On this page
- Departments (1)
-
Text (7)
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
-
THE NORTHERN STAB SATURDAY, MAY 28, 1842.
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
-
-
Transcript
-
Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
Additionally, when viewing full transcripts, extracted text may not be in the same order as the original document.
Untitled Article
A FEW WORDS ON PRLPAGASDIbM AND ORGANIZATION . r The Spirit of Chartism is essentially one of expansion arid diffusion ; like the small seeds borne upon the winds of Heaven , our principles bear within them the germ of fructification , and wherever they fall , they cannot fail to take root , and bring forth frnit . Thi 3 is shown by the reception our . agents , and -lecturers , hare met with ; in whatever part of the < -ountry , as yet , to which onr missionaries have penetrated , they have been invariably received , bv their especial client ? , the poor , with open arms , and the truths which they have preached have been eagrriy imbibed by thousands in every part of the kingdom . Even the republican spirit of France , in its z . niih , never made such great strides as ChartUm
has done during the last eight and forty months in Brusm j the reason is plain . The propag&nde of the trench was a propagande of the sword , ours is a propagande of trnth , bearing light and intelligence . Bat truth to be loved must be known as such ; Chartism must be preached to gain disciples , ana the question is now , when the harvest is so great , and the labourers so few , and when so many large and promising districts lie open before as , the question ii , where to begin . __ Oar mission is with the sons of poverty and suffering ; from them we must gain converts and disciples . Wherever oppression and tyranny exist on the part of ike landlord , the master , and the manufacturer ,
there should our missionary be ; not a strike of any exttat should take place , not a despotic act should be perpetrated in any part of the country , without our takingadvantage of it to raise scorn and contempt in theaund 3 of the people against tin present accursed system ; . When man suffers from wrong and oppression his-mind is doabiy open to conviction of the divine principles of truth and justice . Look to Dudley and the neighbourhood ; see what Candy and Cook have dona there during ' the late outbreaki The nailers , ironworkers , and colliers of tha- vast district , embracing the whole of South Staffordshire , and extending across Shropshire , neany . w Wales , are coming out in thousands for
the Charter . That district , as I have before stated to the Executive , must demand our Erst care and attention . Then there is the great colliery district around Wrexham , Mold , and Hawarden , in Flint ; the men employed in them are at present suffering great oppression ; we must be there ; a talented lecturer would bring out the whole district in a few weeks ; and then hurrah for the propagande in Denbigh and Merioneth ; Snowdon and Plinlimxson would soon echo back to the Wrekin , the shout for ihe Charter ! The colliers of North Wales are a most hardy , enthusiastic race of men , and
wcrald make efficient auxiliaries to the Chartists of Glamorgan and Monmonth , in extending the faith of democracy thronghout the principality of Wales . Let the Executive look to Bilston , and Bay whether we have a better , more energetic , or truly Chartist town in our organization ! what Bilston is , such might be Mold and Wrexham . I trust these towns will occupy a prominent situation in the projected agitation of the Executive . They will repay cnlture a hundred-fold , and open us a passage into the heart of Wales . In my next , I shall pursue this subject further . ¦ F .
Untitled Article
THE EXECTJTITE COMMITTEE TO THE MEMBERS OF THE NATIONAL CHARTER ASSOCIATION . Bbzthrbs , —The duties which devolved upon us , as members of the National Convention , are terminated . The period is now approaching when it becomes as , in Aceorcanee with the principles ol the People ' s Charter , to -resign into your hands that trust which you have reposed in us , and which we have striven to the best ol our ability to exercise to the satisfaction of our constituent and the benefit of the common cause . We there : J » re direct your attention to the proper measures to be adopted tor the election of a new Executive Committea .
THE BALLOT . Which shall take place throughout tho nation in the week beginning with Tuesday , the 7 th day of June , and ending on Tuesday , the 14 th day of June . Let it O « particularly observed , that each i&calily will choose for itself " one day only for the ballot , out of the seven , so as to KmnmiaLce all localities .
SODS OP BALLOTING . The fifth rule of our Association states , " That any person « T > an be admitted a member of this Association on taking a card ol membership . ** Therefore no person will be eligible to vote for the offioea of the Association unless they can produce a card of membership . The sab-secretary shall grant to each person , producing a card of membership of the locality to which he belongs , a voting card , on "winch is written ox printed the names sf all the candidates . The elector shall then , at his
own convenience , draw a pen through all the" names except the five for whom he votes , and the five names left standing on the card shall be considered as the persons ¦ whom he thinks- eligible to serve on the Executive . The sub-secretaries shall also be empowered to grant to absent , sick , or distant romi'hpy their voting cards , and receive their votes in retain , sealed up , through the post office , ox by other means , which sealed votes are to be opened by the General Council , and deposited in a box provided for the purpose , and to be called the ballot-box .
On the day of ballot each sub-Secretary shall act as r&gjstrar , aact the General Council as Bcrucnisers of the votes . The snb-Secretarles , attended by the General Council , shall , on the day or evening appointed for tbe ballot by the majority , stand around the ballot-box , and proceed to call over the roll , eaek voter advancing when his name is called , and dropping his ballotting card into the ballot-box . On the conclusion of the ballot , the General Council will proceed , to the scrutiny . They shall first eount the cards to see that the number corresponds -with that on the roll . They Bhall , Becondly east up each card in succession , and the sub-Secretary p >» an pat a mark opposite the name of each of the candidates reported as having been voted for . Finally , they R h » tt declare the result to the General Secretary , reserving a copy for themselves .
On Tuesday , the 21 st of June , or earlier , if prasible , the names of tbe new Executive will be announced ; sag on Friday , the 1 st of July , the new Executive will supersede the old . Brethren , we trust these directions -will be stnctty adhered to , and that all of you will vie with each other in exhibiting the proper spirit of Chartism during such as important practical application of our principle . ' All those places ia arrears for cards are particularly requested to discharge the same , and thereby enable the present Executive to leave office without entailing any debts on the books of thaii successors .
Having full reliance in you , our constituents , supporting us in the course we have advised , regarding the election , We remain , your faithful And devoted Representatives , James Leach , P . H . M'DOUALL , MORGAX WILLIAMS . R . K . Philp . Johs Campbell .
Untitled Article
( COPT . ) "May 21 , I 8 i 2 . " MB . William HiasT , — "P **» Stt , —I have takea the liberty to write to too , hofiag to find you in good health , as it leaves me &MeMBfr- * aakCH > dfvrit !
Untitled Article
"I have to tell j ou a little about felting , as I have th pleasure of receiving one of your handbills , recommending it to the manufacturers of England , raying you have three patents for it , and that you have brought it to perfection , which I doubt not , for your partners and mine in England have not spirit to do it ; but I have brought it to perfection in France . We a » manufacturing from three to four hundred yards per day , and cannot supply one half our orders . " I am coming to Leeds some time this month , to
buy machinery , with a friend . I hope to find you and my partners in good spirits . One thing I know , if you had money I should not have left Leeds ; but you was poor , and I was poor , and them that ought to have paid me £ 20 have lost £ 2 , 000 for it I am Bony to say it , bnt it is true . I have found more friends by men that never Baw me before than by them who ought to have supported me to bring the thing out . I shall start in Leeds a factory on my own account , and defy all manufacturers of woollen cloth to compete with me . I can bring you samples of the most splendid articles
ever seen . "If there is any gentleman In Leeds , or any person , who disbelieves it , let him come to France and see , and enquire for the Felting Company . " Ms . Weight and Company , "At Quay a la Gore , Paris . " " The writer of the above letter came to me from the West ef England better than twelve months ago , pennyless ; I took pity on him , and relievsd his wants , and employed him , at 30 s . per week . When he had got money and knowledge from me he set off to France , as the above letter proves . " Yours truly , " Wh . Hiest . " Leeds , May 25 , 18 * 2 . "
The Northern Stab Saturday, May 28, 1842.
THE NORTHERN STAB SATURDAY , MAY 28 , 1842 .
Untitled Article
SLAVERY IN GREAT BRITAIN . EMPLOYMENT OF WOMEN AND CHILDREN IN COAL MINES . It has often been our painful duty , as publio journalists , to record facts affording proof " strong aa Holy Writ , " that the boasted liberty of the British empire was a mere name . We knew that in the mills and factories of this degraded land , an amount of crime and misery existed which no Christian could contemplate without horror and dismay . We were also aware that a number of young persons including females , were employed in our
various coal and iron mines , in which we knew they must of necessity be subjected to hardships and privations of no ordinary character . The disclosures however , recently made , are of a character so horrible , and detail scenes of such horrible barbarity , as would be beyond all belief , did not the evidence of their existence rest npon such unimpeachable authority as can neither be controverted or explained away . The first Report of the Commissioners appointed ' to inquire into the employment and condition of the children of the poorer classes in mines and collieries , and the various
branches of trade and manufacture , in which , numbers of children work together , exclusive of those employed in mills and factories ; and to collect information as to the ages at which they are employed , the numbe r of heurs they are engaged in work , the time allowed each day for meals ; and as to the actual state , condition , and treatment of such children , and as to the effects of such employment , both with regard to their morals and their bodily health , '—has been laid before Parliament , and presents a picture of physica l misery , mental ignorance , and moral depravity to which , we believe , the history of no other Christian land can present a parallel . " This Commission had for its object no exclusive inquiry on tbe subject of labour ; it has embraced , therefore , all occupations
in which children under thirteen years of age , and yeung persons between thirteen and eighteen years of age , are engaged . This first report comprehends only the condition of children in mines—and of that , only their physical condition , sot the moral effects of such modes of labour upon the classes of persons so engaged . This will form a portion of the second report , which will shortly appear , " and to the publication of which we shall look with intense interest , as throwing additional light upon the dreadful system under which we live . The report is very copious , and contains the evidence of persons of almost every rank and station . There caD , in fact , be so doubt of the correctness of the various allegations contained in this important document .
The report a * ys»— " The Information , returned to us has been derived from -different classes of witnesses , such as the proprietors , agents , and managers of works , the children and young persons engaged in different ! kinds of labour , the adult work-people , the parents of the children , medical men , teachers , ministers of religion , parochial officers connected with the administration of relief to tbe poor , public officers , and magistrates . These witnesses gave evidence as to the state of things in their own district , according to their own observation and experience ; and the main body of information collected , is derived from personal p-ryninn . tions , in the form of depositions , of these different classes of winesses . "
The evidence thus adduced affords to us the means of ascertaining the actual and appalling state of slavery to which onr population is reduced , in the mining districts of England , Wales , and Scotland . We learn here the very early period at which children are permitted to labour in mines ; children and adults of bothsexesindiscriminately ; their physical and mental deterioration—occasioned , first , by the labour in which they are engaged , and secondly , by the most disgusting associations ; the accidents to which they are exposed ; and the influence of these and other causes in combination , on their physical and moral state , is laid open by the labours of this Commission , a 3 appointed under the Administration of Lord Melbourne , in the following arrangement and classification : —
" l . Ages at which children and young persons are employed in coal mines . —2 . Sex , employment of girls and women in coal-mines . —3 . Number of children and young persons so employed . —4 . Hiring of children and 7 ouug persons . —5 . State of the place of work in coalmines . —6 . Nature of the employment . —7 . Hours of work . —8 . Night-woik in coal-mines . —9 . Meal hours . — 10 . Holidays allowed to children and young persons employed- —11 . Treatment of children and young persons employed in coal-mines , —12 . Accidents to which such persons are exposed . —13 . Wages cf children and young persons so employed . —14 . Influence of employ ment in coat-mines on the physical condition of children and young persons . " .
We shall at present confine our notice to the condition of persons employed in the coal mines . We last week selected a few cases from the report , bearing an especial relation to onr own neighbourhood . To that article we beg most especially to call the attention of our readers , in connection with the additional facts we this day lay before them , and we think they will agree us that the force and power of the whole people Bhould be called into instant activity for the effectuating of those social and political changes which in their practical operations would forbid this fearful system of home slavery any longer to exist . The employment of ^ children is arranged under the following heads : —
" 1 . Coal Mines . 2 . Ironstone Mines , and the Manufacture of Iron . 3 . Tin , Copper , Lead , and Zinc Mines , and the dressing and smelting of their ores . " Of these three—Coal mines are said to be . " by far the most extensive ; to employ the greatest number of children and young persons ; to require different modes of working according to tbs geological character of the country , which exert an important influence on the condition of the workers , and particularly of those of tender age . " We will first invite the attention of our readers to the physical condition of young people employed in coal mines .
Muoh has been said , and properly said , in reference to the immense mass of physical misery and constitutional decease engendered by our factory syBtem , The evidence adduced before the Factory Commissioners , together with the naratives of Wm . Dodd and others , went to show that the" employment of children of from eight to thirteen years of age , in mills and factories , was in thousands of instances productive of the most terrible results , occasioning curvature of the spine , distortion ot the limbs , stiffness of the joints , constitutional weakness , and general debility ; rendering them cripples for life , and generally terminating in premature dissolution . These facts were proved , were swern to , by parents , magistrates , medical men , and a whole host of other
Untitled Article
witnesses , upon which the legislature interfered and the present factory act became the law of the land . Bearing all this testimony in reference to the effects of infant labour in mind , we call upon the country carefully and seriously to consider the following statements in reference to the same subject and which are seleoted from the present report . In the neighbourhood of Bradford and Halifax , in this county , . ' children seem to be employed at the earliest age—for we find in the evidence of Mr . Sub-commissioner Scriven , touching "the Low Moor Company ' s Way House Pit" page 112 , sec 40 , that Josh . Qledhill , ajbanksman , says : —
"I began life a hurrler , when I was between five and six y ° ara of age . 1 was a hurrier till I was sixteen . " I have three sons living ; one of them went into the pit with me when he was thru years old , and commenced working Tegularly aa a hurriar when he was between five and six . [ This was at'Floekton . ' ] 1 do not think 22 mi ; es a-day too much for girls to hurry , if they are a pretty good age . I have got three girls who hurried ; they began hurrying at about six years of age . Two of them stopped about two months ago . They were stopped by the masters , Messrs . Hirst and Hardy . One girl left about two years ago , she was fourteen then , and master theught she was too old to workamong boys . I cannot sign my name . '
" In the district of Oldham , in Lancashir e , cases are recorded in which children have been regularly taken into the pita to work at four , and between four and five , and several at five and between five and six . "' In the mountain mines , ' says Mr . Secretary Fletcher , ' the most common ago for boys to be token in to labour , where the strata is only thin , varying from eighteen inches to two feet , they will go se early as six , five , oz even four years of ag e . Some are so young that they go in their bed-gowns ; one little fellow whom I endeavoured to question , could not even articulate , although his father , between whose legs he bid his little black face , as he stood before me , answered for him that he was seven years old . ' ( J . Fletcher , Esq . App . part 2 , p . 821 . )
Dr . Mitchell , also one of the Sub-Commissioners , ( Appendix , part 1 , page 33 and 4 , ) in speaking of Hill's lane Pit , Shropshire , belonging to the Madeley Wood Company , gives the following dialogue between a ground bailiff , and one of the charter masters who were accompanying him in his survey : — " I Bay , Jonas , ' said the ground bailiff to one of the charter masters , there are very few children working in this mine ; I think we have none under ten or eleven . " The collier immediately said , Sir , my boy Is only a little more than four . " In referring to the evidence given , relative to the neighbourhood of Leeds , we find in the evidence of Mr . Sub Sommisaioner Symons , App . part 1 , page 288 : Joseph Ellison , Esq ., of Birkenshaw , nearBirstal , says : —
" I have been practically acquainted with collieries nearly all my life . I know it as a fact that a collier now living has taken a child of his own , who was only three years old , into a pit to hurry , and when the child was exhausted , it was carried home , stripped , and put to bed . This ia a rare case , but I can prove it , if required , by undeniable evidence to have been a tact . " John Ibbetson , also working at the same place , says : — " I have been f « ty-flve years in the pits . I know a man , called Joseph Cawthey , who sent a child in at four years old ; aud there are many who go in to thrust behind at that time , and many go at five and six ; the sooner they go in the sooner their constitution is mashed up . "
James Ibbetson , collier at Mr . Harrison ' s pit , Gomersal , says : — " There are three hurriers in the pit ; two are girls ; they are my sisters ; they hurry for me . The oldest is twelve and a half , the youngest is between eight and nine . She has been working ever since she was six years old . Sometimes when I have got my stint , I csme out as I have done to-day , and leave them in to fill and hurry . ( Symona , p . 288 . ) The before-mentioned Joseph Oledhill states that he took his child into the pit at three years old ; it was made to follow him to the workings , there to hold the eandle , and when exhausted with fatigue , was cradled upon the coals until his return at night . This child he took regularly to work &t the age of five . Mr . Sab-Commissioner Leifchild adds to this
evidence , touching the pita of North Durham and Northumberland . He Bays : — "I visited the house of the parents of a little boy whom I saw keeping a door down Flatworth pit on the 20 th of May . It was about seven o ' clock ou the Sunday evening , and the boy , Thomas Roker , -was in bed asleep . His mother said he was aged about six yean and , seven months , and that he had been down the pit about a month or six weeks . The boy was at school about three years old , and bis father wished to make him a better scholar before he went down . Always put him to bed early , because he must get up every working morning at throe o ' clock , and he
orten rubs Ms eyes when be is woke , aud Bays he has only just been to sleep . He gets up at three a . m . and goes down the pit at four o ' clock a-m . He gets his dinner directly he gets home , at half-past four p . m . or a quarter to five pan ., and then be washes himself , and goes to bed between six and seven , so that he will never be up more than two hours from the pit fox eating , washing , and playing . When bis son gets a little more hardened to the pit , his father means to send him to a night-school , and stop an hour off his sleep . Thomas generally goes down the pit in a corf with a good few boys in , and sometimes he goes on bis father's knees . " .
But we might go on to almost any conceiveable length in making extracts like these ; similar facts are recorded in reference to all the coal fields of the United Kingdom , exclusive of Ireland . And we ask , is a system so atrocious , so utterly abhorrent to every feeling of humanity and Christianity , to be tolerated or endured , while those who ought to be the guardians and the careful protectors of the rising generation are moving heaven and earth to relieve distress , and abolish slavery at the opposite extremity of the globe ! But we must now turn to another feature of the
picture . We want our readers to understand something as to the nature of the employment in which those young people are engaged . A great deal is said in the report about "harriers , " the meaning of which is thus explained : — " Hurriers , " says Mr . Scriven , in hia report , page 65 , " are children who draw loaded corves or waggons , weighing from two to five hundred weight , mounted upon four cast iron wheels , of five Inches diameter , without rails , from the headings to the main gates . In these seams this is done upon their bands and feet , having frequently no greater height from the floor to the ragged roof than sixteen , eighteen , or twenty inches . To accsmplish their labour the more easily , they buckle round their naked persona a broad leather ntap , to which is attached In front a ring , and about four feet of chain , terminating in a hook . "
In this horrible employment children , from five years old and upwards are engaged ; and thus , at the very time of life when the capabilities of the human frame to bear fatigue , are next to nothingwhen light , and air , and wholesome food , and plenty of exercise are required to perfect the constitution , and prepare the structure for the endurance of future toil , every means is brought into operation by which weakness and disease can be engendered , and premature decay accelerated .
All this would be bad enough and repulsive enough if its hardships were inflicted only upon the male portion of the juvenile population . This however is not tbe case ; girls as well as boys are subjected to it ; they are dressed in a common dress , and subjected , not only to the same kind bat to tbe same amount of labour . Betty Harris , aged thirty-seven , drawer in a coalpit , Little Bolton , Lancashire , Bays : — ' I have a belt round my waist , and a chain passing between my legs , and I go on my hands and feet . The road is very steep , and we have to held
by a tope , and , when there is no rope , by anything we can catch hold of . There are six women and about six boys and girls in the pit I work in ; it is very hard work for a woman . The pit Is very wet where I work , and the water comes over our elogtops always , and I have seen it up to my thighs . I am not so strong as I was , and I cannot stand my work so well as I used to do . I have drawn till I have had tbe skin off me ; the belt and chain it worte when we arc in the family-way . My feller ( husband ) has beaten me many a time for not being ready . I have known many a man beat his drawer . "
Tbe Sub-Commissioner states that instances of oppressively hard work performed by young females presented themselves at collieries near Barusley . He says : — " The evidence of Elizibeth Day , and of Ann and Elizabeth Eggley , is deserving of especial notice , the more so because I believe both toe elder of there witnesses to be respectable and creditable , and both gave their evidence with much goad feeling and propriety . Thewerk of ElisatMth Day is rendered more * tv « re bj her having
Untitled Article
to hurry part of the way up bill with loaded corves , a very unusual circumstance . The Eggleys are , however , doing the ordinary work of hurriera in their colliery It is a large , well ventilated , and well-regulated one , bat owing to the steal of the corves ,, which weight 12 £ cwt , it ia work very far beyond the strength-of females at any age , especially females of sixteen and eighteen years ' old . After taking the evidence of the two Eggleys I saw them both at their work , and hurried their corves and also performed the work they had to do at the bank faces . I can not only corroborate their statements but have no hesitition in adding that were they galleyslaves their work could not be more oppressive , and I
believe would not in all probability be so much so . El zibeth Eggley , the younger , who is not above fifteen , whilst doing what is called topping the corvea , lifted a coal which must have weighed at least a hundred pounds . It measured thirty inches in length , and ten by seven inches in thickness . This Bhe iifted from the ground and placed on the top of the corve , above three feet and a half high . She afterwards lifted a atill larger one . The former one waa lifted in the ordinay course of her work . This girl was working for her father , who was standing by at the time . " J . C . Symona , Esq ., Report , + 117 : App . PL 1 ., p . m . ) . ¦ ¦ ¦ .. - ¦ . ¦ ' ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ -. ¦ . - - . - . ¦ . ¦ . ¦ .. ' : ¦ "
•" Whilst I was inthe Hunshelf pit the Rev . Mr . Bruce , of Wadsley , and the Rev . Mr . Nelson , of Ro therham , who accompanied me , and remained outside , saw another girl of ten years of age , also dressed in boys' clothes , whe was employed in hurrying / and these gentlemen saw her at work . She was a nicelooking little child , but of course as black as a tinker , and with& little necklace round her throat . " « These children have twenty-four corves a-day to
hurry out of this den , and consequently have forty , eight times to pass along the gate , which is about the siza of a tolerably large drain . I would beg particularly to call your attention to the evidence of the manager of this colliery , No . S 3 , whose evidence repecting the number of girls employed by him was distinctly disproved by Harriet Morton , No . 38 , and intelligent girl , who seemed to feel the degradation of her lot so keenly that it waa quite painful to take her evidence . ¦ .- ¦ ' : ' - : ~ ¦ '¦ . ¦ - '¦ . ¦' ¦ ' ¦¦ ¦ .. ' ¦ ¦ ¦ . " ' .. - ' ¦ ¦¦' ¦• : '¦ ; ¦ ¦ ' ¦ ' . -, ¦
" Harriet Morton— - « I am nearly fifteen years old , and began to werk in Webster ' s pit when I was going in ten . I've always worked in Webster and Peace ' * pit ; I have hurried all the time ; I am the oldest girl there . There are seven regular hurriers , who are girls . There are six boys who hurry . Two of us are employed at each corve both full and empty . When the corve is loaded , one of us is harnessed with a belt round the waist , and a chain comes from the front of the belt , and passes betwixt our legs , ani is hooted on to the corve , and we go along on our hands and feet , on allfours I do 80 myself , and a little boy pushes behiad . We wear trousers always as when you saw us . ' — - ( J . C . Symons , Esq . Evidence , No . 38 : App . L , p . 233 , li 66 . " After this the following will excite no surprise , though we hope it will be productive of genuine sympathy and active exertion .
" The stunted statnra of the collier children arises , in tha thin coal districts , from the height of tbe passages they have to traverse , being frequently n « t above thirty inches hi height ; and along these , children of both sexes either push or draw little waggonB or corves , loaded with coals , weighing from two to three cyrt . and running usually on rough and uneven rails , but sometimes drawn aa sledges . In the very thin pits they are harnessed to the corves by means of a strap round the waist , and a chain passing through the legs ; thus they go along on all fours , like animals ; and this work is done by girls in trowsen , as well as boys , in the thin coal districts alike of Yorkshire , Lancachire , and the east of Scotland . "
We suppose the reply to all we can say as to the inhumanity of this abominable system , will be , that the work cannot be done without it , and hence thas it is necessary . Let U 8 see . First , let us inquire what the children themselves say as to the effeots of this kind of labour upon their own persons . James Pearce , twelve years old
says : — "About a year and a half ago I took to the girdle and chain . I do not like it It hurts me . It rubs my skin off . I often feel pain . I have often had blisters on my side , but when I was more used to it it would not blister , but it smarted very badly . * * * I crawled on hands and feet . I often knocked my back against the top of the pit , and it hurt it very sore . The legs ached very badly .
When I came home at night I often sat down to rest me by the way , I was so tired . The work made me look much older than I was . I worked at this drawing with the girdle and chain for three or four months . * * * many boys draw so now . * * * A great many boys find that they are unable , and give over drawing with girdle and chain . ( Not many fall ill , says another witness , speaking of children condemned to the same kind in tke West Riding . ) It is very hard —very hard , Sir . '" ©
" Isaac Tipton , sixteen years ef age . —' next went to draw with the girdle and chain . I had a girdle round the middle , and a chain under my legs . It was very hard work . If I had a bit of time in the pit , I laid myself down on iny back . We bad no time , unless something was the matter with the engine . Long before night we were so tired that we could hardly walk home sometimes . The girdle often makes blisters . I have had Pieces like sbiUings and halfcrowns , with tho skin cocking up , all full of water , ana when I put on the girdle the blisters would break , and the girdle would stick ; and next day they would fill again . Thes « blisters give very great pain . There is no railway in the pits where " they use the girdle and chain . In all the pits about this part they use the Rirdle and chain . "
" Robert North . —I went into the pits at seven years of age , to assist to fill the Bkips . We cannot stop at what work we like , we are shifted . I drew about twelve months . When I drew with the girdle and chain the skin was broken , and the blood rah' down . I durst not say anything . If we said anything , they , ( the ' butty' a kind of half-contractor , half-overseer and the reeve , who works under him , ) would take a stiok and beat us . * 1 nave Seen lads of nine drawing with the girdle and chain . I have seen them at sf a , but they were not able to draw the full day out . If they are put to do the work , they must do it or be beaten . "—( P . 68 . )
" Ann Hague . —I am turned of thirteen years old . I hurry the samo as the last girl , in Webster ' s pit . I draw the corve with a chain and belt . There is a little girl , my Bister , who pushes behind . We htma twenty-four corves to go in and out with every day Sarah Moorhouse ' gets' as well as hurries ; she gets and hurries eight corvea a-day ; I don't like working in the pit so very well ; I would rather not do it Having to pull so hard in the pit makes me poorly sometimes . " Such is the testimony of the children themselves . Let us next see whether the plea of necessity is borne out by the testimony of adult witnesses . Here is a passage throwing some light on the subjeot : —
"Matthew Fountain , under-ground steward at Dallaston Colliery , Yorkshire , belonging to Thomas Wilson , Esq . —* My opinion decidedly is , thai women and girls ought not to be admitted into pits , though they work as well as the boys . In my belief sexual intercourse does take place , owing to the opportunities , and owing to lads and girls working together , and owing to some of the men working in banks apart , and having girls coming to them to fill the corves , and being alone together . The girls hurry for other men than their relations , and generally prefer it . Altogether it ia a very demoralising practice having girls in pits . It is not proper for femnlca at all . The girlB are unfitted , by being at pits , from learning to manage families . Many could not make a / shirt . " * . ' ¦ ¦ ¦ ' ¦¦ '¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ . ' - - -.. ¦ ' " . " :. . V ¦ - ' ¦• ..
And here is another fast which evinces the nonnecessity for this kind of brutal labour . We find that in the otheT classes of mines very few children , if any , are employed underground , and where they are , attention is paid to their comfort and requirements . To which we may add , that in East Scotland— ' The sub-commlsaioner states that the employment of females in the mines is universally conceived to be so degrading that all other classes of operatives refuse intermarriage with the daughters of colliers who are wrought in the pits ; that is is a labour totally disproportloned to the female strength and sex ; that is altogether unnecessary ; and that it is wholly inconsistent with the proper discharge of the maternal duties , and with tho decent proprieties of domestic life . '
From all this , and much more which want of spaoe prevents us from bringing within the compass of this article , we are warranted in coming to the conclusion that thousands of the rising generation are reduced to the condition of brute beasts ; made to labour , in fact , whare animals could not ; subjected to toil which has a direct tendency to shorten life without the smallest necessity . The fact that these atrocities are not practised in Irish collieries is another evidence that they can be dispensed with . And to this we may add , that in some places even in England ,
considerable amelioration has taken place : much , however , remains to be done , and machinery ought here to be the substitute for this destructive , and , as we shall seel presently , demoralising toil . Into this , its true legitimate field , machinery has not yet entered . A sub-Commissioner reports , that "inthe course of his inquiry he has not been able to find any instance where machinery was substituted in the place of boys in [ drawing coals for the thin beds of , the mines . Some engineers have thought such a thing practicable , and others not- ( p . 69 . )? Nobody can deny that it is high time to try th « experiment .
Untitled Article
¦ ¦ We will next inquire into the moral effects produced by this portion of our social economy . Thni ¦ speaks ; the report in xefeirehce to this part of the ¦ Bubjeot-:- ^ - ; : ¦ ¦ ,, - ; . ' . _ v ¦ ¦ ' /¦/ - ; . " w ^ :. - \ .. --:-y - . - ; ;' v " In some parts of Yorkshire the men work completely naked , the girls working with them as described ; and in both counties , the immoralities described are abominable / ' ¦ Mr . Kennedy , one of the Lancashire commissioners , says : — - ' ' ¦ : ¦ / ' .. ¦ . ' ' ; .- ' " . ¦ ¦ : . .. - ¦ ' ; -. ; ' :-. ' .
" The moral condition of the colliers and their children , in this district , ia decidedly amongst the lowest of any portion of the working classes . *"; * It appeared that out of 1 , 113 males , between thirteen and eighteen years of age , 23 9 per cent , can write their names-, that of 206 females of the same age , 1-3 per cent can write their names . When the children have stated they could read an easy book , I have put them to the teat , and , with very few exceptions , I have found that their attention was so completely absorbed in the mechanical process of deciphering the letters and spelling tbe words , that they did not nnderstand the meaningjof a single sentence . " And headds , —
"I found however , that the case was hopeless ; there were so few , either of colliers or their children , who had even received the first rudiments of education , that it waa impossible to institute a comparison . The evidence , therefore , on this point is not so perfect as I could wish , but I think it will be fonnd to go far to establish the position that want of education is accompanied by a degraded moral sense , gross and brutalised habits ,, depravity , and crime . " And here is the testimony of Mr . Wabing , who reporting on the mining district of Gloucestershire , says-: — . , ¦ . . ' ' . " ' ' ¦ . "'¦ , ' . / . > ,
" An act of worship is nearly as strange to them , as to an Hottentot unenlightened by Christianity . Instruction they have no idea of , and if they had , the want of decent clothing would keep them from mingling with their better-provided yoke-fellows , at the Sunday school . ' ¦ ¦¦ .- ¦ . . 7 . ' - ' \ .: ¦ ! . :, ¦ ¦' ¦¦ ¦ > ' ¦ ¦ - <¦ ; :. '¦ ¦' - ' -: "In one colliery there are ninety-Bix boys , from nine to seventeen years old , of whom thirty-six attended no place of worship , and twenty-seven unable even to read . " .. ; . ¦ .- / '¦ . .- . - : - : ¦ ¦ .. ; . ; ¦ . And to this we m * y add the testimony of John Thoenley , Esq ., one of her Majesty ' s Justices of the peace for the county of York : —
; ¦•¦ • Iconsider it to be a most awfully demoralising prictioe . The youth of both sexes work often in a halfnaked « jWe , and the passions are excited before they arrive at puberty . Sexual intercourse decidedly frequently occurs in consequence . Cases of bastardy frequently Also occur ; and I am decidedly of opinion that women brought up in this way lay aside all modesty , and scarcely know what it is but by name . *" : Nor is this state of things at all to be wondered at . We are not surprised when we recollect that this horrible state of society in the mining districts has existed unchecked , and uncontrolled , unknown , or even imagined perhaps for centuries . A contempowriting , writing on this horrible subject , says : — . '
"The parents , in ihe generality of instances , were as ignorant as the children . They had heard of God as a name to swear by , but nothing else . They had never heard that thieving , drunkenness , nor the indiscriminate indulgence of their carnal passionB , were sins . How Bhould they ; buried alive from infancy , and with none to teach them ? From the whole of the evidence taken it appears that the general age for bringing children into the pits is from five to seven ; that they are kept there as many hours as men ; and that , in going to and returning from their work , they frequently fall into the ditches for want of sleep , being wholly overcome with drowsiness and fatigue . "
NO wonder that these outcasts of society are as ignorant as they are vicious . No wonder that they are defective in the performance of their moral and relative duties , wfcen they are utterly destitute of every particle of religious knowledge , and not even possessed , in very many instances , of the first rudiments of secular education . On this subject the report affords ample information . We select a few passages : — "Out of fifty collieries in Mr . Symon ' s district of Yorkshire , containing 1 , 640 boys , only 350 coald write their names . In seven collieries of 172 girls , 12 only could write their names . Even in the Sunday-scheoLs not forty-four per cent could read fairly , and not one quarter write . ¦ ' . ; . ¦ ; . . ' .. ' . ' . ¦
"' With regard , ' he adds , ' to the fruits of education , and with respect even to the common truths of Christianity and facts of Scripture , I am confident that the majority are in a state of heathen ignorance . The evidence of the children exhibits a picture of moral and mental darkness which must excite horror and grief in every Christian mind j I can most conscientiously say that it is anything bat an overdrawn one . Some are indeed bettor instructed , but ef those who work in collieries there is not above one eat of three , or , at most , two out of five , who can anawor tUo enmamonoet questions relative either to scriptural or secular
knowledge . I unhesitatingly affirm that tbe mining children , as a body , ore growing np in a state of absolute and appalling ignorance ; and I am sure that the evidence I herewith transmit , alike from all classes , —clergymen , magistrates ; masters , men , and children , will folly substantiate and justify the strength of the expressions which I have alene felt to be adequate to characterise the mental condition of this benighted community . That their moral condition is not equally bad I attribute to the hard work they are subject to , to their close confinement when at work , and to their weariness When work is over , and which often renders rest the greatest luxury , '"
Mr . Scriven found , near Halifax , that in a number of small cellieries , out of seventy-four children between six and thirteen , only eleven could read ; and out of fifty between thirteen and eighteen , only nine could read and four Write . The answers given by many of the children exhibit the grossest ignoranoe , numbers having no knowledge of a God , a Saviour , ot even of the commonest facts . Probably we shall bo told that this ignorance is not the necessary consequence of employment in
mines , but originates in the criminal neglect Of their parents , to avail themselves of the meana of instruction in at least the first principles of religion and learning , provided in every part of the country , by means of national , parochial , British , or Sunday Schools . Admitting this , to some extent , to be the case , we would ask how came these parents to be so criminally negligent , is it not to be traced immediately to the fact , that these parents themselves have been brought up in the mines , and in the same profound ignorance in which * they are training their offspring ?
In a petition presented to the House of Commoas by Mr . Brotherton , from Edward William Binney , of Manchester , the petitioner says : . " The disgusting nature of the employment of these poor creatures was bad enough in itself , but to hear the awful swearing , obscene conversation , ' and filthy songs , would lead any person to believe that he was in a laud of savages , tather than in olvil ^ d England . " And he attributes the cause of this degradation , intellectual and moral , to females being allowed to work in mines , and states his belief that if females were not taken into the pits at a very early age , no after inducement could prevail upon them to enter a pit at all . We quote h } s own words ¦ : —'
" That your petitioner is convinced that the employment of females in coal mines is to be attributed to the early age at which children are introduced to such places by their parents .. The pirents having spent moat of their lives in mines , and being thoroughly accustomed t > the scenes they witness , see no impropriety in them . The female children , brought down in early infancy , have no Correct ideas of the dangers of a mine ; tbe scenes of vice and wickednessa they witness , or the disgusting and laborious nature of their employment . If female children were never allowed to eater a mine under thirteen years of age your petitioner considers that no Inducements could scarce prevail oil them to even go down into a pit , much less persuade them to mix with the company , and folio tr the laborious and unseemly employment which they axe there subjected to .
"That your petitioner has visited many of the collieries in Lancashire and Cheshire , and he finds the moral and intellectual condition of the working colliers in a much worse state where females axe employed in mines than in those parts where the proprietors will not allow them to work in tide pits . Amidst the scenes before described are children , brought at the tender ages of eight and ten yean . There they pass their days until they become wives and mothers . Can such employments as they are engaged in , and such scenes as they continually witness , fit them to became good wives
and mothers , and make the poor man's home comfortable ? Collien are often accused of being an ignorant and disorderly body of men , without any inquiry being made as to the cause of their ignoranca and disorderly conduct What can any person expect from a poor boy s « nt down as your petitioner has before described ? He goes intoa deep mine at six years of age , into the scenes amidst which he passes his days , until he mairteB a gitl Beut . dbwn into tiie grave at an early age like himself ; probably both buaeand ' and wife continue their employment in coalmines—it is what they have been brought op to , and
Untitled Article
by which they , arr therefore && enabled to obtaia their livelihood . '" On ^ lnli ^ - '> om ^ - ^^ - 'im ^» iraftar ; 8 hard day ' s work , the poor wifa , & ! $ k 1 l \ $ b .: ;} . ttm » . ; ajpd strength , even if she had the knowledge , to clean the house and prepare those necessary refr ^ hnients which a hard .-working man requires . The hMV * ad , too fre * quenUymakes no allowance for-hlifwifeV condition ^ bnt abuses her , neglects his home , and runs V tn ^ house , and there spends the greater part of thv ^ irjotafe earnings . ' . ' . ¦'¦ ¦' ¦ ¦ •; ' : -: : : : - ; i - ; V > / ' - ¦ -. ; -r- ; ; > :- ^ ' - . ¦ ' ^¦¦ - ¦ ¦¦^
" That your petitioner is convinced thatiit i * . nioat desirable that many of the childrenfrom six to : . ten years ef age , now employed in mines , should be seVt to school instead of passing their time amidst the dangers and darkness of a mine , and witnessing tbe scenes before described ; but at the same time he does not consider that there can be any great peimanent improvement in the morals and condition , of the working colliers so long as women are employed ia mines . '' ; - . ¦ ¦ •; : ¦ ' " . ¦/;; . ' : . - ¦' :-. - '¦ - : ¦ : ' ¦ - - . vt : ' - ; ¦;¦ = '• . ' ¦ -. - . . ¦ -- - ?¦ ; : ; . » iSome of the children , however , are sent to SaSday schools , and here follows a tolerable specimen of the advantages they derive from such ?? admirable" eatabliahments . . Morgan Lewis , nine years old , puller up :
" I have never been at any day-school ; am sent to Mr . Jones ' s Sanday-scheol to learn the Welah letters j cant say I know them yet I do not imow whatyoa meanby catechism or religion ; never was told about God . The sky is up above , and ho one ever told me abont Jesus Christ ; cannot say what he is . " Sophia Lewis , twelve years old , labourer in the iron yard : ,.: : ¦ : , . y ~ ' . ' ¦/'¦ . '¦'¦ . ' . ¦ ¦' ; ... ' ' ¦ . ¦ : " We have never been to any day-school ; sister and I go to the Welsh Sunday-schcol , to learn the letters , ( can scarcely toll one letter from the other in the Welsh primer . ) Mr . Jones tells us that Jems is our ; Lord , but does not know what he means by our Lord , nor who is God . There may be commandments bat Inover heard otany . " \) : ' ' . ; ¦ - ... r ¦ \ ¦ ,:- ' / ¦/ ' ¦ ¦' ? ''¦ ' : Edward Davis , about ten years old , hook © r-ou :
" Have not much time after work , as always wash Never spoke any English ; - father and mother speak Welsh , and so does Mr . Jones , the preacher , whose Sunday-school , I goto . I can say the Welsh letters , for I have been two years at school . ( Not able to manage the letters—said D was G , and C the letter A . ); I da not know anything abont G « d . " ^ Richard Williams , aged nine years and threequarters , air-boy ¦ . : ¦ ¦' . ' " . I come at six in the monJng , and leave at six or seven in the evening . I have never been to a . dayschool ; I attend the Independent Snnday-schooL Never heard of Jesus Christ I don't know tile Lord ' s Prayer . " ' - ¦¦¦' .. ' , •' . .: ¦ , / '¦ . ; ' :. ¦ - . - ¦ ¦¦ '' '¦ ,... ' ¦;¦ " .:,: ' : - -- , : ; .. ¦ ¦ ¦¦ Evan John , aged thirteen years and a half , hauler : , ' ' ¦ ' ¦ .:- . ¦ ¦•" ' '¦ ;¦ : ' : ¦ ' ¦ ¦ ' ' ¦ ¦¦ ¦ ' ¦ : ¦
"I have been at the work about four years . Was four years at day-school ; it was a Welsh school God was the first man ; knows nothing of the command ments . " ... ¦ ¦ . ¦ ¦ . - . . : - ; S , ¦ - - . ¦ . . : - , - ... ' • • . ; John George , aged fifteen , behinder : " I have been for eight or nine years at work as plate opener . I was for twelve months at a Welsh school ; J esus Christ made me ; thinks Jesus Christ made God . " : - ; ... ; ; . :, : ¦ : ; ' ; .:. , ., \ v , , ; ¦ : .. ;¦ ¦ ' / - ; ' : ' : Mary Paine , aged Bevente ^ unloader :,., - , " They never have told me anything of Jeans ChrM , nor do I know who he is , "
Henrietta Frankland , aged eleTen , drawer ; . » : " Sister Maria , ( thirteen years old , aa well as myself ) have net been to school since at work ; I do not know whether God made me , nor anything about Jeaua ; there are no commandments . " - : v David Thomas , aged fifteen , in-flllOT : r ; " Was at day-school , and learned the spelling ; there are Ten Commandments ; one say you must not steal and that Christ is God . Thinks Jesus Christ was bora in Wales , and went to England : now goes to the Sunday-school of the Independents . " l
We wonder what those who are perpetually telling us of the deplorable ignorance of the heathen and the necessity for sending missionaries to convert them , will say to this . Perhaps they will shrug their shoulders and tell us , that Wales is , as yet , but partially enlightened by gospel truth , and that in illuminated England we should find no euob deplorable ignorance . If this were true it would only prove that our advocates for conversion might find work enough to engage all their zeal , talent , and contributions in the Principality , and need not even cross the Channel to discover fitting objects for the exercise of their Christian benevolence .
But how stands the fact ? Why just thus . Tha $ in illuminated England matters are as bad or worse than in benighted Wales . In Mr . Scriven ' s Report on the Collieries in Halifax , we find the followuis ' Thomas Mitchell , aged 13 : r » I never heard of Jesus Christ ; Idont know what yon mean by God ; I never heard of Adam , or know what you mean by Scriptures ; I have heard of a Bible , but dont know what ^ tis all about ; I " do hot know what would become of me hereafter if I am wicked ; I have never been told . If I tell a falsehood or lie , I tell a lie ; it may be good or bad , but I don't know the difference . " / ' Anna Hofle , aged twelve :
•• I never went to day-school , but I began for . the first time to go to Sunday School yesterday ; I cannot read ; I have heard of God , and of Jestts Christ , but I can't tell who that was ; if I died a good girl I should go to heaven ; if I werebad , I should have to be burned in brimstone and fire ; they told me that at school yesterday ; I did not know it before . Father nor mother never reads to me at home ; they never go to church or chapel ; I never went before . " . Henry Jowett , aged eleven :
" I never went to day-school long , but I went a Httla while before I came to the pit , and then I did not wan « to stop at school , but I wanted to come to pit ; I go to Sanday School ; they teach me a b , ab ; I do not know who God is—Jesus Christ is heaven . If I die s bod boy I do not know what will became of me ; I have heard of the devil—they used to tell me of him at the every-day School ; father does not ge to church or chapel on Sundays ; he does nought but stop at home ; I go to chapel now a Sundays ; 'tis not so long sin' I began a going . " . .. '" .. ; . ¦ : " . . .: . ' \ l' '¦ . ' ¦ - ;' . ' •/¦; ' . ' ¦ These are the results of instruction in Sabbath Schools , the teachers and conductors . of which would deem it a horrid crime to teach writing and other branches of practical education on the Lord ' s i >* f . ' " " ' '¦ ¦ . ::: ' ¦ ¦ . - . : ' : : ' ¦ . ' ¦ ' ¦ .- '¦ '¦ , ' . - - ¦' '" ¦ ' ¦ '"¦ ¦ ¦ . ' ;
We give the following as a specimen of the value Which is attached to the importance of Sunday sohool instruction by at least one of our " respecliable capitalists" : — " Mr . James Wilcox , a proprietor of mines , states ;—' You have expressed some surprise at Thomas Mitchell not having heard of God . I judge ( he continues ) that there are very few colliers hereabout that have . There is a Sunday school in the village , at which some of them ge , but it does not advance them in learning much ; it keeps them from idleness en the Sunday , and doing mischief f rout beating the fields , and destroying hedges , ' bnt very few colliers care much about it . "
When masters only think it necessary that instruction should be imparted to young persons in their employ for the magnificent purpose of keep * ing them from doing mischief , beating the field ? , and destroying hedgeB , it is no wonder that the information imparted should be of the mest worthless character . For our own parts , we have no hesitation in saying , that the sooner all such Sunday Schools are broken up the betteri We had supposad that Sunday Sohool instruction would at least point out to the children the exis tence of the Creator and Redeemer , and enforce upon them the duties of moral obligation . In this ,
however , it seems we were miataken . The whole world may be ransacked for objects of charity Scores of missionaries , teachers , and schoolmasters must be sent forth to convert tha heathen , and to instruct the children of the Hindoo and tiie Hottentot . Bibles are to be maltiplfed , and tb * poor are to be required to puirohase the word of life , even though unable to provide for themselves and families the common necessaries of life ; and all this , as we are told for the purpose of removing ignorance and vice at home and abroad . " And here is the practical illustration of the value of all this ostentatious parade of benevolence ' and piety
Our own children , the children of our own soil * on whom it is said Sanday School instruction confers suoh immeasurable benefits , are trained np in a state of ignorance , compared with which - tha ignorance of pagan lands sinks into insignificance One child , nine years of age , says , ** I never was ioli about God—no one ever told me about Jesus Oiriat ; cannot say what he iB . " Another , twelt& years of age , says , " Mr . Jones tells us that Jeso » is our Lord , but does not know what he means by our Lord , nor who is Cfod . There may be con * mandments , but I nerer heard of any / A&other , teu years old , tells w M I d «» « ° f
Untitled Article
4 THE NORTHEltN STAR . ^^ . ^
Untitled Article
K 2 W FABRIC IN THE MAITUFACTURE OF CLOTH . I beg respectfully to inform manufacturers , and nil who are interested in the staple trade of this important clothing " district , that I have completed my process cf manufacturing cjothi on a woven fabric , and that I shall exhibit specteffiBtfOf the success of my invention , on Friday , the X ^ af ^ ly next , in one of the Leeds Cloth Halls , or ~ iff ?« tf ! nV 3 arge room convenient for the purpose , of wbiefc 2 ue notice will be given through the medium of the Leeds Papers .
On that occasion I win undertake to prove that cloths made upon my new principle of felting on a woven fabric , win require , in . one way or other , as much labour &s cloths of the rb ™ r tjuality require by the present mode ; they will cost one-third less , and will sell for one-third more , the quality ef wool in each instance being the same ; and such will be their utility for general purposes , and the demand for them at home and abroad so universal , that it will not be possible to overstock the market for twenty years to come . To those who aye unacquainted with the nature of my process , tbe above statement may appear to contain paradoxes beyond their comprehension , but I pledge myself to give such explanations as shall cause every Tnun who hears me to be satisfied that those statements
are correct . I am anxious that the new manufacture should be carried on upon such a principle as will not grind the working man down to the lowest possible point of existence , and in the fftlcnlfttf ™" upon which my statement is based , I have allowed sufficient remuneration for the operative . Low wages far workmen , and small profits for masters will ruin any csuntey . By the new process , the m * n may have good , wages , and the master good profits ; and unless I am much mistaken , such will be the popularity of its productions , and the consequent demand for them , that , in the space of a few months , few idle hands will he found in the street * .
The invention is secured to me by four patents , ill of which are aeoeasvy to make perfect cloths .. I can make any quality , but at present I shall ctnnne myself to the beet that ean be produced . T > nring the last two rears , I have spent upwards ot £ 2 , 000 in patents and experi-Buitsto bring it to perfection , and the mental anxiety & * d bodfiy labour in devising plans , and raising money , fee ., baa been more than my pen ean describe . But for all this , aty invention will stand or fail by its own aerits ; aad , therefore , I take this method of challeng ing ismttny and eomparlsoB . William Hiest . Laedi , M * y 23 , 1842 .
-
-
Citation
-
Northern Star (1837-1852), May 28, 1842, page 4, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct755/page/4/
-