ns to a belief that he haB abandoned any portion of his project . Believe not , Sir , that the naval and military array is not intended to facilitate the collection of poor-rates ; while even was it so , the Orange faction would not allow you to separate resistance to poor rates from Repeal agitation . Believe me when I tell yon that the Government will attempt to persuade all moderate men , all sensitive men , all timid men , and all interested men , that your destruction is indispensable to the trauquility of Ireland ; whiia they cannot meet Parliament without being able to give a better aceount than total defeat in the Queen ' s

      Bench , increased contributions , and increasing enthusiasm as a sst-off against the alarm , anxiety , expenditure and risk incurred in the suppression of the Repeal agitation . I shall not now further trespass upon you than once more to implore you to take your own position into your most serious consideration ; and while you are fencing with the law , be prepared to meet the next step , which will be the suspension of the Habeas Corpus Act , if you beat the Government 1 and to justify -which the Orange faction Will . get up a rioi of their own , by concert and conspiracy , which they would be better paid for keeping secret than divulging : for believe me that the very same spirit which actuated those ruffians in 1798 is still to be found amongst their representatives of the present day .

      I learn that our Griffin , who swore against the Chartists at Lancaster , is ono of the witnesses to be produced against you ; but you may rely upon it that the Tobt Chabtists of Manchester will take good care to send a deputation to recognise him , in order that ourjriends , the Tories in Ireland , should not " ran the buck" upon you under another

      name . I am , Sir , &c , Fexbgvs O'Coxkop

      Untitled Article

      Mi Fhie-nis , —Yon have now had time to deliberate npon the address of the Executive , published in last week' s Star . Since then I have been to Leeds , and witnessed the most cheering and inspiring revival of Chartism in that once apathetic town town . The Chartists have taken the largest hall in England , for which they pay sixty guineas a year ; and in justice to the leaders , 1 may say , that never was there a more united band . . You will see an account of the proceedings for the two glorious night ' s in this week ' s Star .

      Two of your Executive have started on their mission You have read onr project ; we wait your response , in order that nine others may be added to the agitating corps . Tfltf whole expense of your machinery , Executive and all , will then amount to no more than £ 15 103 a-week ; while the weekly subscriptions paid by the nnmber of members that I have enrolled myself , would amount to between £ 8 and £ 9 of the money . If you impose duties upon US and require the fulfilment of them , we h 8 Y 8 a right to demand the fnll performance of your own duties ; while not a single locality , with the exception of Coventry , has transmitted the one-fourth of their weekly collections to the Executive . I now call upon you by all that is sacred , by all that is

      righteous , and by all that is dear to you , to arouse , and by your exertions enable the Executive so to perform their dnties as will ensure the success of yonr cause . Yoa have no right to impose duties upon men aud to withhold from them the means of discharging those dnties . The Executive seek not to touch your local funds ; but they demand their own share as a right ; while 1 think that my long standing and perseverance and unremunera'ed services justify me in making this appeal to yourselves upon your own behalf . Now , working men , I have never deceived yon ; and trust me that if you enable us to prosecute onr

      object by the moderate contributions we require , you wiilsfee Chartism in such a position when the forthcoming Convention meets as it never occupied before . 2 \< yw then to the woHK . In on « day Irishmen can subscribe £ 4 O , UOO ; while every wef k they cbeerfulJy contribute between a thousand or two thousand towards tbe support of their cause ; and , more than that , there are few towns in England wherein the few Irish resident in each town do not of themselves contribute more than you are called upon to furnish as a nation to carry out yonr own principles . It would be insulting to say more , than merely to remind yoa that CHARTISM REQUIRES EVERY MiN TO DO HIS DUTY .

      Your faithful Friend , Feabgcs O'Cox . nor . P . S . 1 have just received an anonymous letter from Oldham , asking me something abont £ 20 , that I borrowed , or got from , or owe to , the widow of tbe late lamented John Knight , of Oldbam . My correspondent says that the Cobbettite 3 are making a great handle of it . I trnst they'll make as great a handle of my answer , which is this : John Knight had no widow . I never got £ 20 or twenty pence ; nor do I owe twenty farthings , direct ' y or indirectly , to any one connected with John Knight ; and never did . I am wholly at a loss to understand even the meaning of this lame fabrication- Nothing ever occurred , not any one circumstance , that could , in the most remote degree , give rise to it . I shall shortly be in Oldbam , and see what the Cobbettites say then . F . O'C .

      Untitled Article

      FRAKCE . —Pbefaratios fos Co ^ tbollisg the PjlbjsiaXS . — "The municipal guard , " says La Heforme , " have just taken possession of the small ' bastile' erected in 1843 on the site of the citadel demolished by our fathers in 1789 . This edifice being no longer concealed by the planks which hitherto had it from the public view , the people may now judge bow admirably it is fitted out to support a siege . The walls are massy and well built , and the loopholes are chefs cTauvres of the kind . The arch of the gateway , under which two pieces of artillery may be planted , is adorned with sculptures representing musket ? , pistols , cannon ? , poniards ,

      sabres , swords , cartridge-boxes , shakos of the municipal guards , epaulets , uniforms , and drums ; there are even among the emblems cocked hats , like those worn by the town Serjeants . This arch ia closed by a strong iron railing . v 7 orkmen are now occupied in encircling the little' basffle' with another railing nine feet high , leaving between it and the edifice a space of ten or twelve feet to facilitate the movements of lie municipals . " " The Minister of the Interior and the Minister of War , " sajB the Commerce ^ " are now at varianee respecting the projecting

      pavilions of the Palace of the Institute . The Minister of War wishes them to be demolished , in order to < lear the guay , so as to remove all obstruction in the way of the artillery , and of the passage of the troops . Neither the Minister of the interior , who is guardian of historical monuments , nor thelnstitute , will allow those two wings of the Palace to be destroyed . We offer to bet , however , that they will lose their cause . " " In less than three weeks , observes LaHeforme , " Lonis Philippe has visited the fortresses of Mont Valereio . St . Denis , A-ubervilliers-

      Untitled Article

      les-Vertus , Charenton , and Vincennee . The last fortress appears to be the special subject of his Royal solicitude ; for since the close of May , 1841 , that is since ; the changes made in the old structure , and the erection of the new one , which commenced in March , 1842 , Louis Philippe has six times visited the works of Vincennea . ' ? . SPAIN—Accounts from Madrid of the I 4 th insf state , that in the morning of tbat clay General Narvacz proceeded to the Palace , and presented to the Queen his resignation of the post of Capta i n-General of New Castile . The motives for this resolution were not exactly known . The Eco del Comercio announces , that its editors had been removed from the Barrack del Soldado to the former Convent of the Basilios , where they wore still detained in solitary confinement ,

      M . Palmo , former commander of a battalion of Luchana , and M . Savita , an ufficer of the garrion , had been arrested as participators ia . the aitempt against the person of General Narvaez . A letter from Perpignon of the 15 ; h ins . states , that General Prim on arriving at Figueraa had summoned the castle to surrender ; bus that his demand had been met by a peremptory refusal , and that the batteries had opened a fire upon his quarteis by way of defiance . The Castle was supplied with provisions for twelve months . The Montroso steamer brings advioes from Lisbon to the 15 th , and from Cadiz to the 13 th inst . The suppression of the insurrection in Gaticia had been complete , and neither at Vigo nor elsewhere were there witnessed any fresh symptom of outbreak .

      After the defeat of Iriarte , General Cotoner , having arrived at Redondella , prepared to attack Tigo , when the insurrectionary Junta , perceiving the entire defeat of itB adherents , requested the Consuls of England and Portugal to serve as mediators for them with the Commander of the forces . The Consuls both readily lent themselves to this task , which was satisfactorily accomplished , and the Government troops shortly afterwards entered Vigo , without effusion of blood . Order was established throughout Galicia .

      There had been undoubted supplies of arms , ammuuition , and money , sent out by Espartero ' s adherents in London to the northern and southern coasts of Spain . At Seville many new arrests had been made , and upon the persons of the sergeants of the Regiment del Rei . imprisoned for endeavouring to effecta demonstration against the Provisional Government , was found 200 , 000 reals in gold . The disturbances at Algesiraa , like all others , had led to nothing . At Lisbon all was quiet , aud the * Cortes were opened as the packet left .

      UNITED STATES .-Thenewplanof the American Executive for issuing 5 , 000 , 000 dollars in paper money is the Bubject of angry comment on the part of the democratic press , who refer to it as pregnant with future mischief , and compare it to the issue of asaignats and mandate during the French revolution . The measure is ascribtd to the ianaeuce of Mr . Webst er , who , though he has quitted the Administration , is said to retain his iiilluence with its present members . The whole plan , indeed , is affirmed to have been concocted between him and his former colleague , Mr . Spencer , duriDg a recent visit to Washington . A better idea of the subject cannot be t > ivtn than by quoting some of the remarks of the Opposition journals upon it . The Hurrisburg Democratic Union has the following : —

      " We observe that the Secretary of the Treasury is about to issue 5 , 000 , 000 of Government paper money , under the name of fifty-dollar Treasury notes . The rate of interest on these notes is to be merely nominal , and they are to be redeemable oh demand in the banks of New York and New Orleans . The intention i 3 openly avowed of making them a circulating medium , instead of bank-notes ; and this barefaced violation of the Constitution is to proceed from as Administration which glories in the fact that its chief has twice vetoed bills to establish a bank of the United States !

      "Treasury notes have been often issued by the Government ; but Btioh notes are as unlike tht ^ of Mr . Spencer as a bond for money loaned , beaiiug an interost of six per cent ., and payable in one year after date , is unlike a bank-noto payable on demand . The Constitution gives to Congress the power 'to borrow money on the credit of the United States ;' and this power has sometimes been carried into execution , by borrowing for one year , instead of a longer term , at such a rate of interest as could be agreed on by the parties , and issuing Treasury notes to the lender or creditor of the Government tor the amount . These Treasury notes have never heretofore been redeemable at any bank before they wera due ; and it is this redemption of them on demand , before they have Tcached maturity , together with the mere

      nominal rate of interest they bear , which changes them lrom a Government loan iuto a Goyeruuieut paper circulation . The secretary in this manner expects to evade the provisions of the act of Congress , and to escape the censure of the Democratic party and the country . But the attempt will be unavailing . So hostile were the Democratic party to a Government paper circulation , that when the independent treasury law was before Congress , although the riaht of the Treasury to draw draughts upon its agents in payment of the public dtbta was unquestionable , yet to avoid the possibility that these draughts might become a circulating medium , it was expressly enjoined on the Secretary of the Treasury , by the 23 d section of that act , to provide for their speedy presentation and payment at the different depositories .

      11 No Government on the face of the earth has ever resorted to the miserable expedient of issuing paper money without suffering from the experiment . It is created so easily , that it produces unbounded extravagance in expenditures , as well as the most corrupt peculation . It has made a bankrupt of every Government which has resorted to it extensively ; and the people themselves have always had to suffer the loss . The assignats of the French Revolution , and our own continental paper money , are the most memorable examples of the truth of this assertiou . The framers . of the Federal Constitution , warned by the fate of ! this paper currency , and having it

      before their eyes , wisely withheld from Congress the power of ever again issuing it . They thought the old example ousht for ever to be shunned ; and , therefor ? , the only power over the currency which they conferred upon Congress was that ' to coin money , and ; to regu late the value thereof , and of foreign coin . ' They were emphatically hard-money men . Bnt why should Mr . Secretary Spencer regard those thiDgs 1 The Constitution ia now but an antiquated scroll ; and the exposition of it by the Virginia and Kentucky resolutions , and Mr . Madison ' s report , is entirely out of date . The modern ultra-lat uudtnarian construction by the ' God-like' Daniel ha . s superseded these mus y records . "

      The Missourian says : — " All the details of the new paper currency of the Federal Government are now before tbe country , and it now turns out to be a naked issue of paper money upon the credit and revenues ol the Government . The notes are still to be called Treasury notes , but have ail the characteristics ot bank notes . Like bank notes , they are to b ^ ar no interest , for the 1-IOth of ] percent , is nothing , and is only intended as a fraud upon the act of Congress , which required them to bear interest . Like bank notes , they are payable to bearer ; but here another fraud is perpetrated to cheat the act of Congress , which required Treasury notes to be payable to order ; and by this second fraud the bearer is put upon the back ,

      instead of the face , of the note . Like bank notes , they are payable on demand ; aad , like bank notes , they are intended to pass from hand to hand , to be re-issuable , and to constitute a paper-money currency . The amount now to be issued is 5 , 000 , 000 dolp ., the new deficit in the revenue amounting 10 that sum , and the whole to be payable at New York . These are the features of the new Government paper-money ; and the first thing that strikes us is its utter unconstitutionally , its gross perversion of the act of Congress for issuing Treasury notes , and the boldness of thus putting into operation the main part of the Exchequer Bill , which Congress so peremptorily rejected , aud of which the main object was to issue a Government paper currency .

      " The Constitution knows nothing but a hardmoney currency for the Federal Government ; and all Administrations up to the present day have rejected a federal paper currency , not only as unconstitutional , bat as the most fatal and dangerous of all the ^ descriptions of paper money . Mr . Tyler's Administration is the first to do it ; and in doing 80 . has committed a violation of the Constitution , aud a fraud upon the act of the CoDgress for issuing Treasury notes . In doing this he has cancelled the last feeling of regard which anybody felt for the two bank vetoes ; for Government banking is certainly

      worse than corporation banking , bad as the latter is . He had nearly cancelled the debt of gratitude which some -felt , by proposing the Exchequer scheme , but now he has put the worst part of that scheme ; into operation , after Congress had rejected it ; and thus showa ^ that he was governed by no principle whatever in giving his vetoes . Unconstitutional and fraudulent as this paper currency , is , it is subject to all the objections of a local currency ; for , being payable at New York , it will all centre there and will require a concentration ot specie at that point to redeem it .

      Untitled Article

      "There never Wa ¥ , and : there never will be , a Goverament p » per . ^ urrency which will not be abused . The present issue is an abuse ; and though they bt ) gin with five millions , it will rise to tens and

      hundreds of millions , if permitted to go on . Every new debt and every new extravagance will be covered with % new issue of paper money , to avoid-the alarm which loans and tares would create ; and thus a greifc national debt ^ il be croated before tho country is aware of it . Thus it is now . Every session of Congress since the change of 1840 has been met by deficits , loam , taxes , and treasury notes , until the new public debt amounted to 27 , 000 , 000 dollars . In a short time Congress is to meet again , and would be again informed of a deficit

      of i . 000 , 000 dollars , and new losms or taxes called for to that amount . But to avoid this call ) and to deceive the people , an issue of paper money is determined upon , and these 5 , 000 , 000 of Government bank notes are isfcued . The Democracy were for a national gold currency ; the old Federalists are for a national paper currency . The old Federalists were for & bank to issue this currency ; the new Federalists , of the Websier and Tyler school , are for the Government to issue it ; and of the two , we deem the old Federalists the most honourable and the least dangerous . "

      Lynching in Misaissipn . —Tho South Western Farmer ( Rtymond , Mississippi ) of the Cth inst . says —'' We have before us a letter from Brandon , dated 28 ' , h ult ., giving an account of an outrageous act of iynoting committed in that neighbourhood on the 27 th . A black fellow , named Dave Gridley , had been for some weeks committing many depredations upon the property of the citizens , when he was at length caught , with the assistance of dogs , and delivered to a guard . Subsequently he waa taken from the guard in the night , dragged into the wood ? , and hung . His body was then thrown into an old house , which was set on fire and burnt , together wiih the body . It ib not known who the perpetrators of this outrage were . "

      Assassination . —Last evening , about six o ' clock , Mr' W . G . Benham , brother in-law of the senior editor of this paper , was stabbed at the White Mansion , corner of Market and Third-streets , by Talbot Oldham . son of Judge OMhatn , of Jefferson county . Some slight quarrel haying taken placo , Oldham stabbed Mr . Benham twice with a bowie knife—once in the arm , near the shoulder , severing a large artery , and once in the back . Mr . Benham died about midnight . Wo do not wish at present

      to detail all the circumstances of the occurrence ; but , if they have been truly detailed to us by eyewitnesses , the aot was as atrocious a murder as ever was perpetrated . Mr . Benham was entirely unarmed . The assassin , who even before this act had an infamous notoriety here , immediately mounted & boive and fted from the city . The sheriff subsequently wont in pursuit , but we have not learned whether he succeeded in catching him . —Louisville Journal .

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      Mb . M'Gjiath's Tour—On Monday morning last , I left London for the purpose of commencing the work of provincial agitation . On Mondny I arrived at Northampton , and found that the Assembly Room of the Saracen's Head , Abingdon-Btreet , was engaged for roe to lecture in . Tbe audience was not numerous ( abont three hundred ) , but it was composed of sterling Chartist material . Mr . Cherry , a man of the right sort , was appointed to the chair . He opened the proceedings in a neat speech , stating that as freedom of discussion was the invariable characteristic of Chartist meetings , if any person present should feel disposed to controvert the arguments of the lecturer , or invalidate any facts adduced by him , that at the termination of the lecture he would guarantee the disputants a clear

      stage and no favour . I was then introduced to the meeting . I addressed them for an hour and a quarter upon general topics , and concluded by an earnest ; appeal to my audience to come forward and join tbe National Charter Association . Having concluded , I waa honoured with the unanimous thanks of the meeting . We next commenced tbe work of enrolment : sixtythree cards of membership were disposed of . On tbe ¦ whole , I am much pleased with Northampton : tney ere most anxious for a . visit from Mr . O'Connor fueling that much good would be tbe result , Tbe enrolled members are determined sedulously to exert themselves ia promulgating the priu-. ciples among their fellow working men . From Northampton I proceeded to Birmingham . Tbe

      Mechanics' Institution was taken for me to lecture in . The audience ( owing I talieyo to the stormy sfite of tbe nigbt , lor it blew and rained dreadfully ) was not so good as one would expect from democratic Brimingham , and from the peiftction of the arrangements for the meeting . I spoke for upwards of an hour , and having concluded the Chairman respectfully requested those who entertained views different from mine to coma forward , and that he would guarantee them a fair bearing ; whereupon Mr . Mason came forward and put several questions touching the conduct of the Extcutive ! n their efforts to procure the enrolment of the Organization . I replied to Mr . Alason ' a queries , And had the pleasure to elicit from him a distinct

      avowai of his entire satisfaction . We then began to enrol , and succeeded in disposing of forty cards of membership . 1 regret to say that there exists a pultty feeling of jealousey between ihe two localities existing io Bin-ninghaai , which prevents that oneness of action , that cordial co- operation , indispensible to success . I Binoerely hope that tbe men of Birmingham will rise superior to those petty brawls ; that the existing ill-feeling will soon subside ; that Birmingham will become the centre of the movement ; that we shall have the satisfaction to see fl * locality there established , which shall become a terror co lyranfs and a powerful auxiliary in the Godlike -work ot effecting a nation's political and social regeneration . Philip M'Grath .

      Birmingham . —We have received from Mr . Chilton a report of Mr . M'Grath's lecture , which we regret we cannot find room for . Mr . Chilton sayss—" Mr . M'Gratb , in my opinion , is a really talented young man—his style is good , and his language correct , and though far removed from common-placeness , could t 3 readily understood by the most simple present . His illustrations were happy , and his colouring natural ami vivid—and the lecture was entirely free from the clap-traps too often resorted to . even by Chartist lecturers , for the purpose of catehing tbe prejudices and tickling the senses of their bearers . Good sense and unshakable arguments were tbe beginning , the middle , and the end o * Mr . M'Grata ' a discourse ; and the moat talented opponent of tbe Iectnrer ' s principles must have felt convinced of the ultimate success of a cause expounded and defended by working men of the stamp of the EKecutire ' a president "

      SHEFFIELD . —FiQ Trke Lanb . —On Sunday evening Mr , Weat delivered hisfltat lecture , viz , " Ireland ' s Wrongs and Ireland ' s Remedy , " to a nnmeroas and attentive audience . Mr . James Mitchell , of Stockport , in the chair ; who opened tho business in an appropriate speech , observing that these lectures had been got up for the purpose of creating a mora kindly feeling towards the Irishmen resident in Sheffield and tbeir English brethren . It was indispensable to the attainment of the liberties of both countries , that a cordial union for mutual advantage should exist between Englishmen and Irishmen ; and notwithstanding that interested parties laboured , hard to keep up division

      amongst them , he bad a well-grounded hope that the day was not fax distant when both the Chatter and Repeat would be obtained , and the principles of banian liberty triumph ever pretended friends and open and avowed enemies . Mr . Mitchell sat down warmly cheered . Mr . West then commenced his address , embracing an historical sketch of Ireland down to tbe period of tbe Union , and exposing the ignorance of English bookmakers , stylad historians , as regards Irish manners and enstoms . He compared ancient institutions that had for their object the maintenance and support of tne poor , with the modern ones that have created two million and a half of brggars . He showed hewtradd and manufactures bad been destroyed , and

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      enumerated several Acts of Parliament that had been passed for tbat purpose . He then gave an historical account how tbe Union of the two countries had been carried , and related Borne of the doings of C&stiereagn and his party , which called forth the universal execrations of the meeting . A vote of thanks was carried to Mr . Mitchell and Mr . West , and the meeting JSfcRarated . On Monday evening tbe discussion on the Com Laws was resumed , and after speeches from Messrs . Briegs , Dyson , Royston , and Weat , the following resolution , moved by Mr . Royston , was carried

      unanimously : —" That-this meeting having heard tbe arguments en both sides of the [ question , are of opinion that a repeal of [ the Corn Laws , under any circumstances , would not cheapen the food of tbe working man ; and that the agitation now going on avowedly for that object , is a wicked delusion to draw the attention of the working classes from denitindiug their political tights , and to enable a few heartless gambling speculators still further to ^ enrich themselves at the expence of the blood and sinews of the industrious classes of England !"

      NEWCASTLE . —Mr . Charles Dapnz Stusrt lectured here on Sunday , at half-past two y . m ., in the Chartist Hall , Goat inn , Cloth Market Bible and Missionary Societies being the subject of hisjdiscourse , in the course of which he exposed the absurdities of those societies , and the ] folly of expending vast amounts of money for the purpose of sending missionaries abroad when the native population are starving . Mr . S . lectured in the same place at half-past Bix o ' clock in tbe evening , on the Repeal agitation , with great effect , to toe entire satisfaction of all present . SUNDERr / AWD—Mr . Thomas Dickinson lectured on the Town Moor , on Sunday ; morning last , on the Rights of Man , t 6 a very attentive audience ; and , in , the evening in the Chartist Room , on the Wrongs of Woman . *

      On Monday evening Mr . Dickinson again lectured to a good audience , at the close , four new members weie enrolled and took out their cards . Mr . Dickinson has opened a new CbartiBt locality at Hylton . The Chartist Day School was opened on Monday morning , for the reception of children , free to those who cannot afford to pay ; superintended by Mr . Dickinson . At the opening , eighty-four children were admitted , and a great numtar more are expected to be admitted next week . { BATH . —Mr . T . Bolwell lectured at the rooms of the Association on [ Sunday evening last . BRISTOL . —On Monday evening , the Chartists of the City , or St . James ' s locality , met at the Society Room , Cannon-street , when Mr . Jacobs delivered his second lecture on the effects of Free Trade . On Tubsbay evening , Mr . Marriot delivered his first lecture on the Charter , Machinery , and the Land .

      6-tAsGOW . —A public meeting was Held in tbe Ch&rtiet Church , He ^ ent-street on Monday evening , to consider the propriety of adopting , so far as possible , the New Plan of Organisation . Mr . Adams introduced the business of the evening , by reading from the Star the various opinions there set forth , as to ihe legality of the plan . Mr . Colquhoun moved tbe adoption of such part of the plan as might be acted upon under existing circumstances . Seconded by Mr . W . Brown ; to ¦ which Mr . Moir moved as an amendment that they form themselves into an Association , to be called the { Glasgow Charter Association . Mr . Adams objected to the amendment , on the grounds tbat there was an Association already in existence called the Glasgow Charter Association ; and moved as another amendment , that they recommend to tlwir friends the necessity of joining the one already in existence . On tbe vote being ] taken , Mr . Moir ' s amendment was carried against the original motion by a majority of eight I

      royton . —A lecture was delivered m the Chartist room , Royton , on ( Wednesday , tne I 5 on feat , by Mr . David Ross , of Leeds . Tbe lecturer gave general satisfaction . : Halifax—Mr . is . Kydd lectured here on Monday night last to a very attentive audience , oh tho Charter and the means to get it . Some new nvembers were enrolled . Mr . K . lectured again on Tuesday evening on tbe Repeal of tbe Legislative Union . A large number of IrHh Repealers were present , and were highly delighted with the way in which Mr . Kydd baudl d bis sufjeel ; and some more new members took out their cards . At tbe conclusion the following reso- ' lution was unanimously adopted . Moved by a Scoth- ; man , seconded by au Irishman , with an Englishman

      in the chair— " That in the opinion of this nieeang , Ireland is fully entitled to a Repeal of the Leg i slative Union ; and tbat we express our sympathy wi' . h that portion ot the Irish people who are agitating for that measure , and believe that Ireland will never be contented till the Legislature concede their request , aud tbe itisu constitution t > e the ttfUx of tne will of tbe Irish poople ; we therefore call upon every l » ver of his country , and tbe lush people generally , to use every influence in thtir power to induca Mr . O'Counell , the ieader of the Irish jpeople , to invite Mr . O Connor to an amicable discussion of their respective opinions , so as the energies of tbeao great men may be brought to bear on one object—for England , Ireland , and Scotland their legitimate rights .

      MANCHESTER . —Carpenieks' Hall . —A lecture was delivered jin the abuvo Hall on Sunday last , Nov . 19 h . by Mr . William Jones , from Liverpool . The spacious Hall was densely crowded in ev « ry part . The lecturer gave satisfaction to all present . At the close of the meeting fifteen naw membara wer « enrolled . . S&lcFORO . —The Ckartisfi of this place hold th-jir weekly meeting oniSunday last , when a i-jcturo . wtts delivered by Mr . William Dixun , of Manchester . The room was well fillfed by a respectable audience , who paid graat attention to the sentiments advanced by the lecturer . j STOCKPOBT . 4-On Sunday last , Mr Diylo , of Manchester , delivered a vi-ry instructive lecture on tbe all-important sut > jee ! t of " The Lind and its capabilities . " The audience was very numerous , and w ? re highly gratified : 14 s . was collected at the door . This is a proof that Chartism is neither dead nor dying hare . j '

      JTORTHAEIPTOIf . —Mr . M G : atn delivered an excellent lecture on Monday evening , in the large room at the Saracen's Head Inn , to a good and attentive audience . At the close of the lecture upwards of fifty cards were taken outi Mr . M' Gratb promised us another visit on his way back to London . SSLSO—Mr . R . jG . Garamage lectured here on Friday , Nov . I 7 th , in the Odd Follows' Ila /! , on the causes of national distress . On Saturday evening he delivered a second lecture , on the capabilities of the Land . He made a powerful appeal to the audience to come forward and enrol their names as members of the National Charter Association . At the conclusion of the iecture a number of persons enrolled their names , and Mr . Reed , an old teteran in tha cause of democracy , kindly volunteered the use of his room for oor meetings until we could flad one more commodious .

      BRIGHTON—A public meeting of the Ch 3 rt ! st 8 of Brighton was held > t the Cap of Liberty , Portlandstreet , on Monday , jNov . 20 th . Jlr Boniface in tha chair . Moved by Mr . Page , seconded by Mr . LswJs" That a public meeting beholden at the Cap of Liberty on Monday , at half-past eight o ' clock , Nov . 27 th , to sympathise with ourjliisa brethren in their struggle for the Repeal of the legislative union . " Carrie a upanimously . Proposed by Mr . Williams , seconded by Mr . Page '' Tbat a concert be holden at the Cap of Liberty on Monday , Nov . 29 th , to assist in liquidating the dele ' gate fond debt" Carried unanimously . LONDON . — -Hr . lMantz lectured to the Boot and Shoemakers , Golden : Lion , Dean-street , Soho , on Sunday evening last . f

      THE ExecutiveJbavo appointed the following persons to tbe National Chartist Association Council : —Mr . N . Conner , , Baker-street , Commercial-road ; Mr . George Hall , 1 , Ely-p ^ ace , Globe-flelds ; Mr . G . Ramstid , 2 j 5 , Star-street ; Mr . Wm . Goodwin , Chatham-street , Liraehouse-flelda ; Mr . T . Perkins , 5 , Baker-stteet ; Mr , W . Shaw , 16 , T ^ oik-str eet ; Mr . Will ia m Dockr ey , boot-maker , 25 . Baker-street , Commercial-road , sub-Treasurer ; Mr . T . H . Knowlea , ladiea' Bhoe-maker , 6 , Windsor-street , Bishopgate , sub-Treasurer . Mr . W . H . Bain , District Councilman .

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      ^ U ^^ if % M * £ >* s ^ v ^ iA ^ / tr J ^ i > Dublin . —Irish Univeksai Scffbagb Association , Scnday 19 xh Nov . —The Association met aa usual . The attanaaneo was considerable , and the meeting was very powerfully addressed by several speakers . Many strangers who were present admitted the ' soundness of the political doctrines the heard , and more than admitted it , looked conviction . The Repealers however , are so certain that T > an will accomplish the abrogation of the Act of Union , according to his solemnly and publicly recorded declaration , before the 23 rd of April next , thai they are resting on that oft-defeated hopo tor tne .

      present . We have , however , been bold enough to . prophecy that they will be made April fools of ; and if they are , delusion will certainly lose some of its fascination , as both the spirits aud the pockets of the people have been thoroughly drained . Mr * O'Higgins has a notice of motion on this subject for next Sunday , and altogether the Chartist world may rely on it , that by our bantering Dai on his want of sincerity and Whig predilections , we are a great means of promoting the present serious looking agitation in Ireland , so by the close Watchfulness of the Irish Universal Suffrage Association we shall take care that no new betrayal of . the peopleVconfidence shall take place without an exposure , as caustic as it will be deserved .

      OLDHATO — On Sunday last Mr . W . Bell delivered a very energetic lecture in the Chartiat Room , Greaveav street ; the room was crowded , and the aodlenca listened with great attention . At the concluaioc , a number of individuals were enrolled and took out cards af membership . ' : At a . weekly meeting of the members on Monday evening last , the following resolutions were unanimously passed— " That this meeting recommend to the Executive that the -whole of the lecturers' expences be paid from one general fund . " " That we the Chartists o £ OiJham recommend to tbe Executive Willirtm Bell of H « y wood , as a fit and proper person to be engaged £ 3 lecturer . '

      Working Man ' s Hall . —On Tuesday evening last , a general meeting of tho shareholders of the Working Man ' a Hall Association took place in tha Chartist Room , Greaves-street , to take into consideration the oreotiou of th « a . b&naJ&M -w > , « = o »« i «» fW 4 « u » e ine nexti spring . The meeting WM . well attended ; and , it wca unanimously ayreett to appoint six persons to assist the Directors in looking oat sites of land : it was also agreed that the shares should extend to seven hundred . Th » plans and estimates -will b © received by tbfc D rhetors in the above ioom on Wednesday evinioga , commeneing on Wednesday the 29 th inst . The meeting was then adjourned to Tuesday evening next , at eight o ' clock , when it is expected that all the shareholders will attend . Persons wishing to take out shares rre h quested to do so immediately , as upwards of 500 shares aro taken already .

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      Mr . O'Connor , will be in Nottingham on Monday next , the 27 th inst ., and will address the Chartists at eight o ' clock in the evening . On Monday , tha 4 th of December , ho will be at Liverpool ; on Tuesday , the 5 th , at Wigan ; on Wednesday , the 6 th , at Hyde , at seven o ' clock in the evening ; and at niue the same evening ?; and on Thursday , at Manchester . London—Mr . E . Stallwood will deliver a lecture at the White Hone , St . Mary-street , r . " » . w VVl ? i ( echapel workhouse , on Sunday evening , 2 ' ? . h inst ., at seven o ' clock . Mr . T . M . Wheeler will leehire ai 'be Golden Lion , Dean street , Soho , on Sunday evening , 26 th inst ., at seven o'clock .

      Yobng Men ' s Association , —The met&borsof tllO above are requested to meet on basinet of urgent importance at the Britannia Coffee Hou . se , Waterlooroad , ou Sunday afternoon next , Nov . 2 ( i . h , at three o ' clock preoisely . New Chartist Hall . —A publio festival and ball will be hoiden to cehbrate the opening of the new Chartist Hall , BJackfriars-road , comer of Webberstreet ' , on Monday , December 11 th- Feargus O'Connor , E ? q . will attend ; the members for tha borough are invited and expectsd to attr nd . Doubla tickets , 2 * . 6 d . ; single ditto , Is . 6 d . To the ball , ( double ticket , Is . 6 d ; single ditto , Is .

      Bcroush of Grjeenwich , — Feargus O'Connor , Esq . will address the" men of the above borough , at the George and Dragon , Blaekheath-hitt ; on Wed-, nesday evening , Nov . the 29 : h , at half-past sevea preoistly . Somers Town LocALiTf . —On Sunday evening next , Mr . Davie will lecture at Mr . Daddrip ; e ' s Bricklayers' Arm 3 » Toiibridge-street , Muw » roa . d . A LiCTURE will be delivered on Suuday , Nov . 26 th , at the Golden Lion , Daan-street , Soho . _ . New Hall , : BiACKFHiABs-RoA » . —A meeting ol shareholders will be held on Sunday evening next , the 26 th of November , at six o ' clock in the

      evening . Mr . SiALuvrooD will lecture at the V / hAte Horse , St . Mary ' s-street , White ' Chapel-road , near _ the workhouse , on Sunday evening next . The chair to be taken at half-paat seven o ' clock . Bolton—The members of the Association ara requested to attend nest Sunday evening at seven o ' clock , in their meeting room . Stafford—A general meeting of th « Chartists of this town will be holde " n at the house of Mr . Wm . Halden , Helley ' s-square , on Monday evening next , as seyeD o ' clock , on business of importance . Ashton-under-Ltne—Mr . Win * Bell , of Hey « wood wiil lecture in the Chartist Association Roonij Cavendish-street , on Sunday , 26 th inst . at six o ' clock in the evening .

      Ilkestox . —The Chartist Association of this town will commence their weekly meetings on November 27 ih , at seven in the evening , and every subsequent Monday , / or the purpose of reading tne Northern Slar t Nottingham Review , Chartist Circular , and other democratic publications , ( in their Room , at Mr . Stocks , Bath-street , Ilkeston . StwDEBLAND . —Mr . Thomas Dickinson will lecture on Sunday ( to-mt » rrow ) morning , at the New Town , Bishopwearmuuth , close to the Railway , at halfpast ten o ' clock . In the afternoon , at half-past two o ' clock , at H i i to u Ferry Boat . In the evening , at half-past six o ' -lock , in the Chartist Room , Clarke ' s Passage , opposite Robinson Lane , Highatrett ; and in the same plaoe on Monday evening , at half-past seven .

      Glasgow . —The Directors of the Glasgow Charter Association will meet in the Young Men ' s Hall , College-street , on Monday evening , when business of importance will ba laid before the meeting ; and a 3 tfvese meetings are open to all t ' riendB , a tail attendance is expected . Bristol . —On Monday next , the 27 th instant , Mr . Clarke , of the Executive , will lecture in the aboveaaraed place . Mr . Charles Bolwell , of Bath , will lecture at Bear Laue Chapel , on Sunday ( . to-morrow ) evening , November 26 th . Subject— " The social condition of the people . " A Concert will be held in the large Assembly Room , Cannon coffeehouse , Old-street . St . Luke's , ou Tuesday evening next , November 28 th , for the benefit o ! the Charti 3 t victims . —To commence at eight o ' clock precisely . Tickets fourpence each .

      Macclksfield . —A dinner party will be held m the Ciiartist Room , Stanley-street , on Thursday Nov . 30 th , at citrht o ' clock in the evening , to commemorate the liberation of Mrs . Walker and Mr . BarneSt . Mr . Samuul Bentote will bo liberated fcha same day , and will address the party after the cloth is drawn . Ladies' tickets one shilling each ; gentlemen ' s , one shilling and threepence ; may be had of John Warren , Crompton-road , ot Mr . Hargreaves , Waters-green . Bur ; y . —Mr . Christopher Doyle , from Manchester , will deliver iwo lectures in the Garden-street Lecture Room , on Sunday ( to-morrow ) , at half-past two o ' clock in the afternoon , and at six in the evening . Royion . —Mr . Taylor , of Royton , will deliver a iecture here on Wednesday the 29 th inst , at eight o ' clock in the evening .

      Oldham . —On Sunday ( to-morrow ) Mr . F . A . Taylor , of Royton , will lecture in the Chartiat Room , Greaves-street , at six o'clock in the evening . Mr . M'Grath's Route for ' the . ensuing week ;—Sunday , Stockport ; Monday , Wimslow ; Tuesday , North wich ; Wednesday , Middlewich ; Thursday , Nmtwich ; and Friday , Congleton , Stockporii Sheffield . —On Sunday evening , Mr * West will deliver his second lecture in the room , Fig Tree-lane , on "The Wrongs of Ireland . " The lecture will embrace tho following subjects : —The nature , cause , ¦ j . al origin of various outrages , absenteeism , landlordism , the clearing system , the jury system , the sub-letting ace , and fixity of tenure . To commence at h&lf-past six o'clock preoisely . Admission , one penny . On Monday evening , there will be a public meeting ; several friends will take part in the proceedings .

      CLiTHfcitoE . —The concluding part of the lecture upon " Christiauity and Chartism" will be delivered in the Chartist Room , York-street , at six o ' clock ia the evening . The Nobi h Lancashire delegate meeting will be held in the Social lustitute , Padiham , on Sunday , December 3 rd , 1843 , at twelve o ' clock precisely .

      To Daniel O'Cohnell, Esg&Gt;, M-P.

      TO DANIEL O'COHNELL , ESG > , M-P .

      To The Working People.

      TO THE WORKING PEOPLE .

      Ffgytizn $&Obemcnt$.

      ffGYtizn $ &obemcnt $ .

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      new ; woollen olote and tailors' trimming ; ESTABLISHMENT , j 37 , BIMa « ATE , LEEDS , AND MARKET PLACE , » ARLINGTON . TUT : H . DAVIS respectfully invites the attention of the Publio to hisjVALUABLE and EXTENSIVE \ STOCK OF WOOLLEN CXOTHS , Which he has purchased for Cash , and is determined to seU for a very Btoall amount of profit The Goods are of first-rate Manufacture , and not made for sale only , but will ha ? e the good properties of wearine welli and ehsqring future orders . ! * The Stock consists of DOUBLE-MILLED WATERPROOF TWEEDS BEAVERS PILOTS KEESEYS , CASSIMERES , SUPERFfNE YORKSHIRE and WE 6 T OF ENGLAND CLOTHS WOOLLEN arid COTTON CORDS , FUSTIANS , &o . &o . Waistcpatings from Is . 6 d . Upwards in endless variety , . *¦ , ] M . H . D . tabes this opportunity to thank the numerous body of TAILORS , who have patronized him since he dissolved Partnership with Mr . Cullingw 6 rth , and begs to assure them that no House in the Trade shall aacfersell him in any one Article . ] The WorJsiiijt Claaaes are invited to purchase Fustians , Cords , and Moleskins , at the above Establishment ; they will find it more advantageous to do so , and employ their own Tailors , than encourage the ? Ready Made Clothes Selling Monopolists , " who get rich at the- expence of the Working Man by paying hiBi one half for a Garment that other Masters give . ?

      Ct&Gt;Aft$I Entenisfncf.

      Ct > aft $ i EnteniSfNCf .

      & Gi'li)Comhtej C^Arttjst $®Eeiing$

      & Gi'li ) comhtej C ^ arttjst $ ® eeiing $

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      I - ; AND LEEDS GENEEAE ADVEftTISEE ,. j

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      ; VOL- Til . NO . 3151 SATURDAY , NOVEMBER "} M , 1843 . ^^ S ' p ^ S ; " ,

      The Land! The Land U J

      THE LAND ! THE LAND U J

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      BRADFORD . —Ou Sunday morning the members of the Chartist School , Park-placet niet in their room , when it was resolved to form classes for mutual instruction . The class will be open , © rerj evening from six to ten o ' olook . ^ Instraction is not confined to ono particular branch or education . The members of the Council met on Sunday evening in their room , when it was unanimously resolved that sixty cards be seut for . The Council call on alt those persons holding oards , to apply to the locality where they reside , to have their names enrolled , and pay up the subscription due , in ' order to enable the various localities to send their quota to the Executive immediately . The meeting adjourned to Sunday next , a ; sis o ' olook in the evening .

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), Nov. 25, 1843, page 1, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct509/page/1/