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Northern Star (1837-1852), 9th December 1843, Edition 3 of 5, Page 7, Untitled Article

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      Untitled Article

      B THE CONDITION OF ENGLAND QUESTION . " ( Continued from ortr sixth page . J BnusGBA-r . —On Sunday afternoon last , daring divine service , a fire , evidently the vrork ef an ineenfliary , broke out in the staeikywd of Mr . B . Holland , farmer , of Bfliinghay . An alarm "was given at , thB church and -at the Methodist cfcape ! , when those build Inge "were quickly deserted , every one being anxions to render aanstanee In rach an emergency . The fire had been kindled in tfee oantre of four -wheat-stacks , bnfc owing to the direction in -which they stood the -wind Sid not obtain free access , and consequently the spreading or the flames "was not so rapid aa it Hiight have teen . ^ It being Sunday , plenty of help was at hand , and "With the aid oi a good fire-engine belonging- to _ tbe fazuh , the destructive element -was shortly get under , not more than } £ 6 * b "worth of damage being done . — ZiseoZs Memtry .

      Tboxxej—On Tuesday evening laat , about seven o ' clock , a stubble stack in the BlneBoar yard , at Thome , ana belonging to 24 r . J . Holroyd , "Waa diseovered to be job fire . Assistance ms instantly procured by Pigott , jnn ., police officer , -who happened to be passing at the time ; bnt the stack -was half-consumed before the fire conld be quenched . An old barn and some ontbuildings immediately adjoined the stack , ¦ which "wonld undoubtedly have caught fire but for timely assistance . Triers 3 s too much reason to fear that this is the act of an incendiary . —Doncasler Gazette .

      A fire brake out on ilonday evening last , about halfpastseven o ' clock , on the premises of Mr . French , of Whitfield , near Brsckley , which consumed a bean rick , a hovel containing two dung carts , &c , and next csnght a large hay rick containing about twenty tonB , a good part of which -was spoiled . The people formed & double rovr to the brook , a distance of abont a quarter of a mile , -which was the only place whence a supply of water could be obtained . Two men "who stood in the brook to fill the backets W 6 re taken so ill as to require medical aid , and "were laid . on a bed on the floor of the kitchen till they were sufUnentlj . leeovered to be removed . There is little donbt of its being the act of an ineendi&ry , as the hovel where it first broke out was discovered to be on fire at both ends , a distance from each other of about fifteen yards . Mr . French "was insured in the Norwich Union firejeffice . —Koiihampton Mercury .

      BiDDESHiJL—On Tnesday afternoon , abont two o ' clock , a fire -was -discovered in ihe farm-yard of Mi . W . Golding , of Biddenham . The fiames proceeded from a stack of straw , and -would doubtless have destroyed the -whole of the property if it had not been detected so early . It 1 b supposed to be the- work of an incendiary . A reward of Fifty Pounds has been offered for the apprehension of the offender . —Herts Reformer . We deeply regret to find that incendiarism is again spreading its diabolical ravages in onr raisd districts . About half-past nine o ' clock on Saturday night last , a fire broke out in the rick-yard of Mr . Abraham Mann , at Tebworth , in the parish of Chalgrave , at the entrance of the village , about a mile from Hockliffa . The flames raged with dreadful fury , and in the space ; of an

      tour and a naif consumed two large barns and another large building , filled -with "wheat and bailey , several xieka , a stable , and other outbuildings . The cattle being driven out at the eonunencementjof the fire , were , with the exception of a pig , preserved . The d-wellinghense caught two or three times , but feeing a strong brici and tiled building , vras saved by the strenuouB exertions « f those "wbo -were assisting . The fiames communicated to a cottage on the opposite side of the load , the property of "Mr . Wm . Whinnett , in &e occupation of John Randal , an industrious labourer , and clerk of the parish , -who has a "wife near

      her confinement , and six young children , the latter of ¦ whom-were in bed at Use : time 3 the neighbours conveyed the children to other booses , and removed the whole of the furniture , "which was greatly damaged by the haste in whish it "was carried away . The cottage was destroyed , as was also a barn . No cause can be assigned for the perpetration of the vile act , as Mr . Mann is a gentleman of-a remarkably- quiet andinoffsnsivz disposition , an excellent matter , "Who employs a large ! Dumber Of Isboniei * than any other perron in the parish , and the farm is the property of his daughter , an amiable young lady , -who is , -we believe , at present a minor . —AyLesoury y . acs .

      On Wednesday evening , about sevenio ' clock , the inhabitants of Harleston were alarmed by the dreadful cry of fire . Ihe -victim singled out for diabolical re-^ eng ci by a -wicked incendiary , is M * . J » hn Aldona , of the Ant-hiH farm , In the above , parish . On the arrival of the parish engine a barley stack , -the prodnce of thirteen acres , and a pea stack of five acres , "were bath in fiames ; fortunately the wind was blowing stifly from the north , which , with the very judicious management of the engine , enabled them to preserve from destruction two wheat stacks , a barn , cattle sheds , < fcc Mr . AldouB is amply injured in the Norwich Insurance-office . —KortcieJi Mercury .

      On Tnday * & * nnixm a barley stack , tie property of Mr . Stephen Gooch , of Honingham , wasdissovered to be on fire . The engines -were soon on the spot , and they , with the assistance of the inhabitants , succeeded in extinguishing the flames . A reward of £ 200 has been effcred for the apprehension of the offenders , as there is not the slightest denbt of its being the work of some incendiary . —JfoririA Mercxry .

      CANDIDATES FOB TSAS 5 P 0 BTAT 105 . On Monday , before the Common Serjeant , at the Kew Court , Thomas Hart and Thomas Watts were indicted for stealing ? several waistcoats and other articles , the property of Edward Summerfield . Both prisoners -were also charged -with having previously been _ Enmmarily -eoayieteS . ef felony . BoSh prisoners pleaded Qailty . The Common Sergeant « id that { he led { king he could Ho for fhemveas to transport than . "Watts— O tes , btLobd , pbat do so . Hart expressed a trtTttflar bope-The Court sentenced them to be transported for seven years . The prisoners expressed their gRHfcade . Several afher prisoners pleaded " GuWy , and it apyBAJaSG THAT DISTRESS HAD OtTSEP THEM TO COMMIT thb offekcs S of which they vxre charged , they were sentenced to short periods of imprisonment .

      GAME ASD CBIMB . The folloiping paragraphs , extracted from the Ay ' es-DHj-y Hews , seems 80 naturally to fall together , that we have ranked them under one head : — "A Hist to tke Paemees of Bucks . —The present system of picking seed wheat has ae ^ rly exterminated partridges in Ireland . —Limerick Chronicle " " AfpbaT -WITH POACHERS . —On the night of the S * h instant , a body of poachers , who srere on the 2 > oie of Baikinghsjn ' s preserves at "Wotton TJnderwwxi , beat aad grossly ill-used & locker-out of the name of Brockieyhursi . ** " JJobbeeies —We regret to say ttst pelty robberies are almost nightly taking place at BrilL The lawless depredators have hitherto escaped . "

      ** A DESPEEADa—On Saturday last , Mo ? es Shrimpton , of long Crendon , was charged with poacbing on the Dake of Bnciingham'a preserves , before the Ket Q . Cheiwode , at Chilton . He "was on that chaige commisted to Aylesbmy gaol for sa months * imprisonment There -were also some charges of assault against him . It appeared that he had been at the poultry honse of Mr . White , farmer , of Pollicott , on the evening before , and on that occasion very narrowly escaped from Hr . "White ' s hands . On the morning of Saturday he was fonnd on the A&hendon estate , snaring . He had a powerful bludgeon "With him , "With which he knocked one of them down , and escaped from the ether . He "Was tttn followed by a shepherd , who succeeded in capturing him , not ^ Bithstanding his desperate efforts to knock him down -with bis blndgeon . "

      Is these paragraphs -what a dark chapter in the history of our landed aristocracy is touched upon . Good farming is obstructed by the adherence to an obsolete system on the part of the landowners , ' for the M ^ ra of lerdiy sport and poliScal infiaence . We know an instance in "which a farmer in the West of England sowed a particular field "with grain three , successive years , and each year the plant was so completely destroyed by game that no attempt was made to reap it in either . of the years j yet the farmer had all the expesce of a crop , and not a shilling of allowance -was zosde by the landlord . So xaucb for the direct effect of fame preserving . And what a state of things in connection -with teis subject do the above paragraphs disclose ? First , we bave the editor of a newspaper suggesting V ) the farmers a plan f jt poisoning the jsme , ¦ wbi cb 13 by Jaw their landlord's property 1 ¦

      Wild ^¦ niTtntt « which by light are no man ' s property , are bred and kept in extonnou abondfc&ee in the midst of a population on the very brink of destitution , whose opportunities of naming a living are , in fact , greatly diminished by the very maintsna&ce of the game . They command , when captnred , a ready sale , at high ^ prices ; they are easily canghfc , and the catching ahem affords to the poor man some of the wntumwit of sport , as -well as the hope of profit—passions of no alight efficacy in the nrfnda -ot to . Englishmen—while no vigilance , en the part of the preservers of theBe creatures , can effdctaally protect them .

      Then poaching is looked upon by all but the spertang gmhj as a reiy venial offence . We all remember that Sir Walter Scott first became acquainted with bis feitbfid aerTaat , Tom Purdy , from having h * d to ait in jndg * menfcopon him as » poacher ; and "We believe few think much "worse of a country labourer because he is a bit of a poacher . Yet poaching is the aother of all rural Crimea . It leads to l * te hours and nocturnal adventoei ; and , aoener or later , to violent contests , and perhaps murderous conflicts , with gamekeepers . As a pendent to these remarks , -we reprint the following from a Iocs ! paper ;— :

      " Sir F . eoodricke , at Clemont Ledge , Norfolk , la * t ¦ week entertained Hw Earl of Cardigan , lord Macdonald , Lord Maidstone , the Hon . Captain Spencer , Mr . Payne , sod Mr . Hungerford . The party , consisting of seven gang , killed , 2 ? ov . 8—252 pheasants , 438 hsces , 107 rabbits , 13 partridges , 2 woodcocks ; total , 812 . Nov . 9—331 pheasants , 305 hares , 163 rabbits , 3 partridges , S - woodcocks ; total , 804 . Nov . 10—235 pheasants , 441 teas , lio rabbits , 4 partridges , 2 woodcocks ; total , 792 . Total—818 pheasants , 1 , 184 hares , 379 rabbits , 20 partridges , 7 woodcocks , tfraaol total—2 , 408 vi three dayt > r

      Untitled Article

      What an amount of temptation , crime , waste , and 31-blood do these 2 . 408 bead of game , preserved for ihe momentary gratification of seven gentlemen , represent 1 —Hull Advertiser . Waxefield HorsE op Coreection . —About forty or fifty years ago , Wakefleld House of Correction contained only about half a score prisoners . What a contrast to the present time ! When the new works are finished at this prison , it will be one of the largest prisons in toe world I Wh ? Justice spases the Opphessob—The figure of Justice at Wakefield Court House is without a sword , it having been blown down some years ago ; the balances , however , are in their proper position .

      Untitled Article

      THE TAILOR SWEATING MACHINES AND "DEVILS DUST . " f Continuation of ihe case reported in our lasi . J QxriiDHALi On Friday Sir P . Laurie , after disposing of some trifling eases , called upon a joorneymsn tailor , named Richard Morgan , to substantiate a complaint he had make by letter os a former day , and in respect to which Sir P . Lanrie had informed him he would not hear him , unless he was prepared with witnesses who could prove what ie alleged , and unless he gave any master notice whese name he intended to mention .

      The complaint made by Mr . Morgan "was , that the city tailors were in the habit of giving out their work to a class of journeymen known in the trade by the name of " sweaters , " knowing them to be such , and gaining no advantage by employing them , beyond rapidity in executing a customer ' s order . A " sweater " was defined to be a journeyman who "would engage to do any job that "would occupy a good band twe days in the short space of eight or ten hours , working by night as well as day , and on Sundays as well as week days , "without extra charge . A " sweater" turns out as much work as six journeymen employed in the house , which he accomplishes by employing improvers and women at low wages , aided by one or two good hands , bnt of notoriously bad character or depraTed habits , whom no master would employ . Mr . CharleB , of Fleet-street , and Mr . Bracher , of the Old Jewry , were the only masters present ; but there was a great number of journeymen .

      Sir P . Laurie asked Morgan to call first some one who bad worked for a sweater . Henry leader -was presented . He stated Out he worked a few days since for » sweater employed by Mr . Comfort , of Coleman-street . He was employed to make the third part of a single-breasted beaver ceat . The sweater -was to bave 12 s . It "was to be made during the night The sweater kept the lightest third part for him-Belf . Complainant , with the help ef a short pipe , kept himself awake ; but the other two , who had been working in the day , dropped off to sleep . The garment was got in , however , in good time , but Mr . Comfort enfc the price down to 10 a ., and complainant received 39 . 4 d . for his share . A good fire "was kept up , and they burnt 7 d . "worth of candles , and a deduction of Is . was made for coals and candles . Sir P . Iaxteib said he had received little " comfort " for that hard , night"a -work .

      Thomas Eimes said he was employed by a sweater named Qaigley , of No . 7 , West Row , who worked for Mr- Davies , of Hanover Square . He "was a coat-maker . Seven men worked in one room , two of whom sleep in it at night Mr . Drries pays 17 a . for a coat The sweater dednets 2 s . for his time in going backwards and forwards to his shop , and , marking the job off into thirds , keeping the lightest for himself . The two men who sleep there pay each 2 s . 6 d . per week for lodging , 53 . for breakfast , Sd . for dinner , and 5 d . for tea . Had -worked for other sweaters at the West End besides Qnigley . They employ men whom no master tailor would suffer to enter his honse ; men without shoes or stoctingB ; "who "wore their shirts three weeks without changing—who were labouring under filthy diseases , and about whom the vermin would be continually creeping . Into the hands of such men be bad seen pat a share of a coat for 8 Minister of the Crown , and for Peers of the realm . The witness began to mention names , but

      Sir p . Laurie checked him , observing that lawyers sometimes decorated their offices with « ses of papers bearing the names of great men who sever employed the lawyer in the course of their lives ; and so might tailors boast to their men of pretended customers . The witness continued—Some masters keep on fourteen men to meet contingencies , employing one half the first part ot the week and the other half the last part of the week , sa that none earned more than sufficient to pay for their seven day ' s board and lodging . In such cases 15 s . cash would suffice on Saturday night to divide amongst the men , as the surplus beyond th « ir debt . It was a system of truck , for the payment was made , in fact , in food and lodging . Only single men were employed . Sir P . Laurie asked how much a day a good kand could earn , working under a sweater upon the heaviest thirds of tbe wark ?

      The "witness replied five shillings , If he worked as usual , from four o'clock in the morning till ten at night Mr . Charles , in answer to a question from the alderman , said b . B formerly employed a number of men in his own house , but the annoyance was so great , from the continual demand for refreshments from the public house and coffee-shop , that he co&ld not bear it , and he now gave out bis work to tailors who were housekeepers doing a little business for themselves , and to

      what extent they employed others , ot what sort of men they employed , he had no means of knowing ; bnt though he was compelled by the competition in his neighbourhood to ticket some articles , he did not do this at the expense of the comforts of the men who worked for him . His price for making a coat ranged from 13 s . to 15 s ., for s waistcoat from 2 s . 6 d . to 38 . SKI . and for trousers from 4 s . 3 d . to 5 s . 6 J . Sir P . Laurie asked if , paying these "wages , he kept a moving van ? Mr . Charles—Certainly not .

      Morgan said he did not belong to any society . He had been amongst the people who worked for Moses , Hyams , Myers , and Say , and the wretchedness he saw was beyond what he anticipated . He called a "Witneu named Shea . Shea stated , that at the slopmakers the overlooker -was frequently more particular as to the quality of the work than in the bespoke department , though only 3 s . 6 d . was given for making a Chesterfield in the first style . Some were required to make a coat for 2 s . 6 d . that would require two days' labeur .

      Mr . Parker , the secretary to the Tailors" Protection Society , produced a specimen of trousering , manufactured at HndderrfJeld , by grinding together old woollen rags collected from all parts of Europe . It had been made up into cheap clothing in America , and returned as too bad for any use . It was called in Yorkshire shoddy , or devil ' s dust The specimen produced "was a sort of oli-re green twilled trousering , and bad slita two or three inches long , opened in all directions where there was a strain in the wear . He said a better sc-rt of this article was extensively used by tfee cheap tailor , whose business ii was to have the worst materials made up in the best style , at a scandalous rate of wees .

      Sir P . Laurie Baid these bargains of course ultimately proved dear ; and he was surprised so many people had resorted to the overcheap shops , expecting to get articles really much below the prices charged by re-BptctaWe shopkeepers . The cheap men conld not bny materials cheaper , and were not content with less profit . The buyer , therefore , got either an inferior article at the cheap shop , or one made at a rate of wages which he should blush to countenance . Parker stated that Mr . K 3 y , the slop-seller , in Aldersgate , required as good work to be pnt in a waistcoat at Is . 6 d . as Stnltz did at 7 s . 6 d . John Holland deposed to the prices he had received , v . z . for Tagli-r-nis and pilots , best make 3 s . ; and a shootins jacket , full of pockets , and -with nineteen buttonholes , requiring three days' work , 3 s . 3 d . Sir P . Laurie asked how many kamds Stulz employed on hi * premises ? Piik ^ r said abont 300 .

      The evidence was then directed to show that tailors who professed to keep men on the premises for bespoke work Ecnt it out into the most filthy neighbourhoods . Morgan said he saw this week a lady ' s habit being Bide op for Moses by & man named Paddy Kelly in a Tery filthy place . It wag a bespoke garment j would take a whole week to make ; and Paddy , a beautiful workman , was to nave 15 s . for it If the lady Baw whtre it was made it would be impossible for her to wear it There were only a dozen tailora in the city who oona fide employed the men on their premises . There were 100 sweaters , who had 400 good hands mnder thssm . The livery breeches of ome of the present sheriffs' footmen were given ont to a sweater as 5 s . He could lot do tbem , bat turned them over to another sweater at 4 a . 6 d ., and the poor fellow who actually made them received 4 s .

      Sir P . Laurie said it was a pity that by some understanding among the Blasters themselves this extreme craelty could not be avoided . He was afraid that while the masters coald let their floors to advantage , and avoid the trouble of managing "work in tho bouse , they wouia not turn their floors into ¦ work-rooms , but if they would try they might devise something . A tailor suggested that they might hire "work-rtoms separate from their dweliing-hpmsea and shops . Mr , Parrott , the chairman of thB Tailor ' s Protection Society , said nothing could pat down the sweating system &ot the stinting of the work to men "working in rooms reirtea by the employer on his own premises By doinjr tlri » they might place all the men ia a state of happiness . He thanked Sir Peter Laurie , la the name of the thousands of men ont of employ , far affording them a hearing ; and he was aure . if those in auUiority would fb . us only heat the eomplaimts . of the aggrieved , a happii * » tate of things would in time subsist-

      _ - ... Sir P Lanrie said th « J ware a large body of Indus trious men , and he hoptf the exposure of the evils of which they eomplained would lead to the adoption ef some remedy .

      ASHTON . UWDBR-IiYKB .--Mr . C . Doyle delivered a lecture in the Association Koom m the above place , on Sunday evening law * , to » J « "ge ** " respectable andienoe . At the closetfj be leotarfl . a vote of thanks was given to the le ^ uMXf [ or the pleasing and inBtrnctive discourse he had aeiiTerea and the meeting separated .

      Untitled Article

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      Galvanic Experiment—The resuscitating powers of galvanism bave been confirmed in the most satisfactory manner , in some well-conducted experiments of Mr . Holse , of Brent , near Ashburton . This gentleman drowned three yoang whelps in cold water , and three others , of the same litter , in warm water . The first three were immersed fifteen minutes , and the latter three forty-five minutes . The experiments were commenced immediately after the animals were removed from the water , and when all of them were quite motionless and apparently dead . Those which were drowned in cold water were placed in a blanket in front of a good fire , and shortly after one of them was prepared for the galvanic process . Two Bmall jars , containing a solution ef common salt , being provided , the fore feet of the animal were placed in one of them ,

      and the hind feet in the another , and a connecting wire from the battery brought to each jar was immersed in the saline solution . The first momerdary discharge developed eigne of vitality ; and a series of slight shocks , continued for about five minutes , restored the functions of life . The poor creature was then again placed on the blanket before the fire , and in a short time it began to walk about , and appeared quite as lively as ever . On examining its two fellow-sufferers , they were past recovery ,- indeed quite dead . By operating in a similar manner on the other three , which were drowned in warm water , Mr . Halse succeeded in resuscitating two of them , and restoring them to perfect health ; but the third dog not being galvinizad till an hour after the resuscitation of the second , tus efforts to restore it were not successful

      It has been tfae opinion of many physiologists , that there is a strict analogy between galvanism and the vital principle , and that the phenomena of life have an electric origin . Others there are who think they can identify the nervous with the slectrie fluid . Be { that as it may , the experiments oi Dr . Wilson Philip have shown , that ; there exists a striking analogy in the nervous and galvanic influences ; and that the latter is capable of supplying the place of the former , in performing the functions of life . Having fed several rabbits with parsley , Dr . Philip divided the eight pair of nerves of some of them , by incisions in the neck , for the purpose of ascertaining their influence on the digestive functions of the stomach . On examining the

      contents of their stomachs , the parsley appeared to have undergone no etrange whatever . Others of these rabbits were subjected to the galvanic influence , by applying one of the csnducting wires to the lower portion of the nerves , just below the incision in the neck , and the other conductor to the skin opposite to the stomach , so that the electric current would flow along the nerve . By this process , the difficulty of breathing was prevented , daring the whole of the twenty-six hoars that the operation vim continued . Thesft rabbitB were killed immediately after the galvanism was discontinued , and the parsley was found to be perfectly digested , and in the same state as that in the stomachs of other rabbits fed at the same time , and left unmolested in their natural healtby condition .

      These capital electro-physiological results , Which Were subsequently confirmed by { similar experiments , conducted by Dr . Clarke Able , leave no doubt respecting the influence of galvanism , eb a substitute in performing the nervous functions ; and afford strong evidence of the practicability of applying this agency with advantage , as an auxiliary . to the nervous agency , when the latter is too debilitated to act efficiently alone . The correctness of this view has been realised by the beneficial results that have been obtained by galvanic treatment , in several cases arising from nervous debility , and the consequent atony of the organs which they influence . And as the muscles also become excited and invigorated by the galvanic stinmlus , the medical practitioner baa , in it , % powerful auxiliary to his other modes of treating many of the diseases which afflict humanity .

      Aeronautical Exhibition , Willis ' s Rooms . — Mr . Monck Mason , who , as our readers are most probably aware , has devoted considerable attention to the subject of aeronautics and aerial navigation , has established as aeronautical exhibition at these rooma , which opened on Wednesday , and certainly a moat interesting exhibition it is . One of Mr . Mason ' s objects is to direct public attention to his model of a balloon , which can be both propelled and steered . This balloon is of oiled silk , its shape is ellipsoidal , a shape which combines the highest ascending power with the least resistance to horizontal progression ; below the balloon , between it and the car , but in close connection with the latter , Is a frame-work ef { wood , in shape like the frame-work of the deck of a sharp-built Bhip , its long diameter

      corresponding with the long diameter of the balloon ; below this frame-work is the ear . The propeller is an Archimedian screw of oiled Bilk , stretched ovex a light frame-work . This screw resembles in shape the screw now used as a propeller on board the Archimedean steam vessels ; it is suspended from the wooden framework , and is moved by a powerful spring In the car . At the opposite end of tbe car is the rudder , in shape somewhat like a paper kite , and by means of which Mr . Monck Mason imagines be can to some extent regulate the ascending power of the balloon . There cannot be any doubt bnt that Mr . Meson can communicate the power of progression to bis balloon by means of his Archimedean screw , which ought rather to be denominated a sucker or drawer than a propeller , inasmuch as tbe balloon progresses screwend foremost . Tbe experiments lately exhibited place this fact beyond a doubt . The balloon having

      been inflated and balanced to proper elevation , was moored to a column , forming tbe centre of a cirele , round which it was to travel . The rudder and tbe screw were rigged in their proper places^—the spring power applied—round went the screw , and on went the balloon at a rapid rate , screw-end foremost , and so continued until the spring ceased to act , when the screw ceased to turn , and the balloon became stationary . This experiment was repeated , and nothing could be more satisfactory . Every expectation that the most sangnlne person could have entertained was realised . We did not witness any experiments with the rudder , bnt we hope again to visit Mr . Monck Mason ' s very interesting exhibition , when we may have an opportunity of testing the powers of the rudder . Mr . Monck Mason -who conducted the experiments , "was assisted by Mr . Green , the aeronaut , who , we understand , expressed his approbation of the experiment .

      The New Comet . —Afc one o ' clock in the morning of the 22 ud instant a comet , only visible through a telescope , was discovered near the star Gamma , of Orion , by M . Faye , an astronomer attached to the Royal Observatory at Paris . Notwithstanding the clouds and vapoars which , impeded the view , and rendered the observation uncertain , tbe position of the star was ascertained as follows : —On the 22 ad of Nov ., 1813 , at 14 hours , 44 minutes , 11 seconds , medium time of Paris | reckoned from mid-day , the right ascension of the comet was 81 deg . 6 mio ., and the boreal declension -was 6 deg . 56 min . The sky was bo cloudy on the following night , that it was only on the 24 th that the comet was again seen , when its position was ascertained with complete precision . On the 24 th of

      November , 1843 , at 17 b . 4 min . 43 sec . medium time of Paris , counted from mid-day , the right ascension of the comet was 30 deg . 50 min . 42 sec . ; boreal declension of the comet , 6 deg . 30 min . 35 sec . Thus the apparent light ascension of the comet diminished by seven minutes of a degree within abont 24 hours ; and in the same interval of time the declension likewise diminished by 12 minutes . This comet presents a head so distinct , that the observations are singularly facilitated . From the head slight trains of light diverge nearly opposite to tha sun . This tail Is at present In length about four minutes of a degree . The following letter has been addressed to the papers : —

      " To the Editor : —Sir , —This comet was observed here with tfee five-feet equatorial , whose object glass is 4 $ inches aperture , about eight o'clock last evening ; with the large achromatic , of 11 inches 9-lOths diameter , its nucleus , with powers of 150 and 3 » 0 , seemed not round , bnt elongated in the direction of the tail , which latter , after moonset , extended about 11 minutes . It does not bear much illumination of the field , although it was easily found with an achromatic telescope of 2 \ inches aperture . At 48 min . 37 see , after midnight , its ascengien was about 5 h . 21 min . 37 sea and its northen declination was aboat 5 deg . 34 min . 32 sec . and it is very the star of A Oiionis . —Observatory , Kensington , Thursday morning , Nov . 30 , 18 * 3 , half-past two . "

      Dn . Whitfield , the Naturalist , baa lately returned from the coast of Africa with a large collection cf animals and plants . This is about tbe twentieth voyage successfully made by this enterprising tiaveller , who has visited New Holland and other distant settlements several times within the last thirty years . The late Dake of Bedford was his great patron ; and since the death of his Grace the present Earl of Derby has been bis patron . The Doctor , after many perileus escapes , has succeeded in bringing over four ostriches , thirteen antelopes , pdb lioness , eight crown erases , and four gigantic erases , a pair ef Egyptian ibis , many oiive and white aigrettes , five wild cats , and a vast variety of small birds ; also , a splendid collection of rare plants . They have all been consigned to Knowstey-park , and arrived in perfect health .

      Socixtt op Akts—A numerous meeting of tbe members was held on Wednesday evening , in tbe theatre of the Institution , John-street , Adelphi ; Benjamin Botch , Esq ., Y . P ., I . K& , ia the chair , when a paper was read by the secretary on the now patent metallic cement , a composition of sand and of the refuse of copper commingled , and of a peculiarly bard and durable description . Specimens of its applicability to buildins purposes were exhibited , showing that it was susceptible of a fine marble polish , and of being made to imitate granite . It was stated by tbe chairman that this invention would find an abundant market in the mountains of Wales , where tbe refuse of copper was so great that the proprietors did not know what use to make of it Fresco paintings worked upon tbe surface of this cement were likewise exhibited , the result of the method being thai they may be preserved much longer by this process than by the usual method .

      The Abts . among the Romans . —The Romans are insatiate and always a semi-barbarous people , amongst whom the arts of civilization never had much extension ; they did sot look at the One arts at any time with admiration or respect , if we except architecture , which the wealthy among them appear to have considered merely as a vehicle for displaying their vain and ostentatious love of exhibiting wealth . Even this art they picked op from the Greeks , and Boon corrupted

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      its gtbxu \ and simple princi ples . Still it was in tUe hands of f reek workmen , who being supplied with large means derived from the plunder of other nations , erected numerous , and sometimes grand , edifices-both publio and private , but never with the purity of taate whioh always diatinguiahed genuine Greek architecture . Painting and iculptiire , however , were never looked upon by them as intelleatual pursuits , which fact proves tbe low tone and confined calibre of Rome ' s national mind-brute force was their only implement Even v . irgu ( not a R <» raan ) encourages them to despise tbe sculptures and other liberal arts of Greece , and tells them to ¦ •« be satisfied with being the conquerors of nations aad masters of the world . " Where are now tnelr conquests or masterships of the world ? Tbe glonea of Greek aits have survived tbem all . —Taylor on Fresco . "

      Silvering Cast iRON ^ By Major Jewreinoff , a * practised at St . PetersburgbL-The liquid for silvering is prepared in the following ; manner :-Cyanide of potassium prepared according to Liebig ' s method , is introduced into a sto ppered vessel , and freshly-prepared pnre chloride of silver , sttU in a moiat state , added ; the whole being covered with water and shaken violentiy for some timB at the ordinary temperature . An excess of chloride of ailver is taken , and should a small quantity of it remain undifisolved , a few pieces more of the cyanide are added after some time , taking ca . re ' bo ^ eyer , to avold havin ? an exce 88 af tbe latter salt , but always a small quantity of usdissolved chloride at the bottom of the vessel . This last circumstance is Important , because when the liquor contains too much free cyanide at potassium it is easily decomposed , and

      moreover doea not silver bo well j before employing it it is filtered , and ia thus rendered perfectly clear , toon and a little chloride of silver remaining on the filter . I effect the plating by means of a galvanic pair of plates , consisting of a no and a coke cylinder , which are separated from-each other by means of an earthen diaphragm . The pair are placed in a glass vessel containing dilute sulphuric acid , and dilute nitric acid is conveyed into the earthen diaphragm . The cleansed oast iron object is immersed in the silver solution , and connected with the zinc pole by means of a conducting wire , and a platinum plate immersed in the liquid at some distance from tbe object to be silvered , and connected with the coke cylinder . A plate of cast iron , of four square inches' surface , is generally completely plated in thirty minutaa . — -Bulletin de SL Pelersburoh . ¦

      i SODA AND SOAP . —Soda has been used from time immemorial in the manufacture of soap and glass—two chemical productions which employ and keep in circulation an immense amount of capital . The quantity of soap consumed by a nation would be no Inaccurate measure whereby to estimate its wealth and civilisation . Of two countries , with an < qual amount : of population , the wealthiest and moat highly civilised will consume the greatest weight of soap . This consumption does hot subserve Bensual gratification , nor depend upon fashion , but upon tbe feeling of the baauty , comfort , and welfare attendant upon cleanliness ; and a regard to this feeling is coincident with wealth and civilisation . The rich , in tbe middle aces , concealed a wont of cleanliness-in their clothes and persons under a profusion

      of costly scents and essences , whilst they were more luxurious in eating and drinking , in apparel and horsea . With us a want of cleanliness 1 b equivalent to insupportable misery and misfortune . Soap belongs to those manufactured products , the money value of which continually disappears from circulation , and requires to be continually renewed . It is one of the few substances which are entirely consumed by use , leaving no product of any worth . Broken glass and bottles are by no means absolutely worthless ; for rags we may purchase new doth ; bnt aoap-water has no value- whatever . It would be interesting to know accurately tbe amount of capital involved in the manufacture of soap : it is certainly as large as tbat employed in the coffee trade , with this important difference as

      respects Germany , that it is entirely derived from our own soil . France formerly imported soda from Spain , Spanish aoda being of the best quality , at an annual expenditure of twenty to' thirty millions of franca . During the war with England , the . price of soda , and consequently of soap and glass , rose continually ; and all manufactures suffered in consequence . The present method of making soda from common salt was discovered by Le Blanc , at the end of the last century . It was a rich boon for France , and became of the highest importance during the wars of Napoleon . In a very short time , it was manufactured to an extraordinary extent , especially at the seat of the soap

      manufactories . Marseilles possessed , for a time , a monpoly of soda and soup . The policy of Napoleon deprived that city of the advantages derived from this great soarce of commerce , and thus excited the hostility of the population to his dynasty , which became favourable to the restoration of the Bourbons : a curious result of an improvement in a chemical manufacture . It was not long , however , in reaching England . In order to prepare the soda of commerce ( which is the carbonate ) from common salt , it iB first , converted into Glauber ' s salt ( sulphate of soda ) i For this purpose , eighty poundB weight of concentrated sulphuric aeld ( oil of vitriol ) are required to one hundred pounds of common salt—Liebig ' s Letters on Chemistry .

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      TOTAL WRECK OF THE NELSON WOOD , AND LAMENTABLE LOSS OF LIFE . The intelligence of the loss of this vessel , and the lamentable sacrifice of life , was received at Lloyd's late on Saturday afternoon : — " Stamp Office , Glifden , County Galway . " Sm , —I beg Itave to give you the following melancholy account of the fate of the brig Nelson Wood ( her crew and cargo ) , of Maryport , bound from Demerara to Liverpool . 309 tons register . " She sailed from Demer&ra en tbe 18 tb ult , laden with 250 tons Greenheart timber , 180 casks of sugar , 80 casks rum , and CO casks or thereabouts of Molasses . She stranded on Moson Island , on this , coast , on the morning of the 27 th instant , at half-past twelve , a . ui , and jn about two hours went to pieces , and ten of the crew , including the captain , ware drownod . The remainder of the eiew , consisting of four men , were saved by drifting on shore on a piece of the wreck .

      " I have been this day on the spot where tbe piece of wreck and cargo came on shore , and have received these particulars from the unfortunate survivors . I fear little or none of the oargo will be saved , there being no agent for Lloyd ' s nearer than forty miles from this . The owner of the vessel was Captain William Robertson , of Maryport . The snippers of the cargo ( sugar , rice , and melaases ) , Messrs . Mucry and Brothers , Demerara ; of the Greenheart timber , Messrs . Clark , Sparks , and Co ., of Tiger Creek , on . the river Essequibo . " The names of the crew saved are William Maxwell ,: chief mate , William Bonnet , second mate , Archibald M'Furon , cook , of Scotland ; Thomas Reed , seaman , North of England .

      " Tbe names of those drowned are William Ervin , captain ; John Wilkinson , carpenter ; Thomas Ellis , steward ; James Kam , Juhn Fletcher , Hector M'Alliafcer , George Midlicote , and Was . Cullack , seamen ; and Wm . Indesine ( or some similar name ) and Edward - — -, boys . ( Signed ) " Martin R . Hast . " To W . Dobaou , Esq ., Iiloyd ' a . "

      Extraordinary Cruelty . —We have much hesitated before making publio the following statement , really doubting whether our readers , from the almost incredible and revetting facts it discloses , would not conclude we were romancing and saying the thing that is not . However , we can only preface such Btatemeut by observing , that in giving it we put forth the truth aa related to us , and from the quarter from which we have derived it , as , we have reason to believe , " the whole truth , and nothing but the truth . " For reasons Unnecessary to enter upon , we do not at present disclose the name of the party implicated in our reoital , but we shall wait to see whether , when he shall thus discover tbat bis cruel and insensate conduct is known ,

      it has the effect of rousing in him a senBe of its infamy and shame , and thereby induce him at once to alter it ; and , if this should prove to be otherwise , we warn him that , bis name shall be made public , and in a way , too ,. that without the possibility of mistake shall bring bring down upon him that full measure of reprobation and scorn he so justly meritr ; And now to our narrative , without further remark . It is some five years end a quarter since that the individual to wham we allude was riding a spirited young mare . He was thrown . He escaped unhurt by the fall ; bnt , incensed by the circumstance , he immediately exclaimed to the poor animal , " D—n you , madam , I'll make you suffer for this ; 111 put you in solitary confinement for seven years . " These were the

      Words actually used by him , as reported by a party who was in his company at the time ; and this threat he has literally carried into execution to the extent of five years and a quarter , and for the great portion of that period in a manner , too , distinguished by the meat refined brutality . A three-stalled stable was selected for the solitary cell of the hapless creature . The two Other stalls were oecupled by horses , bnt the back of that allotted to her was enclosed by boarding so placed tbat she could net turn round at all , nor lie down but by the most painful effort , and the excoriation of her aides in the most hoxrid manner . This treatment she suffered for more than three years , until at length she effected some mitigation of her misery by ticking down the boarding at the back of her stall . It would seem that after this the abuserof tbe poor creature did so far relent in his feelings of vengeance towards her , as not to recommit her to her Procrustean bed , bat no

      further ; finding she had liberated herself from . this , he perseveres In his sentence ef " solitary confinement /' and removes the other two horses from the stable , thus giving her the entire range of the building in which to complete tbe remaining portion of her doom . But we haVe not yet related the full iniquity of this most wicked proceeding ; the r- . d food of the wretched animal , through winter and summer , from the commencement of her Incarceration to the present time , has been : a scanty portion of grass * cut by her persecutor himself rfrom a neighbouring pasture , added to about half a bolting of attaw for ber bed ; the latter , however , we are told the poor animal first eagerly devours in preference to the cold and raw grass , bo tbat not a shred of it is visible in the morning ; and we are told further , also , that about a twelvemonth since a lad in the employ of this inhuman man , commiserating the b'itoation of the mare , contrived one evening to make

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      a trifling addition to her miserable modicum of foo < i , and for which he was visited with instant dismissal ! We have this relation from those who have by atealth ! recently seen tbe doomed creature in her captivity , and they describe her appearance as mosfc deplorable , and akin to that of the caged beasts in a menagerie , keeping constantly pacing round her narrow prison-house like a demented creature / and bearing a dumb expression of suffering capable of j melting every heart but that of her cruel tormentor , j We are further informed that a ; pony has been punished by this p 9 rson , for some uuknown reason , fey the same spec ° e 3 of infernal cruelty < for the last two years . — Worcester Herald , [ Why does , not Our contemporary give the name ot this " respect-. ; able" ruffian ? Why have not the necessary informations , before this , been laid before a magistrate ? If . ever there was a case worthy of " Lynch law , " Ibis is j one . At once , we say , drag the miscreant to justice . — i Ed . N . S . ] \ j The O'Connexlj Tribute . —I must confess that

      these mouey boxes were the greatest eyesore to me in the whole matter . I cannot fergive O'Conuell for it , and I think nobody ] else can . And will posterity be able to forgive him for making a gain and a money matter of his patriotic toils , and carrying ou this business openly and publicly without shame or fear ? I believe it never ocoiira to him , himself , that there is anything bad in tbe affair ; for be has entrenehsd him-Belf , and made himself secure , behind some such reasoning as this : — "I was an advocate with excellent practice , -which promised to be better than , it already was . I became a patriot , and dedicated all my powers to my country and to your cause , ye men of Ireland ! This busness is an expensive one to me ; for I mnst not only provide for myself and my family , but aleo

      maintain several of ray friends who help me and mine , and stand by me in ] Parliament , and put me in a condition to do effectually whatever I do for your cause . There can bs nothing more just than tbat all Ireland should pay for tbe Cost of this business , and also reimbnrBe me for the profits of my profession , which I have surrendered for tbe love of her . I can , therefore , with tbe greatest right , demand of you tbe O ' Connell tribute , and receive it with a good conscience . " The following facts are ; certain—that , in consequence of hi a patriotic { and stirring endeavours and agitation , O'Connell enjoys a yearly rent of no Inconsiderable magnitude ( to the amount , it is said , of metre than £ 10 , 000 ) and tbat he and his friends live well on this , with far better food and far batter clothes than thousands of

      those from whom they draw the rent . Further , it is certain , that O'Conuell and his friends do not say , " We will walk in rags—we will eat potatoes and salt , like millions of our compatriots for whom we toll—we will set aside all worldly advantages , and all the money which is contributed shall be devoted solely and singly to the causa , and not employed for any personal purposes . " The tendency of his argument is rather tivis : — " If we had continued as advocates , we could now be living gloriously , and in the enjoyment of all kinds of pleasure ; if , therefore , we are to forget this , you must fully protect us from want" We cannet therefore place the O'Connell '? in the same rank with the great and glorious spirits { whom the world has exalted so high , because they ! kept their soul and their thoughts

      free from the atmosphere of money , and kept their hands undented by the touch of Satan's worst invention , gold—such men as ] the unselfish Fabrlclus , Cincinnatus , the worker at the plough , the barefooted Caliphs , the world-denying i apostles and prophets , and other highly-exalted prophets and patriots . It is quite possible—it is , indeed , probable—that , had O'Connell followed the example of Jean Jacques Rousseau ; had he refused the sapportof bis friends ; had he , like Cincmnatus , determined to live by the plough ; or had be , like millions of his poor compatriots , been content to dress in rags and live en potatoes , he never would have attained to bia power . Perhaps the people would have despised him , and passed him by . Perhaps this age must and will see its heroes well clothed and well fed . As the English national debt is a yoke and burden which

      hol 4 s all Fngland together , so perhaps is the O'Connell tribute a burden which holds all the Repealers together . They have once pledged themselves to pay a certain amount of tribute , and this binds them to advance with O'Connelk They , perhaps , Wonder at the extraordinary character of this tribute , which a man without external power , only by his eloquence and earnestness , has imposed upon them , and , on this very account , value him j the more highly . The sum of the whole Is—O'Connell is a wonderful man ef the 19 th century ( the century of money J , who haa arrived at in * fluence , power , and prosperity , by means such as the world has rarely heard of previously ; who , without physical power and without giving up any thing , has for forty years bid defiance to tbe most powerful aristocracy of Europe , having on his side nothing but a few millions of beggars . —Kohl ' s Travels in Ireland .

      The Sublime v . the Ridiculous—It is astonishing how the sayings and doings of the greatest men , that are meant to be sublime and even tremendous , can be defeated by the Slightest and shortest rldieule , when it is well-timed , j Every body must remember the admirable wit by which that ever-witty man , Wilkes , turned Lord Thurlow and one of his most important speeches into complete ridicule . The Crafty reprobate and vulgar swearer , notorious for bis Atheism , ended his speech by exclaiming , " If I forget my King , may my God forget me . " On this , Wilkes , who was standing behind the throne , said , loud enough for everybody to bear , " God forget yon , indeed I He'll see yon at the devil first" The House was convulsed with laughter , and Lord Thurlow sat down amidst general ridicule .

      Pitt , who was haranguing th « Commons on another occasion , in order to stimulate them to war against the French revolutionists , carried his excitement so far , that , stooping his long gaunt body , he tapped the floor with the back of bis band exolaiming that if they did not go to war , oven these very boards will rifle up in judgment against you . " On this Wilkes , who stood below the bar , observed , " Then send for a carpenter and nail thsm down . " Every body aronnd him burst out a-laughing . and tfae astonished proud , the Langhty and aristocratic Minister , could not conceive why he was laughed at . Bo % a better joke than this wn played off upon tbat vilest of ail apostates and impostors , Mr . Burke . This dull speaker , when be betrayed his party and was seeking his two pensions , made an harangue [ against tbe French revolutionists , describing their cruelties ; he worked himself up to a fever , and in order to Illustrate their sanguinary deeds , he drew a knife from his bosom and threw it on the

      table of the House . Amidst tbe awful silence that ensued , and whilst ; Burke waa standing in a theatrical attitude , Sheridan | was overheard to say , " Yes , yes . I see the knife , but where is the fork ? " The whole house burst into laughter , and Mr . Burke sat down with merited contempt . : j The late Mr . Whitbread was a man of business , and of very great talents , but certainly he had nothing of the poet in him . No man ever had less of the poetic temperament . On building Drury-lane he wrote a poem as the competitor for the prize ot writing the best opening address—a taak afterwards performed gratis by our most illustrious bard , Lord Byron . Wbitbread ' s chief simile was the Pfccenix risiug from fii 3 ashes in the names . This was told to Sheridan , who most satirically replied : " Zounds , Whitbread write about a Phosni * , depend upon it he will describe it like a poulterer . " This reached Whitbread ' s ears , and be " thought better of it" —and his poem never saw the light .

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      SAtFORD—The Salford Chutists met in their Rooms , Great George-street , to hear a lecture from Mr . M'Farlane , "who delivered a very interesting address to an attentive and j respectable audience . After Mr . M'Farlane sat down the chairman introduced Mr . Little to the meeting , who gave a short but interesting address on the rise and progress of the principles of Chartism . There Mil be a lecture in the Rooms every Sunday evening at half-past six o'clock . STOCKPORT . —On Sunday afternoon last , the youths met in the anto-room , Garnett-street , Lower

      Hillgate . The chair was taken at two o'clock , When a very animated discussion took place . Subject— ' * Is Colonization consistent with Christianity t" Mr . Brown opened tho dobnte , maintaining that colon zition , as at present carried out , ; was not in accordance with Christianity . Several others took part in the debate , which was carried on for ] two hoars . The youths here are now engaged in establishing a library . Every one seems to take great interest in the matter , and all are determined that it shall not fail for want of exertion . They have already ! got a number of works ; and art about to issue an address to the public soliciting aid .

      LONDON . —The United Boot and Shoemakers held their weekly meeting at the Cannon Coffee House , Old-street , St Luke ' s , when the question— " Would a Repeal of the Corn Laws , under existing circumstances , beaeflt the Working Classes ?" was opened by Mr . ] Lang with , who eon tended it woild not . He waa supported by Messrs . Clark and M'Carthy ; but met with opposition from a Mr . Brown , who at . tended as champion for the anti-Corn Law League ; and attempted to show ! that this country would be a paradise were the principles of Free Trade fully earned oat Several others being desirous to address the meeting , it was resolved the question should be adjourned to Sunday evening , December lOEh , when it ¦ will be opened by Mr , Brown maintaining the affirmative .

      District Council , Sunday , December 3 rd , W . H . Bain in the chair ; - Tbe rales were agreed to . The Golden Lion and other localities sent in their quotas . There was a fall attendance of delegates . Mr . Paternoster , from the Hare-street locality , took his seat Ma , Cooler lectured to a crowded audience , on Sunday evening last , at tho City ot Xviidon Political and Scientific Institution ( in continuation ) oa " the Poetry of Buns " , and gave great satisfaction . Political anb ( Scientific Institution , Turn .

      again Lane—On ] Sunday , Dee . Std , the adjourned discussion ou the question , "WouldaBepeal of the Corn Laws benefit the working classes ?' took place . Mr . Bird in the chair . jWr . Rjth . hone opened the question on the negative apidei followed by Messrs . Sparkhall and Main on the same side , and Mr . Dalrymple and anotbet on the affirmative side of the question , It was adjourned to'Sunday next . Mr . Cooper lectured in tha evening on " the poetry , of Barns , " to a good , audience , and gave universal satisfaction .

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      M anchestsr—Oarpentbr ' s Hall—On Sundav last a lecture was delivered in the above Hau , by the Rev . W . V . Jackson , Subject , "The iaflaeaco of classes upon society . " . South Lancashire Delegate Meeting—The abo ^ e delegate meeting was holden on Sunday last , in the committee room , under the Carpenter ' s Hall , Manchester , when delegate ? were present from the following places : —viz . —Manchester , Carpenter's Hall ; Chartist Painters , Manchester : Chartist Youths , Manchester ; Rochdale ; Ashton-under-Lyue ; Staly-Bridge ; Hollinwood ; Bolton , and Mosslsy . Mr . C . Taylor was called upon to prosida by the unanimous vote of the delegates . The ffiinute 3 of tho previous meeting were lead and confirmed . Tho delegates then settled thair financial business ,

      after which the followiag resolutions were passed : — " That a committee be chosen to examine the accounts of the defence fund committee , and report at the next meeting . " "That Messrs . Dixor , Taylor , Divies , Nuttall , and Murray , form the committee . " " That a Conference of delegates from the various localities in South Lancashire , be holden on Sunday , tho 31 st of December , in the Charter Association Room , Newport-street , Bolton , to take into consideration the reorganiziation of the South Lancashire district ; chair to be taken at ten o ' clock in the forenoon . " " That a short address emanatiag

      from this meeting , upon , the necessity of thisCoafer ence , be publish « d » in the Northern Star , of Saturday , the 16 tfa inst ., and also that the Secretary send a copy of the same to each looality . " That Messrs . Ta . y ! or , Nuttall , andDixon , do form a committee to prepare the address . " " That we the delegates of South Lancashire in delegate meeting assembled , do hereby request the various localities in this district , to transmit forthwith to the Executive the arrears due by them to that body . " " That the lecturers' plan be discontinued until the Conference . " The thanks of the meeting was then given to the Ch-urman and the meeting separated .

      Carlisle . —Public Meeting at Dalston , near Carlisle . —On Saturday evening , Dec . 2 , a publio meeting was held at this public-spirited village ; Mr . William Johnston , an old veteran reformer of thirty years' standing , was unanimously called to the chair ; who , after briefly stating the object of the meeting , introduced Mr . Joseph Bfoome Hanson , of Carlisle , who addressed the meeting at great length on the all-important subject of a repeal of the Corn Cora . Laws . He ably exposed the specious fallacies of the Leaguers , and proved beyond dispute , that no benefit would ariso to the working classes from a repeal of those laws , except the repeal bo accompanied by an equitable adjustment of the

      national and other debts . He next alluded to the Government prosecutions now pending against Mr . O'Couiiell and his associates in Ireland ; and contended that ample justice can only be obtained for that Uiihappy and misgoverned country , through the aid of the English people . Mr . Hanson then took a review of the progress of Chartist principles , and concluded by calling on the meeting to stand by tho Charter as the only sure and safe remedy for the many social and political evils under which this once happy country now laboured . A Council was then chosen according to the New Plan of Origanisation , and cards of { membership will be delivered on Saturday , the 9 th instant .

      Working Men ' s Mental Improvement Society ; —On Sunday evening last , a meeting of the members and others took place at No . 6 , John-street , Caldewgate , at which Mr . John Lowry presided . The following question was spoken to by Mr . Henry Bowman aad otkera : " Will the Government proseoutions of Mr . O'Connell and his associates forward or retard the progress of the Repeal of the Legislative Union butweea great Britain and Ireland V Mr . Bowman made a seri 69 of observations to the effect , that prosecutions for opinions' sake never failed to create a spirit of inquiry in the human mind , which , if steadily pursued , would ultimately lead to the discovery of truth , and the adoption of ibe opinions for which individuals had suffered imprisonment , transportation , and even death . He illustrated his views of the subject by reading

      several interesting biographical notices of the prosecutions against Bonnivard , of Geneva , tho subject of Lord Byron ' s beautiful poem the " Prisoner of Chilion , " and who was shut up in the Castle of Chillon by the Duke of Savoy , for the long period of fifteen years , after which lie was liberated by the Bernoiae , who had invaded the Pays de Vaud , Bonnivard on regaining his liberty , had the pleasure of findiBg that Geneva was free , and had adopted tbe principles of the Reformation . The republic hastened to testify its gratitude for the wrongs he had suffered in her behalf . He immediately received his citizenship , and was presented with the house formerly occupied by the Vicar-General , and a pension of 200 gold crowns was assigned to him . In tha following year he was admitted into the Council of Two Hundred .

      " Chillon ! thy prison is a holy place , And thy sad floor an altar , for twas trod , Until his very steps have left a trace—Worn as if thy cold pavement was a sod—By Bonnivard !—may none those marks efface ! For they appeal bom tyranny to God . "—Byron . One of the most memorable victims of religions intolerance ( said Mr . Bowman ) , was that of the famous and learned Spaniard , Michael Servetus . He was born in 1509 , in Arragon . He was the son of a notary , who sent him to Toulouse for the study of civil law . Excited by the discussions of Reformers in that city , be printed a tract jo disparagement of the orthodox doctrine of the Trinity , in 1531 . His circumstances being depressed , he engaged

      for some time with the Frelons , booksellers of Lyons , as corrector of the press . He then went to Paris , where he studied physio . He graduated at Paris , bat quarrelled with the faculty , and repaired to Charlieu , near Lyons , where he practised three years j whence , at the instance of the Archbishop of Vienne , he removed to the latter city . During the time he was in constant correspondence with Calvin , with whom he discussed points of controversy , consulting him in respect to his writings and Arian notions . Of this confidence Calvin subsequently made a base use , by producing his letters and manuscripts as matters of accusation against him . Is 1553 Servetus published his matured theological system , without his name : but Cslvin took care that

      the magistrates of vienne should be duly informed of it , and Scrvetns was committed to prison , whence he contrived to escape , and thereby avoided that fate from Catholic hands which he was afterwards to suffer from those of the Reformers . Proposing to proceed to Naples , he imprudently took his way through Geneva , where Calvin induced the magis trates to arrest him on a charge of blasphemy and heresy , advanced against him by a person who had been a servant in Calvin ' s family . In order to secure his condemnation , his various writings were sifted for accusations ; and , as a proof of the malignity and injustice which he encountered , it may be mentioned that one of the charges was extracted from bis edition of Ptolemy ' s Geography , in which

      heasBerted that Judea had been falsely extolled for its beauty and fertility , modern travellers having found it both sterile and unsightly . The magistrates of Geneva were , however , aware that many eyes were upon them , in respect to this extraordinary treatment of a person , who was neither a subject nor a resident ; but , properly speaking , a traveller kidnapped in his passage . They thought proper , therefore , to eonsuit the magistrates of all the Protestant Swiss Cantons , who , referring the matter to their divines , THE LATTER UNANIMOUSLY DECLARED FOR HIS PUNISHMENT . Aa be refused to retract his opinions , therefore he was condemned to the flumes , which sentence was carried into execution the * 27 th of October , 1553 , in the forty-fourth year of his age . Servetus is numbered among the anatomists who made the nearest approach to the doctrine of the circulation

      of the blood . Mr . Bowman next alluded to the late author , 'James Beaumont , and pointed out his patriotic conduct before the Chamber of Peers ia France , when he denied their competency to try him . He glanced at the prosecution oi * Palmer , and Muir , and the rest of the glorieus men who boldly maintaining their principles in the face of absolute power , Buffered martyrdom from an illegal condemnation , and transportation to a foreign land at the extremity of the world . He also spoke of the prosecutions of the late Thomas Paine , William Cobbett , and others ; and concluded by alluding to the prosecutions of the Chartists , and of Southwell , Hardy , Horne Tooke , Patersou , and others . Mr . John Armstrong and Mr . James Muir also spoke on the same side , after which , on the motion of Mr . Robert Grahame , the discussion was adjourned until December the 10 th , at six o clock in the evening .

      KsrjSO . —The Chartists of Kelso held their weekly meeting in Mr-. Reed ' s room , en Saturday evening last , James Scot in the chair ; after some discussion , it was moved by James Putves , aad seconded by Thomas Reed , "that our sabsoription be one penny per week , and as Boon as vre have funds sufficient to procure cards of membership that we join ine General ABsooiartiori . " Carried . Mr , Douglas , baker , Horse Market , is appointed treagarer , pro tern ., and Mr . Scot , moulder , ; Wood Market , secretary , pro tern ., It was like wise agreed to , that the Northern Star be read every meeting J 4 gh . V :

      CARRXNQTdK , iceab NorniJeHAM--A general meeting of the ChartiBts of : g $ u Iooahty . was faoldea on Sunday evening last , when serea persons were named / as members of the General Courioil .: -After the transaction of other bu ^ neaa , and ; a fpte of , confidence inland thanjte ^ Mtv O'CbnMr . j ""* . " ? Exeoufcive , the meetingJ ^ paratea highly delighted with the proceedings .: ^; ~ Z ' : ^; ' r :., BRISTOL . — Mr . Clftikft , of the Execuiive , lectnrea on Sunday , Dec- ¦ ft b , in the Democratic Chapel , Tentpie-street , on the Repeal of the tThion . Many TriBh men were present , who loudly cheered him . Mr . C . 'a lecture has done much to remove the prejudice of the Repealers . Cards of membership were taken out by manypreieaL * .

      Cljavftet Emeutgow.

      Cljavftet EmeUtgow .

      Science Anfc Evi,

      Science anfc Evi ,

      Untitled Article

      " ^ THE NORTHERN STAR' 1 __

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), Dec. 9, 1843, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct680/page/7/