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&wal an& ©rnwral $tttenis*nr*.
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In the Press, and will be Published next Saturday, Prioe Twopence, doubl
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FKOM OUB LONDON COBRESPONDENT.
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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Numbers . 2 and 3 ( e number ) of the LABOURERS' LIBEAB 7 , pONTAlNING THE REMEDY for National \ J Poverty and Impending National Ruin ; or the only safe way of Repealing the Corn Laws , by enabling each Working Family in Britain to produce a ' "CHEAP LOAF" and a "BIG LOAF " for themselves at Home ! By F . O'CONNOR , Esq ., Barrister-at-Law , and Prisoner for Libnl in York Castle . Addressed to the Landlords of Ireland . Also , now on Sale , a Complete LIST OF THE NEW HOUSE OF COMMON ? , For a I'enny ! Give Orders for " Labourers' Library" immediately . Printed and Published by Joshua Hobson , No , S , Market Street . Leeds : and by A . Hey wood , Manchester : and J . Cleave , London .
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NATIONAL VINDICATOR . MR . BAILEY , of No . 7 , Edward-street , Oldham Road , Manchester , takes this Opportunity to inform the Chartists of South Lancashire ] that ho has become Agent for the Sale of the Vindi cator . Persons wishing that highly interesting Journal , edited by Philp and Vincent , may be supplied by application to the place above stated .
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No . 1 , price 3 d . each , in Wrapper 13 . 4 d ., or with Boards , 2 d . AN Inquiry into the Nature of Responsibility , as deduced from Savage justice , Civil justice , and Social justice ; with some remarks upon the doctrine of Irresponsibility , as taught by Jesus Christ and Robert Owen ; also upon the Responsibility of Man to God . By T . Simmons Mackintosh , author of the " Electrical Theory of the UniveRsk . " " Id quod utile sit honestum esse , quod autum inutile sit turpe esse . " - . Plato db Rep . Birmingham : Printed and Published by James Guest , 93 , Sieelhouse Lane ; London : Cleave , Shoe Lane ; and Watson , City Road ; Manchester : Heywood ; Leeds : Hobson ; Liverpool : Stewart , White Chapel ; and all Vendors of Periodicals .
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JUST PUBLISHED , WAT TYLER , or the Poll-Tax Rebellion , an Historical Play in Five Acts . BY JOHN WATKINS . Written before the Author read Southey ' e , and dedicated to Sheridan Knowles . London : Printed for the Author , and Published by him at 9 , Bell Yard , Temple Bar ; and may be had of all Booksellers . PBICE S 1 XPBNCK .
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REDUCED FREIGHTS AND FARES . YARMOUTH , HULL , AND CrOOLC . IHE STEAM SCHOONER TRIS , Captain Mark Jackson , is nowplying on the 1 above Station as usual , leaving Goole ~ ... every Tuesday Hull ... ~ Wednesday . Yarmouth - Saturday . fares . Best Cabin ... 83 . 1 Fore Cabin ... S ? . Bale Gooqs , consigned to Thomas Bromley , Goole , or Brownlow ,. Pearson , and Co . Hull , will be conveyed from Goole or Hull and delivered to the Consignees' Doors , in Norwich at Is . 5 < i . por Cwt . ; or from Manchester to their Doors , at i-i . 9 d . per Cwt . Freight on other Gooda at lowest Current Rates . Brownlow , Pearson , and Co . Hull . Thomas Bromley , Goole . William Saunbers , Yarmouth . R . & S . Rudrum , Norwich . Sailing . Vessels regularly between Knll and Yarmouth .
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gbeap oorn would considerably increase the price of land and -would enable fanners to bear much higher rents . As to manure , Sir , I beg to * K * nre you that the best in the world is to be found is i man ' s arm and foot frith » spade at the end of ii Hon . and BeT . Sir , as it is a faTonrit * practice of miafi to answer a man oat of nil own lips , will ycm have the goodness to read the following passage in answer to the Hon . and Bev . Mr . Baptist Noel's assurance , that teats would be raised by a repeal of the Corn Lain The author of the " Plea for the Poor" says : —
** But tbe proposed change would be still more certsinly beneficial to the labourers . A certain proportion of arable land being turned into pasture , would lessen the amount of agricultural employment ; but meanwhile xa va&nttied extension of oar commerce , would so mach silsige mannfaetaring and mercantile employment , as to drain t&e country of all its superfluous labourers ; sod this mast increase tbe comforts of the poor . FOB AS THE B . E 5 IS "WILL BB K . XPT DO"WN , not by the liberality of the landowners , bat by the increased number of situations open to the children of the farmers , so wage * will rise , not from tbe liberality of the farmer , bat by the increased amount of employment for the
Is it not carious that this Rev . Gentleman assures us that " rests xcUl be kept down , " while you tell us that "farmers trtU be able fo pay a higher rent" And , again , tiiat " they tdU be enabled to bear a still higher rent , " So , Rev . Sir , yon would "BT A 2 f EXTEXSIOX OF COMMERCE AND MANUFACTURES , DRAIN THE COUNTRY OF ITS SURPLUS LABOURERS . ' Now , Sir , if your book contained ne other damning proof of the result contemplated by the " poor ha 5 ' 6 FBIBKP 5 , " I wool * s » y horrible . ' shocking i sumstrous !
Why , Sir , hare yon not already sufficiently added to the numbers " living without God and without hope , " but are T or , the advocate for the poor , for driving all the flock from the pastors into the loath some and sqnalid pens which man in his dirty avarice has prepared for them ? Ah ! Sir , this is the very tiling * g « . in « fc -which I haTe been cautioning the poor for whom I hare pleaded for many year ? . Tei , many is the time I hare told them , that not sufficiently warned by the faQues in the last lottery , all the poor agriculturists would greedily purchase tickets to the next -. and thus add to the master ' s reserve for the subjugation of labour .
Sir , if yoni plan was fnDy earned ont , England , in less than two years could cover Europe with a carpet and the Atlantic with a tarpaulin ; while every ynun in the werld could be furnished with , more majmfactnres from Slave-land than he eonld wear in the longest life ; and the " NATURAL PRODUCERS " engaged in the good work starving the while ! . ' Bev . Sir , I was strnck , fortibly struck , with such aa invitation as the following , coming from a shepherd to his fiock . Ton say , speaking of emigration— " Let |
those who have sensb and covbage , Beek happier homes , if they will , under fairer skies and less crowded shares . " Sir , your definition of sense and courage must be very curious indeed ; but , pray , could you have easi » more cutting reflection upon yourself and our raters , ** " »» a recommendation to all who had " sense" " courage" to abandon their country , and shorten their days " in tie land which the Lord their God has given them ? " Id truth , Sir , " sense and conrage" are qualities now but little required , and less valued , in a nation af smoke kitchens . |
Hon . and Rev . Sir , I have reserved the crowning feature ef your romance for the last In page 25 yon BT"As we have now seen that the working classes wonld be treat gainers by the change from an artificial to a natural state , which sbould leave them their right of baying corn in exchange for their labour , let us consider whether this change is , on other accounts , inconvenient or dangerous . " In God ' s nina , Sir , 1 sat whose servant you are , that you tiius sit np a G * d in each country of the universe ,
substituting art for nature here , and nature for art there ? What do yen mean , Sir , ey calling that labour " xdural , " which is regulated by masters' conspiracy , in the exercise of which the Bexes are sometimes immorally thrown together , and always lite Bwine , whereby the sick and the healthy , the halt and the lieht of limb , the young and the old , are constrained to rise at the same hour , to eat at the same hour , to work all the same hours , and tires obey the artifice of ttirti instead of following tbe dictates of nature , and yet none having controal over their own produce . Call you that natural ?
But , Sir , again I ask , how you committed the blnrder of calling manufactures the " natural state" in England , while you would call it an " artificial state" in countries producing com for Britons ? Surely , Sir , if agriculture is an artificial state in England , it must be equally so in Poland , Russia , and Germany . But who can have patience to comment npon such foliy . Men working f « r others for little remuneration ; women , in consequeBee thereof , producing cripples and carrying those cripples to the slaughter-house upon their
backs ; foring strangers to suckle them ; estranged from them in youth , unknown by them in manhood , aad separated from them in old age ; such , Sir , is what you call a " natural" state of society , while , cf course , Tt £ n digging in his own field for the support of himself , his wife , acd his family , multiplying and replenishing the earth over which his God gave him dominion , is an " artificial" state . Hon . and Rev . Sir , believe me that those who naturally use your artificial blunders l&ugh at your credulity .
ilj letter has now ran to a great length ; but I thought it righv to let the px > r , on whose behalf 1 plead , see that I was ready and willing to meet all opponents who entered the magic field of political economy . I may be passed over f jr a time in silence ; but yet others shall not assault the garrison of natural labour while I hold the poit of sentinel . Rev . Sir , I shall not , like the lazy shepherds , ileep upon my post , and then attribute tbe disasters Based by my own neglect to the vices , crimes , or follies of the Beglecied .
Hon . and Rev . Sir , it is not wonderful that Ministers of Christ ' s Gospel should become speculators in grain , when a whole body of shepherds lately assembled at Manchester , have had the matchltiss e&ontery , to publish " SCHEMES" and prcspectasas , such as . the following , in aid of money pronu acd specula- , tions . Retd the following table of profit and loss : — " TVesletas CestesaBT Frx » . —The General Committee met on Wednesday -week , the Kst . James ' Dixoa , the newly elected President of the C ^ ercsc * , in iht cLaii . " James Wood , Esq ., the General Treasurer , said the amounts he hid already received , made up a grand total of £ 155 , 0 * 0 and upwards . The amount received from the foreign stations was above i' 8 , 080 . He rtjoiced that these infant churches had acted eo nobly , and , in conclusion , expressed his thankfulness to G-jd for the amoun ; already realised . " In answer to ixquiries made by the Rev . J . Fowler and others , it appeared that there were considerable sums yet to be received , . the payment of which was ertain , both , from home and f \ jit \ gn circuits . " The committee continued a long time in deliberation on the best method of Eecuring payment of any outstanding balances , and also on the ultimate appropriation of the surj las . - "Trunks were voted to the Treasurer , James Wood , Esq . ; and to the Secretaries , Messrs West , Loie&s , I- P . Busting , J . D . Burton , and John Westliea . d , after which the proceedings closed . " On the following tvening , the Appropriation Com- . £ "; ttee met , according to the appointment of thfc General Committee , to make a final appropriation of the surplus ; -when they unanimously agreed to the ' BcheiLe : — i
" 1 . To raise the Guarantee Fund , 'in ¦ ^ rder to meet the current and incidental expenses of the Pond and to . toure the full operation of the New Auxiliary Fund , from £ 10 , 000 to ... £ 15 , 001 " 2 . ^ dditioiisi ; o tie Centenary Cba- [ pel Relief Fund , to assist in meet- isg the claims upon that fund until tit Loaa Fund basbeen worked eut 3 , 000 j . " 3 . To the Mission Fund for the nn--T-ii repairs , < fcc of the Centenary ; V . t }) and Mission House 2 . 0 GO , ; 20 , 000 " Amount cf former-A ppropriation .. . 170 , 000 £ 190 , 000 " BtiEg the present amount of the Cenitrary Fund . " it -b-es tten resolved uEanimousi ' T , that tee renmriig surplus ifcill be equally divided , as it i = ' received , btf ^ fetc the Theological Institution and the Uissiorar ; Society . " " Profit on medals , ^ 08 . - Then , Sir , read cf the shepherds agreeing upon a "SCHEME ; " and then , Sir , think of t . hfTifcg being . Toted to a Miss Birch , for a donation of £ 1 , 000 for die conversion of the Ashantees , while we have 500 , u 00 ifider our noses " living with ut God and without ;
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hope ; " and think of the scut speculated epos bringing in a goodly return from tbe POBBISH MARKET . In God ' s name , Sir , what is all this but a " pioHs fraud , " committed by a Joint Stock Company of jobbers in faith ? Hon . and Rev . Sir , I find also that a number of queries are to be submitted to tbe shepherds of ether Socks , about to meet at Manchester ; and among ethers ,
I find the following .- — " Have yon perceived any connection between high and low-priced food and an increase ot diminution of the funds of your religious and benevolent Societies ? " Rev . Sir , what tntnfc you of that r and may not the anrwer be ventured upon , and the motive in patting the question guessed at ? If then had not been any diminution of ihe funds , believe me there would not have been any question about high or low wages !
Hon . and Rtv . Sir , will you allow me to add one query to those already proposed for solution . It shall be one easily answered , and decided on view—do toc PEBCEITE AST STBIKlJiG DIFPEJIEUCB BETWEEN THB IPPEAEiSCE ASD CONDITION OF THE SHEPHERDS AND THEIB FLOCKS T A > 'D BO TOD OBSERVE iSI SIMILITUDE "WHATSVEB BETWEEN THE SHEP * HEEDS OF THE XETf XATVRAL STATE OF ARTIFICIAL SOCIETY OF THE PBESEKT DAT DiD THOSB DESCRIBED BT OUR SAVIOVR ? AND IF AST AB . E LEAS , DOES IT PROCEED FBOH A WANT OF FOOD , OB OTEBWOBK ?
Now , Sir , that is my Question ; I should wish you to answer it . Sir , when at Manchester , you will be within twenty minute * ( by tbe " NATURAL" mode of travelling ) of Bolton , Stockport , Stalybridge , Hyde , Dukinfield , and Oldham . Now all these towns , save Bolton , are within six and a half miles of Manchester , and Bolton is enly tea miles distant . Hon . and Rev . Sir , m y earnest request is that you will put yourself in some convenient thorougfare , at five o'clock in the morning , without the master ' s knowledge , . and being there stationed , that you will look
j npon God ' s image going to what you call his " natural " i work . Behold the swollen stomach , tbe emaciated limb , the splayed ancle , and splayed foot—see the grim ' features , made large by the Eesh receding—look upon I the crooked body—the tottering step—the listless air , \ and the almost lifeless eye and blushless cheek of inj fants who have not yet seen one hundred months . See yonder father aury ' wg his cripple to his natural i work , while he himself is denied employment at the -, artificial land . See yonder female about te produce an artificial labourer—look at her and blush , and then say , that you are , any of you , followers of Christ and snp-I porters of the poor .
i Sir , go again at eight at night and remain till ten , | " and see the Satural state in which they come from their satubal work . Ah J Sir , never again write down the condemnation : of self and brothers , by publishing to the world that i we have 500 , 000 of a flock " living without God and without hope , " while the amount devoured by the shepherds , estimating the "flock" at five to a family ¦ would : allow- £ 100 per annum to each family ; or 500 , 000 acres
of church land would feed them , clothe them , fat j them , give them hope , and make them bless God ; Yes , Sir , one-fourth of the tithe , that is , one-fortieth ' part of the annual amount raised by the State shep-; herds alone , would pay 10 s . an acre for 560 , 000 acres , i upon which all those now " living without God and . without hope" would become happy , sober , and thrifty . Will the shepherds give a fortieth—one quarter , { of the tenths ?
Pray , Rev . Sir , hai it ever struck you that there must be something very , vtry , wrong in that natural state in which you see the splendid draft-horses of Sir Fcelix Boothe , drawing gin to the palaces under the very nose of the head of our church ? Have you seen those horses , Sir , particularly tb » teams of Roan ' s ? Have you seen their protection against a shower , the fit of their harness ^—I cannot vulgarly cal it tackling ? Have yon seen your face in tbe bright brasses and polished skins , and have you blushed to turn from the fat beasts to some of the lean tribe
- who pass you , bearing God's image , and from whom . you turn in disgust while you feast your eyes upon ; the fat horse and his gorgeous trappings ? Now , Sir , which is the artificial , and which is in the 1 natural state—the man or the beast ? and in the eyes ' of God , which of the parties will be most guilty , Sir Fcelix who makes the poison , the poor heart-broken creatures -who taie the poison , or the monarch and ! her servants whs lire upon the poison , and therefore
'; allow" Sir Foelix to traffic in the poison ? Hon . aud Rev . Sir , have you Been the stables of these 1 horses and their curtained windows ? If not , pray go and ' eee them , and then visit those hovels of wretchedness from which the means come , and then tell me that ; Poland , Russia , and Germany are to cure the evil ! Six , do ' nt yon think Sir Fcelix is a disinterested ; advocate for " cheap bread , " or cheap vnait , which is all ihe same 1 I wish he -would treat us to his " Plea ; for tKe Poor . "
Sir , in looking over your book again , I find one ; sentence marked for comment , which escaped my notice , it is this ; yon say : — ' " For , whereas , now com rises in bad years to 66 or I 70 shillings the quarter , and quantity under the fixed i duty might be imported from foreign countries at the rate of 5 " to 5 S fcbiUlings , and would therefore keep ! the price down to that level . " ! Now , Sir , here we have the whole thing for which ¦ the people are to contend . You have before told us , . and yon now repeat it , that with a duty of Ss ., 58 s
wuuld be the lowest price at wh ' ch foreigners couid supply , our wants , while you designate 68 s ., that is the average of 6 Ss . and 70 s ., as a high and destructive priee . Well , then , suppose you required 4 , 000 , 000 quarters in aid of British -wheat ; or to pnt it more advanLigeously for you , suppose that yon required this foreign standard to regulate the price of tbe whole stock for consumption , what would be the difference between the lowest imported price and the highest home price ' : Why just 10 s . the quarter , or five millions of money upon ten millions of quarters : Sir , . 1 have taken your own calculations—not that I esteem them as correct , but to argue upon . I do not esteem them as correct ; because I feel convinced that many countries could send es wheat at 40 s . tbe quarter , after paying a duty of Ss . Pray Sir , bear in mind , that ten million quarters of wheat TFcuid furnish to twenty million persons , old and young , infsiEts , delicate women , old persons , and the aristocracy , 2 S 0 pounds of household fl \> ur ptr annum ; aod tl-at , after all , the difference between the highest hoine price and lowest continental price upon the whjle stock would be £ 5 , 000 , 000 . Two hundred ponnds of flour would bake into more than three hundred and sixty-five pounds of bread , which would give an average of . three and a half stone of bread we * kly to a family of seven .
in trutn , air , yuu nave put an iormer calculators to shame upon this subject , for they estimate the difference occasioned by restriction at millions npon millions pocketed by the landlords ; always losing s-ght of the fact that the millere' and bakers ' profits , the greatest profits , -would still remain ; and just as Sir i'ce ^ ix Booth would make little or no reduction in the price of gin , -whatever may be the alteration made by a free trade in tbe price of the raw material , we should find the loaf coming from the Russian oven bearing evident marks ef grinding and takiisg before the > att ; kal labourer could purchase it . Sir , while at Manchester and among the flock , prsy do as ai ) gvod shepherds do ; gather them , examine them acd administer to their wants . I trust , Sir , that with Mr . James Leech at their head , tb . e neglected sheep will invite the negligent shepherds to a conference . Tcis ocght to be dote , and then you would learn from the ignorant people , that they believe those calling . themselves Ehepherds only keep wolves from the fold when tbe mutton is becoming too scarce ta be divided .
Hon . and Rtv . Sir , I have just seen the conclusion " Co ~ to > Twist ' s" eleTenth production cponfre trade , anvl , lvke the preceding ones , it is headed— " Plemt to do , High Pe < j » its , Good Wages , and Cheap Bread ; " and , Sir , bow do you think "Cottox Twist " concludes BJ 5 Plfa for the ignorant English people ? Why , Sir , must characteristically with a Greek quotation from " book 2 of Thucyd ., " aud of which be gives what he calls a " free translation . Rev . Sir , if this is not free-trade with a vengeance , I know not what is . But , Sir , I fear that
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the anticipations from free-trade in corn will be as unlike the literal thing as Mr . Cotion Twist's" free translation is unlike the literal construction of the original . Sir , I have now done ; and if any should consider my answer to your " Plea" too long for a newspaper , I hare only to say that in no other shape could the reduced operatives purchase it—and I believe it to be neoessary , in some shape , as an antidote to the poison of your " Ptea / or ihe Poor . " However , Sir , I have now appealed from yourself and the four anti-monopolist Editors to the people . Oar respective " Pleas " on their behalf will be before them ; and it will be for them , as an enlightened jury , to decide in favour of tbe one or the other . I have the honour to remain . Rev . Sir , Your obedient and very respectful humble Servant , Fbaegcs O'ConHOR .
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David Catkb recommends , as a means of removing much of the prejudice arising from their ignoranee of Chartist principles from the minds of the middle classes , the members of the National Charter Association resident in the variotu districts of the metropolis , to use their best influence to prevail on keepers of coffee-houses , ^ c ., to accept the weekly loan of the Northern Star , National Vindicator , and other invaluable vehicles that advocate our cause (" purchased by the individual members ) , and to impartially allow their customers the reading of the same . Secondly—for each said locality to form a loan tract society of sound political Chartist principles , to be similarly conducted as those are in the religious bodies ; for each tract to be stitched in
stiff paper covers , and on the outside of each to have a printed label posted , bearing an advertisement of all your local meetings , the place and time , when and where the readers of them can become members of your associalion t and appoint a committee to select and purchase the tracts , and have the entire management of the same . The funds to carry those societies into effect to be raised by voluntary subscriptions , the profits of the sale cf social festivals , concerts , and dancing admission tickets . J . G . would recommend every association to form a society for the reception and distribution of the Star , or any Chartist publication , ameng the middle classes ; that an active committee be chosen , and that its business be to receive
informationfrom the different members where there are ignorant or prejudiced middle-class men , and that they endeavour to get papers and send them by post to such individuals before the papers get a week old . Leicester Chartists . —Their u address" has been sent to Mr . O Connor , and will probably be published next week . T . R . N . Clover . —The enigma has been answered " Fbie . nd" must take the same answer . P . P . Shelly . —We have no room . A Female Chartist . — We have at present a heavy stock of poetry on hand . A ClTl 2 £ N OP CoaK must excuse us : our space is full . J . Y . —His " Lines to O'Connor" shall appear . A Real Democrat , Brighton . —Thanks for his
kindly and very proper letter : it shall have our best attention : and if the evil exists any longer , it shall be the fault of the Brighton friends themselves . WUl a "Real Democrat ?' send us his address ? J . R . Rawliags . '—We have no room . "The 0 'Connoh Welcome" shall appear . Robert Suicliffe . — Our space isfutt . Hobticcltural Show . —Robert Petty writes tts to complain of ill treatment , by the Star and Garter Committee , at the late show at Kirkdall . He had paid his 5 s . for entrance two days before the time of closing the list , and given in his name and residence , and was not objected to until the moming ef the exhibition ; tchen , after the trouble and expence of travelling , with his fruit , £ fc , a dis . tance of twenty-two miles , he was refused admission and his money returned , on the plea of late payment and distant residence . He thinks
he is ill used ; aud , if his statement be true , we think so too . Keighley New Church . —The Free Gardeners wish to state , that they did not walk in procession at the laying of the foundation stone of this edifice . Gilli . »> g , neab Rjchmo . n'd . — We have received a letter frem this place , and cannot make out the s ignature : will the author write us again , and write his name plainly 1 The Secretary to the Todmorden Association requests a letter from Dr . M'Douall as soon as possible . J . J . L . —His verses will not do . A . M ., Bak . vsi . ey . — We have not room for "The Beauteous Isle . " W . Martin . — A letter on Thursday morning will suit us , or , if the news be very important , on Friday
morning . Mb . Joseph Macdd > ald , of Neicry , acknowledges the receipt of thirty-eight copies of the Northern Star , of the Zlst of July ; six copies of the Scottish Patriot ; two of the National Vindicator ; and one copy of the People ' s Charter , during the past week . Mr . Macdonald ' s address is now 122 , High street , Newry . The Boston Chartists are desirous of knowing to tehom they art to address at Lincoln for Chartist information . It is desirable thai this should be known as soon as posail / e . Address Wm . Fox , stone-mason , Boston , Lincolnshire . Henry Ross must excuse us : we are full . William Griggs must lake the same answer . A Dozen or two op Poets must lake tike answers . R . Cooke , JUr . NDEE , received too late for notice this treck .
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Charles Stem-art , St . Andrews . —Send Is . Gd . for the postage , fyr .: will send by return . John Stein . —First : They must continue till the Plates are given . Second : }' es . To Agents . —Those Agents who have their Plates from A . f / eyicojd , J . Cleawe , or J . Guest , cannot have anything enclosed from the office , as ihe Plates are packed at the respective places , and not at the oi ^ ce in Leeds . £ . b . d . FOB MRS . FROST . From Mr . Jones , per Mr . Morgan , Bristol ... 1 0 _ Mr . Tredwell 0 2 6 .. Miss M . A . Phillips , London 0 10 .. a few Shoemakers , per J . Blake ... # 4 0 CHARTIST CONTESTED SEATS . From M ., Pentonville 0 1 0 „ tbe Vale of Leven Vniveral Suffrage Association 1 0 F » R THE O'BRIEN FUND AT NEWCASTLE . Fr « m Mr . T . Ireland , Dnnfermline 0 10 FUND FOR PERSECUTED CHARTISTS . From Wm . Bolliday , Moor-square , London tit 0 FOR J . B . O ' BRIEN . From Patrick Fox , Manchester ... ... 0 2 C „ John Osman 0 0 6 FOR PRESS FOR J . B . O ' BRIEN . From W . Livingston , Edinburgh 8 2 0 FOR RICHARDSON , MANCHESTER . From Old Squinsy 0 C 0 FOR THE WIVES AND FAMILIES OF THE INCARCERATED CHARTISTS . From W . Holiday , Moor-square , London ... 0 10 6 FOR DUFFY . From the Paadock Chartists 0 10 0
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Wednesday Evening , Aug . lift . City of London . —Mr . Watkina preached here on Sunday evening , taking for his text , " from falue brothers deliver us , " A discussion ensued between Messrs . Stallwood , Watson , and Watkinp . On Tuesday Mr . Sankey was entertained by his supporters unci friends at a public supper at the Feathers Tavern , Warren-street , Tottenham Court Road , about 100 persons sat down to snpper , Mr . Brettinghain ¦ was called upon to preside . After the removal of the cloth , the Chairman after a few prefatory remarks , proposed " The sovereignty of the people , the only source of legitimate power , " drank with three times three . The Chairman in introducing the next toast said , the company vt ^ uld , he -was convinced , do honour to the toast he was about to propose ; for upon the acknowlfcgment of the principle , ¦ which it contained , alone could the stabiliity of all Institutions fee founded ,
the eude -which it patronised must sooner or later become the law . He proposed " The People's Charter , and may its principles speedily become the law of the bind "—( cheering)—drank with all the honours . The Chairman then proposed " The return to the old law of Elizibeth , and the annihilation of the Poor Law Amendment Act . " " The health of Mr . Sankey" -was the next toast , which was warmly responded to . Mr . Sankey rose amidst much cheering , and addressed the meeting , —he said he came forward at the last election to defend the people ' s cause , so that it sheuld not be said that tbe men of M 3 rylebons were without a candidate on the true principles of democracy . ( Hear , hear . ) He found both the factions had their men , and he thought there onght to be a fair testing of principle . He kad the honour of fighting the batttle in behalf of the people , and though in that district they had not won , yet the people at tbe hustings nearly throughout the Uniied Kingdom had proved they were tired of both factions , and by their testifying of their
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principles , had left both parties , in many Instances , by a show of hands , in a minority . The object of tbe people wm , he felt convinced , to rid themselves of the thraldom of hereditary and legal wrong . He believed that until the people had good government no repose would be allowed . ( Hear and cheers ) Cost what it might , the factions -were determined to govern the nation without granting that liberty which alone made the free citizen . In their career , the people bad proved they were determined not to be satisfied until their rights were conceded , and their wrongs redressed . ( Cheers . ) Convinced , as he was , that the present system of legislation stood in need of reform , he came forward the advocate of the People ' s Charter , the abolition , nay , entire annihilation , of the * oor Law Amendment Act ( Hear , hear . ) Upon those principles he stood , and upon the avowal of those principles he sought their suffrages . Why should not the man , and not the house , bo represented ? Why not
intellect , and not material , be the test for admitting to the suffrage ? He would not detain them longer than by returning his wannest thanks to those around him , and declaring he was ever ready at their bidding to fight the battle of true reform , heedless of the worn-out cry of Whig against Tory . ( Cheers . ) Mr . Qoodfellow proposed— " The electors who voted for Mr . Sankey at the last election . " Tfce toast was responded to by Mr . Nicholson . Mr . Wall proposed— " The speedy restoration of Frost , Williams , and Jones , aud the release of all political prisoners . " Drank with three times three , the company standing uncovered . Mr . Hibble proposed— " The health of the Ladles . " " The success of the Northern Star , the only truly people ' s paper , " wau given and received amidst great applause . Mr . Peat addressed the meeting at some length , and the company broke up at a late hour , well pleased with tbe entertainment provided by the worthy host .
The London Journeymen's Trades' Hall . — A lecture was delivered by Wm . Farren , jun ., before the Bermondsey Chartists , on Tuesday evening , at the Horns , Crucifix Lone , Bermondsey-street . Subject" The Moral and Social Improvement of tbe Men of London , which can only be obtained by having a London Journeymen ' s Trades' Hall . " After a vote of thanks to the worthy lecturer , several persons who were present promised to become shareholders . The business of the evening concluded by giving three hearty cheers for Feargus O'Connor , and three groans , loud and deep , for his oppressors .
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MANCHESTER . —Ancient Foresters . — Court No . 84 , of the above order , held their anniversary on Monday last , at the Dog public-house , Greek-street , Chorlton-upon-Medlock , where a most splendid dinner was served np by the worthy hostess , Mrs . Buckley . On Tuesday evening , Mr . G . Wright , hat-manufacturer , of this town , gave his men , fifty-nine in number , an excellent supper at the Hat and Feathers , Mason-street , Shu de-hill , after the termination of the strike of sixteen weeks , he having given the
List price . The Ancient Ordeb op Fokkstees . —Th e mem bers of the No . 25 Court of this numerous and respectable order met on Monday evening , at the King ' s Arms , Spinning Fields , Deansgate , to celebrate their anniversary . Soon after six o ' clock " mine host" spread the table with an excellent and substantial dinner , which was served in the greatest order and decorum . After the cloth had been drawn , a number of appropriate toa 6 t 6 were given , and gome excellent songs were sung ; the females wei * admitted , and tbe evening was spent with great conviviality .
STOCKPORT . —The Child Poisoning Case . — The four Sandys , who were indicod lor the wilful murder of two children , by poisoning them , for the purpose of defrauding a funeral society of the gratuities given in such cases , have undergone a very lengthy trial , at the present Chester Assizes , before Mr . Justice Ernkine , which after continuing two days , was concluded about six o ' clock on Tuesday evening—the jury returning a verdiot of Not Guilty . The evidence was nearly the same as that given in the Star at the committal of the
parties . On the following morning , Robert Sandys , and Ann , his wife , were placed at the bar , charged with the wilful murder of Elizabeth Sandys , their daughter , an infant only six months old . The evidence occupied several hours , and the Jury , after an hour ' s coneultation , found Robert Sandys guilty , and acauitted tbe other prisoner . The Judge oidored him to be retained in custody until thonext assizes , in consequence of a motion for an arrest of judgment . The prisoner was removed from the bar ib a state of unconsciousness .
BOLTON . —On Sunday evening , Mr . Isaac Barrow delivered a lecture in the Association Room , Oxford-Btreet . Bolton , the subject , " Sour Grapes the People ' s portion . " The lecture embraced the whole of the extravagant national expenditure ; the amount of the local taxation , and the enormous wealth swallowed up by the church . These extravagances , he took occasion to show , were opposed to the spirit of true Christianity , and were evils which came within the notice and the censure of the professed Christian teacher- Fifty-three millions , four hundred and thirty thousand , two hundred and eighty seven pounds , he showed , was the government expenditure for the year 1840 . Thirty millions the supposed amount of local taxation . Twelve millions
consumed by the state churches , amounting in the whole to ninety five millions , four hundred and thirty thousand , two hundred and eighty-seven pounds , t iken from the productive classes and given to those who render them little or no service . This abominable robbery , he showed , would maintain no fewer than fourteen millions , six hundred and eighty one thousand five hundred and eighty-two individuals , at the ratetof half-a-orown a week , which is considered sufficient for a pauper , but at twenty shillings per week , which he contended every poor family ought to have , would maintain no fewer than one million eight hundred and thirty-five thousand one hundred and ninety-seven families . The lecturer took occasion , with strong and forcible language , to
show up the atrocities of the Poor Law Amendment Act , the system of a Centralized Police , and the Secret Service System . Boldly and fearlessly did he expose the corruptions of the government of this country , and , though professing to act on the principles of Christianity , he exhibited their doings as the most Anti-Christian that could be conceived , These were the moral force truths ho contended the people ought to put in operation , to remove the false assertions of their oppressors as to ignorance by gaining knowledge and information such as he brought before them , which he believed would be quite as much dreaded as physical force harangues . There was one point we should not omit ; to noticethe false and dastardly statement of Jelinger SymonB , Esq ., a Hand-Loom Weaver's Commissioner , in his " Popular Economy , " respecting the origin of Chartism , and the condition of the working classes
of this country generally . Justly did he hold up for censure a man who could say the working classes wero not worse off than formerly , and himself a witness that an hand-loom weaver could not earn more than tenpence halfpenny a day . The system of a second process of labour for a small portion of that which the labourer has already earued , a favourite notion of this Whig Commissioner , received an exposure we wish this gentleman (?) had heard . " Sour Grapes , the people ' s portion , " was tbe title of the lecture , and it waa not mis-named . We wish that more had heard it ; though deemed improper for a Sunday lecture by ' sorae of the sanctified and hypocritical professors of religion , our opinion is , that the marrow of religion was contained in it , and until the principles of it are put in practice , religion will be negleoted and mankind will be slaves . —Correspondent .
KE 1 GHLEV . —Mrs . Chapelamith , Social Missionary , gave two lectures in the Working Man ' s Hall , en the evenings of Monday and Tuesday last , on Chartist Remedies and the Decline of Commerce in this country , and on the Corn Laws and National Debt . The flail was filled on both occasons . HUDDERSFIEXiD . —Inquest . —On Saturday last , a jury Bat at the house of Mr . Richard Richardson , Scar Inn , Almondbury , before G . Dyson , Esq , Coroner , upon the body of one of the unfortunate girls who died on Friday last , from the
injury sustained by the bursting of the steam-boiler of Messsrs . Douse ' s , silk-manufactory , when , after duly considering the whole of the circumstances connected with the explosion , they returned a verdict , with £ 10 deodand upon the boiler . Magistrates' Office . —On Tuesday , a man named Smith , was brought before the Magistrates , charged with having beaten his brother , and stolen from him the sum of £ 3 . In order to keep a portion of the money he had stolen , he actually swallowed a sovereign and a half . He was cemmitted to York .
RICHMOND . —John Pattison , of Richmond , was summoned before the sitting magistrates , charged with assaulting John Stabler , and also of being drunk and disorderly . Fined 10 ? . for the assault , and 53 . for being drunk , with costs . George Peacock , alias Puke , was fined 10 s . and costs for being drunk and disorderly . Francis Earl , of Richmond , was fined 2 s . 6 d . and costs , for being disorderly in thestreets . Charles Watson , of Scruton , was convicted , on the evidence of Mr . J . Whiting , policeofficer , for furious driving . Fined Is . and costs . M artin Tweddle , of Whashton , butcher , was charged by the same officer , with furious driving , being his
second offence , was fined Us . and costs . John Taylor , a pauper in the workhouse , was committed for three days to hard labour , for disorderly conduct in tnat house . George Jaokson , mason , was fined 53 . and costs for being drunk on the Sabbath day . Robt . Cunningham , labourer , George Harland , mason , and Richard Hauxwell , all of Richmond , were fined 5 s . each and costs , for being drunk and disorderly in the Market-place , on Sunday morning last . Jane Jobling was fined 10 s . aud costs , for using abusive language to Robert Dorchester . In default of payment , to be imprisoned fourteen days to hard labour .
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BURY . —Mr . Joseph Linney , of Manchester , gave a lecture to the Chartists of this town , ou Monday evening , in the Working Men ' s Hall . Mr . Jno . Campbell will lecture at Bury , on Monday next . Rochdale and Miuntow . — -Mr . Linney will leetore tomorrow , ( Sunday , ) in tbe aftornoon , at Rochdale at half-past two o ' clock , and at MAlurow at six o'clock . MANCHESTER . —On Wednesday evening , the females assembled in the Chartists' Room , Tib-strett . Mr . Bailey , the Chairman , opened the meeting by reading the extract from Wakefiold . Mr . Doyle moved , and Mr . Linney seconded , a resolution condemnatory of such proceedings , which was carried unanimously . Mr . Griffin addressed the meeting , and it was announced that Mr . Joseph Linney will lecture next Wednesday evening . Many new members were added to the Association .
Salter-street . —On Tuesday evening , this large room was pretty well filled to hear Mr . Doyle deliver an address . DROYXSDEN . —Mr . Doyle gave a lecture on class legislation , on Sunday last , to tbe Chartists of this village . BOLTON . —Mr . C . Doyle , of Manchester , addressed the Chartists of this town on Monday evening , in the large room , showing the effects of olass legislation upon the indnstrious millions . SALISBURY . —Mr . Potts , the political prisoner , was discharged from his prison-house on Thursday , af terse vcuteenmonths'confinement since hiatrial , and nearly three before . Mr . Potts left by coach for Bath ; he looked dreadfully ill , as well he might . Mr . P . will remain a few days in Bath , and shortly after will re-euter upon hia medical studies , probably in Edinburgh , or Glasgow . Mr . Carrier still remains in prison .
PRESTON . —Oa Tuesday evening last , Mr . Campbell lectured in the Preston Charter Association-room , Avenbam-street , to a very numerous meeting . A very good impression was made . After the lecture seven new members were enrolled . HAUPAS .-The Ancient Order of the Golden Fleece , Bradford Unity , opened a lodge on Monday , the 9 th inst ., at the house of Mr . Benjamin Hirst , the Dog and Partridge Inn , Forest , in Stainland , near Halifax , when upwards of thirty members were initiated . BUKV . —Odd Fellows . On Saturday last , August the 7 th , the members of the Unien Victoria Lodge , No . 101 of the United Order of Odd Fellows , celebrated their seventeenth anniversary at the house of Mr . Richard Brieriey , the Hand and Shears Iwn , Bury , Lancashire , whon upwards of eighty of tho members , with their wives and sweethearts , sat down to an excellent dinner .
DENHOLME . —Mr . Harney , at the request of some friends , lectured here at mid-day on Tuesday , August 10 th . His audience was comparatively numerous and very attentive . We anticipate much good from Mr . Harney ' s visit . HOWARTH . —This sink-hole of Whiggery was visited by Mr . Harney on Tuesday last , who , on the evening of that day delivered one of the most interesting and truth-telling discourses it was ever our good fortune to hear . The Whigs threatened opposition , but deeming " discretion the better part of valour , " prudently remained quiet . The meeting was held in the open air , and a large muster we had . We have joined the National Charter Association . Let us have a few more lectures like unto that we have been favoured with by Mr . Harney , and depend upon it Chartism in Howarth , in spite of Whig tyranny , will thrive and prosper .
BRADFORD . —Mr . Harney addressed the Chartists of Bradford , in tbe Social Institution , on Wednesday evening last . Mr . Ibbetsou was called to the chair . A large number of the fair sex graced the platform with their presence . Mr . Harney gave us an address in his usual excellent style , and was rewarded by the repeated and hearty cheers of his hearers . At the conclusion of his address , Mr . H . made aa appeal to his hearers in behalf of Mrs . Walker , wife of one of the victims of Whig despotism now in Wakefield Hell , where he is undergoing the sentence of two years'imprisonment , seven months of which he has yet to serve . The sum of nine shillings and eightpence was collected for his unfortunate partner . Mr . Martin moved the thanks of the assembly to Mr . Harney , which being cordially given , the meeting adjourned .
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FR O M OUH LONDON CORRESPONDENT . Thursday Evening , August 12 . The Corn Law Agitators seem very willing to come to some arrangement with the Rads of this place , but up to the present time their bid is not for Universal Suffrage ; ho that it 13 iiogo . Distress in Spitalfieli > 3 . —On Friday , August 5 th , thirty-three families were turned into tho streets for Queen's taxes as has been stated , aud finding that this was true and up to the present time they have no house to render their situation
more bearable , a committee consisting of Messrs . Arthur Samuels , John Cox , William Slater , Chas . Pearce , James Gardner , and William Shillings worth , hava been appoined to gather subscriptions ; Mr . Drake of No . 1 G 6 , Brick-lane , Coffee House Keeper , Treasurer , and Mr . R . Courtrill , Secretary . At the Meeting of the Tower Hamlets Chartist ? , on August 8 th , Mr . Mitchell in the chair , Mr . William Robson , shoemaker , was nominated a General Councilman , in lieu of Mr . Hart , resigned . The sum of thirteen shillings was voted to the * Executive at Manchester .
On Sunday next , August 15 th , the Regent ' s Park will be thrown open to the public , proving that if tho people are determined , aristocratic selection must give way before them . Tower Hamlets—At a general meeting of the members for getting up the demonstration to Mr . Feargus O'Connor , it was resolved— " That we invite all the admirers of this noble-minded patriot , in the Tower Hamlets , to come forward and assist as with their finances and otherwise to obtain thn grand object efficiently . " The Committee sits every Wednesday evening , at eight o ' clock , to receive subscriptions , and to transact general business , at the National Charter Coffee House , 1 C 6 , Brick Lane , Spitalfields . -
State of the Poor . —At the Guildhall , on Wednesday , no less than four individuals were brought before Mr . Alderman Kelly , who committed ofloiicee for the mere purpose of gaining the temporary shelter of a statioa-house , a ad the chance of a crust of bread . Crime , therefore , is better off in England than poverty . To be entitled to protection , shelter , and food , a man must be a criminal . Such a fact , though there were only one in a year , instead of crowding upon us four in a day . would be an unerring indication that legislation requires revision .
FINSBURY . —Fin 8 bury has , during the past week been particularly active in aiding the demonstration for the " to be" liberated patriots , as well as on account of the contested Election Seas Fund . Towards the latter , the Council have for tho present voted 53 ., and havo set on foot a subscription , for the purpose of further aiding the contest for the disputed seats of J . B . O'Brien , Col . Thompson , Mr . Lowery , and Mr . Eagle , and hereby call on all the districts of London to aid Mr . O' Connor ' s efforts to the utmost in their power .
Hut for the call of tho Executive , the County Delegate Fund &c * , a much larger sum would have been immediately voted . We have established a branch at 26 , Plumber-street , City-road , which promises to become a powerful auxiliary , and Mr . Watts , the Finsbury sub-secretary attended , on Tuesday night last , the opening of a spacious Chartist room , at the Northern btar , 1 , Golden-lane , City , where a > City Registration Committee wa 3 formed at once , many attending who had not known before what Chartism was .
ADDRESS , Passed unanimously at the last Council Meeting o of the Finsbury and Hoxton Council , Wednesday , 11 th August , atLunt ' s Coffee House : — Men of London . —The time will shortly arrive when that noble of nature , Feargus O'Connor , Esq ., will be restored to us from the bastile of the base and brutal Whigs . We do , therefore , call upon all of you to be firm and united to enable you to give him that reception into London which will be worthy of the patriot and' the holy cause of freedom , iu which he has , for oursakes , engaged . We call upon all those localities which are not already at work , to be up and stirring ; to appoint demonstration committees , and to open subscriptions , that our enemies may see that the working men are determined to do honour to such patriots as , having espoused our cause , still adhere to it and its principles . Fellow Countrymen , let the forthcoming day be such an one aa the sun of Heaven never shone
upon—the sight of an innumerous people defying the persecutionof tyrants—and convince our enemies that it would be as easy to stop the ebbing or flowing tide , as to put down the infantine but giant Chartism . Our motto is still—Universal Suffrage , and No Surrender J Signed on behalf of the Finsbury and Hoxton Council , J . Watts , Sab-Secretary . _ * — a i ¦ ¦ ¦ ^^^^^^^^^^^ fcj ^ frfi -i *^ fff .
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Madame Laffarge . —This unhappy woman has been again prosecuted for the felonious abstraction of the diamonds of Madame Leotand . She has been found guilty of the robbery ; but having been already sentenced to imprisonment and hard labour for life , the Court could make no alteration in the punishment , but the restoration of the diamonds has been ordered , M . and Madame Leotaud being condemned in the expencea . Gratuities for Chartist Purposes . —The ten pounds mentioned in a note of Mr . Cleave ' s , which we published last week , was the contribution of John Peroival , Esq ., Camden Villa , Kensington . It has been sent to Mr . Hey wood , £ 7 for the Victim Fund , and £ 3 for the sufferers of the Stevenson ' s-square assault .
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IMPORTANT LETTER . The following important letter is from Samuel Wells , Esq ., Barrister and C » mmon Councilman of London , on the Chartist elections , more especially tin Sunderland election : — Fire-Office , 8 th August , 1841 . Dear Sir , —I am much obliged by your letter , and shall be most happy to hear from Mr . J . Williams , is the meantime I send yon some eases * which havt been decided , and which appear to me , according t » your statement , to bear strongly upon Mr . Blnnas case If you determine to petition , / will find one counsel gratuitously . Mr . Binns would . Itftink , 00 relumed ; at any rate there would be another election ; BvSFIthink Mr . Binns would be seated . In baste . Yours most respectfully , Samuel Wells . Mr . Jas . Robinson . P . S . I will also draw the petition . CIRENCESTER CASE .
There being no regular demand of poll , he in whose favour the number of voices was first declared on the view , held duly elected . He who baa the greatest number of voices on tbe view , elected ; unless a poll is demanded by his competitor . If no poll is demanded , election by the view sufficient 1 Whltelock , 393 . A meeting : s intended to be held at Suuderland on Thursday evening to consider what steps should be takea in reference to this subject
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The Rioht op a Soldier to his oww "Kit . "At the Woolwich Police Court on Wednesday , there was a strong muster of the military , relative to a ease to be decided by the presiding Magistrate , Mr . H . Grove , respecting the " kit" of a soldier , found in the possession of an unfortunate nymph of the pave , named Elizibeth Weeks . It appeared by the statement of Corporal Scott , of the Royal Artillery , stationed at Woolwich , that a gunner and driver , John Freer , of the regiment , had been absent since Sunday Bight last , and had made away with his " necessaries . " He bad been subsequently taken , and acknowledged that he had deposited them with the prisoner at the bar ; she resided up Jacob ' s Ladder , High-Btxeot , and on her lodgings being searched by police-constable Wheeler , 71 R , the
articles bow produced , consisting of a pair of trousers , shirt , towel ,. &c , nearly a complete "kit , " were found concealed under her bed . Mr . Grove— "Are the articles produced the man ' s own property !" Corporal Scott— " After he has paid for them . " Mr Grove— " Theo . h . e has a right to dispose of his owb . property , aud I cannot assist you . " Mr . Nokeeu solicitor , and the Magistrates' Clerk here intimated that all soldiers , according to the articles of war , were compelled to prodnce their "kit" complete every month on an examination of necessaries , and , if found deficient , were liable to be punished if they could not reasonably account for them . John Freer , the gunner and driver of the Royal Artillery , stated that he had been in the regiment about teu months , and that he had taken the articles to the prisoner to take care of ; they were right , and jast as he left them . The oorporal mentioned to the worthy
Magistrate that the man had been punished for the military offence by having a ring placed on his arm , and confined to parracks . Mr . Grove could notf recognize the military law as stated ; be must look to the man ' s civil rights . What a man had paid for could not be called military stores . He had acknowledged he had placed the articles in the possession of the prisoner , therefore she could not be charged with either stealing or having unlawful possession of them ; and , although she waa one of an unfortunate class of individuals , she had an equal right to protection with any other person . There is ne charge against the prisoner ; the whole of the articles enumerated by the man are produced , consequently she is not even guilty of having made away with any portion , of them , and she is discharged . The decision excited the astonishment of the military present , as the usual mode has been either to fine the parties or commit them it : prison .
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TO THE IRISH LANDLORDS . Mt Lords and Gentlemen , —This week , my reply to the Hon . and Rev . Mr . Noel ' s letter occupies that space which should have been devoted to my sixth to you- ; and next week the space will be devoted to a reply to an address of the Loyal Drogheda Trades Association ; so that my last letter must stand over till the 28 ih of August . Meantime allow me to correct a very silly error which appears in the following passage of my last . It runs thus : — " The straw of an acre of wheat , at five cwt . to the acre , and at 5 s . per cwt , will be worth £ 1 5 p . Od . " The passage should run thus : —the straw of an acre of wheat at five hundred to the acre , and at 53 . per hundred . The hundred means a hundred sheaves , consisting of Six score to the hundred , and not five hundred weight . By the error , the straw would be made appear , to be worth £ 5 a ton in Ireland , whereas , five hundred sheaveawould only fetch about £ 1 5 s ., and would weigh much over a ton .
These errors would naturally lead to doubts , and therefore I hasten to correct them . I am , my Lords and Gentlemen , Your obedient humble servant , Feargus O'Connoe .
In The Press, And Will Be Published Next Saturday, Prioe Twopence, Doubl
In the Press , and will be Published next Saturday , Prioe Twopence , doubl
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___^ y THE NORTHERN STAR . 5
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Aug. 14, 1841, page 5, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct562/page/5/
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