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Northern Star (1837-1852), 6th February 1841, Edition 3 of 4, Page 7, Untitled Article

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      Untitled Article

      jhe jtstiax jackets , blistered ^ ofd * a > 'd unshorn chins , ox a t 7 ni 0 n JTthosb who lite bt labour with jflOSE WHO LITE OX THE PROFIT OF THE j ^ iBOrB OF OTHERS . « m •* & »» y *** 1 * mb with th 8 **** imite ' ^ ntoow with t !» cat , or the lark with the kite , " vi dkas FaixaDS , —You , over whose every inter-^ I have watched with * fond , a parental cue , whSe b » TB bees hard it work , or , in broken alumbers , ZtMag joar weary limb" te aaoibw xonnd in the _ &n » lnai , to |*» I address my thoughts . _^ . ¦ ¦¦

      yoa will do me thejuitice to ay that , fire yean ago , « ed the motto which I now place at the bead of this Mter to prore the topoBibQity ot any beneficial ^ befcg formed between those who live by their I , iibonr and those who lire upon the profit , of ^ ' labour . l * t me make this as plain to every man u tie nose upon hi * uei « hbonrt face . T ^ t i , the "« a « W « ,-the point in di ^ ptrte ? If i not feat the labour ** , » P ° n tt * ir ovn P" * * Iook for be'ter remuneration for their labour ; while , upou the tut of their employes * & *? * * S * ** * pro&t a ttat Tery labour . ' Nothing can be more clear than y ^ od nothing , therefore , can be more dear than tat mafic alone caa effect the double object

      i , « natter of political necessity , the masters tell that your condition alone is the great and governor otjed of their new enterpriae . Let me test this , Ibey ssy tbe repeal of the Com Laws will accomplish g * denied end ; while I haTe proved , otht and over , ain , that it would but multiply ruin . But , if their * -Jt -rss solely one of consideration for you , how juppens it that they never try any scheme , for your jeBef , gare and except inch plans as those in the psa ^ a of which they themaelTei hare the greatest invest . Substantial comfort of your order forma do Tart of their plan , and for this reason—they hare * o completely tamed nature " top * y tarry" that they , living

      » irtifieisl life themselves , propose that you alao shall gj ^ jaee the same . It appears , however , that the jrtScial market U already oTerstocked and will not kJeui of rach an addition as tie proposed union and n » n tire proposed principle * . This is quite clear ; irtiSdil society presses too hardly upon man"s natural reKuTK * , jJEasemects < pardon me for mentioning the ¦ f-jnj mnaement in connection with slavery ) and dispoESco . In this state of things , I say , let the portion d uoetj who wish to lire more in accordance with naze * 1 ** 3 , checked ~ bj man ' s artificial and proper jaaiaU , retain to the bosom of nature and thereby K 5 ere , for a time , the press on artificial society .

      gre to one million heads of families , for a full rent , « a aeua of ecpporting teren millions of the " tvrpitet f&piJ £ tm m in comfort , peace , affluence and contenths , ui& thus harmonise , and something equalise , the ruS ^ al porion of society relieTed by so large an SEinfoa to port Natnre . By this means yon insure a rscprority of interest and dependency , and without an eonl dependency you can haTe neither justice nor even Bstr . UntO the mas ' er ii as much dependant upon tavcrkm&n , for an augmentation of his capital , as Ttt * " ¦** is upon the master for employment in the pcssi * no union can be formed upon anything like equity .

      EtTing Urns ptored that the marten will not join in , it tret countenance , any measure which has your pod ci ? y for its object , let me now shew you the compsi and utter hopelessness of ever accomplishing what a oiled a union between masters and men , upon test of equality , or eTen upon terms which can haTe kt o ± er effect than a further prostration of the laboctsx . like society u at present constituted , and I will at a « prove to jou th * t an union cannot exist . Let us bit , uan example , the middle-class society in any

      xundaetarmg town in England . This society a subtrided into lectiocs and classes , having either identical < r mtagonistic interests . The manufacturers , mer-£ xnts , bankers , shopkeepers , lawyers , and tradesmen i tie higher order , may be said to represent the eiddle-class interest ; whili overseers , shopmen , clerks , « cd all Eubordinaies and dependants , compose the Tcriing staft as a political body . Well , then , mark —mo nark well— the imptdimenti to any union with KTof these classes .

      Scppose the manufacturiDg portion to consist of B& , nw , or three hundred of masters . They are firstly Ericfcdinio Whig and Tory ; and secondly , the soda ffjfartion , claims , d by the ruling , the goTeming , and lacEg members of poth parties , are much more dear in itjji than your political rights . The large capital ictt ire perfectly satisfied with fhipgw as they are , or aSer tey prefer them to the risk of change , and they nit the inferiors of their own class . The tail of each taa pretr their social distinction / which they think fes ? bat preserre by being at the wrong end of the BfcCOTisti ; to eTen the risk" of contending for eaajBon of political rights , at tiw expence of the ta of the eouitenance of the leaiera of their own

      lie me tiofkefprcg das * . As yet they are only is & position in which you were when ycra were led It eotebst-moBgers and wafted by erery political *» & ¦ Three-afihs , at least , are satisfied with things * 2 ier trg ; sod they , from superior property , hold S * red tf » oeal exdusion otet all w % o ahall politi-» - ¦ ? ihfficm the old faith . All these classes haTe " 2 io be brayed , as you baTe been , in the mortar of in-ssj , before a perfect union can be hoped for . r inst , u the apothecaries haTe it , be pounded * 7 iae , « Uffiimme trite , before the bolus is ready ^ isM& at ,

      S& hmind that necessity has been your drill ser-^ » ad that until & majority of the labonring •» a beame panpers , you and your trades' unions ^ TOQ chbs , your orders and your associations , each BisTOB nag , under existing circumstances , to pull a : li * o& for their own order , at the exptnee of all **> finffl , at length , that ftUow-fetling , which 3 : i £ a ffia -roiHircua kind , droTe you irresistibly into *« a of the poor oppressed . In 1 S 38 I dirided *¦ • into two classes , " the rich oppressor and the ^ Tpresed ,- aid jgeuch I haTe eTer since dealt ^ MtiaJ society .

      ^ ^ 3 ea :: a : es a few deserters Tery much weakened e « iBted rsntj of the people ; a good crotchet-^ 43 Uk \ -witli him a whole section to the enem y ; ; " - » rrrolt is bet as the sloughing off of the proud ^ m tie tore , learing it cleaner and more easy to are the hostages which the new allies propose rn % , ™ - * - ^ t « TT -iiiW-i we iicn fttiico } iiu }) ubq d the Ter

      k » it- fdlh ^ lheir P * " ? "" ^ y ^ fel " a * *? ^ ^ ^^ 0 Ter again ' * ° : d lhe V * ? 1 * ' * ^ *« llfect tlat the literal meaning of the term ps . ^ ' ^ middIe classes , is , you working men , io . -7 ^ aiet , can"t you , and grre yourselTes up ^ ^ Ttich a few tnffiwking politicians « hai [ ^ iatfT ^ mSke Oi youfor our * ° le ^ i ^ 005

      ^ ' tstiie the matter ; the middle-daas genUe-»!! <;„ proposfe t 0 agitate , or to take any trouble ; tpi ^ » ^* y intend for you , when , like good to i ^' * WiU C ° " * the hefel of ^ e huni - ^^ ^ Pthe gime from the exhausted pack . Of * j ' ^ mS 4 t expect some desertions . i * t through life has been to make you indeu j ^ j * sach caeuaities , and I haTe bo far succeeded ttj ^^ CTea mv «* n abandonment of the cause a * B mt ^ * tmomeot to you , while it would eon-I io , I * ,, ** * ildain 7 Md di «« r « 8 . » . •' - I JOB how fcn K /» . . w . t . •

      • - fctth - * ° * thap ' ^ P **^* **«• Th ' " ** * 6 B 7 ° f ^ "" " ^^ tenanu in ' * J cbcT * * < ier ' ^^ " ^ * " * ^ !*•*»*»<» ^^ fSl ^ Utkai Wth » 1 iriU *» Jdir » y' k 1101 " ^ i ^ T 118 ^^ tod tokea * :-He will , in the ^^ P *^ ""^ eaTour to enlist around bis own 1 % ^ ' * <* disciples upon tome new faith , !«« » 4 , . * hidow rf » de , from the Charter , a «»^ '" enters differ one from the other about ^ ^^ V * 00 **^* ' These tfsciples constitute '" fc ! . ^^*^ He begin * C 99 IK by picking holes b ** ** itol ^^ * ° uasodate » - He becomes f *» to , ^! ^^ - &k lengfe , he begins to "W lL i * rea 9 On ; heti «> "its his skirts ' »• tta jnort icfinential of his aionj-to-be

      Untitled Article

      adopted friends . He then watcbea all and eTery opportunity of associating with them , and at last attends their meetings , and , while he sells you , he would persuade you that he has surrounded the whole force of the enemy , and taken them all prisoners . Such men irresistibly remind me in their newly-inflamed , excited , and cock-tailed state , of a " garron" of a horse at fair figged up for the occasion , and , like the ignorant bumpkin ; who , not knowing the real caase of uneasiness of the burning beast , takes bis writhing for high spirits , and Tery often gives twenty pounds for the bone flesh and thirty for the ginger ; and when be finds that the animal loses his ginger valiancy , and drops bis tail , he

      begins to think he has " paid too dear for his whistle , " just as- the purchasers of one of » ur cocked-tails , who , instead of finding that a whole section of the Chartists constitutes a part of the terms of the bargain and sale , discover , to their mortification , that they have purchased a " garron" with a piece of ginger under his taiL I think we cannot do better , then , than to christen all deserters " cocked-tall gingers ; " and thus , as we have always sailed with our colours at the mast head , let even the enemy know what they purchase . I asked you , in July , which of the middle classes you were to join j for you haTe two at dagger * drawn-Whigs and Tories—and neither united among themaelTes .

      Have the Tory middle classes , either as magistrates , prosecutors , or jurors , been more hostile to ChartUta than the Whigs ? Have they made worse Guardians , or e * -o ^ fc » o Guardians , of the poor ? HaTe they made worse Visiting Magistrates of prisons . * HaTe they , in short , in aught oppressed yoa more than the very Tags * bonds , who quote Scripture , while they defile eTery dean thing , and then ask you to join them . You may join them ; but 111 be d d if eTer I do , or if ever the Slor shalL I began the battle with you j I'll fight it out with you ; and well die , or conquer , together ; but fr » m our colours we mote not an hair ' s breadth ; from our principles we budge nst a pin ' s point—though thousands rot in prisons , die on the scaffold , or work in the colonies .

      We wiH thia time proTe , in fact , what has been a mockery for ages , that the people are " the legitimate source or all pawer , " and that Great Britain and Ireland shall be the envy and admiration of surrounding nations . _ If the object of the enemy be to desert us , we well know how to recurve them and will place them under a strong guard , lest they come as spies to our camp , inourownunionweareinTincibleand omnipotent , while a union with them would make tu the laughingstock of the whole world . I tell you that the union only means the power of keeping the iron hoof of Toryism from oar necks in order that the iron hoof of Whiggery may have an undisputed possession of the restingplace .

      Have yon not bad enough of middle-class union in 1831-2 , or do you want to be sold again ? The Tery hacks , to -whose leadership you aro designed to be transferred , are the men who haTe allowed the Government to commit wholesale plunder and injoaties , in artier that they may be allowed the profit upon retail abuse . If I had a choice , I would a thousand , aye , ten thousand times , rather be goTerned by Melbourne , Kormanby and Russell , than by O'Connell , Wakley and Co .

      > ow , just attend , for one moment , to a voice which comes from a most infernal place—a felon ' s solitary stone ell , and listen to ra&son , or , at least , reason the matter with yourselves-Firstly , then—Do those demagogues eTer court an alliance with yoa when they are strong enough to hold their ground without you ? No ; tbey trample upon you ! Secondly—What has ruined the Whig cause ; which , by observance of honourable conduct , might hare been

      made the rallying point for ail Europe ? Yes , had in * Whig * played the Reform game fairly , tbey were masters of the world , and England was the nation of nations—Ireland the gem of Isles , and Scotland the land of freedom , science , and the arts . By Heaven ! we could have beaten the world ; because Reform principles would haTe pTen us friends im eTery foe ' s camp . Well , what has dashed them , or rather rolled them by degrees , from this proud eminence ? Why compromise ; union with the Tories , th « Tery weakness of which they now ask you to be guilty .

      Thirdly—If you are disunited , deceiTed , and scattered once more , who again will rally you , and when again will you be in & position to make your party the terror of all eril-doers Hear , then , my last words for to-night Let us stick together like men—like the bundle of sticks , and I promise you that we will beat all before us . "" United we stand , diTided we falL " Let us once get the old malefactors into a glorious constitutional minority , and then we'll make the gilied jades put their sore necks to the collar , and pull the Chartist waggon up Constitution Hill ; but we 11 work them in wrinkles lest tbey start , and jib , and stop at the Treasury .

      Let our motto then be —? fo Union with the enemy ; no surrender . ' Onward , and we conquer , backward , and we lilL Hurrah ! Hurrah ! Hurrah ! for onr side ; and three groans for the ruffians who imprisoned the officers that they may seduce the soldiers from their duty . But , thank God , not a deserter— noJ one " cocked-toil ginger , " and woe be with the first unfortunate " garron , " he will pay too dear for bis fig . Again , hurrah for the dungeon , the people , and the Charter . Down with the temple of corruption , and up with the imperishable monument of freedom—the freedom of thought , and freedom of action , where it trenches not upon the covenant , natural rights of others .

      I am , Your friend , Tzargvs O'Cosxoa .

      Untitled Article

      TO HER MOST GRA . CIOUS MAJESTY THE QUEEN . Madam , —We baTe seen that constitutional defects , and tte misarrangements of society , are the parents of much of thai mass of crime and dereliction from right principles , vthich bo loudly call for correctiTe and remedial measures . The third Bource of the frightful eriis which overspread our land , is the imperfect , and , in many instances , the ~ orsd than uwleis , education of onr people .

      It has been obsarred by an eminent writer , that " a litUe JearaiBtf is a dangerous thing -, " and it is a lamentable fact , that of this " dangereus thing , " we haTe much more than enough in this misgoverned land . Indeed , it is a question whether , in practical education , vre are not far behind the most uncivilised nations of Earope-I know that we have schools of every kind and character , except tha > of usefnlness . 1 am sensible , that if the boasted systems of Dr . Bell or Mr . Lancaster , the so-called national schools , and those of the British and

      Foreign School Society , did what they profess to do ; we should have some right to call ourselves an educated people ; and if the UniTersities were really seminaries of sound learning and religious education , the upper and middle classes might , with some shew of reason , pnt forth a similar claim . But , as I can prove thit neither the one nor the other do , nor are anything like what they profess to do and be , I am compelled to maintain that we are , in practice , an uneducated people .

      I do not call examining a boy or girl upon dogmas of theology—mis-stated , perverted , or falsely reasoned ; upon scraps of history ( and we have scarcely any history which deaerres a-better character)—tbe means of discussing the disputed cavili of chronology—the acquisition of ancient and modern languages—an extensive acquaintasee with arts , science , and literature—a knowledge at the most approved methods of trade and commerce , combined with music , dancing , and other polite and fashionable accomplishments—education ;

      and yet tius is considered education of a most liberal character . _ As well might we call a mail of stone , timber , and other building materials , a stately-palace , or a magnificent cathedral . No , Madam , real and genuine education consists in the knowledge of the means of practically applying all these materials to the purposes of use . It i * no uncommon thing to find it stated by tbe press , ( the conductors of which , for the most part , are among the most ignorant of the multitude of uneducated beings over whom you

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      reign , ) that among such and « ttch » number of persona conTicted of crime , so many could not read , and s * - many could read , but could not write ; and so many conld only read and write very imperfectly ; and thus is the false notion engendered and propagated , that the greatest number of criminals are to be found among those who have not these acquirements ; and by inference , that to teach children to read and write , is the best and most certain prerentative of crime . If this statement ware correct , then those who have been favoured with all the other matter * which I have enumerated , and which are totally out of the teach of all but the opulent clataes , ought to be the very ne plus ultra * of moral excellence . We shall see , as we pass along , that this is as far as possible from being the ease .

      I contend that nothing Im worth the name of education that fsiis to impress- upon the mind of the student the necessity of his so acting u to secure his own Intereet , not as an isolated being , living only for himself , but in accordance with the welfare , the prosperity , and the happiness of that community of . which he fonus a part . Anything contrary to this , or anything short of this , is not education ; bat only a developement of animal conning combined with perverted rational powers , which , under the domination of internal selfishness , is striving to secure its own ends by practising upon the weakness or ignorance

      of mankind . This pretended education , I grieve to say , k at this moment most fearfully prevalent among all classes of your Majesty's subjeots ; and contributes , to an unknown extent , to increase the black ea ' alogue of crime , which presents so hideous a picture to the contemplative mind . I have said that all practical education consists in the knowledge of how to apply the various acquirements we may poss- as to the purposes of use . By this I mean , that what we acquire as knowledge in the understanding , will be of no service to us—nay , will be a positive evil—unless it be conjoined with an earnest desire so to apply it to tbe purposes of life , as to make it conducive to , and productive of , a spirit of justice and kindness , both in ourssives , and , as far as possible , in all over whom we

      hare any influence . It is for want of this governing and ruling principle , that we so often apply the instruction we haT © receded to the basest , the most sordid , and the most unprincipled ends . And hence is it that tbe most fLigraat crimes are frequently perpetrated by tbose who have had what is generally , though most erroneously , considered , a liberal education . Suffer me , howeTer , to rem&rk , that the crimes which are the result of imperfect education , must , in « rder to a proper understanding of our subject , be divided into two classes ; that class which is deemed disreputable , and for which the delinquents are held amenable to hnman laws , and that class which is not called crime , but by a variety of specious names , too long here to enumerate , and which is considered honourable and respectable .

      I will mention a few of each , in order that your Mnjesty may perfectly comprehend my meaning ; and , ss you are head of the Church , you cannot object to my citing the commandments ot the decalogue as the laws which are the moat binding authority upon a Christian people . Now , if I prove that while we pretend to honour the lavra of God , we punish a small breach of these laws with severity , and count a large breach of them as honourable and praiseworthy , 1 eha'l show , ; o a demonstration , the imperfect state of education amongst those who claim to have it in

      the highest perfection—the legislature , and the upper classes—and the iufereuce will be i&evitable , that , while so lamentably uninformed , or unin-&truited themselves , all their public measures will be remote from the requirements of truth and justice , and eo ill calculated to remove the evila , aud to promote the well-being of society , that a vast amount of criminal acts must be the necessary result of even their most laboured attempts at improvement and reform . To the following evidence , then , I respectfully solicit your Majesty ' s most serious and candid attention : —

      First , aa to breaches of the first commandment . If a man , disgusted with the unlovely and frightful character with which Btate priests and ignorant hirelings invest the Deity , turns to nature , and there beholding him portrayed in the robes of unsulJj ' ed loreliaesa , and beaming forth upon all the works of his hands , with a countenance of benignity and soft compassion , resolves to worship him by the incense of a grateful heart , and the sincere homage of a benevolent life—instead of joining with the great congregation , tof the hypocrisy and heartlessness of a majority of whom he has perhaps daily

      experience , ) in the rites of integral worshp , in the temples made by hands , he is styled as infidel , held up to the abhorrence and detestation of society , and if he be poor , and shall dare to make his sentiments known , and to question the truth of a religion , that , so far as he can perceive , is productive of so much evil , he will , at tbe least , stand a chance of losing his employment , and it will be Wt 11 if he be not made to undergo the penalties of tbe laws against irreligion a&d blasphemy , and sent to prison to learn a more orthodcx creed , from some drunken , gaming , time-serving chaplain . This man is held to be a flagrant and great criminal , and to be sure he must be punished .

      Look at the contrast Yonder is a rich landholder , or mill-owner . He has acquired thousands by rapine and extortion . Money is his God ; no matter how he gets it , have it he wilL He has ground the faces of the poor ; his workman have toiled themselves into a premature gnvve , to increase his gold ; and tbe blood of helpless babes cries against him ; yet he still cries " Give , give . " He is so covetous , that he would not give a shilling to save a fallowcreature from starvation , and yet , wholesale robber aa

      he is , no law can touch him . He may fill the chair of the magistrate , or his voice may be heard in the deliberations of the senate : he is a ^ nost honourable member of the best society ; and if , as is the case with one gentl « man whose image is now before roe , be can take the chair at religious meetings , and may giTe liberally from bis ill-gotten gains to what is most impiously called the cause of charity , er the cause of O « d , he is held up as a paragon ot excellence , and all men are expected to speak well of him .

      I have one of these saints now in my recollection—a flaming religionist , and late a member of tbe senate , who robs the public annually to the tune of , £ 150 , 000 , and to an unknown extent , in the legs of comfort respectabilty , and temporal and eternal happiness , by tbe sale ol intoxicating drinks , and returns them £ G , 000 in what the world calls charity . Robbery and idolatry are in this man no crime .

      I am , Madam , Your Majesty ' s faithful and obedient subject and servant , London , January 2 Sth , mt > . NUMA ,

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      ANALYSIS OF THE HAND-LOOM WE AVERS' REPORT . LETTER X . I now come to the question of all questions , the subject of all subjects , the most important for the consideration of the people of this vast " workshop of the world . " The exportation of machinery , though placed last i « the list of allegations by the Hand-loom Weavers' Committee of Manchester , is by no means last to be considered , inasmuch as it is the last blow aimed at tbe Tery existence of tbe manufacturing operatives of this country . We have been familiarised with the cry of the v > Church in danger ! " I now proclaim , and with greater truth , that the " trade is in danger 1 " And this , my final letter , upon this subject , shall be devoted to warn my countrymen of their threatened annihil&tion .

      Machinery and wealth are co-existent , and if there be one greater ill than another , it is in ^ this accursed union of machinery and wealth ; their connection is productive of great mischief to the labourers of this country , and wherever sueh an alliance exisSs , the workers , or manual labourers , will be tbe greatest nffeten , In fact , the only sufferers . Machinery is the natural enemy of xaaamal labour , and . the rich , who have ever shown themselves to be hostile to tbe labourers , possess the means of employing machinery to anadvantage , and do so regardless of the evil consequences to the labouring class . As ten men manufacture as much

      machinery as will displace one kundred manual labourers , so in the same proportion will ten of tbe labouring class be employed in machine making , £ orthe superseding of manual labourers throughout thacountry . Time was wheu we could boast of our excess of exports oTer our imports ; but the time for boasting is drawing to a close : our own merchants and manufacturers have for some time back been traitorously encouraging , and our Whig Government facilitating by Orders in Council , the exportation of machinery to foreign countries , contrary to law , justice , and reason : contrary to law , because many Acts of Parliament hav « bees passed , and are now ia force , to prevent tbe exportation of

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      machinery , and prohibiting tUa emigration of artisans ; contrary Ur jostle * , because * be inventions drawn from onr experience , and the result of native talent , ought not , in fairness to our mechanics and , operatives , to be given to other countries wlio In matters of trade are endeavouring to' rival as , and thereby destroy oar yezy existence as a comm ercial nation ; contrary to reaeon , because , it being the duty , of vox Government to afford protection to ( the people , ; mor * especially to the . ) abouWMJ whose bread depends upon the labour of , their bands , it is , therefore , irrational in the extreme for the Government to aUow machinery to be exported , or , in

      plainer English , to take the bread out of the mouths of hundreds of thousands who now depend upon machinery . ¦ '• ; ¦ ' ¦ ¦ ' . ¦ . ' ¦ ¦ . - ' ' ' ¦ ;/ The hand-loom weavers justly complain of fha exportation of machinery , notwithstanding the application ef . machinery to their business has been injurious to them : they complain of the exportation of cording engines , roving and spinning machinery—well knowing that every ounoe weight of machinery leaving this country for the Continent or the United States , materially assists foreigners i in perfecting their manufacturing establishments . . . « : ' '

      I will reifer yon to an extract from a Parliamentary paper , No . ' 57 g , 1828 , containing a report of a committee ot manufacturers , merchants , and agriculturists of the United States , who met at Harrisburgh , 1827 , to consider the commercial state of England and America . After speaking of four cotton manufactures , they say , " This Is a difference of 1 Q per cent to favour of American cotton yarn ! With this plain exhibit , it may be certainly expected , that we shall export annually , millions on millions of pounds of cotton yarn , and rival the British in that business , as we do

      in goods made out of it , as aaon as the capacity of our manufacturers shall pass beyond the demand for cotton cloths , of which last there is a scarcity , because of the export , though not much advanced in price . The home demand is extending , nnd the foreign one increasing foster than more perfect machinery ( and more of K ) can supply . But the domestic competition will scon regulate this . We have water power , iron and cos ) , Ingenious artisans and industrious people , and tbe days of British monopoly In the manufacture » t our own raw material are numbered 1 "

      What do the Americans want more but tbe newest inventions from England ? improved machinery from this country ; then , like France , as soon as the tariff expires , such arrangements will be mode as to almost excludepur manufactures from their States , and perhaps pass « law to prevent certain descriptions of cotton wool ( of ' course the best ) from being exported , thus forcing England to manufacture from inferior raw material , which will lower the quality of their goods in the markets , where America will compete with us . What has been the effect of American rivalry occasioned by the wicked policy of our rulers , In driving , by oppressive laws and" their corrupt administration , our best artisans to that country , and exporting our best machinery under the sanction of Orders in Council f Wby , a considerable decrease in Our exports to that flourishing country . Witness the following statement of exports from England to the United States : —

      1814 . 1828 . Decrease . Yards . Yards . Yards . White or plain calicoes at 15 d per yard ... 19 , 207 , 028 10 , 359 , 707 8 , 8 * 8 . 221 Printed calicoes at 18 d . per yard 32 , 542 , 408 25 , 840 , 720 6 , 708 , 688 White or plain muslins at 20 d per yard ... 13 , 7 M , 082 698 , 368 13 , 004 , 714 Fustians jeans , velvets , ice . at ' 2 s 6 d per yard 1 , 623 , 115 185 , 630 1 , 443 , 655 Mark ! this gradual decrease took place at a time wheu tbe laws regarding the exportation of machinery were rigidly enforced by the Tories , under Lord Liverpool ' s , Canning ' s , and Goderfca ' s Administrations .

      Since that time , there were machinery and mill-work exported to America—Year . £ . In 1828 4 , ¥ 17 1829 7 , 716 1830 10 , » 13 1831 ,. 8 , ( iS 7 1833 6 , 883 1833 8 , 828 1834 28 , 0 y <> 1835 45 , 70 « 1836 24 , 081 and we aro still going on exporting machinery in tbo same ratio of increase ; and our export trade in cotton manufactures still progressively decreasing . [ See the " Block Book , " 1841 , page 6 » , for similar statements respecting Russia , Prussia , Germany , Holland , Belgium , and France . ]

      Wei ] Dmy tbe hand-loom weavers complain now , for Ibis system of exporting machinery has beon a source of complaint for tbe last twenty years , and we have a report of a Committee ot the House of Commons , in 1824 , inquiring into this subject , which shows how the prohibition laws have been evaded and machinery exported to the Continent ; also the plans taken by foreigners to induce our best artisans to emigrate , for the purpose of teaching foreign workmen how to manufacture machinery and imitate English goods . Evidence is also given , showing the impolicy of prohibiting tbe exportation of machinery , but it ia of an interested nature , and unworthy of notice . Lost Session , Mr . Emerson Tennent moved for returns of the machinery aud millwork exported from Great Britain during the ) a- « t ten years , which was as follows : — 1—Steam engines and ports of Steam Engines . Firat fiv « years , declared valu » , £ 265 , 947 ; second five years , £ 778 , 512 . ,

      2—Mill work , of all sorts , allowed by law to be exported . First five years , do ., £ 106 , 054 ; second five years , £ 167 , C 26 . 3—Machinery of all oilier kinds allowed by law to be exported . First five years , do ., £ 821 , 790 ; second five years , £ 1 , 307 . 624 .

      4—Machinery exported under license from the Treasury or Privy Council . First five years , do ., £ 34 , 877 ; second five years , £ 176 , 464 . 5—Machinery and raillwork , of all sorts , ( aggregate . ) First five years , do ., £ 746 , 019 ; second five years , £ 2 , 414 , 226 . Total in the ten years ending 1840 , £ 3 , 160 , 245 . What think you is tbe avowed otjoct of this return 1—To put a stop to this B-lling of our trade and pauperising onr labourers ? O , no ! Mr . Tennent ( the Historian of Modern Greece ) is the representative at tbe machine makers and miliowners of Belfast , ( the Irish Manchester . ) Mr . Mark Phillips and R . H . Greg

      are the representatives of the machine makers and millowoers of the celebrated English Manehester , and tbe Manchester Gwtrdian { the cousin German of tbo " Great Liar of the North" ; la the accredited oracle of the Whigs of White Hall , This triuinTirate of patriots , under the guidance of the Guardian , which means the Ministry , are concocting a . Bill to bring before the TalfceTS , to repeal all the laws affecting or restricting the exportation of machinery ; or , to use tbe slang , to havo free trade in machinery . Mark Phillips gave notice Jasfc sessiqn that he would moTe for leaTe , early next session , to bring in such a bill . This is tbe same Mark Phillips , who declared that " he would resist all legislation in favour of the hand loom weavers : " and . if Parliament insisted in interloom weavers ; " and , if Parliament insisted in

      interfering betwixt tbe employer » ml the weaver , ha ( Mr . P . ) waa connected with a largo manufacturing establishment , and he should feel it his duty te anviso his partner to break « p their establishment , and emp ' their capital abroad , where it would net be interfered with . " His colleague , Mr . Grt > £ , I believe , has been , or is connected with , an establishment at Geneva in Switzerland . 8 o , as soon as tliese worthies get " Free trade in machinery , " they will sell up their establishments in this over-taxed country , employ their capital abroad , and leave the starving , disaffected people , and tbe laskled aristocracy to settlo the Interest of the National Debt , and the " ways and means , " among themselves . Glorious prospect !

      If the machinery exported was of a perfect kind , tbe evil would have been bad enough , but the great bulk of what bos hitherto been exported consisted of lathes , planing machines , drilling machines , cutting engines , and other tools used in tke manufacture of machinery : working models , and expensive or difficult pieces of machinery ; thus furnished with the most necessary means for the manufacturing of machinery , they are enabled to mannfacture for themselves as well as for others . K . J . RiciUftDSOif . February 1 st , 1841 .

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      70 7 HX EDITOR OF THE NORTHERN STAB . Sib , —I have been much gratified recently in looking over the " Pieet Papers , " and should not envy much the feelings of the ninn who could read the statements Of tLe good © 1 * ' King , " with

      " Byes unmoisUned by a tear . " r sincerely hope that , both for the sake of tbe venerable writer , and for that of genuine liberty , these papers may obtain an extensive , circulation throughout the three kingdoms . ; ' ; '• ¦ My reason for troubling you with this note is , that I have heard . of some persons who think they baveHot soffieleat matter for their money ; and tliafc if it L » not increased ; tfce / . ahall discontinue taking the work . I think they will te » , on a second perusal of each letter , that th * y dt really get their two-pennyworth for their twopence . JltiUv 1 admit that if four , pages more could be gives in each cumber , it would be desirable { and I write to propose ** plan by which Itmigbt be done . ¦ : ')) _ ¦ ,- '••¦• •» ¦ ¦ . i ! ¦ ' ¦ ¦ . - i-

      I see the " Sapors" are stitched in a wrapper , » nd I suggest that all the friends of this champion of tbe rights ot the pour should unite their energies to make the work a good advertising medium . It a sufficient number of advertisements could be obtained to cover the expence of Jptiattag and paper of four additional pages , it may be fairly expected that an Increase of the circulation would be obtained . ¦ Another suggestion I would make is r that in e , very town a number of persons * osy twelve , shoaU anite to take three additional copies

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      weekly ; sending one to the parson , another to the chief magistrate , and tbe third to the public library . It would be easy to put a Chartist tract new and then in the inside of each . ¦ - This plan would serve the cause of the people , and would also promote the comfort of hist wtto , ttwnrgh ostensibly In the Fleet for debt , Is in truth in the Fleet for advocating the cause of those who haTe few or none to help them ... ' . . ¦ , - - ¦ ' ¦ . lam , .-Tonrs , faithfully , A . B . Leeds , February 1 st , 1841 .

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      ¦ *~—¦ ? .- THE PARLIAMENT OF GREAT BRITAIN IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY . Ma . Editob , —As tome sapient persons are so fond of endeavouring to throw ridicule on the pa ** Convention of the nation , or on the futur * Parliament , as it may be , when tbe people are fully represented , it perhaps will not be without interest or amusement to give some slight account of the British Senate , aa it is at present constituted . On January 26 th , 1841 , the day of the opening of Parliament , having obtained a Members' order for tbe gallery of the House of Conmons , I found myself in that assembly , after having been nearly tquee&d to death jbfa cr « wd of fools , who flocked to sec tbe youbg Lady , Queen Victoria .

      Well , Sir , I was in tbe gallery , and as before tbe Members arrived , I attentively viewed the building itself , J may as well give you an account of it , before I proceed to its inmates . The present place , where the " Imperial Parliament" meet , until tbe new House on the banks of the Thames is built , strikes the spectator neither with awe . nor admiration-, It to , la truth , u shabby a dwelling , as any shabby tenants could desire . It is of an oblong form , and divided into tbe body and theQidXery of the House . The flour is covered with matting and with benehea . which latter possess green leather cushions and high backs . At one end ( tho western )

      is the Speaker ' s chair , or throne , over which Is a species : of canopy , and before which is * large table , containing the mace , so essential to a debate , and a few old books . The walls are of white painted wood , and look very bare and desolate . The gallery ha * benches , of . rather a less comfortable appearance than those in the body , and one port of it is given up to the Members , who may rind it too crowded , or too hot , or too busy below ; another part is assigned to thV Speaker ' s orders , a third to the Member * ditto , and a fourth to the Reporters . From the roof hang four lamps , two very insignificant , and two very incomprehensible .

      By degrees the Members , the Honourable and Learned Members , flocked in . The Ministerial benches ( which are to the right of the Speaker ) boasted of about six occupants , who talked and laughed with great noise and glee , as if pleased and surprised to find themselves still in so happy a situation . At length the benches on both sides of the House were filled , particularly tbe Conservative side , which mustered very strong . Among the Ministerial party might be seen the big and burly " Ban O'Connell , " with his broad brimmed hat , and long frock coat He assumed a jovial look , but seemed to be writhing tinder hts recent defeat in the " Fox and Goose Cub . " As usual , whenever be opens his mouth , be was called to order by the Speaker , and laughed at by the Members .

      Here was little Lord John , like a bantam-cock , swelling out his throat , and standing on tiptoe , in order to be heard and seen . Facing btm was Sir Robert Peel , looking great things , but doing little . Around these . Sir , were unfledged boys , fit for school ; old men , fit for bed ; and tbe like . As for the debate , the opener spoke so low no one could bear him ; tbe seconder read his speech ; others sbonted or whispered ; tbe Members not speaking to the Speaker spoke among themselves so Uudly as to drown almost every sound . In the course of two hours after tho debate bad begun , some doeen of tbe Representatives of Great Britain might be seen fast asleep , and stretched at full length , on tbe benches in the gallery , in positions neither elegant nor becoming .

      I left tbe place . Sir , with a resolution not to ever enter it again in its present state . Believe me , Yeurs , faithfully , Ajc Observes of Men and Manners . ?

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      fc Condtn . of Surface g . I a I a ' . 7 J W . BDS . HI Hfll 1 ( | „ 1 } r * r $ g ;« I » n ^ Eastward . 14 , 271 13 , 201 123 35 17 28 42 7 Mill Hill . 5 , 167 1 , 366 48 33 4 4 19

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      From this will be sees the great advantage of being a gentleman shopkeeper , or , ene of the enfranchised upper , middle , or buy-cheap-and-sell-dear classes . The comforts arising from local as w « U as state legislation ought to be apportioned according to the number of inhabitants ; and if this were tbe case , the East Ward weuW have 24 streets pavetl by the town instead of 7 ; and , on tbe other hand . Mill Hill Ward would Lave 1 * very bad instead of only four ; bat were it so , what a row there would be—what a itir in the rookery for reform ! reform ! I reform ! ! ! of streets . But now , nince an alteration would cunfor little personal benefit upon these gentry , it is scarcely ever mentioned . Let us next consider ttie difference in the meaning of tbe words employed to detcribe the condition of streets , as they refer to each Ward ; for having myself superintended this statistical survey , I may at least be supposed to possess some knowledge of their meaning .

      MILL KILL WARD . Term $ . Meaning . good . Beautifully paved ; clean , swept , and dry , middling . Paved , but net very well ; dry . bad . Partly paved and partly hot . very had . Not paved or swept ; dirty only 1 e some places .

      east ward . Term * . Meaning . OOD . WhoFfy or partly payed ; M'Adamised , or possessing a hard > level cinder » mface , and tolerably cle ^ n and dry . U 1 DDL 1 HG . As above with portions bad . bad . Not over shoe tops in mud , but wet and dirty . very dad . Pretty well strewn with the contents of nightstoolg . orjjok de 4 / uimbre ; ankle deep in mud , out np , and in some instances impassable , at times , to carts ; elevated two feet above the level of the ground-floor of the bouses by the accumulation of ashes and other filth .

      Such is the difference in tbe meaning of those terms , which it was necessary to apply alike to all , when the survey was made ; but which , as will now be seen , differs materially when compared with the separate localities . Without further comment here , I shall pass on' to furnish mother table , exhibiting the state of sewerage , affording additional reasons wby tbe abodes of the working classes are s » surrounded with filth : —

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      Condtn . of Sewerage Amount of « * .- = 5 5 " ^ g Poor Rate Wards . 2 ^ fS | - | 3 «? to be eolfj * s 55 & z § o « ft lected on * tcp ; * 2 g g Q Property . Eastward . S 13 69 37 3 , 461 £ l , 5 i > 4 17 S Mill Hill ..... 19 2 4 23 . 984 3 . 890 11 8

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      From this table , tthe wtt condition of the streets and cellars in the East Ward may bo accounted for . Now , if wenre not to fee allowed , aa e % ual distribution of the comforts , alluded to before ,, according to the number of . inhabitants , surely we omghtto claim for tbo workingsclasses an , eq * iv * leut tor the money paid by them ittsuppprt of the . whole . It will , be , observed , above , , 1 haw « lw » the amount of poor rate paid . by each . Mill . Hill only contiibates two and ahatfjfciiaes as . mapb at Bast Ward ; and yet , it has more . ! tba 4 , sii ;! times ,,, aa ^ many public sewers . Thet ,. jea » t ,. ^ ard ,, has ? ne . third of ; the whole of ; its streets " very bad , " while Mill Hill

      has only onetweUth ^ HoHtJuutbisXltia because-out of fr . 107 inhabitants ' alM'HlU , onlyContains 1 , 566 of the working « lasses , > wMie oat of 1 * . 271 in the East-Ward , 13 , 261 are the enslaved * weatth- « eatiB | r ! UHrepreS 8 nte

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      Lave asserted wi } l easily be seen . In the North di * trict , births are as one to twenty -two and a half ; death * one to twcnty > three and a half . West district , births are as one to twenty-eight - / deaths one to thkly-six inhabitants . There may be other causes , such w want of food and clothing , to produce this difference In tbs ) bills of mortality ; * fct , it will not be denied that tbe unwholesome exhalations from the streets , 4 c . coiv tribute their share . —fWe must here , break off ouf friend ' s fUscussion , and give the remainder « f tbe lettei next week— -EB 3 J

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      TO THE SWTOB OF THE NORTHERN STAR . Sir , —Having been honoured by the general meeting ef delegates with an sppuiiUmeiit us one of t ' JO eighi Chartists to speak at Marshall's siill , on the evening of the 21 st , and , as the meeti » g was concluded without my sanction , perhaps you will permit me to occupy a corner of your valuable paper , to give a sketch of vliat I intended to say on that occasion . I intended to expose the conduct of the vacollating and traitorous Whig fiction , and particularly ttuifc portion of it evinced ' during the Reform mania . WhiH that deceptive bill was in progress , ' they courted the support of the people ; but no sooner had it beconn law , than they immediately turned round upon tbe

      people , and assailed them with the most opprobiuu * epithets ; such as " dirty ragged rascals , without a shilling » t their own , " and , in the teeth of their of »* repeated pledges ' , refused to aid the people in th * acquisition of their inalienable rights . The people are well aware of tb « cajolery practised at tbat time , and it is evident that the new scheme of agitation , now mooted , is the counterpart of the former imposition . The middle class desire to obtain a tenfold influence over tho working classes . They do not wish them t * vote' for their * um bricks aud mortar , but that thelmdlord may have on uojuit power vested is him , and may command the tenant to rate for hit favourite , or quit

      We contend for the franchise being vested in animate , not in inanimate hiatter . The Household Suffrugeite * would have us support Vieir plan , yet tbey leave their plan undefined . Mr . "Hume would say tb ^ t if tea families enter by one door to their several compartment * , only one shall vote . Mr . Roebuck . Sliarman Crawford ^ and Mr . Williams , would let every one of them vote ; and Mr . Marshall would define a house under such a height , breadth , and length , to be only a cot , a hut , or a shed , and the people nratt be abl < s to read and write ? be of religious habits , and be united to same society , to come up to the ttindord of intelligence , and must al « i > have resided in the house three years , and have paid all tb « poor rates and taxes of evi ry description , or have no vote . And as to that important act whichwas lately

      passed , namely the law of bastiles , conrser food , and starvation , commonly called the New Po « r Law Ainendraeut Adr the wen who are the leaders in this new i »< w « ment were mainly instrumental in passing that infernal centralisation Malthusian-scheme , which gives nine votes in the election of guardians to one man ; and gives tha power of voting to men not elected at all , but who are appointed by the existing Government , who can at pleasure swamp the so-called elected guardians and squander the poor-rates . Those very men were instrumental in passing a law to place the funds for the relief of the halt , the lame , the blind , the aged , and the impotent , in the hands of a trio of pensioned , unfeeling , ignorant upstarts ; they have given the threemonsters power to starve our beat mechanics and artisans , with

      their wivea and children separated from them , in bistiles . Yes and those ' who gave nine v « tes to some voters in the election for gunrdians , may give nineteen to some householders , and one to another ; or a vot » for every room or every window in the house , and for every rood of land attached thereto . And thia " liberal" reformers would call an extension of tb « Suffrage J Let me enquire who the Household Suffrage advocates hava called before ui to convince the men of Leeds and the country of . the blessings of their schemes 7 Why , they have called Mt . Sharraan Crawford from the north of Ireland , one of the most generous and humane of men , and « oTisequently , a Cbartist ; they h ; ve called Mr . Gully , one of the same . stamp , who is also a Chartist , and subscribed to the national rent and

      signed the national petition ; they havo railed Sir GM > . Stricklaud , who would extend the Suffrage according to bis standard of intelligence ; ( were Sir George ' s besmn properly exercised in the two ' booses of our law makers , they would'be clean indeed ;) they have called Mr . Giaburne , a Malthuaian of the first water , a grinding millowner ; they have called Mr . Williams , an out-and-out Radical ; they b . tve called Mr . Roebuck , who has done man / good things , but who , vci . en ha began to advocate the ' -New Poor Law ia his periodical , gave it its death blow , and who was soon after kicked out of Bath for tho same reason , and it is to bo hoped will bo kept out of every place while he holds such hellish doctrines ; tlwy have called Mr . Hume , a pur * Maltausian , who desires that not one biade of grass

      iould spring from the me country ; , mt the whole surface should be covered -with an lcrustation of lava , through which , nothing what-? er which could sustain- or support life might spring : iey have called Daniel O'Connell too , who betrayed nd disfranchised tha 4 « s . freeholders of Ireland — wh » idetl in passing a Coercioa Bill for Ireland—who oposed substantial poor laws for Ireland , and supported poor law for his country which is only so in name , nd , in reality , a curse—who urgt d the trades" unions > combination and exclusive dealing , and afterward * irned round , and told them they were liable to translation for acting upon his advice—who re-comand after became

      mended a run upon the fcanka , soon a batiker himsalf—who made an eft'ort to obtain for Mr . E Ruthvon a p' . ace . ' at £ l , 0 « 0 a year , when he laid hi 3 conduct bail been so lad , as to render him unfit to sit in the company of common labourers—( anything to get rid of a joint that won't work up the " rint , " )—who coaxed Mr . Fergus O'Connor , after he found him paramount in the great county of Cork ( tho Yorkshire of Ireland ) until he found him' powtssed of too inuc ) v honour , too high principle , too much integrity , ami tow great a love of country , to make a . joint of his tail , and then attempted to kick him over-board—wrho chtiatened the Whigs ,. " bate , bloo < iy , and brutal , " and afterwards shielded them with his tail—who , « ith hit

      influence , not only saved them from being kicked out , hut enabled and aided them t > pass the honibla new hastile aiid rural police laws , unii will assist them , i « all probably , to pass a passport law r > y which we Bhall fie prevented from leaving liome without our description in our pocket , unless with the certainty of being popped into a dungeon by the blue police— who pledged hiniseif ntiver to cewo agitation until the factory slave * were emancipated , and very soon sold thuin for £ l , 00 » —who was one ot tbe first to sign tbe People ' s Charter , and very soon dtnonnced Chaititts and Chartism , aud proclaimed that he would bring over 5 oo . oo « downwho

      of hia Irish legions to cut them — gloried that his Irish boys hadlmurdtrtsd the n » en at Newport . Yes , these are the men—thia is the man whom the advocates of Household Suffrage delight to honour . Yet , these are the men—this is . tbe roan — whom they cherish , and would recommend tbc . ptopteof EngKnd , Scotland , and Wales , to set up as their leader . Thia is the viper they would desire tbeni to take to their bosom ! They have calculated , however , without their host . They had better fall back upon Barnes , and , instead of attempting to " extend" tho francjimo , join the Tones , Whiles ,. ' -and Lord Finality , and leave the Charter and Chartists , to carry out their own principles .

      I think , too , I can dUctru on owen « f thefntentiom of the £ » form Aaociution in thein arrangement Why all tbfs parade of police iniivery »• 1 think I hear tbe death knell of liberty reverberating upon my ear ; and , in fact , ; every trick , scheme , sad movement of these pseudo-reformers is inditetivc of the speedy exit et faetioB * jugglery from the poHticaUtage . . In conclusion , alloA me to observe that the defeat which the embryo { action experienced at tl atiuntisof the Chartists on the 21 st , h 03 not only pkced on imperishable crown of honour on tha brow oi the men of Yorkshire , the woiking men , I mean ; but it has given an impetus to the cause which tbe efforts of confederated factions cannot retard . L . PlTKETHLT . Huddersfleld , Jo . S « , IS 41 .

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      THE EFFECTS OF CLASS LEGISLATION AS SEEN Iir THE STREETS KVD HOUSES OF THE WORKING CLASSES . TO THB BD 1 TOB OF THB NORTHERN STAR . Dejih Sin , —The statistical accounts of the large towns of England and Scotland furnish ua with many sod pictures of human wretchedness , and some few are even worse than Leeds . But as I am in possession of a greater number of facts , and , above all , a greater personal acquaintance with this town than any other , as well as the varied details of the late survey , I shall confine my remarks entirely to it , while endeavouring to sketch in undeniable characters the horrid effects of class legislation , as seen in and around the abodes of working men . And , first , let us examine the condition of streets , nntl for this purpose I shall take , as a specimen , the East Ward , as compared with the Mill Hill Ward , There is , however , little difference between the state of the East Ward and thoso of tbe North East , South , and parts of the North and West Wards .

      The following table will show the comparative state of the streets In tha two Wards : to which I solicit the careful examination of working men .

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      . ¦ ' ' ¦ ? ¦ ' SUBSTITUTE FOR PETITIONS . TO THB EDITOB OF TH » HO » THBBH 81 A * . "' Petitioning for pity is most wes * , The sovereign people onght to demand justice . " Sir , —This letter is to explain the principle of tba plan which I propose , as a suottitute for petitioning , which appeared in the St * rotl * st week . My plan , then * was to register the whole Chartist ** names , trades , and places of abode , once a year ; fa pnWish the same , with the Charter , and a short aocount of the movement ; to call it the Chartist Registe r under the superlntendance of the National Executiv * Committee for England and Scotland .

      My explanation now in , —the leading Chartists ta every city , town , village , and hanrtet , from ¦ ' John < f Groat ' s to the'Land ' s End , " should call a pnbHc meeting of the inhabitants , aud these should choose fit and proper persons to register the names of ail who really want the Charter . Each place to report the number registered , in each trade or occupation , to the Exe-cative , with an account of tbe proceediugs , signed by the Registration Com * mitteee . Every a » sociaU"n to report its name , and number ot members , signed by its coiumittee-The Executive to publish the whole reports , aa signed by the respective comi « tittves , together with th Charter , and the » t » te of Chartism , as c ' . map as possible , so as to bring it within the reach of the poorest tH the land . ¦ .

      With regard to ' ulterur measure * , let the registrations be proceeded witb , till therv is a clear majority ot the people on the list , and then elect delegate * to carry the original copies bufore the Commons , the Lords , and the Queen , and there in a " peaceful , legal , aud constitutional " mode to demand the Charter . This , Sir , is the plan which 1 propose as a substitute for petitioning . I think it " is most weak" to petV turn for the Charter , so long as the Clurtista have no party in the House which is called the Commons ; it there was , I would petition ; as it is , X would register , form unions , and act as circumstances might determine . Jab . B . Cbawpord . Old Cumnock , Jan . SO , 1841 .

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      THE NORTHERN STAR . 7 . , , _ . ,. . .. . ... ,.,. . . . ¦ -- ¦ . . a . _

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), Feb. 6, 1841, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct535/page/7/