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Northern Star (1837-1852), 21st December 1844, Edition 2 of 4, Page unpag

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    • &$reicpi %ti\UW$ence,
    • <£valJCj3' -f&otamentis.
    • TO iHE:IJCvDL0iO)S'0FEKGLjSD.
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      MtTCobbs A 5 Jn 5 Em . 'KTfK ? r ,- ^ It i 3 no w iiearfy four Tears ifeceladdiesseda series of betters from a&km ' s jjeQin Y < ak Castle "to ' thelandlords of Ireland : and althou gh the { hen ' signs of the limes furnished , a Mr -jyanning to jour . arder , and although eveiy prediction jhat Iflien ^ ventnrea upon is new in course - ; of fulfil- , jgeatvyetlafeydafbeen dead / dull , and stupid to all jkoee t ^ ontward and -risible signs" -which manifest a growing haired of your dass , as vrell as a fixed deterjninaiion to make you the victims of all those social and political anomalies which constitute th ' e stoek-in-^ rade ^ of - agitators an ^ i ^ revance ^ qngera of every sect and denomination : If a peasant is starring and

      takes une of jour hares , and 03 prosecuted , his suffering is a god : seod to some philaiiteophic free trader Jf tout workpeople eannot \ get worky-the fault isall placed to jour account . _ If any faQorein speculations for iiB C ^ aa or IiijliainBEEkjei takes place , Qie landlords haxe- done H . If trade flags at home , and if fiperafives are starving , you are charged vrith the crime ! In short , you appear to he the doomed section ofsociety Jin whom all , from the Prime Minister to the inmate of thennion -workhouse , may , with some plausible pretext , rent their spleen ; noris such reasoning altorether unjust "when ire take into eonsderatiori the great-social as Veil as political power that your class has been in possession of-for centmies , a great portion of -which you still retain .

      There is thls ^ jreat -difference between your -position and that of the manufacturing dass incorporated in a free-trade league . The manufactnrers , it is true , might considerably "better the condition of their "workpeople , and yet make larger jjto&s on their labour jh * T \ any other class of capitalists ; but you La-re it in 70 r 3 power to mate erery other dass m the state , as veil as yourselves , ¦ wholly independent of man ' s great demy—machinery . The fiee-traders have it not in their power to better fee condition of the -working

      classes , -siithoutmaldng-jrhat they term " a sacrifice " ef their profits : but yon have it in yottr power to xenderihe -working classes-wholly independent of the srarice and cupidity of master-manufacturers . "What 3 hare always struggled for is this—to indnee the landlords , "who are in every -way iinder masters , ¦ better men , " better neighbours , better friends , and better members of society , than the manufacturers , to reform ihcmsdvts in such a -way as would make the chamre universally beneficial , instead of allo-wing that ehanee to be -worked for the benefit of gambling

      spef ulaiors . For ten years I have been idling yon thai ihc landlords themselves can safely produce a change ¦ which -will protect them against all foreign «» mpetivatioE : -whereas , if their ohstinarr leads to those itLno _ iioBS-shick theiree-traders-wIILsooner or later enforce , then , in the hubbub and confusion of ousting tenants , - dLn ^ osins of stock , made a fictitious surplus by the necessity of all to sell , together-with the dismissal of agricultural labourers ; if you-wait for that—that is , to be reformed by others—as sure as that an all-wise Creator rules over us , so surely -will society make a fresh division of your properties 1 Don't "be foolish .

      Don ' t hope to hedge yourselves in , fenced by the Lords and the Commons . The next cry of hunger will level those two great bulwarks of your order . The reason wbv 1 hailed the stai&arian-like tariff of Sir TL Peel t 6 ih pleasure and delight -was , because it furnished wa -with a graduating scale , -whereby the evil effects of free-trade might have been averted . Tou hope to meet the present clamour against your order by taRiao ahimu " a stake in the hedge ; " •' protection for 13-bour ; " baths and yashhouses ; parks and improvement societies ; and you even diverge into the fidd ot politics to an extent whereby you hope to insure popular hostility towards the League .

      One section of jour order advocates pajxr mou . y and trades combinations , as a means of protecting the labour of the -working classes from the aggressions of capital . 2 sow these things are all 50 mueh moonshine . I tell yon , that wu alone can make the required change ; and therefore , kno-wing it , if you do uoi take ihe required step , you -will be justly chargeable with all the distress and confusion that takes place . The subject of the land and its capabilities Teas looked on as one xmint € resting"to -the masses , and an worth v of consideration or thought "when I fin-t

      broached it ; now , however , it has become the all-absorbing topic ; the " Aaron ' s rod" of agitation ; and the knowledge that the working classes have acquired upon ihe srsbjeci -niB be your best protection against The conspiracy of the free-traders , if it induces you to comply with popular requirements . Gatton and old Sarnm were a kind of political allotments ; and die middle classes were demanding their destruction Then they were looking for the Reform Bill Tour order resisted the lesser demand , until at length you -were compelled to submit to the greater infliction of Reform .

      The people are now asking for small farms ; just sufficient foreach man io apply his individual labour , which is his capital . The subdivision of some of your l ^ nre barren , rack-rent wilds , into small cullivateable allotments of four acres each , will enable you to bring your land , dgw a waste and a drug in liie nands of lanre fanners , from the -wholesale into Tie retail market ; and you will thereby open a competitive fidd for free labour , and establish a standard tf wages by which the free-traders will be bound . Yon must be aware thatlabouris the only source of weahh "• sad that ihe only way ^ f giving the labourer his fair share of-vrealth is , by putting Tirro in a situation * where he may work for Vrm ^ f -without hindrance , or molestation from other uarties .

      Tou most also be aware of the impossibility of Keeting the national demand that will presently be made spon your estates , as well as the private demands ior your personal liabilities ; and you will be very lucky , if , instead of the Malt Tax being repealed duringthe next session , Sir Hobert Ped does not pass some law which wiD . directly or indirectly impose fresh burthens on tie land . Should such be the case 20 one fan pity yon . It is all very well to meet , and sat , and drink , andtalk , andsvmpathize : but nobody

      Trill fed for yon , or can defend yon , so long as you hare the power , without the intervention of law , of correcting every single grievance of which yon complain . It is no satisfaction to the poor who cannot drink mUk , or eat stall-fed beef , to hear that cows feed upon 2 Jd . a day will give good cream for rbe breakfast-table ; or that oxen may be fed to a ton height . The people know , or are beginning to understand , thaihoih the cream and the beef are the produce of labour ; and that if labour had fair play they ttrald taste those thines as well as hear of them .

      Ton have latterly endeavoured to get up a kind of counter agitation to the Anti-Corn law League . This is more of your nonsense . The only way in which you could possibly meet them , aye , and defeat them too , is bt ijoisg , while they are talking . Yon risk money in many speculations ; hut how can the poor i > eople have any respect / or yovtr order when " a pound is spent in ihe proper direction ? If we asked you to do too much for the poor , why then there

      might be a feasible excuse for not doing anything But now I wiD place something tangible before you Ton can get thousands subscribed for purposes which ¦* m not devdope the value of labour : why not try a little to advance its cause ? Try one experiment . I irill not go beyond a 1 , 000 acres ; and if your several humane societies will purchase 1 , 000 acres ; or if one landlord will subdivide 1 , 000 acres of tolerably fair kjed into 250 allotments of four acres each , and lease

      &tm fat a eorn-reni ) for € ver , to 250 working menhavingbuDi a cottage , and advanced £ 40 for stock to each—I will venture to say that in three years the plan will become general : ihe labourers contented ; the country at peace . The manufacturers and shopieepers would find this new population to be better customers than either Chinese or Indians . I wfllmake the calculation for yon , although every * &ng proposed for thefbenefit of the poor has something so " impracticable" about it as to deter many from entering upon it .. Take 3 , 000 acres , now worth £ 1 an acre , but not paid ; subdivide it into 250 farms of four acres eadi ; build a cottage worth £ 50 on . each fan- acres , to which thetenant as he improves may add at pleasure ; give every jna ™ £ 40 eaphal to commence

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      with ; and at a money-rent , no man would refuse to give £ 10 a year for that " take ; " that-is , £ 1 an - acre ior the la ^ id , and nearly seven per cent , for the capital and money expended an the cottage : " O , but , " says some cautious ' Econcmi't , "the rascals would run off with the £ 40 . " "TTell , then , to provide against such a remote possibility , expend itryourselves . Buy the necessary stock ; put the ne _ eessary furniture into the house ; mark all as your own ; hire it for . three years , on condition that the takers shall perform all the required conditions , and that if they pay off ihe £ 90 at the end of three years , they shall have the land for £ 1 an acre , or £ . 4 . a vear for ever .

      ! Sow I pledge my very existence that the 250 men ' so situated wonld , within three years , pay off the . £ 90 , every man of them . If any were dishonest , they could neither remove the house , nor a partide of the stock or furniture that you had purchased . Thus I show you the capabilities of the soil , and the value of labour -when applied to it for the Jabourer'e own benefit . It is in your power to try it : and if you don't , who will say that yon ought not to bear the consequences of your own neglect ? If improvidence has made you too poor to furnish the required capital , give ihe land , and I will undertake to

      say that the required amount of capital shall oe forthcoming . Do this ; and you will have relieved yoursdves from that well-merited obloquy so unsparingly heaped upon you . Tou will have destroyed the League , while you have increased your own property . Ton -will have considerably enhanceu the secur ity for your rent . Tou will have convinced the people that you are their friends in deed as well -as in word . Tou will have made the labourer contented with his lot , and will have restored the English aristocracy to that place in the affection of

      the working classes , from which nothing but their < nvn neglro could have dislodged them . Let the fii ^ colony be called Tocxg Exglaxd , if you will ; and then , -when the working classes tmderstand -svbat you mean by " a stake in the hetlj , * , " rfiey v . -ittj < An you in planting it there . Intil you have recourse t » > ome practical means by which the value of labour , when applied to the land , can be made generally beneficial , you will have done nothing ; when you accomplish this grand national object , then 1 will sul > - scrioe myself ,

      l our most obedient , very humble and obliged servant , Feabgits O'Connor . P-S . —I will give you a year ' s stewardship gratis if yon establish this first home-labour-colony .

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      FRANCE . Prssictnos of the Pbess . —M . Bernays , editor of the German journal Yoniartt { " Go-ahead " . 1 , printed in Paris , was sentenced by the Court of Correctional Police , on Friday , to two months imprisonment , and a fine of SOOf ., for publishing his paper without having previously deposited the usual security . It was stated publicly , and believed , that the prosecution was instituted at the request of the Prussian Minister in Paris , in consequence of the appearance in the Torwarts of an article justifying in some measure the attempt of Tschech against the life ^ f the Kinf of Prussia .

      DsEADra . State or Pabis . —RisriTS of Mjddueclass Ecus . —The unprotected state of the public against the hordes of criminals at large in Paris has excited mueh alarm there . The Reforme states that a number of persons had written to the Prefect of Police in Paris , to inform him that their affairs obliging them to remain out to a late hour of the night , ami not wishing to be-murdered in the streets , they should hereafter walk armed with loaded canes , poiuards . and pistols . SPAIN " .

      The Rxigs of Te&ror . —iLuram , Hec . Otb . — Matters do not go so smoothly with General Narvaezin Madrid as in the northern provinces , in Old Castile and in the Basque provinces he and Ids tools are allowed to shoot to their heart ' s content . General Breton has already shot twelve of the unhappy insurgents in Hecho and Anzo without trial , and no questions asked . More executions ar-- to follow , and the crime of over-humanity , which , in the case of Generals Oribe and Bayona led to their dismissal , is likely to be religiously avoided by their successors . In Madrid , however , matters go otherwise . Col . Benaifo , Captain Garcia , and Doctor Arilla , were condemned a few days ago to death by a court martial , composed of such materials as Narvaej delights in , _ f <> r a conspiracy which it is believed nevei existed : and some eight or ten others were sent to

      the galleys for the same crime . Col . Rengifo and lm c-oinpanions in misfortune were to be executed on the yth , but , unhappily for . Nnrvaez , the President ui ' the Supreme Tribunal of War and Marine derlarei ! the- proceedings illegal 'and for his honesty he ha > been dismissed ) , and the Court of the Audienza quashed the whole of the proceedings , so that the livrs of these uufortunate individuals are saved for a time at least , although it is probable that the unscrupulous personages in the cabinet will still succeed in destroying the victims of their vengeance . Sixty inhabitants of Barcelona had been transported to Carthagena , in consequence of the encumbered state of the prisons of the first of those cities . M . Francisco Castanys , a former deputy , and M . Ezechiel Porcel , ex-Administrator of the Finances , had been arrested as Barcelona , and banished to Palma .

      Attempted Lvsckkectios at Cabthagesa . —The Government at Madrid received letters from Carthagena , on the 1 ? th , which stated that an attempt sx insurrection had been made in that place bv the populace , but that it had been suppressed by the author ities , and that the town was quiet at the departure of the courier . The Teaitob Lopez . —M . Jose Maria Lopez has pnblished a pamphlet containing an account of the principal political erent 3 which occurred in Spain during the Administration of the Oth of May , 1843 , and subsequently to the existence of the Provisional Government . The pamphlet , it is said , discloses important secrets . The Journal 4 et Ifibccts , of Monday , announces that the Queen of Spain had pardoned Co 3 one ] JieDcifo and his two associates , who had been sentenced to death bv n court-martial .

      SvHTZERLAXD . Srppitsssios op the issrHBEcTJox . — Pahis , Dxc . 34 . —TSy the last accounts Lucerne was again so far tranquil that the authorities felt confident they should be able to preserve order , anddedined to receive reinforcements , which thev had in the first instance requested , from the neighbouring Catholic canton- . We are assured , however , that though the affair is for the moment put down at Lucerne , a very serious struggle is impending between the Catholics and Protestants of the republic generally . The Belvetie states that a great number of persons had been killed and wounded on both sides ; that the tocsin was sounding throughout the country ; and that numerous volunteers were coming to the aid of the vanquished .

      Among others , the volunteers of Argovia , Berne , Soleure , and Basle , are said to be on the march . The canton of Berne has sent troops to the bordei-s of the canton to watch events , and in this state niihirs remain by the latest accounts . But even ii" the present movement be put down , which from all accounts it will very probably be , other insurrections -trill certainly follow , for in " the exasperated state of the feelings of a large portion of the people ^—an exasperation produced by the bad faith of the authorities —it is not likdy that either party will be satisfied with the present state of things . The following is an extract of a letter dated Berne , Dec . 10 th , 1844 : — " Bv the arrivals from Lucerne this morning , we learn that ihe city is filled -with troops , and that arrests continue to be made . The Jesuits triumph to the full extent of the word , thanks to the means of seduction they have

      employed . Dr . Steiger , one of the chiefs of the liberal party , who is paying by imprisonment for his opposition to the Jesuits , is s . man of mind and eneirgj-, who was the only one that coold rally the Liberal party of the co-nniry , which was without leaders . Coloael Kuggenbuhler , another chief of the liberal party , has succeeded in escaping into the territory of Berne . Many other , fugitives have succeeded in getting over the border ; but although our Government feels the necessity of stopping the reaction , it win consider twice Defore it makes any demonstrations wEch may become a signal ior & general conflict in Switzerland . The people , howevet ; who do not look so closely to the federal compact , are discontented with this forbearance . A volunteer from Argau , who joined ihe expedition a ° -ainst Xucerae , -writes from Arau last night , that nearly all the eight hundred volunteers , are returned , vrorn out with fetigue , and dissatisfied at not

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      having .. met with anj support from the . peqple / pf the places thrO jOsh . which tligi .. gassed . _ These i . ' aa :. been , nevertheless , a , serious engagement a > the , bridge . of tlje Bmrne , half , a .: league from Lucerne , in which tnere . were -killed-and wounded on both sides . ... Tlie yolan ^ eetRsnp-. « eededin forcing the passage ; but ftndmg . no . onj > , on fe otter side ready or willing to join them , they retirid , aijd were nearly cut off at Sursee . " ¦' . " . /

      RUSSIA . The Impebul Censorship . —The Courrier FrmviaU says : — " Formerly the ; Russian censorship had contented itself with covering with black ink toe ' articles of the foreign journals , the reading of which' ft would liot permit in Russia , but for some time pa ¥ ^ the Russian police having discovered that bynieans of a chemical preparation the reading-rooms' ; of Poland were able to render the printed characters'legifcle , the censorship has ordered these articles to be cut ; out , without paving ; any attention to the fact that the scissors at the same time invaded tie offending article and the innocent matter at the back . In consequence , the Russian Gazette recommends such journals as have subscribers in Russia to print their sheets only on one side , leavingthe back blank . "

      TURKEY . CoxsT-i ^ iixoPLE , Nov . 22 . —The representative of . Great Britain has suddenly left this capital , having embarked on board the English man-of-war , which is always at his disposal . It is not known what direction he has taken ; but this sudden departure has given rise to many ' 8 nppoi 5 iti . ons . There are persons who think that this resolution iraa taken in consequence of the difference which ; arose between the British Ambassador and the Porte about the recent conduct of the Pacha of Trebizond towards the British consul there .

      UNITED STATES . Livebpool , Moxbay .-t-The British and North American Royal mail steam-ship , Britannia , Captain Hewitt , arrived in the Mersey this morning . The Election . —The final result of the Presidential contest lias reached us . The number of electoral votes for Polk was 170 ; for Clay , 105 : majority oi electoral votes for Polk , Co . Mr . Polk , the New York Herald says , is to visit Philadelphia previous to his inauguration . Congress . —The second session of the twenty-eighth

      Congress was to commence on the 2 d inst ., and the President ' s nu-ssage would probably be delivered on the following day . It was expected to reach New York about the 4 th inst ., in which case we may look for it by the next ste . ntner , which will arrive " about the 29 th . Speculation was busy as to the manner in which it would touch upon the questions before the country . Jt is generally agreed that the annexation of Texas -will be strenuously urged . The Axti-Rent War , —The Philadelphia corres-TKmdent of the Horning Chronicle

      savs—I regret to state that the anti-rent disturbances , or rather the rebellious morements against paying rents to the Van Rennsalaer family , have been renewed in Van Rennsalaer and other counties of the state of New York . Explosion , &c . —There has been another dreadful steam-boat _ explosion , that of the Tiger , below ! New Orleans , killing six persons . It will be a matter of great satisfaction to hear , that Captain Paxton , of the ship Elizabeth , with the passengers and crew , who "were conjectured to have been drowned , have reached Campeachy , and thence taken passage to New Orleans , where they arrived on the 11 th ult . We have no particulars , merely an announcement of the fact .

      CANADA . Seizcke of Arms . —We have little news from Canada . The Governor-General ' s opening speech was anxiously awaited . >' o official return of his majority in the Legislature has reached us . A company « f the 80 th Regiment seized 120 stand of arms a * a -hanty belonging to the Irish labourers on the Ladiine Canal . This is a bad . symptom . Dr . Nelson , one oi the leaders in the Canada outbreak of 1837-8 , has been elected a member of the new provincial Parliament . ' Tempora mutantur , &C .

      MEXICO AND TEXAS . Alabmiko State of Mexico . —The New Orleans Picayune of ihe 17 th ult . gives the following summary of Mexican intelligence , the date of which is from the city of Mexico as late as the 2 nd . — " The most important intelligence we have yet read is the refusal of the Chamber of Deputies to vote the loan required l » y the Mexican Executive for carrying on the campaign against Texas . Those ! best informed in Mexican affairs think a revolution inevitable—many that the train is already laid , and that the explosion will be

      heard immediately . The Minister of Finance , Figtieras , has resigned his position . Grierous charges tad been made against him , and he had previously expressed his desire to retire from the Administration , but the wishes of his associates in power induced him to remain . Uruena , the miscreant who inflicted an atrocious outrage upon a Frenchman at Mazatlau , has been convicted and sentenced to eight years' im prisoninent . He has appealed , however , from the decision . Some of the Mexican papers assert that this man ' s crimes have been grossly exaggerated . In New Mexico there have been more Indian

      disturbances . An attempt was made to assassinate the Governor in his own house . Fortunately it was unsuccessful , and the criminal was himself killed . Various encounters between the Indians near Abiquich and the Mexicans had taken place , in which many men were killed . The Mexicans , as usual , attribute all these collisions to the enmity of the Americans , foolishly supposing that the Indians are supplied with their ammunition , &t \ , from the American trading posts . The C < - iisiir of Vera Cruz aunounces the departure of the President Santa Anna from hishacieiuto of Mango de Clave to meet his bride at Encero . "

      Insurrection is Mexico . —It is reported in Gal veston , by a gentleman just from the west , that intelligence had reached San Antonio that all Northern Mexico along the Rio Grande ia now in a state of revolt against the dictator . The report , as brought by a Mexican major , who represents himself as having deserted from General Woll ' s army , is , that Arista is now marching for the city of Mexico with an army ot 17 , 000 men—that he is already beyond the mountains , and that his numbers are daily and rapidly increasing by fresh recruits from all the surrounding country , it is stated that the spi ? it of revolution is universal and overwhelming . The Texa * Congress was to meet on the 2 nd instant . TURKEY . Sib SxRATFORn Cakmsg . —The Herald of Wednesday denies the truth : of the statement that the British Ambassador at the Porte had struck his flag . The fact is ( says the Herald ) , Sir Stratford has left Constantinople , but on a pleasure excursion to the island of Tenedos , and he would have returned on the 26 th , but a north wind blowing down the Dardanelles delayed the upward progress of the steamer . It is true that difficulties had occurred between the Porte and Sir Stratford Canning , arising out of the misconduct of the Pacha of Trebisond , and that the

      answer given by the Porte was not of a satisfactory nature . The departure of the British Ambassador from the Turkish capital at such a moment naturally led to misconsti-uction on the part of those not acquainted with his Excellency ' s intentions ; and we are glad to have from our correspondent so satisfactory an explanation of the whole case . A FiREhroke out on the 17 th at Balikessa ,, in Asia Minor , which consumed about 1000 houses , including shops and buildings ; and another fire occurred at Constantinople , which reduced to ashes about 100 houses .

      Dr . Woolff . —We are glad to find , from letters received from Trebisond of the 16 th of November , that Dr . Woolffhas arrived in safety at Teheran , on his way to Tabreez and Erzeroum , on his way to England .

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      The DorxGs of tile Manchester Leaguers . —It has been the practice of the League mouthers in the agricultural districts , if any person dared to call in question their treatment of the factory operatives , to refer the objectors to the Manchester operatives , who would soon convince them that the statements of the opponents of the League were without foundation . Indeed they have repeatedly asserted that the working classes of Manchester were all members of the League . The various meetings which have been held by the operatives of late , have done much towards bringing to light the real opinions of the workies on this subject . When the workmen give a recital of the abominable robberies they are subject to , they invariably conclude with— " and these are

      the men who want t ¦> five us a big loaf ! "" At ; i meeting of Power-loo ) n Weavers , a few days since , the following statement were made concerning one of those fellows always to be found on the right hand of the chairman at the ticketed meetings of the " Plague ; " and , bye-the-bye , this gent is a reverend preacher . He is to be seen on the Sunday with black coat and white cravat , mounting the pulpit , and hurling heaven ' s vengeance against the poor shiner who dares to take a walk in the fields on the Sabbath , after being confined for six long days in his stinking factorv . He pays a person six shillings per week for supplying his mill -with hot -water for the work-people , while he makes the workers pay him nine shillings . ' and his love of Christian justice is so intense , that it signifies not whether the worker

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      . uses the water ornot , it must be paid for . One man . ^ wiat-weeting gave a . calculation of the time he had ; « orkedibr this pious millocrat , and proved that this man had taken from himself ( the worker ) and family upwarda , pf £% { Qj : water , of which they had nevev u * ed W > P , v B . ut this is not » & He pays a man for oiling thejaachine ? fifteea shillings per week * for which he insures the . hands pay twenty-four shillings per week , hereby rjocketingnine shillings per week . Sometime ago he . took ; upwards of £ 80 in fines from his workpeople , and then , with all the hypocrisy imaginable , s 8 ^ / n , * o the Dispensary and . Infirmary . We wonld ask , how can cither Christianity , Cora Law itepeal , or Teetotalism prosper whilst they are represented by such men as these ? At a meeting of the

      Beamers and Twisters , held last w . eek , the chairman made some , statements which we think the public ' ? £ rigbt t 0 know . They relate to another reverend Com Law Repealing millocrat . This reverend gent used to give a little boy twopence per week for carrying hot water to the factory . He had to go eleven times backwards and forwards for the twopence . A few weeks ago the hands turned out for an advance of wages , which turnout occasioned the boy to Carry the water only ten times instead of eleven . Ofcoureehemust be "bated , " and . bated ho wasone penny out of the twopence ! After these examples Of , pettifogging pillage , we think there will be no surprise that such men , by such means , should soon become rich , earning themselves the just reprobation of ill ^ ood men . —Ahnchetter-GorrtsporvUnt ,

      Mabtubbone . ^ -Trades' Unions and their Effects . —A numerous and highly respectable meeting assembled in the Investigation Hall , Circus-street , New-road , Marylebone , on Tuesday evening , December 17 th , to hear Feargus O'Connor , Esq ., deliver a public lecture on Trades' Unions , and their effects on society . < At eight o ' clock Mr . Aldons was unanimously called to the chair , and briefly opened the meeting by reading- an abstract of the People ' s Charter . He then called on Mi \ O'Connor to address the meeting . Mr O'Connor , on rising , was greeted with much cheering He said the chairman had read an abstract of the Charter ; he ( Mi-. O'C . ) supposed the chairman did st because he knew that the audience had been long absent from schooland

      mustthere-, , fore , have forgotten their lesson . ( Laughter . ) However , the Charter was a stood thing , and would bear repetition . ( Cheers . ) Masters , when it suited their interest , pattpd the men on the hack , and professed to admire Unions ; but if the Trades , by . union , endeayouivd to uphold taeir rights a . s men , their Unions instantly became pernicious , and things to be put down . He had always admired Trades' Unions ; and he believed , if a Cfo . rtist Parliament-assembled tomorrow , that that Parliament would advocate Trades ' Unions , as a means of carrying out into detail wluit was necessary to be dor < c . Trades' Unions were like political societies .: the latter , if successful , were the glory and admiration of the world ; but when unsuccessful , their leaders were traitors . So of

      1 rades' Unions ; if they succeeded , they were the lights of the world , but , when unsuccessful , their officers were plotters against the peace and good order of society , and only fit for the felon ' s cell or the convict hulks —( hear , hear ) . The most important Union and Strike he had ever witnessed was that of the Colliers ; and he only regretted that it had not met with that success it so much merited—( cheers ) . Sir J . Graham wished to intimidate all Trades through the Miners ; and as that body had struck , and applied themselves to the law instead of to riot , confusion , and destruction of property—( hear , hear ) , the Commons said the law is too powerful in their favonr—' tis too strong for us—we must change the laws and crush all such combinations —( hear ,

      hear ) . He ( Mr . O'C . ) contended that * Parliament should exist for the protection of labour ; and if meetings like that he was addressing did not tend to the comfort , welfare , and happiness of the people , he would retire and never attend another . Duncombe ( chcei-s ) , aided by the Trades , had strangled the monster-measure of last session ( cheers ) . Lord Fitzwilliam , a philanthropist , had said from his place in the House of Lords , that " the working classes ought not to repine , as there always was poor , and it was written they should ' never cease out of the land . ' " True it was so written ; but it was not written that the samepersons should always continue poor—( hear , hear ) . There might be a change of places—( cheers ) Lord Fitzwilliam went to Sheffield , and he there said

      that Government should put Trades' Unions down , either by moral or physical power ( hear , hear ); and the Messrs . Chambers , of Edinburgh , had come to the Earl ' s assistance with their pen , with Poor Law Chadwick at their elbow —( hear , hear ) . But he contended that the thousands united could always beat the tens—( cheers ) . Well , then , why should there not be one general Union of all Trades for the protection of all ? The masters now fought one trade against the other . ( Hear , hear . ) It was the top sawyers , the aristocrats in the Trades , that oppressed the pitr men or democrat . Yes , the men- with 36 s . or £ 2 per wet > k thought their day of evil would never come ;—and it was ^ this that caused the disunion ; this internal strife that the masters took advantage of . ( Hear ,

      hear . ) Let a general Union of all be formed , and it would inspire confidence , give strength to all , and lead to great and important results . ( Loud cheers *) He would show the value oi union ; . and could not better illustrate his position than by pointing to the Trades of Sheffield . They had united—and soon saw the necessity of restricting the hours of labour—and the result was , they earned , on an average , more by wo 2 - king eight hours than they did , when labour was unrestricted , wnen they worked fourteen or fifteen hours . ( Cheers . ) Just suppose that a butcher had but a small quantity of meat in the market—why , his meat brought a larger price : hilt if he had a large quantity , the market would be overstocked , and the meat would be depreciated in money-value . ¦( Hear , hear . ) He admitted the axiom , that when

      one channel of labour closed another opened . but the people should be supplied with the means of reaching that other channel . ( Hear , hear . ) Not only had the trades of Sheffield found the advantage arising from the restriction of hours of labour , but the colliers had experienced its blessings likewise . He believed machinery 'would prove a blessing , if made man ' s holiday instead of man ' s curse . He would quote a working 1 ' man of the name of Butterworth , who , in reply to Mr . Cobden , said , " You may go to bed by machinery , get up by machinery , eat your food by machinery , pick your teeth by machinery—or do ; anything else you please with it—providing you do not make machinery take the loaf off my table , or the bed from under me . "

      ( Cheers . ) Freetraders might say what they liked ; but he had seen mills lighted up all night , and little children only stllowed half an hour ' s rest out of nine or ten hours . ( Hear , hear . ) If it required j ust 1000 hands to do the work of a certain district , and an extra 100 hands came from a distance among them , and they were allowed to compete , the result would be , that in a short time wages would be reduced from 30 a . down to 20 s , ( hear , hear ); but if the 1000 were united , and knew their duty , when the 100 men came , instead of letting them go to work , they would provide ihem with means and let them go and take a cold bath with the Bishop of London , or a walk with Lord * J . Edgerton in the grotto and pleasure grounds provided ; or have a lounge in the library and read Coningsby . ( Laughter and applause . ) By

      this means they would keep , up wages and maintain a respectable position in society . ( Loud cheers . ) He would admit that so long as the Spinners could obtain 35 s . a week they looked upon the land . as a dronish , plodding occupation ; but machinery : had stepped in and taught tliem a lesson . Perhaps there was some present who might ask what had madiinery to do with them up in London ? What had it to do with Tailors , with Shoemakers , with Bricklayers , with Masons , and such like trades ? He would shew them . Machinery did the work of manual labour in the manufacturing districts . Well , the men thrown out of employ came to London , competed for clerkships , letter-carriers , warehousemen , light porters , and also with those trades which did not require a great

      amount of skill . This is what machinery has to do with those he had named . ( Loud cheers . ) But it was pleasant to find that all writers and talkers had turned their attention to the land . When he ( Mi-. O'Connor ) first directed attention to that subject , he % vas called a madman ; however , he had bitten then ) all , for they could not now take up a newspaper a pamphlet , a magazine , or a novel , but the allotment system stared them in the face . ( Cheers . ) Some one had got hold of the Times newspaper , and was writing in favour of Emigration under another name . Young England told them that they ought hot to have too much land ; no / only sufficient to amuse the holders , to grow a few flowers for their wife , and a dish of marrowfats for themselves . ( Loud laughter . ) If he

      ( Mr . O'C . ) had one thing to boast of more than another , it was that he had always taught the people to rely on themselves ; and that yWu ' gs and Tories were one and { he same under different names . ( Cheers . ) He had told them—and Mr . Duncombe , in a letter to the Trades of Sheffidd , stated the fait—that Sir J , Graham was about to introduce another Master and Servants' Bill . ( Hear , hear . ) Mr ;{ Dunconlbe told him ( Mr . O'C . ) that he would resist it by all means in his power—^ great cheering ); but what could one man ' s voice do without the help of the people ? ( Hear , hear . ) He assured them it was no agreeable task to go amongst the people , sometimes chastening them and gometunes praising them forBome little good they had done for themBelves . ( Hear , hear . ) AH that wrote or spoke from authority did so against the

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      working classes . ( Hear , liear . )| During the agitation for the Reform Bill , the middlemen were the agitators and the working men the shou ' tors . He thought he saw Mr . Jordan , who was theirl first diairman at the establishment ; of the great ? Radical Association present—( hear hear ) . A wonderful alteration-had , ' since that period , taken place ; in the mind of the country : and now the working classes had become eloquent and sensible speakers ^—( cheers ) . We had seen a George _ Julian Haroey , and a Pitkethly , standing on thejbustinfra , opponents of the Bcions of nobility . At the next election we must not only get the shew of hands , but the vote too . Wilberforce used to boast that he and his party were seven , and with this seven could procure patronage from the Minister .

      Aow if seven against the Ministerial majority ol seventy could effect this , what would a united party of twenty do , with Duncombe ' as ] their leader —( Loud clieers ) . If demonstrations took place , they were wafted on the wings of the press ] across the water to America . But unfortunately the Chartists were not fully represented in the press-4 ( Hear hear ) . The people did not yet evince a sufficient degree of the practicable to carry on a continuous agitation . They were good at » demonstration , but wfcten that was over all was done . However , it had its good effect—it caused the people ' s voice to be heard in distant lands . Get twenty men into the House , and they will soon increase to fifty . The only practicable means of obtaining the twenty was by attending to the registration . He had

      iad np tune to arrange for a set | lecture , therefore he took a fling at all subjects ; and ^ perhaps that was the most profitable to them . ( Hear , hear . ) Lord Ashley , Lord John Manners , Mr . D'Israeli , Mr . Busfield Ferrand , in fact the Young England party , had resolved to make a dead set at all other parties in the House during the coming session . He looked on Young England as coadjutors , to a certain extent . He thought Young England would be inclined to court public opinion—perhiips attend { some of their meetings , or call some of their own . In that case he would recommend that some ofj their best speakers should be selected to meet . them | in a friendly spirit , and instruct them . ( Hear , hear . ) He stood there that evening , advocating the samp principles he

      advocated on the same spot nine years ago ; and he ached contradiction when he asserted that he had consistently advocated the same principles during the whole of that period ; aid thatj too , without a farthing ' s expense to the working inan . ( Great cheering . ) Well , he hoped on the 4-tli of February next to see half a million accompanying Mi . Duncombe—Labour ' s only Parliainetita ; - y Representative—clown to the House . ( Immense cheering . ) He was happy to find that all that had gone from them was only the chaff ; and that they were more united than ever . In fact — like Lord Ross ' s cucks— - they were all on one side . Mv . O'Connor resumed his scat amidst great cheering . AjMr . Puddifbrth then came forward , and said he thought the opposition

      given to the League by the Chartists had clone great harm to the Chartist cause ( laughter ) , and he just wished to ask Mr . O'Connor to attend to his own business for the future , and let that other political party , the " League , " alone . Let Mr . O'Connor get the Charter if he could . At the passing of the Reform Bill , he ( Mr . P . ) was an electorlof Lambeth , and had offered to place his vote at the disposal of the unrepresented masses , lie thought if ; the Corn Laws were repealed , the present landowners would be glad to rerepresenttliepeopleforthe £ 500 ayear . Mr . O'Connor , in reply , said , he thought if everithe League was uniortunute ^ it . was to-night in their advocate . The gentleman had said the effect of Repeal would be to reduce the orice of . land so low , that the landlords

      would be glad to take £ 500 a year as representatives of the people . ( Laughter . ) I The gentleman advised the Chartists not to fight with the political party called the League ! Mr . Cobden wont thank him for that . That gentleman contended that the League was not a ; political party and they proved it the other day , when Cobden and Co ., by their votes , kept Peel i ( i office ! The League called the Chartists " Tory Chartists ; " yet the League leaders had kept the Tories in office . Why should the Chartists give up their princi p les to any man or set of men ? ( Loud cheers . } Only think ot those poor men subscribing £ 100 , 000 ] to get rid of a grievance . ( Laughter ) . Let th « m give the workingelass political power , and then Mej ( Mr . O'C . ) would be perfectly content to abide by the decision . come to by the honest working men . ( Great cheering . )—Mr .

      Puddiforth did by no means ' wish them to give up their own principles . —Mr . Jordon said he wished Mr . O'Connor would make it a point to lay before the people the best means of getting on the register . That was a most important point . Mr . O'Connor , in repV / to Mr . Jordan , said , that he was compiling a pamphlet on the subject , and he would publish it at such a price as should place jit within the reach of all , and that as speedily as possible . Mi ' . Fairer then moved a vote of thanks to Mr . jO'Connor for the able lecture he had delivered , which was seconded by Mr . G , Lorett , and carried unanimously amid loud cheers . Mr . O'Counor responded , and proposed a vote of thanks to the Chairman , which was carried unanimously . Three loud cheers wpre then given for the Charter , Duncombe , and Repeal ; three for the Northern Star , and three for Feargus O'Connor . After the enrolment of . several members , the meetin g

      dispersed . ) Burnley . — A Meeting !; of the Mecuanu-s , Moulders , Smiths , Millwrights , Engineers , < tc , was held in the Working Men's News Room , ilammerton-dtreet , Burnley , when Mr . P . M'Gvath , President of the Executive Council , delivered an eloquent and powerful adih-ess to themi on the necessity of a National Trades' Union . At the close of the address the following resolution was unanimously agreed to — " That in the opinion of this meeting , a National Union of the Trades is necessary to protect Labour from the unceasing aggressions of CanitaJ . This meeting therefore call upon their fellow working men throughout the empire to commence the glorious work of Union . 'f Arrangements were then made for a committee for preliminary business , with a view to test the whole of the trades in the town on the above resolution . [ The meeting then separated , highly pleased with "the evening ' s proceedings . I

      General Meeting op TnE J Building Trades of Ashton-under-Lyne . —A general meeting of all the building trades of Ashton-under-Lyne and its vicinity , was held on Tuesday evening last , in the large room of the Crown Inn , Ashton , to take into consideration the steps necessary to be taken to assist the Manchester men at present on strike . The meeting was well attended bv the operatives of the above trades , and all appeared to be animated with one determination to use every exertion in their power to help thenbrethren . A second object of the meeting was to consider the propriety of the { whole of the building trades forming themselves into a consolidated union . The meeting was called for seven o'dock , shortly after which time Mr . Alfred Burton was unanimously

      called to the chair . Mr . Hughes , delegate from the Bricklayers' society , gave an account of the grievances which the Carpenters and Joiners of Manchester had to contend with , and -which had caused them to strike against Messrs . Pauling and Co ., and concluded a powerful speech by urging upon the meeting the necessity of the whole of the building trades uniting in one body . } Mr . Hulme , delegate from the Painters' Society , next addressed the meeting . He said lie was one of the deputation who waited on the firm of Pauliiig and Co . Those of the meeting who were in the habit of reading the "Northern Star" would know that an aggregate meeting of the Manchester trades was held in the Hall of Science , to consider what steps should be taken

      m reference to the propositions of the firm ; the result of which was that thej meeting decided that the strike should not terminate until Messrs . Pauling and Company had discharged the whole oi their " knob-sticks . " This was agreed to unanimously . But notwithstanding this , some parties said that the correspondence had not had the consideration of the trade ; and at a meeting of the Joiners , in the Carpenters' Hall , it was agreed j that special meetings of the various trades should be called , and the correspondence laid before them . 'Thishad been done , and the result was the same as that come to at the aggregate meeting , the members being for the men standing out until the "knobs" were discharged . He was happy to say that they had every prospect of gaining a . glorious and honourable victory . Mr . Maxwell , delegate from the Joiners , said the building trades of Manchester had united , and they were desirous that their brethren ! in Ashton should do

      likewise , Mr . Maxwell then moved the following resolution : — " That it is the opinion of this meeting , that a union of all the building trades of Ashton Is absolutel y necessary for their mutual support and preservation . " Mr . M . resumed his seat amid much applause . The resolution ! was seconded by a person in the body of the ; meeting . Mr . Wellford moved an amendment : to the effect that a general union of all trades was highly desirable The resolution was carried unanimously . Mr . Maxwell moved— " That delegates be appointed by the various trades to carry the foregoing resolution into effect . " The resolution was { agreed to nem . con . It was then agreed that delegates from each branch meet in that room on next Tuesday evening , at halfpast seven o'dock . The thanks of the meeting were given to Mr . Dixon , reporter for the " Northern Star . " Thanks were then given to the chairman and delegates , and the meeting broke up .

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      Rochdale . —The factory workies in this town are - going : on well . —The turnouts-have-gaine « i the ad- —rs vance at-. all the mills . On Tuesday tie hands at ButterWoith arid Co . ' s , Hanging-read factrrr ; t * arne& out , determined to have the advance , 'mis is th ^ : * only mill where the handsare on strike at present . K PffScoxiBE Testimoxlaz .. —Central Committee of . "' . fj Trades , < fcc , Saville House , Leicester-sqiiar ^; WdA ± , frZ / ' nesday , December 18 th . Mr . Grassby in the chaafc '' - ; ; ' Favourable reports were received from the Carpenters ' . ' of St . Lukes ; from the Morocco Leather-finishers ; and from the Repeal Meeting recently ield at the . Temperance Hall , Clement ' s-lane . Messrs . T . M . . i

      Vi heeler and Synie were deputed to waif 6 n Mr . Ihmcombe respecting the proposed procession in rebruary next . Mr . Garamin stated that the Cork- < cutters had come to a determination to pay into the hands of the treasurer next week their second subscription , amounting to £ 20 . Messrs . Bowling and . - - Stallwood ^ were deputed to wait on the . Running Horse Society of Carpenters on Monday , jDeecuiber the 30 th . Messrs . Grassby and Stalhvcod were deputed to wait on the Secretary of the Firvsbury > f Committe on Saturday evening , December 21 st . Let- * ' - tei-s were read from the Islington Philanthropic ' Society , and from the Factory Operatives of Stockport . Next Wednesday being Christmas-day , the , Committee at its rising adjoxirned until Wednesday - week , January 1 st , 1845 . " :

      Lakcashibe M 1 NER 8 . —The next General Delegate Meeting of Lancashire Miners will be held at the house of . Mr . Dawber , Shevington Moor , near Wigan , on Monday , the 30 th , of December . Chair to be taken at eleven o ' clock In the forenoon . A public meeting' will also take place , which will be addressed by W . P . Roberts , Esq . The levy , including lawfund arid general contributions for the ncjxt fortnight , s Is . 6 d . per member . Yorkshire MrjjEHS .--The next general delegate meeting of the Miners of Yorkshire , will be held at the Griffin Inn , Northgate , Wakefield , on Monday , the 30 th ofDecember , 1844 . To commence at nine o'clock ifl the morning , when the new cards and rules of the Miners' Benefit Society , will be ready for delivery .

      Tub Wigan Minebs' lately in the employ of Mr . Ralph Thickness , return their sincere thanks for the following : —Jolly Miners'Lodge , £ 116 s . 2 ( 1 . ; Colliers ' Ai m * Lodge , £ 2 2 s . 2 cL ; Bridge Inn Lodge , - £ 2 2 s 7 d : Jerry Shop Lodge , 9 s . lid ., ; Coalbeavers' Lodge , ISs . 8 d . ; Black Horse Lodge , 10 s . 6 d . ; Green Barn Lodge , £ hl 3 a . 3 d . ; Red House Lodge , K * s . lid . ; Jolly Carters' Lodge , 11 s . gd . ; Cock Tavern Lodge , Gs . 5 d . ; -Running Horse Lodge , 9 s . 4 d . ; Church Lodge , fls . lid . —Thomas Smith , District Secretary for Aspull district .

      Great ' Meeting of Miners at Olduam . —A piiblic meeting of Miners belonging to the Oldham district , was held on the afternoon of Monday last , in the Working Man ' s IlalJ . This was the lamest indoor meeting ever held at Oldham : there could not be less than 2 , 000 persons present . W . P . Roberts , Ks « i ., was announced to address the meeting , and the miners engaged a band of music , with which they met him at the terminus of the Oidliam and Manchestev Railway , nud escorted him to the place of meeting-. At about two o ' clock a work in if Miner , named llalsworth , was unanimously called to the chair . He gave out some verses which had been composed for the occasion , which were sung bv the

      meeting ; after much he introduced Mr . Parkinson of the county of Durham . Mr . Parkinson delivered a lengthy address on the benefits that had and would accrue to the Miners generally , by keepii . g up the association ; and not only the Miners , but the masters . Mr . P . sat down loudly applauded . Mr . Embleton , of Newcastle , eaid that he was au old Miner , — he was * sixty-eight years of age , —and he was also an old Trades Unionist . He had been an unionist ever since the year 1810 . Mr . E . concluded a long and humorous speech amid loud ¦ cheers . Mr .. Ii&raes moved , and Mr . Witworth seconded , " That it is the opinion of this meeting that the Miners of Oldham and surrounding districts have been gi'ossly tyranized over by their employers and agents ; and this meeting pledge itself to use every leyil means to procure a redress of their grievances , and those

      of the whole of the Mining population of Great Britain and Ireland . " The resolution was supported by Mi * . Dixon of Manchester , and agreed to unanimously . The chairman said he now had much pleasure in introducing W . P . Roberts , Esq ., who on rising was greeted with rapturous applause . Mr . Roberts congratulated them on the -present position of the association , and the progress it was making , lie was proud at having an opportunity of addressing them in that splendid edifice ; ii was certainly a proud monument of the patriotism of the working classes . Mr . Roberts concluded amid repeated rounds of applause . The thanks of the meeting having been voted to the chairman , the people separated in a peaceful and orderly manner . We are happy in stating that the advance sought by the men is likely to be conceded without a strike , several of the masters in this district having already given it .

      Bradford Woolcombers Protective Society . — The fifth quarterly meeting of delegates from the various divisions in town and country , connected with the above society , was held at the society ' s room , Tyrrel-court , Bradford , on Monday , the 2 nd inst ., when resolutions -were adopted expressive of the determination of the meeting to persevere in the sacred eauselwhich they had engaged in , viz ., the protection of their labour as far as practicable , from the greedy and avaricious grasp of such capitalists as would , for the sake of competition in the market , reduce the labourer to the lowest possible pitch of destitution , provided a ready exchange of money for goods can be secured to them in the market : this

      nefarious traffic in slavery has long been practised by unprincipled manufacturers , especially in the neighbouring towns and villages , where , at all times , are to be found ready facilities for carrying it into execution . Men occasionally engaged in agricultural pursuits . apply to manufacturers for eombing , when they find it most convenient , or when the season is unfavourable for out-door work ; they take out large quantities of wool and employ a great number of women and girls to work it for about one-fourth of the price received by regular men in the business . And even this is generally allowed them in coarse food . Those -niaiiufactiivers can , in consequence , bring their goods to the Bradford market and undersell the

      fair dealer , who is unwilling to reduce wages , but must be compelled to do so if such practices are allowed . It was to effect an alteration in this state of things that the Woolcombers' society was formed eighteen months ago ; and during that time it has expended upwards of £ 2 , 000 of their hard earnings in withstanding the repeated reductions attempted by the masters . Those manufacturers , in addition to the advantages stated above , can get mill hands at full 39 per cent less than what is paid in town for the same class ; and notwithstanding our greatest efforts , we cannot yet , we regret to say , convince all our fellow labourers of the necessity which exists for a uniform organi 2 ation for the defence

      of the only birthright which We inherit the protection of our labour . A deputation from the Cordwainers Society waited on our meeting of delegates for the purpose of effecting a consolidation of the whole of the traces for mutual protection . The deputation stated their views of the objects sought in a lucid ; manner , which met the approbation of the meeting , so far as they could consistently with their duty agree to . They determined upon urging the consideration of the matter on their respective constituents . A public meeting of the Woolcombers of Bradford was convened at the Odd Fellows' Ilall on the 16 th inst ., when this subject was brought before them , but the reasons before stated , viz ., the want of proper organization amongst themselves , and the meeting being comparatively thinly attended , partly we suppose

      from , the attendance of many at the Chartist Meeting which was held at the same time in Butterworth ' sbuildings , obliged them to defer the consideration of the matter to a more favourable opportunity . The secretary read a statistical report of the proceedings of the society since their last meeting , which , although not as flattering as they could wish , was still as favourable as in the present depressed state of the trade might have been expected . Resolutions were agreed to , urging the meeting to further exertions in the cause , and for the holding of sectional meetings pre ^ paratory to meetings of the men of each employment , to ascertain the real number of each firm , subscribers and non-subscribers , with a view of further extension by the influence -which the former may have over the latter . Thanks were given to Mr . George Roberts , chairman , and the meeting separated at ten o'clock .

      &Lt;£Valjcj3' -F&Otamentis.

      < £ valJCj 3 ' -f&otamentis .

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      Meeting of the Bishops . ^ —His Grace the Archbishop of Canterbury has announced his intention to summon a meeting of the Bench of Bishops , in conr seauence of the unhappy schism which at present agitates the church of England , in order to deliberate and determine upon the rubrical observances to be enforced throughout the various dioceses of England over which his Grace has jurisdiction . As yet it ia undetermined whether the assemblage of the Bench

      of Bishops shall take place about the period of the annual convocation at St . Paul ' s , or whether the synod shall take place at the commencement of the ensuing month of January . The issuing of the recent pastoral letter of the Bishop of Exeter has caused fresh excitement among the laity , and si . new source of embarrassment to the Church ; it is ^ therefore , not at all improbable that an early day will be determined upon by their Lordships , so that the feverish , controversies relative to the gown and surplice , arid the weekly offertory , may be finally disposed of .

      La > t > lobds akd Tbnakts . —Now that the allotment system is extending to the labouring dass , let us call public attention to another plan for " allotment , " greatly needed . It is unreasonable that farmer ? ( as vast many have ) should occupy such very ^ extensive farms ; and these of course are men of * proi ) erty , [ otherwise they could not undertake ¦ teafi . ^ monster' : farms . These farms . ought to be suM ^^ Ssmd , bv that means , thousands bToth ^ i % ^||^^^ - « ai > jj comfortable -maintenance : , T j 4 kc ^^» % «^! F-frC present time , worthy of % exmaS ^ mm ^ U& \ W « £ ' ,

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      AND RATIONAL ^ JRJPIRS' JOURNAL . '

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      vol . toi . so . 371 . - . Loaios . saium ^ t ; DEfeisMteB , 21 , iM 4 , ^ s : Js ^ f : ^ , ; m

      To Ihe:Ijcvdl0io)S'0fekgljsd.

      TO iHE : IJCvDL 0 iO ) S ' 0 FEKGLjSD .

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), Dec. 21, 1844, page unpag, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct518/page/1/