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NATIONAL EDUCATION . Is our last two papers we attempted , in a someirhat brief and cnrsory manner , to trace the progress of opinion politically and economically . "We propose to derote Sie present to an equally hrief retrospect of the educational movement . The now celebrated axiom , "Property lias its £ trtj w i \ s well as its rights , " - is capable t > f -wider app Hcatloii than is generally supposed . The acquisition of power and political influence by the masses ,
referred to in a former paper of this series , involves , admitting the principle enunciated in that axiom , £ he duty of tie people to acquire the knowledge of using that power rightly ; and the -wisdom and foresight of the founders of the American Republic is perhaps in nothing more strikingly shewn than in the national provision they made for educating thepeople They , zt least , -were convinced that Democracy could only be securely based Tipon and perpetuated by uni-Tersal intelligence .
But even if there was not this positive reason , have tre not the melancholy fact , that the ignorance of Jbemasseshas In aD ages made them the slaves of the enlightened and the cunning ? The very dread exhibiied by iliase who fatten on popular abuses of every attempt to instruct the masses , to cultivate their reasoning faculties and elevate them in the scale of humanity , should demonstrate the inestimable value of such instruction to those who for want of it are doomed to be the helot class of soeietv .
Besides , let us ask -why any one human being should rreeeive more fostering care or higher developenentfroia the State than another ? Are not all alike entitled to every one of its advantages , on the broad ground , that all in their several spheres contribute to itsnaintainance and -well-being ? By what natural law or solid argument can the practice be justified of making '" spoiled children" of a small section of the community , and treating the vast majority in stepmother-fashiDn ?
Fortunately for -us , however , it is unnecessary at fhis time of day to offer aay apologies fot treating on this subject . Its importance and its probable influences are too widely and generally appreciated for that ; and it is precisely in consequence of this general and earnest appreciation , accompanied as It has been ij individual efforts to acquire the power arisingfrom knowledge , that the pepular will has already attained the aeseEdancy we formerly pointed out . It is , comparatively speaking , only yesterday , that the question of IXatioxal Ebccjotox was mooted . The men "who first broached it were ridiculed as
Tisionanes , Utopian dreamers ; and the other usual Commonplaces were applied , Vhich brainlessand unexperienced people have alwaysat hand to greet innovators with . But there -were " others , clearer-sighted , like the priest who saw in the first printed volume that -shieL -would destroy the Church , unless the the Church destroyed it . These parties perceived , that the communication of knowledge to the masses would lay the axe to the root of our stupendous system of injustice and oppression - and they cried aloud in defence of the " craft \> y which they had their living , " The idea of educating the " common people" was
denounced as fraught with the most danger-OUS and revolutionary consequences . It yrould unfit them for the discharge of the duties of "that station in life which it had pleaaed Providence to place them in ; " give them Ideas incompatible with their true interests and happiness ; a » drender them unreasonably discontented and disaffected . " The few were made to think—the many to work ,- " and any measures which threatened to interfere with this arrangement were not only impious and seditions , but , if carried out , calculated to inflict the most serious injury on the body politic , and subvert the whole established order of things .
0 ! haw bitterly have -we felt , in early years , the searing contempt of the " privileged classes" at the Idea of edneating the " swinish multitude "—the " great unwashed "—and the other delectable nicknames it "was then the fashion to bestoTP -on the " workies ! " How painfully do we remember the time , when the only idea entertained among aristocratic circles of " the noblest work of God , " —of a man "jrbo honestly earned M 3 bread by the sweat ^> f his brow , "was that of a dirty ignorant bdng who could Only talk ungramma . tically in a barbarous provincial dialect . But iojicoser , BeR , Owen , Brougham , Simpson , Wyte , and a host of co-adjutors , have at least removed that stigma on our national character : and if we have as yet done little practically , our ears are now never outraged bv such insults ' .
The history of the progress of t"hi < question is full of instruction and encouragement . It gradually overcame the unreasoning and interested opposition tre have described ; and liaxing exJubitsd vndeniaU Tvtujjtoms of attaining popularity , ttas ixbzes vp bt XSZ TEET FABHES WHO HAD rDBMEBLT SCOEXED T&E semes OT . xnzcATios ; fob 7 H 2 people I Jailing in arresting its onward march , their next step -was to attempt to direct Its course in channels innocuous to themselves . Education was . aQ of a sudden ,
discovered to be a marvellously good thing ; but then , of course , it must be conducted by proper persons , and on a right basis . The Church established a " National School Society ; " the ISssenters a " British and Foreign School Society ; " and each party having laid dtnm the postulate that " all education must be based on religion , " forthwith went to work in Infant , Schools , Day Schools , and Normal Schools , to manufacture their pupils into sectarians , instead of good cozens and Intelligent human being 3 .
The results of their labours-were ludicrous in odg sense , acd most lamentable in another . The wide spread saw-education , or positive ignorance , resulting from centuries of past neglect , or systematic fraud , was scarcely perceptibly diminished by their feeble and fragmentary efforts ; and where they did exert an ioSuence , in too many Instances they replaced the evil of want of knowledge by the deril of sectarianism or bigotry . After years of exertion and expenditure ; the nation has yet to begin a real and genuine reform in educational matters . The evils intended to be remedied are almost untouched .
If we are asked for proofs of the truth of this statement , -sre refer to the numerous reports issued by ParHsment in late years . These oiBeial "Blue Books" eonstiiuie a bill of indictment against the governing powers of thb country—and that too furnished T > y themselves—more criminatory and disgraceful fhRTi could hare possibly been drawn up by the negletied , sufferuig , and indignant people . TucmiEctes of evidence appended to the B . rj > ori oj the Select Committee on Education of the Poorer Classes in England and Wales , "which sat in 1 S 38 , disclose an amount of mental destitution which is thoroughly discreditable to a nation boasting of Its superior enEghtenmeDt , and Its proud position in the Tan of modern civilization . The efforts made since "that period , though thev have sometrbat altered the
position of the subject theoretically , nave not materially altered h actually . Keeping out of sight for the moment tiie hundreds of thousands who were shewn never to enter a sehool door of any Mnd ; the description of the schools and schoolmasters to whom vere entrusted , as Charles Lamb says , the task <* f " dragging up " the children of the poor , is most horrif ying . The day and dame schools—the only ones fc > which the major portion have access—are described in the majority of cases as being dark and confined - I&aayare damp and dirty , and a large number are used as Soi-mdtorr , dTrellmg , and schoolroom . "Ofthecomew > d schools in the poorer districts , " savs the report ,
it is difficult to convey an adequate idea : bo close and offensive is the atmosjtere of many of ihem as to be intolerable to a pereon entering from the open *** » aore especially as the hour of quitting school approaches . The dimensions rarely exceed those of the Game schools , while frequently the number of scholars is more than doable . Bad as this is , -it is *** & aggravated by filth and ofepdveodonr , arising from other causes . " The teachers themselves are described as being " generally ignorant of the depressing * B 1 * JOnbEalfliy'Bffeets of the atamosphere -which sur-™ W them ; " and do not consider if . desirable that their schools . should be better Tentaated . " One * & * 1 is this depicted . — "In a garret up three
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pair of dark broken stairs was a common day-school with forty children in the compass of ten feet by nine On a perch , forming a triangle with the corner of the room , sat a cock and two hens ; under a stump bedj immediately beneath , was a dog-kenne ] , in the occupation of three black terriers , whose Marking , added to the noise of the children and the cackling of the fowls , on the approach of a stranger , were almost deafening . There was only one small window , at which sat the master , obstructing three-fourths of the light h was capable of admitting . It beggared all description , and was filthy in the extreme ; so that , in « btaimng information , I was obliged to withdraw three or four times . I always carry scent with me to scent my pocket-handkerchief . "
In such dens as these , -worse than the black-hole of Calcutta , are the seeds of disease generated rapidly , and the foundation laid for those early and numerous deaths of the oftspring of the poor , which stand out in the reports of registrars , in strong relief to the com parative healthiness of the children of the comfortable classes . Bad , however , as the physical conditions are described to be , they are exceeded by the intellectual and moral . In many instances , the teachers only become so after having failed at every thing else , or ar e originally led to adopt the profession either because they are dunces , incapable of otherwise earning a subsistence , or cripples , unfit for active work at a
trade . The worst consequences ensue to the children subjected to the sway of such incompetent persons . Numerous instances of their incapacity are adduced in the report . One master having stated that he used the globes , -was asked if he had both or one only ? He repplied " both ! Bow could I teach geography with one ? " And on farther questioning him , it appeared that both were , in his opinion , necessary , because one was supposed lo represent one half , and the other the remaining half of the world . He turned out of the school the visitor who attempted to explain to him his error . We might adduce numer ous similar and worse instances from the ample store in the report ; but this mav suffice .
The gross defects and evils of the "let alone " system of education are , however , even more frightfully shown in the moral than either of the two departments previously alluded to . The violent passions exhibited by many of the teachers before their pupils ; their total want of comprehension of the term moral at all , and the gross superstition inculcated in many instances , all contribute to make tip i whole , which can only be regarded with profound sorrow bv everv true philanthropist .
The last , as well as the present Government , deserve the credit of having attempted to provide , in some small degree , a remedy for this shameful state of-things . But the fieree struggle between the Church on the one hand , and the Dissenters on the other , for the power ojforming the national miml , aa < l thus achieving and perpetuating mental and spiritual tyranny , frustrated the efforts of both . Lord John Russell was defeated in 183 $ ; Sir Robert Peel , with a stronger Cabinet and larger majority , was beaten in 1843 The first grant ever made by Parliament for educational purposes was in 1834 , to the amount of £ 20 , 000
per annum . For such a purpose the sum was paltrybeneath contempt ; but the fact of its being voted at all , was a proof of the advance of the question ; a reoomition by the Legislature of the dnty of providing iNATioxii instruction . This sum was , up to the year 3 S 3 ? , disbursed through the two societies we have named , the Church having by far the largest share . In 1 S 39 Lord John Russell proposed to make the sum £ 30 , 000 , and to intrust Its distribution to a Coflimittee of the Privy Council : thus introducing a new principle into action , namely , that National Education should be untrammelled bv sectarianism in
any shape . He -was , as we have said , defeated ; and his more powerful successor had to encounter a similar defeat on the same gronnd four years afterwards . ' . But what Sir Robert Peel could not do by legislative means , he has done "b y prerogative . If the sects were too strong for him in the Legislature , he has shown himself more than their match in the Council Chamber . Lord Wharncliffe has announced that henceforth " Public Lvstkccxios U a department of the IBntitry : " and " that he is charged by the Queen
with its superintendence . " lie has also announced the intention of the Cabinet to propose a further addition of £ 10 , 000 to the annual grant ; and intimates that this is merely preparatory to still greater liberality . The speech in which these statements were made , was r emarkable at the sanie time , for the quiet imperturbable and determined tone in which the right was denied of any sect , established or otherwise , to superintend the education of the nation , or disburse nttional funds for such sectional purposes as the incul " cation of their peculiar dogmas .
AD these are gratifying symptoms oi progress Looking back to the daysof Joseph Lancaster ; remembering the virulent-prejudices of the classes who throve on popular ignorance or miseducation ; the apathy which had to be overcome among the parties most deeply injured and most deeply interested ; the insidious and selfish manner in which , when the demand had grown too strong to be openly resisted , it was attempted to make it a fresh means for spreading and maintaining mental thraldom ; and lastly , looking to the opposition it has had to encounter in Parliament , we may fairly congratulate all who feel interested in this vital question on the position it now occupies .
We know there are many estimable men among the ranks of political reformers , who look with what we conceive a feeling of morbid apprehension on any measure for the education of the people by the Government . They point , and not unnaturally , to Austria and Prussia , as examples of the evils of State instruction , as proofs of its capability of being perverted into a machine for manufacturing political slaves . We are not insensible of the danger—and would struggle against it to the uttermost . But we think that it is much overrated ; and that there cau be no fair parallel drawn between those two countries and Great Britain . In them . Education uuf oraftcd
on institutions essentially despotic : with rs , it irixi HAVE TO ADATT ITSELF TO THAT DEMOCRATIC TZXDZSC ? WHICH W £ HATE ALEEADT SH 0 W > ' TO BE THE RfTlXG rxFLrzscE . In Austria , the Government makes the people : with us , the people make the Government . The difference both in principle and fact is immense ; and so long as we have a press untrammelled , the risrht of public meetings , and the other machinery for bringing the popular voice to bear on any subject of imponance , we have little to fear .
If we would form a correct idea of the educational power , the events now transpiring in France may help us . The conflict between the University and the Clergy , and the desperate efforts of the latter to regain that ascendancy over the mind of France of which the - Revolution deprived them , and of-which they must continue deprived so long as the University maintains its present ground ; these tell powerfully o £ the immense value , the paramount importance , of sound , educational institutions for a nation .
" The subject is however important , and requires consideration in so many aspects , that we feel it is impossible to do justice to it in the limits of one short paper ; but the same reason which prevents our exhausting , will justify returning to it . In the meantime this slight sketch of its progress as a question , and the contrast its present position furnishes to the earlier portion of the century , may fairly be regarded with emotions of a pleasurable and hopeful natpre , It is one more of those phenomena which tell to the anxious watcher of societarian
progress that the tidt is rolling onward ! New elements of mental and moral being are evolving and coming into action , which will , in due time , mould society into accordance with themselves . Hitherto , in our review of the nature and effects of these elements , we hare diseorereAno cause for complaint or despair . On the contrary , -when the naturalimpatienoe of the individual to realise results is separated from the progress of general principles , there is every- -cause for rejoicing . In the history of a nation , yeare count but asdavs ; and if within the last twenty or thirty
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years such immense progress has been made by sound principles of political , economical , and educational reform , as that we hare faintly endeavoured to delineate , joyful may be the prospects of Young England .
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IKTEKSAL PKEE TRADE . TO THE T 2 D 1 TOXOF THE KOBXHEBM STAB . Sra—It appears to me , after meditation on the subject , that the endearonrs of the Trades Unions have hitherto been directed towards imperfect ends . I mean that they have not shown the people sufficiently what vast advantages might be acquired by union . They have limited their attempts to gain a little more wages , or pecuniary means , but they have not expounded any grand theory of union . 2 JW , it is s picture , of this kind , a harvest for their future hopes , which ought more expresssly to be placed before the general population . This would constitute an inducement for them to exert themselves . A slight advance of salary or weekly remuneration is hut a trifling encouragement , compared to the inspiring belief that they will become the founders of a new and more enjoying state of existence for all .
Whether the projects which might be put forward might bear successful !; the test of experiment or sot , they would be peculiarly useful as rallying standards . For this purpose , the more extensively comprehensive they might be the more effectively would they attract the curious enquiry of the public . One singularity of a union of trades is , that the greater extension , the greater perfection it would have . Consequently , the obtainable advantages of Trades Unions can only be displayed in theory at present , as the operatives and their advocates are totally destitute of the means of exemplifying them fully in practice , without the cordial co-operation of the whole nation . There is a theory of what might be done , expounded in a small pamphlet which was published a year or two ago , which deserves the notice of the members of trades
combinations . As to the validity of the scheme , that is of secondary importance ; the object being , in my view , to give the people some idea of what might be achieved , were the working people and the middle classes aroused to their true in terests . J ust now , whilst the Colliers are performing their duty so bravely , such a prospect as the author of the work I allude to sets before us as attainable , might operate rather clieeringly upon them . Even if it be only a phantasm , it will do a great service , by opening new trains of thought . The work I allude to is entitled Internal Free Trade ; and purports to explain a system of Joint-Stock ¦ Commercial and Industrial Associations . Its author signs hltnaelf " Aristarchos . " I do not intend to give any opinion as to its literary merits , : farther than that I think the brief declaration of its plan deserves to be made generally known , if for no other reason , yet for those above specified .
After a g-ood deal of discursive reasoning , touching upon must of the general topics of the day , the writer gives his " propositions en masse , " as follow : — " The country or district available for the project should be divided into portions of land capable of maintaining bv their produce from 200 to 4000 individuals each . " There may , however , arise contingencies in which more or less land might be required ; and in these cases , of course , the extents should be altered . " Each of these landed estates should have an Associative Establishment erected on it , and one peculiar manufacture should be carried on in it , according to the custom and suitableness of the locality . " A factory should be raised in each of these establishments . ¦ " This factory should be themain stay of the association its productions should , by exchange , provide them with all their luxuries and necessaries except food and lodging .
" The food would be raised from the estate by the agricultural , horticultural , and pastoral labourers belonging to the association . " DTvelling-houses should be erected at a short distance from the factory , for the conf enience of the members of the association ; and contiguous to the dwelling-houses should be large edifices for the purposes of amusement , instruction , and domestic labour . " The arrangements in buildings , machines , and cultivation , for each association , should be formed from a selection from a competition of plans by several architects , surveyors , and agriculturists , acquainted with the necessities of the association , and the peculiarities of its staple trade and locality . It is impossible for any man to give a general plan suitable for every place and every trade .
" All should be conducted in the very best manner , and no expense should be spared in procuring the most ingenious superintendents . Success will mainly depend on the skill of those superintendents , for it must be remembered that they furnish the principles of action , whilst the operatives only work out the details of the principles . " The agricultural produce should be warehoused in large buildings for the purpose ; from whence supplies should be taken as wanted by the associative population ; and the surplusage , if any ,: sold to those Associative Establishments which might require it . " A constant trade should be kept up with the other Associative Establishments for the disposal of the manufactured produce , which should be always paid for in ready money , either in coin , or the bank notes of the various associations .
" With this money all the other articles required by the members might be easily procured from the Associative Establishments which might make the production of these articles their especial care ; and thus barter would be no more prevalent than it is under the present system . " An association , as before intimated , would probably consist of from 200 to 4000 individuals , tuotp or less , and should be governed by a board of directors elected by the universal suffrage of the adult members from among themselves . " The number of these directors should vary according to the size of the association ; and the most proper number and kind of men for tlie office would be discovered bjf experience .
" There would be the most improved engines for every special applicable purpose , and a division of labour as minute as possible , both in the manufacturing and agricultural operations ; every department should be originated under the superintendence off the most experienced person in that kind of labour tliot could be obtained ; and afterwards all should be carried on with the greatest order and regularity . "Every separate manufacture which is now managed on the morselling system by single shopkeepers , would be , under the united system , scientifically , liberally , yet economically carried on in the most first-rate wholesale style ; and as the dealings would usually take place with associations , and not with individual men or families , they would partake more of the nature of wholesale than retail business .
" The whole property of each association should be rested in the holders of shares of £ 1 each , or more , which shares should bear interest at the rate of £ 5 per cent ., or more , or less , as might be found to work well . " The profits arising each year from the excess ^ of production over consumption should be divided ' equally among all the members of the association ; and by this means the most indigent member would be gradually raised to a very superior condition . " Remuneration should be apportioned to the skill of each operative in his particular function ; and the precise value of his services would be determined by the amount they would feteh in the general competition of the nation . ; " A retail storehouse for miscellaneous articles must be conducted in each establishment , whence the members mav be supplied .
" Tbere should be a ledger kept in the counting-house of each association , in which every member ' s account should be entered , debtor and creditor . " Oil all the articles furnished to the members , a profit of 20 , 25 , or 30 per cent , should be realized : that scale of profit should be adopted which should be found to answer best . Those who might expend most would thus contribute most to the general profit fund . *• As to the goods sold in the external market , the profit -would , of course , be fixed by the competition of the general business in the articles * "Dwelling apartments of Taring neatness or decoration should be charged at varying rents , but the charges should be high , for two reasons—first , because the rents irould be nearly all profit , and second , because high prices would preserve the handsomest apartments from being contaminated bv improper residents .
' The services of the members should be bargained for at so much per famil y ; and the employment of the women and children should be regulated by an equal regard for the interests of the association , and the health and happiness of its members . "Dissatisfied members could , of course , quit the society at their pleasure , and go and dwell in other associations which might offer better remuneration or other advantages ; and their shares might cither be disposed of or retained . " As many afHuent persons might be expected to avail themselves of the splendid accommodations offered by these societies , we may reasonably take the outlay , consumption , or expenditure of every family as averaging JE 100 per annum , at the present rate of staples ; and by assuming this as an hypothesis to calculate from , we shall be able to arrive at something like the amount of the annual increase in each member's property .
" Considering that each family expend the same as they receive ibr joint Tvages , as a dattrm , the annual increase in the value of the property of the society will average £ 23 as the share of each family , or individual adult male member , at a profit of 25 per cent , from the internal expenditure aa a whole . " But we must add , likewise , theincome from the rents , -which , will be about two-thirds profit , deducting the usual 25 per cent , We may fairly average the extra profit , from the rents at £ 10 per aunumfor-each family . " Then £ 15 a-year each would probably be realized from the profits in . dealings with the other societies ; which , with £ 10 ana £ 25 , make £ 50 a-vear as the increase of each member ' s property ; supposing' , even , that he saves nothing from his salary , but expends every ferthing . " Thus there would soon be an extinction of poverty in these associations . -
" The rooms and furniture of the dwelling-houses , and the workshops , engines , and tools of the factory should be of the most tasteful description , that the associates might always be surrounded by the most pleasing and elevating circumstances . -
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" As to the Construction of the rooms and apartments , whether there should be internal or external coramunications , whether'there should be separate houses , whether corridors , stair-cases , or balconies—these details must be left to the opinions of the architects . "Every Associative palace should differ from all the others in its architectural design . " As before stated , the apartments should be of various sizes and decorations , so that each family might suit themselves according to the length of their respective purBes ; but the lowest priced apartments ought to be beautiful , and always clean to an extreme . " The furniture should differ , and become more and more ornamental according to the grade and quality of the rooms .
" Great care should be taken to have a first-rate kitchen , with the best'possible apparatus for the use of the cook and his assistants ; and much skill would be required to bring this branch of art into fuU play for the use of these Associations . " Several classes of refreshment rooms should be instituted , as it would be unwise to have persons mixing together whose habits are repulsive , " The appurtenances of the rooms , the- quality of the food , and the scale of prices would , of course , differ in these saloons ; but in the lowest priced rooms it would be indispensable that the food should be perfectly pure and nice . " 'With respect to the method of charging , —in the cheapest rooms it should be done in the way usual at the eating houses of- present society , by the dish ; and in the principal rooms the table d'hote system should be adopted , and individuals charged at so much per head .
" In general there will be no small money transactions whatever between the Association and its individual members : but all the articles of food , clothing , lodging , or other requirements , should be entered to the debit of the member in the books of the society , as he or liis family " may receive them : to his credit will be placed his salary , ( profits , and the capital and interest of his shares ; but no member should be suffered to expend more than his property would admit . " Thus the transactions of the society would be exceedingly simple and correct , providing care was taken to procure honest directions . " Though each Association might be devoted to its ovm particular trade , as Tailors , Carpenters , Colliers , Ironworkers , fishermen , < tc . ; yet , as it would require a num ber of jobbing operatives always on the premises , individual Jobbing hands atthe needful trades should be admitted as members , and kept employed .
" A bank of issue , not of discount , should be an adjunct of each Association , for convenience : no bank to be suffered by the provincial inspector to issue more notes than the net value of its connected establishment . " There are innumerable other details , which may be easily invented by committees of a proposed Scientific Convention , to carry out the grand principle—Interchanging Joint Stock Association of One Trade each . " The concoctor of this scheme evidently has gone to work on the principles of Mons . Guizot , as laid down in his philosophic History of European Civilisation ; those principles being , that whenjnstitutious of society have endured through many long ages , and during the mutations of time have in general been productive of good , it
is an inductive series of proofs that those institutions were providential ; and natural to man , and that in some shape or other they ought to be preserved in any state of society for human beings . These aro also the principles of the British Constitution ; and such , I faucy , are the foundations of "Toung England ' s" political and social faith . As might be supposed , the brochure elucidates and defunds the opinions of its author , regarding the practicability of the plan ; but the plan itself is all that appears to me requisite to place before your readers . It is far , very far a-head of On-enisiu and Fourierism , to my judgment ; and as it is more congenial to the ideas and habits of the Trades Unionists , it is very likely they will coincide in that belief .
But what I have taken the liberty to write on the fore goiug subject i * mere speculation . The Colliers ! the Colliers . '—they must occupy our more immediate solicitude . On them rest our present hopes . God help thuin , and may they succeed ! is the prayer of , Sir , your well-wisher ,
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'——^ FIRESIDE SCRAPS . —THE FACTORY SYSTEM . TO 'THE EDITOh OF THE NORTHEBX STAB . Mr . Editob—As you are now a sort of Political Nabob in your nevy hemisphere , perhaps it may not be displeasing to your highness to receive a few lines from one of those who feel where the shoe pinches . The Factory Syitem !—Don ' t tell me about your Royal Commissions , or butterfly travellers , in quest of information on this subject . They don't see anything of the system but the mere outside . Poor folks arc not fond of revealing theiT real circumstances to their nearest relatives ; how then is it likely for you mere " book-makers , " whether " blue" Or " bound in calf , " to know anything of the state of the factory workers ? It ' s out of the question—mere moonshine .
This is considered the best town in England for factory operatives . They aro better paid , better fed and clothed , and under less restrictions , than those of a similar class in Lancashire . " Then they ought to be content , " replies some hungry speculator in human blood . Ought they ? Let us see . We have had " good trade , " a " roaring trade ; " " plenty to do" for the last two years : night and day : helter skelter—new rattle-boxes erecting , steam hissing , potverlooms clacking , spinning frames buzzing , and men , women , and children combing wool to keep them all in motion . " Plenty of work" for the combers , sixteen or eighteen hours a day . Well , what is tho result of all this ? It is now Christmas week . The manufacturers are 11 taking stock" to ascertain the amount of their year ' s profits : here goes , to " take stock" for the slaves .
Powerlocnn Weavers . —Above 200 young women work at this branch of our trade , in one factory . Now this is boasted of as the very best paid branch for females . They are now making superfine " merino" " Orleans " cloth ; doubtless , tlw capabilities and wages of such a number will vary ; but here ' s a fair medium . S— worked a fortnight for twelve shillings ; she is a good hand , and engaged on the finest work . A few years , very few years ago , fne employer was a Scotch hawker . He is now building a new factory for himself , at present renting the place in question . He has made a fortune ; whilst the utmost gained by the poor girl is a Sunday frock , bought from one of his hawking brethren , and paid for by instalments . ' Piecers , tfce . —The childri-n who are employed in the various departments of spinning , receive from three shil . lings to five shillings . weekly , nnd tu some fuw instances more , for which they have to devote the whole of their time . Education or recreation is out of the question .
Woolcombers . —These form the most numerous body in this town and neighbourhood . There are . about 10 , 000 of them , and they are the headsof the families whose members are emplojted in the various factory occupations ; a description of their circumstances will at once show the plundering , all-grasping disposition of the " lords of the . long chimnies . " During the strike in 1842 , and for a year previous , this class of men suffered the extremity of privation ; hundreds who had been used to live in comfort , had to
endure all the horrors of actual starvation . Their clothes and furniture were . sold or pawned , and every available means used to keep their families from perishing . During this time , numbers were partially employed by large capitalists , who took advantage of their necessities , and plundered them unmercifully . Those were " piping " times for hordes of heartless speculators ; and several infamous hypocrites actually pretended to employ men for a miserable pittance , on the score of Religion !! They have since made 200 per cent , by their Holt and Cheistias " sacrifices . " '
Well , at last came 184-3 , bringing with it " good trade " and " plenty to do . " The prices of manufactured goods rose rapidly , and some of the factories worked night and day to supply the demand ; but notwithstanding the immense advance on the manufacturers' profits , they Will persisted in doling out the pittance of 1842 to the woolcombers , who at length formed n union called the " Protective Society , " and compelled them to advance their wages , in some eases as much as 20 per cent . This advance , large as it may seem , did not bring the prices up to what they had been previous to the " Panic : " and the manufacturers' " insatiable desire of accumulation" led them to practise innumerable cheats , to hinder their workpeople from benefitting by this god-seud called Good
Trade , by mis-naming their sorts , and keeping up the appeaiwae whilst tliey withheld the tiibstance . The Protective Society Has endeavoured to bnttlc with them by strikes , and by appeals to their humanity and reason : but no—it was unavailing . From those , causes the best workmen have been compelled to labour sixteen or eighteen honrs daily to procure a livelihood ; and instead of being enabled to educate their children , they are compelled to drive them , from their beds at half-past five in the morning ( not a very agreeable job for even an adult , these winter mornings ) to labour at those monotonous wheels in order to swell the fortunes of their inhuman oppressors . Nay more , they are forced to send their wives also ; thus depriving themselves of all means of cleanliness and comfort .
Sow , mark . Trade is getting bad again . Wages we being reduced . Theimasters are " taking stock , " 'SYhat is the situation of the slaves after nearly two years of " good trade , " and "plenty to do V Thousands of them read your valuable journal—let them answer . Have they , during this good trade , secured good furniture for their hquses , good clothing for their families , and a few pounds in ! their purse to provide for future contingencies ? Not a biiofit . They are worn out by toil , exhausted in body arid mind , without " resources , and looking forward to a glpomy future . Here ' s a picture ef one of our test paid manufacturing tOTnps—a true picture , which will defy contradiction . This is the working man's share of the bquiidless wealth he creates—mere food and shelter in " good traded with a continual foreboding of misery before his eyes , ' and absolute unrelenting and , inexorable destitiitiod ) when trade is bad f
. There ! Thare " taken stock 1 " Print tt or not , there it is ! let Chambers , and Baines , and Stubge , and Smiles , a 4 d the innumerable horde of grasping speculators and profitmakere , look atit . ' This is the condition of sensible , intelligent , tfe * p 4 hinJkii 4 ^ ¦ working men , "burning with a k ^ en sense ^ of their wrongs , and eager for an opportunity to redms them . They may publish their triuihy tracts till doomsday to reconcile us to this state of thing * , and may dress up their ; gh " osts and mummies to answer for us , when breathed upon by ChamdSirs and Co . ; but a reckoning day . urin come ! and when ' we " take stbek" of their
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murderous doings , we shall look upon their piles of wealth as undeniable monuments of tlieir villany . When that day comes , they will find , that however we may now resemble them , they will not then have jnaummles to deal with ! but men who have homes to protect , and families dear to us as our own life-blood . The day of mock philanthropy is gone by ; we have outgrown the period when a rich man ' s cold charity would gloss over our wrongs ; and neither Young England's " stake in the hedge , " Cobden's '' big loaf , " nor the philanthropist ' s " wash-tub , " will satisfy our demands . Bradford , Yorkshire . ; A Democbat . P . S . The working-men of tins part feel grateful to Mr . O'Connor for his admirable and exceedingly clever answer to Chambers' trashy pamphlet ; jand think he would render essential service to the cause of Labour by publishingit as
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BANKRUPTS . ( From Tttesday ' i " Gazette . J John Peart Bivley , Brompton-rpw , Kensington , plumber and glazier—Johu Christie and James Rodgers , Nottins ; - uill , Middlesex , stone-masons—Elijah Urentnall , CulUharbour-road , North IJrixton , j builder—John Walker Wood , Churton-street , Yiuixhallj Bridge-road , wine-merchant—William Preston , llonniouth-road , Bayswuter , builder—Henry Higgins , Leeds , merc-haut—John Peach Hurdett , Uttoxeter , Staffordshire , grocer—Henry May Waller , Foulsham , Norfolk , merchant—Michael Oraiiaui , Darlington , Durham , attorney—Nicholas Truvenen ILawke , Penzance , tea-dealer—Joseph . Hurley , Wolverham ^ ton , plumber . !
DIVIDEXDSJan . 1 , J , Quy , White Ruthin , Essex , cattle-dealer—Jan . 14 , E . Al . Good , 1 'eekham , fanner—Jan . t-i , J . Pledge . Vauxhall-street , Lambeth , bricklayer—Jan . 13 , W . Col-Uov , Cambridge , grocer—Jan . 13 ; J . Piggott , jun ., Hichmnnd , Surrey , cabinet-maker—Jan . 14 , U . Pettigrew , jun ., Woolwich , tailor—Tan . 17 , C . James , Grand Junctionterrace , Edgcn-are-road , oihnan-jJan . 15 , J . Bates , Wor . ship-street , coachmaker—Jan . 14 , jS . C . Boyce , Walbrook , oil-merchant—Jan . 22 , J . Bowser , Milton-street , Dorset-Kquare , timber-merchant—Jan . 21 , J . Peaten , Padingtonstreet , Maiylebone , ironmonger—Jan . 21 , J . Lock , Northampton , tea-dealer—Jan . Hi , R . i Mitchell , Lime-street ,
merchant—Jan . 15 , J . Jolley , § t . Alban's-place , Haymarket , builder—Jan . 15 , R . Edmeads , T . Atkins , and ( i . Tyrrell , Maidstone . bankers—Jan . 15 , C . O'Neill , R . Salki'lrt , and G . S . Bigby , MargamJ Glamorganshire , shipowners : —Jan . IT ) , 1 ) . Havt , Cambridge , perfumer—Jan . 10 , T . Robinson , Leadenhall-stfect , tallow-merchant—Jan . 16 , M . W . Vardy , Newb . ti-y , JBerkshire , bookseller—Jan . 17 , R . Goodenough , Newton Abbot , Devonshire , woollen-draper—Jan . 17 , W . J . Jj Coall , Exeter , grocer—Jan . 17 , C . B . Buchanan and W . Cunning-ham , Liverpool , merchants—Jan . 23 , J . Higginbottom , Ashtou-under-Lyne , money scrivener . j
DECLABATIONS OF DIVIDENDS . T . Balls , Thames-streft , City , iron merchant—first diiidend of 1 b lid in the pound , any Saturday , at the office of Mr . Green , Aldermanbury . \ C . Tcesdale , Wvatmingter-hridgQ-rond , furnishing wareh <> usein ,-m—first dividend of l' . ' . s Gil i » the puund , any Saturday , a-t the uffiri * -of Mr . ( irouu .-t ' Aldvrmniibury . E . Foster , Duvit , tail" ! . •" st diuJciul ut' Is lid in the pound , any . Satunhiv , A 'k' nf Mr . Green , AUler manbury . i K . Uowland , Tlimite , I" jre , auctioneer , first dividend of 'is 2 il in the pound , u-ij ) VctJj ) esday , at the office of Mr . Graham , ( ' ( duinau-. - ' tri-ct . j J . Young , Aldermanbury , Oity , jlaeeinan , first dividend of 2 s lOd m the pound , any Wednesday , at the office of Mr . Graham , Colemitn-strt'tt . I T . Gibsou , North Scalev Isle of WaSney , Lancashire , coal merchant , first tllvulimd of Is SJd iu the pound , any Tuesday , at the uffice of Mr . Fraser , Manchester . O . D . Ward , Manchester , merchant , third dividend of Id and seven twenty-fourth parts ofja penny in the pound , anv Tuesday , at the office of Mr . Eraser , Manchester .
J . S . Daintry , J . Rylo , and AV . K . ; Ravenscroft , Manchester , bunkers , first dividend of 4 s iii tlie pound on account iif dividend of 5 s 4 d , on Wednesday , Jan . 9 , and every following Wednesday , at the oflice of j Mr . Pott , Marchester . J . H . Daintry , Manchester , banker , second and final dividend of Od , " and one-sixteenth part of a pennv , in the pound , on Wednesday , Jan . 9 , and every following Wednesday , at the office of Mr , Pott , Manchester . J . S . Daintry and J . Ryie , Manchester , baukevs , second dividend of 8 ^ d in the pound , on Wednesday , Jan . f ) , and every following-Wednesday , at theiifliee of Mr . Pott , Manchester . I tr . Robertson , J . Garrow , and J ' i Alexander , Liverpool , roiie-manufacturers , first dividend jof 3 d in the pound , any Thursday , at the otfice of Mr . Cazepove , Liverpool . J . Haddock , Warrington , Lancashire , bookseller , first dividend of 8 s 6 d iii the pound , any [ Thursday , as the oflice of Mr . Cazenove , Liverpool . i M . Atkinson , Temple Sowerby , Westmoreland , second dividend of ll | d in the pound , any Saturday , at the office of Mr . Baker , Newcastle-upon-Tyne .
H . Hall , Smalesmouth , Northumberland , farmer , dividend of 2 s 8 | d and oue-teuth of { a penny in the pound , any Satnrday , at the oflice of Mr . Wakley , Newcastle-upou-Tyne . ] K . S . Boult and T . Addipon , Liverpool , stock-brokers , second dividend of one-tliird of a penny in the pound , on Wednesday , Jan . a , and any subsequentWednesilay , at the ofliiie of Mr . Morgan , Liverpool . I R . Warren , Liverpool ., druggist , dividend of 8 s -td in the pound , any Wednesday , at the office of Mr . Morgan , Liverpool . : Cebtificates to be chanted , unless cause bk shown to the coxtiiakv on the da % of 41 eetisg .
Jan . 14 , G . C . Smith , Kensington , builder—Jan . 16 , T . Ooldsworthy , Clifton-street , MaidaivaJe , Middlesex , merchant—Jan . 16 , J . Jones , Berners-street , Oxford-street , apothecary—Jan . li > , T . Pearcc , Bermondsey-street , tripeman—Jan . ¦ _ ' ! , C . Hetlmuo , Ilerne-bay , builder—Jan . 15 , Ii , G , Gibson , Nurthuw , Hertfordshire , wine merchant — . 'an . 21 , T . Caldicott , Newport , Monmouthshire , grocer—Jan . 15 , J . AV . Carter , Long-acre , coach plater—Jan . 14 , B . Osborne , Sheffield , table knife manufacturer—Jan . 21 , J . limes , Cheltenham , ironmonger—Jan . 14 , W . Collinson , East Buttei-wick , Lincolnshire , shipwright—Jan . 15 , B . Kinsey , Newtown , Montgomeryshire , innkeeper—Jan . 17 , T . Tabbemer , Birmingham , corn factor—Jan . !(>' , J . L , Tabberner , Birmingham , auctiunejtr—Jan . 14 , \ V . May , Liverpool , commission agent . |
PARTNERSHIPS DISSOLVED . J . and J . Laing , Murton , Northumberland , farmers—E . h . Brown and G . Young , Upper ! Thames-street , City , blacking manufacturers—J . Barugh and M . Wingrave , High llolborn , oilmen—J . Robbing land J . P . Nixon , Old Change , City , lace manufacturers—T . and J . Cullen , Nottingham , lace manufacturers—W . Marshall and J . Kelcey , Ilythe , Kent , millers— S . Lovell and : J . Cooper , St . Xeot ' s , Huntingdonshire , boot makers—S . l > ark , J . Bryant , and Gf . Cains , Crenshole , Gloucestershire , quarry men — J . Slicard , J . Hirst , and J . Graham , Osset-street-side , Yorkshire , cloth dressers ; af far as regards J . Sheard—W . Element and R . T . Knight , High Holb ' orn , upholsterers—T . E . Wallace and G . F . Browne , Diss , ' Norfolk , attorneys—H . Wood , J . E . Partington , and W . jNicholson , lienriettastreet , Covent-garden , wood carvers—C . Appelmaus and G . J . A . B . Griefyene , Little Litchfield-strcet , Soho , merchants—J . Garrettand E . Hunt , Bristol , hosiers—A . Barklimore and W . Simpson , High-street , Bloomsbury , surgeons—W , Sutcliffe , W . Ellins , and jW . Leach , Bradford , Yorkshire , worsted manufacturers ;! as far as regards T . . Ellins—E . H . Fell and J . Ilellen , Clverstone ; Lancashire , rope-makers . i ' <
Market Intelligence
MARKET INTELLIGENCE
Untitled Article
Londox Cork Exchange , MokWy , Dec . 23 . —We had moderate arrivals of wheat and barley from our own coast and Scotland during tlie past week , with a very short sujyply of oats , but of beans , peas , and flour , the receipts were to a fair extent . From abroad the arrivals consisted of 1000 qrk . of wheat , and a small quantity of flour from Lau ' nceston , with a few cargoes of barley and oats from the Baltic . At this mormng ' s market iliere was a small show of wheat byland carriage from Essex , Kent aid Suffolk , and little Or none fresh up coastwise ; the [ quantity of barley offering was moderate , and the display of oat samptea scanty in the extreme . Of beans taere'Wifa a plentiful supply , Birt peas wepb rather scarce . Qwiiifj to' tbfe sharp frosts experienced since : Friflay ; alt Idirts o ^ corn ' come forward w good condition . ( English wjieat ' sold without difficulty at folly the rates current on this day se'nhight , and duty-paid foreign , thougn only in
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limited demand , was likewise quite aa dear . Flour was saleable to a moderate extent at previous prices . All descriptions of barley were held with . increased firmness ; but the Inquiry was nofr particularly . active , and no advance on former terms could be established . Malt was saleable in retail , at last Monday ' s quotations . The bare state of the oat market caused fane corn to be held at rattier higher prices , and dealers being Very unwilling to pay advanced rates , business was dull Beans moved off at quite as muchmoney . Grey and maple peas brought the terns of this day week , and boilers were the turn dearer . Inbondea corn nothing of interest transpired . High prices continue to be demanded for white clover-seed , tort the actual transactions have been unimportant ; red has met buyers to a moderate extent at previous rates . Canary seed was in slow request to-day , and most other articles moved off tardily at former quotations .-CURRENT PRICES OF GRAIN , PER IMPERIAL
QUARTER . —British . s 8 as Wheat , Essex , & Kent , new < fc old red 42 43 White 50 S 4 Norfolk and Lincoln . ... do 42 46 Ditto 48 53 Northnm . and Scotch white 41 45 Fine 44 50 ^ -Irish red old 0 0 Red 40 44 White 45 49 Rye Old 33 35 Kew 33 34 Brank 36 38 Barley Grinding . . . 27 29 Distil . 30 32 Malt . 34 38 Malt , Brown .... hi 56 Pale 58 63 Ware S 4 65 Beans , Ticksold&new 31 34 Harrow 33 38 Pigeon 36 42 Peas , Grey 32 83 Maple 33 35 White 36 40 Oats , tincohis & Yorkshire Feed 22 24 Polaad 2 S 26 Scotch Angus 23 25 Potato 25 28 Irish White 21 23 Black 20 22 Per 2801 b . net . s s Per 280 lb . net . s s Town-made Flour . " . . 43 45 Norfolk & Stockton 33 35 Essex and Kent .... 34 36 Irish . 34 36 Free . Bond .
Foreign . s 8 B » Wheat , Dantsic , Konigsburg , < fcc 50 58 36 38 Marks , Mecklenburg . 48 54 34 35 Danish , Holstein , and Friesland red 45 47 31 32 Russian , Hard 45 46 Soft ... 45 47 31 32 Italian , Red - . ' . 46 50 White ... 50 52 34 36 Spanish , Hard . 46 50 Soft .... 48 52 34 36 Rye Baltic , Dried , ... 32 33 Undried . . 32 33 24 26 Barley , ' Grinding . 27 29 Malting . . 8 & 35 24 30 Beans , Ticks . . 32 34 Egyptian . 32 34 26 32
Peas , White . . 36 38 Maple . . 84 35 28 32 Oats , Dutch , Brew and Thick 24 25 19 20 Russian feed 20 21 14 16 Danish , Friesland feed ¦ . 20 22 14 16 Flour , per barrel . , . 25 28 23 24 CORN AVERAGES . —General average prices of British corn , for the week ended Dec . 21 , 1844 , made up from the Returns of the Inspectors in the different cities and towns in England and Wales , per imperial quarter . Wheat .. 45 s . 3 d . I Oats .... 21 s .- lOd . j Beans .. 35 s . lid . Barley .. 34 s . 2 d . Rye .... 82 s . Od . | Pease .. 35 s . 4 d .
Loxdo . v Smitufiezd Cattle Market , Moxpat , D&c . 23 . —rFor the time of year , considering that the great market was held last week , we had a full average number of beasts on sale here to-dav , in the general quality of which there was nothing calling for particular observation . As might be expected , the attendance oi both town and country buyers was very limited , owing to which , and most of them having previously purchased tlieir Christmas supplies , the beef trade was very dull , at a decline , on last week ' s quotations , of 2 d per 8 Ib ., the very highest figure not exceeding 4 s . iii , and at which , a clearance was not effected . The fresh . arrivals were extremely small from all quarters , the bullock supply being chiefly composed of those portions turned out unsold on Monday and Friday last . The imports of live stock under the new
tariff since our last have been very limited , only eight beasts and 20 sheep being on sale this morning from Rotterdam . Comparatively speaking , we had a good supply of sheep offering , and which , being more than adequate to meet the wants of the butchers , met an unusually dull sale at barely , in some instances , a trifle beneath last week ' s quotations . Scarcely any calves were at market , yet the veal trade was dull , and prices were with difficulty supported . In piga exceedingly little business was doing , yet the rates were about stationary . By the quantities of 8 lb ., sinking the offal . b . d . s . &
Inferior coarse beasts . . . 2 W s 0 Second quality .... 8 2 2 V Prime large oxen .... 3840 Prime Scots , &c 4 2 4 4 Coarse inferior sheep . . . 2 10 3 4 Second quality .... 3 0 3 8 Prime coarse woolleil . . . 3 10 4 0 Prime Southdown .... 4 2 4 4 Large coarse calves . . . . 3 4 3 10 Prime small 4 2 4 4 Suckling calves each . . 18 0 30 0 Large hogs 3 0 3 6 Neat small porkers . . . 3 8 4 0 Quarter-old store pigs each . 16 0 20 0
HEAD OF CATTLE ON SALE . ( From the Books of the Clerk of the Market . ) Beasts , 1319—Sheep , 18 , 420—Calves , 17—Pigs , 250 . Liverpool Corn Market , Mondat , Dec . 23 . —We liave received small parcels of Flour and Oatmeal , by steam , from Ireland ; but of these articles the aggregate quantity for the week is moderate , and the arrivals of . Grain are of very small amount . The duty on Rye has advanced to 10 s . 6 d . per quarter , being the only change that has occurred in the ratea of impost on foreign produce . Holders of Wheat
have remained very firm , but the dealers have been equally steady in eonfining their purchases ta what they might want-for immediate use , and we have thus to report a limited business in that grain at full prices . No cliange in the value of Flour . The market has continued to be so bare of new Oats , that the quotations for them may be considered almost nominal : a parcel of tine mealing has soJd at 3 s . 3 d . per 45 lbs . Oatmeal has met a good demand , and must be quoted 3 d . to 6 d . a load dearer ; 24 s . 6 d . to 25 s . 6 d . per load the current rates for old Grain . No alteration as regards Barley , Beans , or Peas .
Manchester Corn Market , 8 atukday , Dec . 21 . — . With a change in the weather and rather languid accounts from the London market of Monday last , the activity in the demand for Flour noted in our preceding report received a check , and , the dealers and bakers being pretty well supplied for the present , the trade has subsequently remained in an inactive state , without change in prices . In the absence of adequate supplies of both Oats and Oatmeal , these articles have continued to find buyers at very full rates ^ but only in retail quantities . At our market this mortung tbere was very little passing in Wheat , but wecaimot vary our previous quotations . For Flour there waa by , no means so active a demand as on this day se'nnight ; still , the article found sale to a moderate extent ; and the reeent clearance of accumulated stocks enabled factors toestablish an improvement in the value of well known marks . With , a limited ofler of neither Oats or Oatmeal , the business passing was trilling , but prices were the turn higher . In the value of Beans no alteration can be noted .
Liverpool Cattle Market , Mondat , Dec . 23 . — We have'had a goodsupply of Beasts at market to-day , which met with dull sale , at high prices . There waa a small supply of Sheep . Ajrything of good quality was eagerly sought after , and readily sold . Beef 5 | d . to 6 d ., Mutton 5 id . to 6 id . per lb . Cattle imported into Liverpool , from the 16 th to the 23 dNoV . : 1772 Cows , 41 Calves , 2072 Sheep , . 0 Lambs , 4572 Pigs , 12 Horses . State of Trade . —Our present number being issued before the great weekly market , Nve have nothing new to state , except that , during the last two or three days there has been an improved demand for most descriptions of manufactured goods ; and prices , which had become a little unsteady , have resumed their former firmness . —Manchester Guardian of Wednesday .
Newcastle Corn Market , Dec . 21 . —At our market this morning we had a very large supply of wheat from the country , and the condition being indifferent , it sold slowly at last week ' s prices . Of south country < jualities our market is bare , and with such we can with confidence recommend shipments ; several cargoes are expected on the first change of wind , but we have reason to believe they will not be generally , offered for ' sale withont prices improve in the meantime . Foreign continues to be held with increased firmness , more especially Dantzie , Rostock , and choice -Stettin , the stocks of Which are now within a moderate compass . Some further sales have been made for shipment coastways , but the unremunerating state of the flour trade causes our millers to purchase as sparingly as possible of these
wheats , owing to the high relative , rates demanded . In bonded we did not near oif any transactions taking place . For flour there was only a slow inquiry , but this arose more from a want of a choice of quality than from any other cause ; the trade may therefore be quoted precisel y as last week In ryo rather more doing . Malting barley ' niay be noted rather dearer , and the same may be said of distilling and grinding qualities . Malt unvaried . Beans stationary . Boiling peas are held for more money , which tends' to . check business ; as , however , the stocks are extremely light , we are of opinion prices are more . likely to advance than recede value , and that our dealers will be compelled in
to give the terms generally required , although at present they resist any advance . With oats we are again largely supplied , and the demand proving corresponding , the whole met a quick sale , at tlie full rates of this day week . The duty on i-ye is Is . per qr . higher ; on other articles there is no change . MaXtox Corn Market , Dec . 21 .-r-We liave a good supply of ail kinds af grain , except oats . Wheat , barley , and oats without alteration . Red wheat , 13 s . to 49 s .. ; old ' ditto , 50 s . to 52 s . '; ditto white , new , 51 s . to 54 s . ; old ditto , 53 s . to 56 s per qr . of 0 , $ i > ne $ Barley , 28 s . to 33 s . per qr . of 32 st . Oats , ' Old ; to 10 £ d . ' - p * £ stone . r .,..,.
York Corn Market , Dec . 21 . —The supply of Grain is good ; Wheat fully supports the rajtea of last week ; fine Barley the turn dearer ; Oats andBeana as before . T ( iie tone of the market-is decidedly healthy , and , with a continuance of fixity / weather , the trade is more likel y to increase than otherwise . London Hat Mar ^ ts . — £ mithjibij ) , Tbobsday . — Coarse Meadow Hay , £ 3 10 a . to M IBs . imo ^ do . , £ 4 1 . 7 s . to- £ 6 4 s . ; fine Upland do ., £ 5 5 s . to £ 510 s . j Clover Hay , £ 4 , 10 s . to £ 6 : Qat Straw , j £ 1- iM . to £ 1 16 $ . ; Wheat Straw , £ 1 ifaU ^ m- ^ io ^ : Average supply , and % 8 luggi ^ daHand . f . vM WHiTECHAPEt . —Coarse . : Wpp ^ l ^^ ff . l ^/ to , i £ 4 . 153 , j useful ^ Mxm ^^^^ mmM ;;; dp ,, ' £ 5 5 s . to £ 5 lOs , . Clb ^ ^^» S » Mf ^ ' Oat Straw , £ 113 s . U' £ im ^ S 8 uSBSti » S : ' £ ljm
¦ ¦ ¦ ¦¦ ¦ •' ¦ ¦¦•¦¦ - ' g « «>^ . U-steffJil > # ¦" - ' ¦ ¦ - - ¦ & wf ^^ mMm 0 ^ m - . . Em&m ^^ M ^
Isiimxvwt?, &C
iSiimxvwt ? , &c
Untitled Article
Pictkseb 28 , 184 THE NORTHERN STAR . j 7
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competent authorities to Sir iJanies Graham , ., the Secretary of State , praying that the execution of Mary Sheming may be stayeduntil the 25 th of January , so that the town may be spared the pain of two executions ; and there sis , we believe , every reason to hope that the prayet of the petition will be vouchsafed by her Most Gracious Majesty . The judge , by the same post , sent a respite for William Howell , Walter Howell , and Israel Shipley , who . are in the same place under sentence of death for the murder of M'Fadden , until the 25 th of January . ~ -r Ipswich Express of Tuesday , j
Bart Condemned Criminals . —An order for the execution of Mary Sheming , tlie iinfortunate female who is under sentence of death in ] the county gaol , in this town , for poisoning her grandchild at Martlesham , arrived here yesterday morning . It is to take place on Tuesday next , the 31 st inst . A scaffold has been prepared , which is to stand in the road opposite the entrance to the new courts . jWe understand that an earnest petition was last Monday forwarded from the
Attempted Robbery at St . Kathkrine ' s Docks . —Another daring attempt at robbery was made in these docks on Sunday afternoon , which was fortu- > nately prevented from being earned into effect with much success , in consequence of having been discovered in time , although a large quantity of spirits has been lost in the attempt , j It appears that several casks of brandy had been removed on the previous afternoon from the London Docks by craft , and shipped on board the Napoleon , a vessel at present loading in the St . Katherme ' s Docks . The customs officer on board having occasion to go to the forecastle on Sunday afternoon soon after dark , stumbled over something which , on further examination , proved to be two large bladders filled { with brandy . On further search , lie found that one of the casks in the hold , which had been shipped ! tlie prerious day , had been bored and a quantity of branuv abstracted ; the
cask having been but imperfectly stopped up again and leaking at the time , a quantity of coals near it were quite saturated with thp spirit . He immediately called for assistance , and gave information of the discovery to tho dock authorities . The cask has since been gauged and found ] to be deficient no less than twenty-one gallons , though very little more than two was contained in the bladders . So that presuming none to have been actually got away , nineteen gallons must have been wasted in the attempt by the thieves . Not tlie slightest clue lias yet been obtained with respect to the parties implicated , though the company are using the utmost exertions in the matter , as they have done in the two previous instances without success . It j appears that the captain and' crew were absent at the time and during the whole of Saturday night ; not a soul being on board but the officer in charge , which is a very uuusual circumstance iu the case of a vessel loading for foreign parts . J
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Dec. 28, 1844, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct519/page/7/
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