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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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irCOK > * OB FP O > - THE QVBSTlOli OF EXPEDIENCY—TR ANSFER—COMPROMISE—POLITIC AL TRAFFIC AXD COMPENSATION . -, 0 B jjj , CLASSES AND ALL SECTS OF ALL NATIONS , AND TO MY OWN DEAR FUSTIAN JACKETS , BLISTERED HA 2 TDS , AND UNSHORN CHINS , THE PROP OF ALL . vt DK 1 . B FRIEXDS , —I anxiously crave your best
# && < & to » letter whieh promises to be very long , &s .. jjjjyec iJ on which it risrigns to treat are numerous r ^ jjj p jex , yet bo minutely dependant one upon the -fhgr * sto make them accessories to the facts which I —esn ' to charge against misrule ; * nd if my good friend , jSi / HSl . « b ° sld see * oeceasity of " peaking" my rtory in ' ^ ji ^ aie , yoa w * 11 keeP fc ° th eada 80 °° t in your om ! Sj , as to make them Btrong in tlie weld , and ^ np lBteasawhole . ^ t last
^_ g and terms , expediency and eompensa . . u ^ are fc » ««»* questions to which I shall direct your Rat ion ; the others , transfer , compromise , and politi-^ traffie , a » bat filling stuff , and shall J > £ | Md m « rely &sach-Expediency , a « yon haTe been often told , and of ^ kiea aear-bougbt erperienee has convinced you , is jtc t * ra * fs P ^ ea . Walker , in his dictionary , give * n » jgrai different meaning for the word : fitness , pro-¦ ncgtj , smtableraas to an end , expedition , adventure , hjjtB , disp » t « i' No * , suppose we diTide those
meanjngsinto tyrants , -at *? thoir share is generally thebiggest wjf may safely concede to them the four latter solugaai : " expediUon , ' " adTentare , " "haste , "" dispatch , " ^ jaie to the vocabulary of just rulers , we should ray , jfce £ hr « former prof erly beltng . In fact , one would mppase that , according t » the English language , fitness , novritij , * && suitableness to an end , were the true PJgjstroeUons of the word , while the foor latter , varying , „ fgfr (^ ot" in meaning from the former , were added in m ifpez&t * since the Reform Bill , as growing » ut of ** £ jut made of the term by Reformers .
like these four words , expedition , adrenture , haste , Snatch , and I ask you , could the mind of all-ingenious ian la-re hit upon a motto more typical of "Rrhigrefarmed poSfy ? Hare they not proved themselves mere i&fV&aea , relying upon transfer , compromise , politJal taSjand compensation , for the success of their jjj ^ tsfcii ^ s ? Have not expedition , haste , and disrieSebt insil things condncing to the adventure , marked { jsrjvsy act ? while , in all matters connected -with flu reifcre of the state , a creeping , cringing , moping , feeSB& groping policy , h ;« marked their every step , as g ippiehensiTe and fearful of meeting an apparition of jssHee in some p&rt of tieir piratical coarse . Hare foas , propriety , or suitableness to an end , once entered isio their councils , or governed ] their actions ?
2 ? o , not once . If it is expedient to relieve the estates of the rich frorra morirase he 5 d in trust for the -whole people , expedition , haste , sad dispatch , the three Divil-kings rfsireBtcre and unjust power , step in ; necessity v 2 is , and expediency unceremoniously ests , " be it S 8- - If- % damoreus mob of an exclusive class complain of a rriseple upon the face of custom , necessity sajs , if bc >; promptly removed , it may tara to 3 cancer , and ex-PcdkJJcy fortbTrith removes tie pimple .
Bii , if ihe whole people , fitly , properly , and with a tier io a saitaKe end , coxsplain of chronic disease and iscrasing disorder , expediency requires twenty-five yean to least to perfectly understand the nature of the pscesfs complaint , an I as many more to decide upen & » remedy—witness the hand-looai weaver's compbiat If the landlords require s fictitious value to be put upon ihai estates , saitable to the end , that they may be expecitiously made good security for the fund-lor ^ s , prudsnee ays it is just , asd expediency . cries , expedition , Lists , dispatch , and , as if by magic , the thing is
So "smb . the parsons . If aa article is to be added to its sate creed , or if one is to be lopped off ; if faith itould require a reform , equivalent to all secular reforas , so that the state sword and the church sword tfcoald in nothing clash ; or if new security shonld be regEired for £ t » purpose at tnmtfemeg ' , the payment of tithes" frcn an enlightened to an ignoani f arson of the community , expedition , haste , and dispiieii are always at the service of the adventurers ; * td no Wing iron evar cools for want of sufficient heat i 5 the political fcrcac ? .
As far as expediency goes , then , I claim , for the * io ] e people , a chance of fitly , properly , and suitably 'i i&Sead of expeditions : y , hastily , and with dispatch > tpplymg the Reform Bill in the . = pirit in which the psop ' -e risked their live * for its accomplishment that i » , that it shall Eake taxation and representation coatciHTe . If this is treason , I am a traitor acd glory is tie name . Hence , we cut even expt-diexxy , the jrc-p of tyrants , frczn nnder them , and claim its just sz-5 rightful application to the sui ^ bleae = s of the ez . ds cfistice .
let us now consider Tracsfer . The Reform Bill pro ii ^ KrJ » be the annihilation of Toryism ; not for TThig fe = i ^ but for national improvement The Wlr . rs cil th » Tories role contrary to the maxims of the Consv ^ iiujn , in violation of compact , and in opposition to f = saj wJL They -vrage destrucuve , perpetual , and etptiave wars , for the purpose of keeping up their « " * = power , asd thereby are compeUed to kvy grinding
« a » opoa the satjecu We want ref » rm to preserve Pace , fcsd , thereby , as -irar is the most expensive item is atkaal expenditure , to lighten the public burden , Kffl aaie retrenchmeEt in sneb . departments as have eis : io been kept up as mere auxiliaries of political JSTer ^ wkhout being at ail benelcial to the country . iit reform demagogues over and over again said , " we * 2 = t not transfer , - we require equal imtice for alL "
Lr ; ae piint out a f § w delusions practised by two of * -: iL-jst prominent reform demagogues . Russell sai-i Vz * Use object of the Ref . rm Bill traa , to mike repre-Jeatan ana taxation co-extensive—can words be more P ^ i , and do we , even now , in our strength , ask for ttore ? staler , in a spesck coKunenting upon the little *^ £ £ e Kef arm BUI wzs said te told out for Ireland , ^ c ihe following words : — " We have abolished tithes fejfn , aad for ever ; call you that nothing 1 " He fur-» s aid that , another principle of the Reform Bill , *"> " to place all the institutions of the conntrj under * ?*» t « Uaiit control "
- » , in on most heated imagination , we have asked J »> more . aad ) Iet me ^^ if it ia right that the j ®* Tfeidi carried the measure should be satis £ ed with ^ ^ Has no ; the Reform Bill , then , notwithstanding ^ eenU ] of transfer , been the mere transfer ot power Jj- ° ue gergeii faction , who governed by measure ^ nle which , though galling , the nation began to ^ "as « tt ! ed wen , to another faction , so destitute pi oac cau £ dsnce—so wanting in faith , without rule ^¦ - * , as to be a » mpelled to mauufacture new 2 * s lor new aaherenti , in order to f nrnish a substii ** ^^ w \ nt of moral courage and common • ' ¦ Have you fewer placemen , fewer penfiioners , " rasr arists , or fewer Commissioners ? If the ^*\^ - Cgn 2 ' toe aches , is not the chance of a royal "' - ^ 'oa of condolence a God-send to our retrenching
os -avehacl more commissions within five years , ^ » Sfty yens before the Reform BUI ; and aU to - _' = iowmany may be most profitably applied for the J ^ 6 f " ^^ power , and far the preservation of a ^ t Administration . p ^« seensy Tory Government was a general com-^ Has your secret service fund been diminished y , ^ aadid rul e of the open and undisguised Whig s , •* » Mttd to submit all and eTerything to vigilant *^ aisr eootroul ? ** 7 * b wars fewer , or more distant from the hearth , 2 ~* spaa better pretensions ? * poa uL 0 Ttt ***** ODemM ' 0 T more eqaaOr bid lf tiffli rreral *******> """" i ^ g to their ability to
^ ** have had the two most unjust wan erer W ^** ^ memory of maa proclaimed since but ^ ° of ParlianieDt : — * ft w ^ HilU * C ^ e * ' ^ e most peace-loving j " ^«* evaised nation in all the art * of modern Wtel " tie ^ ° rI < L Tou ^^ W ' « 0-^ *®^**? lic ense to enerv ate , intoxicate , and *• ttor ^ 8 ni ^ of a monarch , careful of the health , * cai 0 Sl eS ii eonaiHaa of i ^ raijects ; and this ** 5 « 0 £ h vi trade ' * ad your c'Pit * " * look oa * * 1 ^?~ f W lor ttie experiment , which bi fc g ^ T " win ^ troduce yow prodace into the
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The war against Mehemet All was unjust , dishonourable , unchristian , and disgraceful . He won bis crown by the sweat of his brow and the exercise of his talent , and wore it for the good of his people . He was more , much more tolerant to infidels , that is , to those christians , whom other Christians call heretics , than our state church is to a community professing thirty-eight and nineteen-twentieths of their thirty-nine-articl e * of faith . He would not incarcerate a cobbler twenty-two months for non-payment of 3 s . 6 d .
Thus we find that , coward-like , the first and the last act of Whiggery are in perfect keeping . Their first experiment was to wage domestic war against the poor out-of-the-way Dorchester Labourers ; their last has been to insure the co-operation of three other powerful states ( the one England ' s deadly foe and jealous rival ) to make war upon almost the only constitutional monarch upon earth , in order that a tottering Government may limp , and hop , and hobble for . another bit , upon the prop which their deadly patronge confers upon
them , while you will find that—no matter what the result , Whether , as you will be told , glorious , and aa adding brilliancy to our arms—or whether your fathers , husbands , brothers , and friends return with wooden legs , or their , lifeless bodies shall be mutilated under the walls of war , —you will pay the whole reckoning , not only for the immediate brush , but for the distinction and emolument which must be permanently conferred upon the victors , that is , upon the officers , not upon the soldiers .
Thus has the Reform Bill transferred tho treasury ( and if I speke for ever , that is what all contend for , ) from hands who were well watched , and stoutly opposed , to hands who are lured on to their own undoing , petted iuto extravagance , and aided into expence , in order that their recklessness may first disgust the nation , and hereafter furniah agood precedent for the old oppressors , when their turn comes , and which is now , thank God , fast approaching—I say thank God—for the restoration of the Tories to a short-lived ascendancy , will be tbe watch-word for the establishment of Democratic right
The value of the transfer to you has been an amalgamation of the whole squad into a fraternity of unopposed plunderers . Where , now , is her Majesty ' s opposition ? When , now , do you hear of an objection , in order to reduce public expenditure ? >' ever ; and as we learn from the ruined state of the exchequer , a fresh appeal must be made , for give , give , give , and not a soul will say nay . They will give , but who will pay ? that ' s the question . Have not the Corporations been a "complete transfer , with an increase of local taxation , of local tyrants , ol election profligacy , and party animosity ? Yes ; but wien I come to treat of compensation , I shall haveanother word upon these Baid corporations .
But , after all , what was the greatest of all transfers , that in which all parties most unceremoniously joineda transfer whose permanency depends , not like some upon which I have briefly treated , on the contingency of Whig tenure . of office ? > "o ; it is a good custom transformed into a bad ' , oppressive law . I mean tbe transfer of the parish , unwilling idler , from the tender c * xe and guardianship of the old English gentleman , to whom he Wi » known , with whem he had laboured , and upon whose estate he drew his first breath , partaker cf his childish pranks , of his boyish freaks , his manly sports , his hospitable fare , and his judicial protection—the transfer ef bis natural client to the irou sway , the economising grsjp , the licentious controul of the well-paid economist of the rich man ' s trust This was " the unkindest cut of alL "
Bnt , besides its' physical effects , mark its moral tendency . Few people have as yet weighed this hellish measure in all its bearings . They have not , poor souls , had time to turn from the physical enormity to a consideration of the moral consequence . The Star , three yeir * ago , told you that henceforth that measure would be the basi 3 of every law of magnitude formed under the present syBtem , while , even worse , it has had the desired effect , breaking up local
society , of setting master against man , party against party , family against family , and interest against interest- Ii has polluted the streams of that neverceasing current—local justice . And herein consists its greatest hideouinesi , its potency for evil , and power of mischief ; and from this one of its feature * we may trace every imprisoned Chartist to his weary abode , every local injustice to its source , and every act of trranny to its rise , and , I trust , to its fall .
Observe ^ then , my friends , that the greatest transfer of which history makes mention , ia that transfer of magisterial appointments , consequent upon the rs ' ew Poor La-x , and the necessity of swamping the little of vigilant popular controul which the Bill left , by an inundation of ignorant , purse-proud , upstart , self-sufficient Justice Shallows . A set of nincompoops , who know as much about law as the horse that carries them .
Behuld , then , the jurisdiction given to these worthies , with reference , in tbe first instance , to the enforcement of the measure , which , in direct violation of the original intent , has left them master of all the avencc-s of justice , ia their capacity of e-xofkio gendarmes , thus swamping the bench with starvation . And what followed ? Why , such beastly decisions as would disgrace a bench of fools -, and in nearly all cases where appeals have , been made against those decisions ,
reprimand his followed ; but the txpence of appeal against unjust magistrates , is an effec : ual bar to justice , be the poor man's claim never so good . Hence we find a thousand po ' unds bail for working men , and eighty and sixty for high offences committed by a higher order of beings . And , observe , this very holding to bail is strong presumptive evidence against a workicg man , thus stamped with the wrath and ceasure of one set of masters , for the guidance of another set , who are to sit in judgment , as jurors , upon their oaths .
I would not give you a tunup , nay , not a rotten one , for the cathsof a middle dzrs j ' -ry , trhen empannelled to try a working class slave . These men , observe , as magistrates , have the power of introducing the Kural Police , of ordering out and paying the special con ^ tablt s and soldiers , with your m-.-ney , to shoot you , and of compelling the Government to open the purse-strings of the secret service fund , to furnish their spies with the wages of seduction , treachery , and perjury .
{ This , thea , whether considered morally or physically , is the greatest , as it is the most destructive , transfer of 1 alL A dash may -annihilate the power of a faction , j but the law remains written ; and now , before I take j leave of this question , and as some sagacious booby has > given birth to the apothegm , that " the great magic in ' politics is to be righ £ , " than which , a more ignorant ! sentence could not be written ; let me council you to do ; right . Indeed , yon have always been ri ^ ht , and vou : have as yet found but little magic in your rectitude . ¦ The great magic in politics is to have the might , and < " the only true title to power is that which right and * might conspire to uphold . "
I Tou know that I have no faith in petitions , for any ¦ practical benefit which they aie likely te produce . You have , however , wisely petitioned for the restoration j of Frost , Williams , and Jones , and upon other subjects , I therefore you still , in some instances , approve of the j farce . Let me , then , advise you to get up petitiors in I every locality , against the re-enactment of the measure . I it will have died a natural death this Session . Bo I not go to any expence . The plan which I propose is
I this : —A sheet of long foolscap paper will contain 250 ' names , leaving room for a short petition at the head ; each page will admit of two columns of signatures , and ' let millions of those be sent to Mr . Fielden . Every 250 \ will cost only » ne penny , the price of the cover . Let i the class leaders take them in their pockets ; let them be placed in barbers' shops , news-agents' shops , and ¦ in the shops and houses of ail who are opposed to the re-enactment of the law .
Let your petition run thus : — To ihe Comment of ihe United Kingdom , is Parliament - - assembled . The humble Petition of the industriou * classes of Barosley and its vicinity , Shewbth , That yoKr petitioners look upon the New Poor Law Amendment Act ai a robbery of the poor , by the allocation of their trust property , to purposes different from those for which it was originally granted and
held . That they consider it aa a Tiolation of the law » of God , and destructive of the Tery best principles upon which the British Constitution has been based . That they will giro to it , in ail its Btagea , every constitutional opposition which remains in their power ; and that they never will rot © for , or support , any candidate who lend / himself to the re-enactment of the
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measure , but , on the contrary , will oppose him to the utmost of their power . That it iB a robbery of tbe poor for the benefit of the rich , which never can be upheld except by an expensive brute force , and is , above all other measures , calculated to widen that breach which former Pabliamekts , aided by a griping trading class , have widened , between the upper and lower classes of society . That in order to render null and void some of the clauses in the BUI , ta-offido Guardians have been appointed , who , in their magisterial capacity , have been oppressive , ignorant , and tyrannical , and have thereby brought the laws of England , administered by them , into contempt and disgust .
For theae , and numerous other reasons , your petitioner * pray that your HonourabUCHouse will order the original- Bill -to be burnt by the hands of the common hangman , and abstain from any farther legislation upon the measure , leaving tbe old law of the 43 rd of Eliaabetb in foil force , until the people , in their united wisdom , shall make such alterations and Improvements in all laws for the support , comfort , and proper maintainance Qf the poor , aa shall seem fit , when they are thoroughly jepresented in their House , which they never yet have been . And your petitioners , as in duty bound , will ever pray .
' Now , let this be done without any man devoting mote time to the question than the mere signature of tbe petition . There need be no meetings ; there hare already-been as abundance , and public opinion has been fully-expressed . This will not take an hour from the Charter agitation ; but let us test the House in its death throes , because , believe me , that many knaves , who will boob be thrown back upon the people , if not thus tested , will say , " Oh . ' I never knew your mind . You did ' nt petition . "
Let us see if the minority of seventeen has increased anything in thrfee years , and this , above all other means , will put to flight the incomparable folly of these who ask the unrepresented , why they don't use their power for practical purposes . It will give us the magic of being right , while it will show the little value of the magic without the might A petition should be sent to every Town Council in England , and the names , with the political cognomen of those who sign it , shall be published , and , lest the petition for you should be too
strong f » r them , mix the medicine to the palate of the patient , make it all honey , and simply pray that the Bill shall not be re-enacted . Don't put one hard word in their petitions . You will get one honest Councillor in every corporate town io undertake the charge of it , and , when signed , get it back and transmit it yourselves . By these means , in three days , Saturday , Sunday , and Monday , you should be able to have from two to three millions of signatures . Here , then , is right with a vengeance , but its magic consists in the substance of which it is merely the shadow , —the might .
Let not the sophistry of those who proclaim themselves Chartists , and something more , which means fool , and something less , deter you from this act of expediency , suitable to a just and proper end . By the treatment which your petitions will certainly receive , I wa . nt to test a principle . I want , to prove to you , and to pat you in a position to prove to practical spouteis , that devoting your energies to what is called practical questions , is all mo 3 nshiue ; and by this means we shall do more to rivet attention to the question of questions , the mental enfranchisement , than by all othei appliances ¦ within our reach .
I find that having already exhausted so much of my space upon the questions of minor importance , that I shall be myself compelled to cut my story short in the middle . Now , ponder over what I have said , and always bear in mind that , under the present system , you have not the power , although you pay all the taxes , to tffect , by your petitions , any , the slightest change in state affairs ; nay , not even to tbe discharge of a palace menial , to the shortening of a royal horse ' i tail , or to the disbanding of a troop or company of soldiers . I am , my friends , Your true and faithful friend , Feahgus O'Co . n . noh .
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New Poor Law affords ample ^ evidence ; but let the same declension be found in the privileged ranks , and behold the change ! Every palliative that canning can devise is brought to cover , o ** to excuse tbe deed ; the fair frail one is te be aoothed with the tenderest care , while the foundling hospital opens its doors to receive the proofs of her shame , or some connection , useful to the minister of the day , aecares for it a comfortable provision out of the labour of those who cannot find bread for their virtuous wives and legitimate offspring . Once mote , the thief who steals to satisfy his hunger , or to provide a morsel for those who are to him far
more precious than his own life , Ja doomed to stand at tab country ' s bar j—( I beg pardon , Madsm , at what $ hould be his country ' s bar , ) and is , as an execrable rascal , sent to expiate bis crime on the tread-wheel , or in the dreary exile of a penal settlement But the respectable robber-he who by bis trading and commercial speculations goes beyond his own means , and by hiB failure involves numerous families in ruin , escapes without punishment , and can come forth to the world as an honourable man . A still higher class of thieves , or rather swindlers , are they who receive large amounts of money out of the public purse , for work which they have never done nor intended to do . Snch
are public officers , who are ot aouae ; mch are those , who , becanse they happen to be the husbands , wives , children , or other relatives of kings , claim a right of taking extravagant salaries on the score of their royal blood ; and such are all those who hold church preferment without cure , or who holding livings with cure , devolve the sacred duties they have sworn to perform upon others , taking almost the whole fleece to themselves . All these parties are guilty of crimes of the deepest dye ; but then such men must not be styled " criminals , " they must not * e held .. amenable to the law , because they are boyal , NOBLE ,-CLERICAL , or , at least , RESPECTABLE .
Thus , Madam , have I laid before you some portion of the evidence which goes to prove that we have , as the result of our imperfect system of education , two classes of crimes ; tho one being those of the poor which are deemed to deserve punishment ; the otber and most flagrant , are not called crimes , bat , at the utmost , venal errors , and very frequently , by the names of glory , honour , valour , public virtue ; and a hundred other pretty epithets used to conceal the deformity of their real character , and to which , of course , no
punishment or disgrace ia legally attached at all . Can it , then , be any cause of wonder that , with education so imperfect , those who claim to be the best informed , seem , in mauy cases , to be incapable of distinguishing right from wrong , and uader which the bulk of the people should be 88 ignorant of their own fights , duties , and capabilities , as to tamely tolerate a system which is grinding them to the earth , crime should be found to exist to a portentous and alarming extent ?
It is , in fact , utterly impossible that crime should cease to exist * ot even be , to any considerable extent , diminished , until it is plainly demonstrated that offences are buch in tlicmsblves , and not merely because they are perpetrated by a certain class of individuals ; but m « st be recognised as such even though not clothed in raga , and vice must not be allowed to hide its deformity under the garb of respectability . We are learning a lesson which it would have been happy for the world if mankind had learnt long ago ,
th :. t is , to cill things by their right names , and to lest tkeir merit or demerit , not by the appearance they assume , but by the truth or falsehood of the principle they involve . So far as the public are concerned , the more " respectable" the criminal , the more heinous is the offence , and in public equity the more severe should be the punishment I am , Madam , Your Majesty ' s faithful and obedient subject and servant , London , January 27 th , 1841 . NUMA .
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ANALYSIS OF THE HAND-LOOM WEAVERS' REPORT . LETTER XI . To sucb . a state have we been brought by our system of political economy , that it is difficult to see a clear way out of our embarrassments . If we were to probUufc « S * iifi | y _ Jh . e . exportation of machinery , and the emigration of nrtisans , I fear we are so far sold to foreigners , and our commercial relations so miserably dependent upon their breath , tLat they . would still suck eur vitals and laugh at us . Whilst we have a court filled with foreigners , an aristocracy patronizing them , a government depending upon foreign loan mongers , a rate of imbecile merchants and manufacturers courting them , and a whole nation apeiug their follies and vices , ho w can we expect to be otherwise thr 1 pusillanimous dupes ?
We have a villanous system of Patent Laws , encouraging improvements aud innovations , and an office where drawings and specifications aro deposited , describing such inventions and improvements most minutely . Foreigners , by this means , can steal tho brains of Englishmen as quittly as possible , copy ( ' . ravringa and specifications , carry them over to the Continent , and manufacture machinery aa perfect as our own . We have also numbers of scientific works , full of plates , describing every invention , and a host of foolish serihes and talkers boasting of our genius , and holding up to the admiration of foreigners our Jiiist profitable inventions . Poor fools ! The Ursa Mojjr of tho lliuichester Guardian foolishly imagines
that if Parliament does not allow free trade in machinery " a most extensive and lucrative braucli of trade ( machine making ) will be monopolised by foreigners . " We cannot prevent foreigners becoming active rivals , we ought never to have been exporting machinery or tools , until we had radically reformed the representation of the people , wbich , had it \ fGen done tifty years ago , would have prevented England from falling into her present degraded and humbled position , and her people from seeking a fair market for their labour in other couutries , in consequence » f being denied one in their own . Foreigners laugh at U 9 . Dr . Bowring , in his Report on the Prussian Commercial Union , patre 55 , says : —
" I have often heard the observation in Germany , You Jmay try t * stop the exportation of your machines , but how can you stop the exportation of the heads and hands that make them ?" The Doctor's , favourite emigration scheme is a capital plan to got the " heads and hands ; " the political economists have been weighed in the balance , and the iffect of their surplus ^ population doctrinefcia recorded in the above quotation . Yes , yes , we rid ourselves of the " surplus population , " and the Germans get " headsand hands" to make their machinery , and very shortly we shall have more " heads and hends , " tospare . A eurplus population of weavers , dyers , spinnera , printers , &c We are already in a declining state . Compare our condition with the Doctor ' s description of Germany .
" In some respects Germany may boast of superiority to Great Britain in her means for manufactures . The arts of design , and their application to various fabrics , are better understood . Metals are more successfully wrought aud worked ; chemical knowledge , in its various branches is farther advanced than with us . Ste&m engines are formed oa a !) Bides , and mechanical improvements have made radid strides , and have served to open a wide field for the characteristic developement of German intelligence . Our impolicy has contributed much to make Germany our most formidable » va ) . Our extravagant system of
Government , togeth er with our debt , requires a heavy amount of taxatiorf ^ to be levied upon almost all foreign produce ; the Germans , by the law of rctalliation , impose heavy duties upon our manufactures ; at the same time they foster aud encourage their own manufacturers ; and from the influence they possess in the English Court , they experience no difficulty in procuring an order in Council for the exportation of any particular piece of machinery , so we have been swindled out of our political rights , eut of the profit of our labour , and now , we are being swindled out of eur trade altogether , without any apparent resources to fall back upon , save the Poor Law Bastiles .
In Saxony , one of the German Union , with an area of 5 , 748 square miles , and a population of 1 , 595 , 608 ; there were , in the year 1836 , 229 factories , { 116 woollen 113 cotton , ) 38 bleaching establishments , 30 dying establishments , 1 , 559 manufacturing establishments , 278 hosiery establishments , 125 ribbon establishments , 45 printing establishments , 332 lace , blonde , &c establishments , 25 chemical works , 48 iron works , 18 macbine-makiag establishments , with many others , making 2 , 899 in all . Much attention has been paid of late to the manufactures of machinery in Saxony , " the SachuschenMascbinenbauCompagnie , ( Saxon Machine-making Company ) with a capital of one million of dollars , is said to be in a flourishing state . Other similar establishments have been formed ; machines and models have been imported , both from England and other countries , and English artisans have been engaged to give instructions to the Germans , and to undertake the superintendence of their werks . " —( See page 57 , Bowring ' s report" )
There needs no logical tact to convince tbe most ignorant dullard that tbe trade of England is declining in Germany . Now , the Germans have got the heads , tbe hands , the machines , the models , and the Instructors , they make their own machines , and manufacture their own goods . The report upon Leipajg fair states , " British printed calicoes have been exceedingly reduced by native competition , " and " tbe low German cotton manufacturers have driven those of England out of the market . " More improved machinery will Tery shortly drive par finer cotton manufactures o «> of Germany . All this cornea of the accursed gpkm « f £ pc >
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lisb . Government coupled with free trade humbug . Free trade , forsooth , with fifty million of taxation on our shoulders rorir trade to Germany is doomed to perdition . Our export trade to that country in 1800 , amounted to , £ 9 , 485 , 366 and now , after forty years of inventions and trading speculations , we do not export one half of that amount . So much for Germany . In Belgium , we aTe n » leas opposed by native enterprise ; there iB a joint stock machine maker ' s company , called , " The Sodete du Phoenix , " at Ghent , employ ing about 780 men ( sixty of ¦ whom are English ) in the manufacture of cotton and flax machinery ; they not only make for themselves , but for exportation , as the following extract from a London paper will shew : —
"A large ship , freighted with machinery , recently sailed from Ghent for Yera Cruz , on account of a Mexican merchant . This is said to be the second similar cargo sent to the same party within the lust three months . Tbe whole of the machinery was manufactured in Belgium . " In Hamburgh , says the report , ' there is a very large establishment belonging to Messrs . Ghrisman and Bussee ; they have expended above £ 30 , 000 in tbe erection of the buildings , and the purchase of English tools , also patterns of the - most approved English machinery . " Here ia another blow at the * ' great workshop of the world . " Now , let us examine our own position I Oar weavers complain that the exportation of machinery is injurious to their trade . I fear that complaining is uselets , fcr I find the following passage in the Nottingham Journml :
" Hosiers and Lack Trades . —A pr& « Uce haB commenced , within these few weeks , which , if not prevented Jri time , Will tend to depopulate the midland counties ; namely , an extensive exportation of Englishbuilt stocking-frames to Belgium and Holland , and some few to France . • * A considerable number have been shipped from Liverpool to tho United States , which has been a sort of free port for such traffic , aa tbe custom-house officers take little notice of such shipments . No less than twenty-seven plain frames
were exported at one shipment about a month since [ Jaoe last ) to Antwerp , whether by Treasury license or otherwise , remains to be seen ; Foreign agents are extensively engaged ia purchasing more frames , and engaging hands to work them . A sert of b » lf fever prevails among the unemployed to get situations abroad ; and so numerous are the applications , that only the best workmen are selected . In addition to which , considerable numbers of frame smiths have been seduced to leave this vicinity for Antwerp , Ostend , Atli , and Calais . "
After reading such a paragraph , it appears a ! m » st useless to cry out ; our mechanics sell their ingenuity and their labour to foreigners , who openly seduce them from their fatber-land to minister to their designs against their country ; the Government officers , too , wink at this exportation of machines , in cons&quence , no doubt , of tho Treasury license . In a fit of desperation , our political economists cry out , let us bavo a free trade in machinery , otherwise our machine makers will lose the monopoly of machine-making for all the world ! Free traders talking of monopoly ? This ia really funny ! Now , the great questian resolves itself into these details : —Can we prevent tho exportation of machinery ? I say , emphatically , no ! Reason ; because we have gone too far in encouraging our political
and commercial enemies . Ought we to prohibit the exportation as far as possible ? I say , yea ! lieason ; because , by radically reforming the representative system , we might improve our country so as to turn tho use of machinery into a more profitable channel , to go to the good ot the commonwealth ; hezules , those operatives , who depend up « n machine-making in England , are numerically small compared with those who c ' . epeDd on manufacturing by machinery ; consequently , therefore , the interests of the many ought not to be sacrificed to those of the few ; and if we do not oppose the exportation of machinery , we should tacitly allow a band o . f speculators and dissatisfied manufacturers to enrich themselves at the expense of the downfall of tho staple manufactures of England , and the consequent ruin of the people .
No doubt , a bill will be brought into Parliament by Mark Phillips , to allow froe exportation of machinery ; it -will be suppor ted by all t !; e political pbilosopheis cf tko free-trade school ; of coui 3 e , the people have no say iu the matter , but it will not pass ; nevertheless , the people must keep a look out for the debates , and they will s « e the class of fellows who would Rell the trade of England to foreigners ; it will also furnish more proofs of the necessity of a Radical Iiefortn of that House which wields the destinies of the people iu bo rscklass a manner .
I now conclude these series of ten letters upon the hand-loom weavers' case ; nine of them were written in Lancaster and Kirkdole pao ! s ; ami I must say , in justice to the Governors ot Ihose gaols , that they are in no wise blameable , though it was contrary to the prison rules to write for tb . 'i press ; for I found means to get them out without inculpating tho Governors , whose duties would have prompted them to prohibit their transmission , had they passed into their hands . I do not know what were the facilities f « r prisoners in other gaols ; but Lancaster and Kirkdale are very liberal towards political prisoners .
Men of Gotne , bo far have I discharged my duty to your unfortunate class . I shall now publish the -whole of the letters in a cheap form , and take care that copies are forwarded to every Member of Parliament , that they do cot plead ignorance of your condition . I canot do otherwisa than expre-s my thanks to the Editor of the Northern Star , for opening his columns to my Analysis , whereby , at least , thirty thousand copies of e . ich letter hare been c \ cuiated vreekiy in the remotest parts of these kingdoms ; yes , even to the desk of Fox Maule , the whipper-in of the Government libelleis and suriitionists . K . J . Richardson . February 8 th , IS 41 .
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THE EFFECTS OF Cf-ASS-LEGfSLATrOiY , AS SEEN IN THE STKEETg AND HOUSES OF THE WORKING CLASSES . [ Concluded from our last . ] Let us now take a still clostr view of the subject , and ponder upon the stato of things ; let us also awake up to ft sense of © ur real position , and , with our eyea open , commence an immediate struggle to escape . I have already 6 hewn how unfairly the upper classes apply the funds contiibute < l , by all , for the equal use of all . And now lot us see how the working classes , with nil tlieir "ignorance" and " imbecility , " act towards tlieir richer brethren ; Riul if I do not prove that , in this fit least , they fulfil more than the golden rule requires , namely , " to do as they would be done unto , " 1 shall be greatly mistaken . _ What a beautiful steeple-house they are just finishing , at the bottom of KirkKiite , for the upper and middle classes :
what capital houses they rear on every handtb * y are complete iu eveTy particular—not an outhouse ia wanting—a plentiful supply of water—not one without a privy , aah-holes , extra water closets , grates , and sumpholta—good spouting—top and common sewerage , with other nitatis to take off all bad smells and prevent nuisance—well-flagged causeways and beautifully-paved streets—aweet plots of garden ground , aud here and there is exhibited a miniature country forming the centre of a square—trees in rich blossoms , grass waving— yee , in the mii ' st of a populous and manufacturing town the luxurious odour and beauty of flowers may be perceived in all their infinitude of variety . And the ¦ working classes glory to do all this for them ; although , Bhould they desire to go occasionally to enuff the air in / such a neighbourhood —to catch a glance , they have to do it at the risk of being sent to prison for peeping over the walls or threuch the paling .
Let us see , then , what return is made—what the upper and middle classes do for the labourer in a similar way ? They cause cottages to be built for bis accommodation , which , in tome Teapects , are little better than pigsties ; in general , two email rooms , with cellarhole for coals , when he can get any ; for which he pays from five to bis pounds per annum , with , or sometimes without , the local rates attached . There is , remember , in the first place , no common sewer , and , in consefaence , no sumpstone or hole , inside , to take off the dirty water—all is obliged to be thrown upon the surface of the street—the door must be thrown open at all seasons if tlie hands only -want washing—bo
waterno set-pot—and no many things . Kows of houses are crowded together—au inch to spare for nothing—they stand back to back , by which streets are formed ; and when a want of base is the great difficulty with the money-making speculator , down deeper he burrowsputs a family in the cellar , one in the middle , and another in the pile above : but the rarest thing in the world , with such inhabitants , is a useable privy or ashplace . The consequence of tkiB is as I have before stated ; all is thrown out upon the street , covered by ashes , or carried off by the rain as it is exhaled in vapours ; and the stench wafted back again into the houses , inducing fevers and death .
When surveying the East Ward , we found , at least , five hundred inhabitants , in one locality , entirely destitute of one useable privy . There were three in an entry , but the soil hud not been removed of so long that they literally ran over—down the passage and out at each end : the ash-holes were also filled to overflowing . And here , in summer time , the inhabitants , who are chiefly lrisb , empty their beds , consisting of chaff , shavings , &c , to get rid of the filth which , certainly , makes the ash-place a movin g concern . The surface of
these streets , as a matter of course , is covered and impassable ; for , how can it be otherwise . I remember finding , in another part of the town , a small batch cf property where , at least , one hundred people had but the use of one small privy . But t here are scores of similar instances ; and when the people are all at home , which only happens on the Sabbath-day , half their time is employed in watching each other in and out , or they slip down behind walls or corners , or else annoy some other person ' s property where a better supply of conveniences exists .
... . The working classes have fewer artificial and more real aud natural wants than the upper classes . Their kind of employment requires more labour and more expence in washing , whether in linen , person , or abode ; and , as if bell had been raked to find means for their degradation and misery , every thing with whichthey have to do , only contributes to their oppression . Wages are reduced to the starving point , food dear , and taxes accumulating ; and , with every local disadvantage that avarice can inflict , i * it to be wondered at if tbey di *
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cover an apathy and indifference , even for themselves and their families' welfare , by quietly submitting to things as they ore , rather than mafe » , * 8 they say , a bother about it . Just look st the mother of one of Iheae families : if she be thrifty and as good a housewife as one may expect novr-a-days , should it be rainy weather , her young brood are kept within doors ; if moderately fine , it Is impossible to confine them , and out they go : ia a few minutes little Dick is brought in by some of the elder branches , all covered over ¦ with mud . Th » fact is , he pitched headforemost into the gutter about a yard from the door , and was almost suffocated . Tom , who is bigger , comes . In a few minutes later , holding up his sludgy bands , his brat besmeared with the sama > composition , bellowing like a bear ; ho , too , has turn * bled , or been pushed down by Billy Sauce * em ; and thus , tbe poor mother has her hands fall ; perhaps , no
money , no water , no soap ; what i « she to do ? Oh , these dirty streets 1 she cries ; God help poor people I we shall all be lost ' . The father , too , who has hard to toil all day , and then to tramp a mile , or so , to hi * home , is ill clad and . ill shod , through such fitreetv such broken and bad . causeways , in worse than the dark , past projecting steps , perhaps , is tripped up , tumbles down some unprotected cellar steps , with which the town abounds ,, breaks an arm or a leg , if not his neck ,- is picked up by a saucy police or watcbmau , who swear * he was drunk , or he would not tuvm been there ; he is taken to the lock-up , thence to tbS \^ infirmary or the channel house , and his family , poor r things , to the bastile , there to be separated from their . mother ! and then , and then , and then—God know * what next . Some may s » y that this is overdrawn- — : mere fiction ; but , had I space , I could give facts , and " fact * are more strange than fiction . "
Fearing to trespass too much at once upon you valuable space , I mutt close . But , Sir , where is U » remedy for these crying evils ? Is there no way qu ^? Thank God , yes . The power to make our own laws ; to spend our own money ; to manage our own affairswhether general or local , will soon pnt all to right . Let the working , men arouse from their slumbers , to " upset the world as it is . " Byron says in one place : — . "The river look ' s-on Marathon , And Marathon looks on the sea ; And musing there an hour alone , I dreamt that Greece might still be free . "
We do not dream , however , we know it ; and I wisa tbat working men would " muse an hour alone" over what I have written for their benefit ; for I flatter myself facts like these , which come home to their abodes may stir them up to look further still ; aad , by a ceaseless agitation , and determination never to lend a helping hand to any farther scheme of class legislation , they will nail their colours to the mast head , and let tbe cry be , "Universal Suffrage , and No Surrender . " Let them consider who are tbe owners of cottage property , and they will find tho vast
majority to consist of those who are nonv" seeking a brick and mortar franchise , for more effectually serving their own ends . Is not the ' sincerity * of their professions soen in the present condition of cottage property ? Let them wipe away this stain from their escutcheon before they are entrusted with farther power . I am , dear Sir , Yours respectfully , William Hick , Superintendent of tho statistical survey lately made in Leeds . Leeds , Feb . 5 , 1841 .
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UNION IS STRENGTH . TO THE EDITOR OP THE KOKTnEBN STAB . Sir , —We read , that when the First Great Cause , by His all-powetful fiat , called all nature from the womb of nonentity , nnd had given each component part of the system its place , cftice , or function , ho pronounced all things " pood , " yea , VERY GOOD ; but , somehow or other , things have become VERY / BAD . This latter fact is too well known to require the trouble of much close investigation . The Theologians of every shade—the philosophers of every school—the politicians of every class—aud all the ties ot every creed and kind—feel that something i * out of order .
Well , what is it ? Why the canting barrel-bellied hypocrite who says he is " the Legate of the Skies , " wliile enacting the tragedy of Ratbcormac—and vrbo declares his office " sacred , " while fleecing the flock , devouring the fat , and " robbing the widows' houses , " wouW fain bave ua give credere * to his tub-droppings and become mute , seeing that our woes are only tho chastisements of the Lord , for our individual sins ot omusion and commission . Query . How is it that the black wolves in sheep ' * clothing , and their whelps , don't get a- slice of the
chastisement ? Is honest inciustry more deserving of the rod than those who have converted the temple into a " den of thieves , " and m ho have carried desolation and misery to every cotter ' s hewth ? No , no , the b' * phemy of these sanctimonious -cratches of conuptiou is too glaring to arrest popular , attention , further than to be condemned . Were the poor , the needy , tbe insulted and suffering millions to be taciturn at the command ot this Goit-iliahonouriug-gMtgr of sable-coated - and blackhearted dissemblers , the stone * beneath our feet would upbraid us for our infatuation , aad curse us for our guilty silence . .
Don't think ,. Sir , that I have stepped oat to fire upon the whole crowd of parson * , en masse , for I am certain there are Borne among them yet untouched by " the kaven of mnrighteousuess , " though such is the paucity of their numbers that , like comets , they are rarely seen , and the blessings attendant on their visits " Few , and far between . " The philosophers of the Malthusian school , unable to disprove the existence of wide-spread misery , would liave us subscribe to the doctrine of "redundant population , " and -would , of course , bave the poor , the working man , to disobey the command of his Creator , and counteract the dictates of nature . But this beastly
parson , and his brutal gang , have ytt to demonstrate that God haa made more mouths than he has created food to fill , and they also forget to propound their dottrine to the wealthy idlers . Would it not be far better to cawy their dogmas to th& palace rather than te the cot , and thunder them in the ears of tbe prince ratker than in those of the plebeian ? Certainly it would But then , the prince "would whiEper to them the bounty of geocl John Bull—he would tell them how well tbe old fellow provides for tha breeding and rearing of < Jogs , horses , monkeys , and brats , and , therefore , their mission to tbe palace would be as fruitless as it is , and ever will be , to the dwelling of the sous of toil .
There is another race of philosophers in this country , which ought not to be . passed by without notice—I mean the Owenites , who are the antipodes of the Malthusian sect . Although I differ , in tolo , from these men on points of theology , yet their views of the present position of society , and the remedial measures they propound for Ub reorganization , are such as demand the attention of every friend to his kind . The order of society is completely inverted : the circumstances surrounding us , and with "Which we are brought into fuquent contact , are sudi as , in ninety-nine cases out of every hundred , militate against our individual . interest , or are inimical to the general weal . Society indubitably requires a remodelling : a different system of training mu&t be adopted ; in-short , " old things must pass away , and all things become new . "
It would be well if the Chartists and Socialists , generally , would think upon the admirable saying of Bronterre " Every rational Socialist muit be a Chartist , and every rational Chartist must be a Socialist " Allow me , Sir , to express my surprise that both parties do not act more in concert ; -both have one object ia view , namely , the happiness of the human race—both war against existing evils , and both ought to work together , leaving religious matters at home for more private use , as they are not weapons meet for political ¦ warfare .
The Socialists and the Chartists have both to combat the same enemy ; the objects of both are alike hostile to the views , objects , and designs of those , who , for well-known reasons , love things as they are . The annihilation of Chartism , and the destructiouof Socialism , is the desire of " the powers that be "—both are marked out as victims ; therefore , let us aid each other , which may be done , without the least compromise on either hand . . Separate from points of theological disputation , tho two systems must be amalgamated to effectuate aiia give permanency to that state of human happiness sought by both to be
attained . I bad intended to allude to some of the plans , schemes , tricks , and subterfuges ef the itinerating crotchet-mongers and pioneers of faction ; but I fear that my thread will be too long , and shall , therefore , conclude by exhorting the Socialists to aid their Chartist brethren in . their effort to overthrow the present cannibal system , and establish freedom , and , consequently , happiness , on a firm and durable foundation . Let the Chartists beware of . crotchet-mongers and unprincipled agitators ; Snp , should a few unstable individuals in our own ranks , from motives yet unknown , assail our organ , the Star , and its conductor , heed them not—tares are yet among the wheat , ana we must not be discomfited at the apostacy of a few , even though they have made a , trade of Chartism , and
live by it still . ., .. Something mysterious haugt over vss , but a little tim « will give a solution to the paradoxical conduct of certain parties . But let the Charter , the whole Charter , and nothing less than the GharUr , be our motto . Yours , iruly , Wh , Rideb . Leeds , Feb . 10 th , 1841 ..
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On Wednesd ay last , Robert Hume , James Farrar , and James Clifford , all attached to a theatrical company , lately performing at Whitehaven , were , after a long examination before the magistrates » f Workington , committed to our goal for trial a * the ensuing assizes , on a charge of committing a violent assault , with intent to murder , on Robert Archibald , master mariner , and George Thoxolinson , farmer , both of Flimby . —Carlisle Journal . Infamous Charge . —William Fletcher , aged 51 , and James Chittern , 24 , both described A grooms , were sentenced to fifteen years' transporligjlQn , at the Central Criminal Court , for threatening to accuse » druggist of W ^ tminster , named CunaaJl of an attempt to commit aa abomiuablo crime .
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TO HER MOST GRACIOUS MAJESTY THE QUEEN . _ - , Madam , —TTe will now , if you please , reaane " oui illustrations as to tbe classes into -which criminals are divided , and the equal justice dealt « ut to each . And here 1 must beg your attention to the third precept of the moral law . If a poor ignorant fellow swear a profane oath , and I a . iuiit the practice is both ¦ wicked and disgraceful , ) he may be fined by any justice of the peace , before whom the offence is proved ; and if he swear falsely , he is and very properly , too ) liable to an indictment for penury . The law denounces these
acts as crimes , which call for condign punislmitnt ; but I pray your ilajesiy to note well , that there are no crimes in the great , noble , and even clerical portion of the community . These gentry may insult tbe heavens ¦ with their profanity , and in Syo coses out of 1 , 000 they are never called to nn account at all ; or , if perchance , as in the case of a magistrate tbe other day , somebody is honest enough to call for the infliction of the penalty upon tbe respectable , os nvell aa upon the poor , delinquent , the punishment , in the latter case , is at the best but nominal , for the five shillings may be a serious fine to a poor mechanic , or agricultural labourer , -whilst it is abaoluti ' . " nothing to a rich " respectable . "
. Again , trhile perjury is considered to be roost horrible in a case ot petty theft , the wholesale perjury , which is daily committed by the elite if the land , is considered as utterly beneath tbe notice or the controul of the law . I am ¦ withheld by the terrors of the law of libel from being more explicit ; but this I will say—Loot at tbe oaths corstantJy taken by Members of Parliament , by Magistrates , by public officers , by tradesmen , and parties engaged in commerce , and by all orders of tht clergy , and then say , if those solemn appeals to the Deity are not constantly violated in the most shameless and unblushing manner . Has not " O ! it is onJy a
Custom House oath ! " passed into a proverb ? And what ere we tu think ot the conscientiousness of the clergy in regard , to oaths , when we see church livings constantly advertised for sale in the public prints , in the tetth of the solemn oath against simony , inscribed in the canons , and which , every person having cure of su-als must take before induction to hia benefice ? Yet all this frightful immorality is no crime , for the authors of it are Tetjxxtuble . We find the same broad distinction drawn in reference to the fourth commandment . If a poor fellow be caught trying to gain something fer
! his hnlf-starved family ( or supplying the destitute in , bis neighbourhood ffhe did not receire their , scmty 1 earnings till too late for the market on . the Saturi day night ) by Sunday trading , he is liable to f be pounced upon by some pious advocate of I Sabbath sanctity , and placed within the fang * ; of the law as a most flagrant transgressor ; but ; bo wonder , for his crime must be enormous , being j sup « rindac-ed in some way or other by the still mere i atrocious crime of poverty . To sell a loaf to honest I poverty , unless the salesman be a baker , duly &u-( thorised to break the Sabbath by act of Pwliament , is
> gross immorality , calling for pains and penalties ia , this 1 world , and hell fire in the next ; but the parties of pleasure , the drives in the park and the Sunday evening parties , for gaming and abominations of every kind , of tbe nobility and gentry , are in perfect accordance ¦ with the nature of the day of rest ; and the saint * of the Agnevr school , who are horrified at the bare idea of a pleasant tea meeting , or a country ride , by the working classes on a Sunday , never think that a Sabbath bill is called for to regulate the saloons of my Lord Duke , or to place under efficient controul the hell * ia St . James ' s-itreet ,.: r-i ' . * &
We find that , in accordance with tha wjjfjpil requirements of God ' i precepts , the man who imbues his hands in the blood of bis fellow , is worthy of the punishment of death , for be is a murderer whom a righteous vengeance Buffers not to live ; but when a Queen and Government resolve to commit murders by the thousand , —when , because a people refuse to let merchants poison them , it ia resolved that hired miscreants shall be sent to kill them , in tbe most
approved fashion of improved military butchery , —Wen it is no crime at all , but on the contrary , is most glorious and honourable '; and those who have most distinguished themselves in tbe work of blood , are set up as idols , and the wreath of what is called honour , with other things more substantial , must be bestowed upon them . A decline from tfce paths of virtue is , in the female in humble life , deemed worthy of the severest privation * , and must . be branded with infamy , a * tfce
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f THE JSrORTHERN STAR . - . v . - ^/ .. v . . v ^ :. y ~ ' " ^—^^^ ^ ' M n^—M . m . 1 , _ - ¦ ¦ _¦¦ _ .. _ .. - . ii ¦ ¦ ^ 1 1 1 1 . . .. — . _ . ¦ . . - ¦¦ — .- —¦ 11 .. ¦ .-.. - ^ ¦ ' . - _ - ' " . . - ¦ ¦ - ¦ ^ J ____ J ^^__ . ^ . »—¦ 1——— ¦ ¦¦——___^__—^^^_—__________ _^
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Feb. 13, 1841, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct536/page/7/
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