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THE NORTHERN STAR SATURDAY. APRIL 16. 1842.
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sm> ifteatretg an& Com^powD^nt^
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oeDate HOUSE OF COMMONS, Wbdhbsdat.
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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TO THE WORKING PEOPLE . I ( . From the English Chartist Circular . ) 1 ST Deak Fejkhds , —While legislators , politicians , philosophers , and political economists , are severally « ngtged in Marching out the cause cf your distress , ana In faneUutiy recommending » meanB for j ' . g correction , allow me to suggest to you plain eotrjnon sens * the nature of your complaJat . and the only remedy by which cure can possibly be efitcted . ~ Your complaint u XACHiKEUY , and th » Kansdy is the Charter . Swam , toe Porjr lav Amendment Aet , and * Rural Police , consfttnVi ;» trinity of villany , eomplete and indivisible . S ^ eam looks for free trade , while those who attend " upon it at home Are re&dered incapable of possession guy of its advantages . The same persons ¦ who s ^ . TOCKte free trade u a T > asty , "were
da originators bat * , i of th « Voor Law Amemfcnenfc Act and of the Rur& \ Polka . Brougham , HBse , Roebuck , erote , Moier . worth , Ward , and Wariwrton , are amongst the foremost of free-trader * , and « re wedded to the Por * Law Amendment Act , and meat of them—if « ot ali . _ are supporter * of the Rural Police . ThuB -we find the measures closely allied , while we discover in "lhei > leading snucorteM a recognition c * their unity . If I tan lay more plainly < bef ore yon -what has bees hinted at in speedies , yea ¦ will not quarrd with the repetation . Tbe great art of writing—to my raiod— consists in its tieamess . In \ hisfettex I shall tike up the question of the indirect operation of machinery . I am induced to do bo inconseqaeoc © of a very too ish attempt by the Sum newspaper »* d the Perth Ckrmxc ' c , to misrepresent jay notions with Tefard to nuciiHury .
The Su * . in * Eninienting upon my position , declares that machinery cannot be theesoseof the present distress , inasmuch as machinery hss not been applied to zaokizg clothes , shoes , znd bats ; and yet tailors , and shoemakiTs , sad haiteis , it says , are fully participatiog intheseneral-ecfimBg . I anisWfcr- tha . t machinery does not -aataie beef ; -yet are butchers stfSfciing from tha effects of » achinery . 'No new macbiatry has !> &en applied to joaking bread or grinding cora . ; ytt have bakers , millers , and flour-factors been damaged by machinery . Machinery < ioes not feaild houses , or -produce timber , slate , or
atone ; yet haTe masons , ca ? penter 3 , slaters , tuets , £ mter-iaercbfinfcs , and all persons engaged in bnildiog . teen ir ^ ared by machinery . Suppose your f > r « £ n trade-to t » -worta &ft ; -Vwo mSlioiis a-yeir ; oi -what benefit is that to the shopkeepers , or to those who -are displaced bj its operation from their natural position , "fey brin ? made unwilling idlers ? Just take one million of Idlers , who , before the great increase of machinery , earned each man only one pound per waek each , and yon haTe an exact set-off tf afty-two millions per annum lost to the million an willing idlers , and to the
ceamiosiLy *< z £ 'A 03 z 6-let me be very explicit "opon this ' subject of the iadrrect influence of machinery . I will instance Boitoa . Within the last few years , in Bolton , the number « f cotton mills has been doubled , -while the number « f hands employed have been reduced to nearly one £ a £ ; and the consequence is , that those who hare been ^ isp ! sce 4 from -wozi by t ae improved machinery eat neither batcher's meat nor bread , drink neither tea nor eoffee , "use no sugar , wear no clothes , hats , or shoes , trhile they have been thrust out of houses bailt for "file spirit of trade . New , all those persons who supplied the above articles to operatives in employment have no dtmnnd , and , cons- qnentlVj , make or provide no snpplj . Hesse does machinery operate indirectly
« pon trade , commerce , and business of all sorts in a manner almost inconceivable . L ? . t U 3 take , for ex .-¦ ample , tb 9 grossest snd apparently most ¦ unassailable branch of trade . In Bo ton , there are now about thirteen hundred uninhabited cottages . This waat of occupancy in cottages will very speedily lead to the Ttnt entm Hng of shops ; and tie surrender ot shops -will fce fallowed by the removal of the landlord , -who Eyed upon rente derived from those sheps , to the cottages which have been abandoned by the ejected operatives ; consequently , these three classes of houses , iiio 88 occupied by the littie landlord , the shopkeeper , and the working nan , will stand as a competitive power against the importer of tiHiber , the timberinerehant , the -qnvrymen , the brictaiakers , the
stone-masons , brictlayers , tilers , iron-masters , nailors , alaters , plasterers , painters , and glaziers , and all other trades and parties engaged in building heuses . Kay , store ; every trade in Sheffield and Birmingham will suffer from the empty houses . Empty honses are not famished . No siorss . . grates , fenders , fire-irons , looting glasses , razors , jags , kettles ,, pots , gridirons , beds or bedsteadB , chairs or tables , are found in empty houses ; lrhile the overloaded pawn-shops " supply , of good , bad , . sad indifferent materials from thegentral wreck , more than is required for the present wants of a debased , enslaved , and pauperised community . Watch-makers , jewellera , confectioners , dress-srakers , haberdashers , coach-proprietors , Tailwsy companies , pJay-bonse
managers , boofcsellera , and all the liberal professions , eren persons who live opon voluntary contributions , are , one and all , materially , very vitally , affected by machinery ; for , my friends , be it remembered , that if you . cannot spend with the * hopkeepars , the shopkeepers cannot Spend on luxuries , nor yet on-the necessaries of life ; sod I assure you , however the leaded aristocracy may desire to cut the connection between themselves and the Great Uitttashtd , yet are THET al «> beginning to discover that an empty hoiLse pays no rent ; and an empty house B 3 ys no mortgages ; tad the Jew and money-jobbers are beginninz to tbinfc that 20 s . in the pound was too much to advance upon Iznds raised to an unnatural and artificial -price ~ by dass legisIstiOE .
lyst us nw see bow » surplus of workmen In « ach trade , created by the people ' s inability to spend , operates directly rcpoa that trade fn places remote , from the scene of smoke devastation . Take Birmingham ss an ins ticca . By the census of 1831 ' , there were about five hundred uninhabited houses in Birmingham , while by the eensus of 1841 , there were about three thousand houses unoccupied ; the cocjequene * is , that Ptto and GrUsell have no difficulty in tyrannising over good men , in their
employment-The Binulngtiam masons &nfl others connected with boose building , very nstarally make their war to where the demand is ; and they constitute a reserve for the DiistiTB to fall back npon . The starving thousands in Lancashire cannot wear hats , couti , or shoes ; and 2 . 3 a matter of ecurse , the unemployed hatters , ¦ tailors , and shoemakers find out where trade is most laisfe , and make Iherr Tray to ths Hboar market . Tie metrspoiis presenting the most flateringproBpect , ¦ thither they go by steam in nine homa , and they constitute in their several trades a reserve for their
employers to fall back upon , and thus enable them wncout resistance , or even a struggle , to reJuce the wages of their workman . Thus , then , I tiick that J have established ths fact beyond any power of refutation , tiiat machinery is your complaint , and the Charter your only remedy and cure ; and era long the foolish shepkeepers will begin to find out , that all the money ¦ made in a foTeign maiket by artificial prodnction-is applied by ths srookeoeracy either to the purchase of load or laid oat on mortgage on LAND , AT SOME ! ' . while fee result k , ihit the shopfeeepersare b ^ cgared , starved , nnh&nsed , ssd usclad , in eonseqeence of the inability of theuuwilling i / . Iers tirepleniih their tills ; and ultimately
this diabolical system of wholesale and unchecked gambling in ii ^ h end blood ¦ will lead to the entire tmhannonisiiur and disarrangemeiit of society ; for , as I bave more than once said . AN EMPTY TILL OS SATURDAY ^ iGHT 31 AKE 3 AN T 7 < WIF E ON STJJTOAY MOliNING . ilaehinery , then , not only aflvcts its immediate Tict ' ms , but indirectly affects every cizss of the community . It has at length compelled roysT-y itself to reiiEqauh a portion cf its pay , and if not checked ^ il drive i % from the throne , and the aristocracy from house 2 nd home . I am , ycnir fcithfai fi : end and servant , FEJSGTJS O'CO . NNOR . " Maich 21 st . 1 S 42 . :
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CHARTISM , JOH . V COMPANY , AND CABOUL { Continued from our latt . J Afjhan " Gacrillss" tnd Spaiiish " Guerillas "Major Fretman , aad the " Bheels" ! " Priaee Hcnej" end 3 Havii ; g Day J . ' Bhurtpere G-j ' . d iichars , and Brandy ! ! ! We aie no sAtocsUs for indiscriminate and TfclentleSB massicre , or ^ s ibt ; " limts ca'la it , butchtry , ana least of all -vbm tre cne ^ jy lies prostrate and at our feet helpless ; r . u : tit-re ara sosie cases in which censuie must be laid on ikhtly , or tue scdons themselves litald justifiable , and a rase in point is that of the "Affghans . " Without entering into the " politics" of the sSk 3 r , ¦ where is the ciStJenee bet ^ eta tba patriotism ( tmil alt tfce virtues tfccT-: nnto appertain 5 nj ;\ vf the Affghaa and Spanish Gierilia ? Both lud thtir countries invaded by men hostil = to their creed , and foreign to their language—the invader . * in beta cases wishing to possess the country and all i f -s resources , in preference to a rivalthe British in India thinking to oust the Russians , tha
PreneSin Spain nioTin ? fceaven and earth ^ to destroy tbe power and infloiiiia if StigUad . The Frencb"in Spain did not succeed , and the British , in AfighMUj-tan have mst with a revtrse ¦ aiparaileled either in ancient or modern biBtory . The same parties htre who lauded so toiumphaatiy tbe prowess cf the Spanish Guerilla— the " priests" who preaehed doctrines fn » m their pnlpits Ixtzle ohort cf sssissination , and that to destroy & lepniHean and icS-Jfe ! Frecchmanin tin ' s world , was s * ht 8 passport to a good berth in the next—all these gfntry with thstr imbeciie train , are no ?? shouting at ths full piteb . of their voices for revenge on the poor 3 dahonjetanAfish 2 n Guerillas , and demanding a bloody « aiiitiction tot acting liio men , and freeing their " homes » n ^ altars , " £ rcm the presence of a ruthless
iBTader . We are not rejoicing over this unfortunate mishap ; ¦ we hav » left many dear friends whose botes aro bieach-Jng in ASghanlstan ; early associations would make us forego the slightest symptom of pleasure in our defeat , feat we Offltht to be consistent and call things by their right names . What is black in " Spain" easni t be white is . Afghanistan , ind " > lBhonunedsn Sbubdeea " should be easily sacred as " cbristi&n inartyra , " or , ' at the least , the religious world might deem them so , and sot preach a -crusade in England and fiindcsfcn , for their fnff n g there in the same T"ftTmRr -we would do at iome . We sse not scathJess wben " tetchery" is spoken of , « nd our Bionaities bave been great in Indi *; Major
Freeman of the Hlzam ' B service , end co ^ msadmg ur Aunuwabad , had eens * csasidersble force to
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put down the " Bhesls" in the Deecan , wlio were aTety troublesome set of robbers , totally ^ norant ; in short , little less than savages , dwelling » inid caves and mountains , with thd * wives and famiites scarcely clothed , and armed with bows and arrows , He captured s vast number by bis detachmenAs , and put them iavariably to death This man , or rathei devil , wsa in the habit of r ecounting to his acquaintances and guests ( for he lived in style and splendour ) bis tr < atment of three hundred Bheels , taken prisoners by bis men . They consisted or men , women , and children . All over the Dfccan you will find large , empty , aud dry tanks and wells , sometimes very deep and capacious . TJader the pretence of safety the Christian Major stuffed all the Bheels into one of tiiose abodes , and kept them there by means of large pieces of timber , bamboo , && piled one npon another . To msie sure work of it , he set We to the whele . so that all that were not burnt , were smothered , thus
giving to the world a ^ orel and modern suttee , uneqosiled in atrocity , and which casts into shade the car of Juggernaut or tbe d&otrines of Brama I We have beard this Bcoaodrel repeat this tale in a ludicrous and commiss&ratisg strain i in fact he was the lion of the day whea w # were at Aurungabad , and you would not dream of missing Urn and dining "with him more than you woald dream of leaving without a visit to the Tag-Mahal , thetombof Anrengzebdj or the gardens of NourmihaL For tl » fcouwxt of Britain , this vagabond boasted Portuguese blood in bis veins , sad waa a halfcaste , and could only * paak broken English . How he got into the service we know not , but he was in good pay and good repnte in the Deccan . All the Madras service can testify to the truth of the above . These things should be known , and then the people of England will know what they are about
We pride ourselves on being tbe true Conservatives ; we would conserve aUtbat 1 b good and throw overboard all that is bad . We are not like the Weekly Dispald , who would destroy without restoring ; we are capable of rebuilding on the ruins . This very consistent and Republican Journal (?) gives an amusing and manufactured account of Russian diplomacy-and the GhartiBt Convention , in last week ' s paper . It -quite " out-Herod ' s Htrod . " We wish it was truewe want money , and whether it comes from young I * i < ± or old Nick , or the " devil * dust men , " it matters lifctie , provided we do get It Th » sod sanctifies the means ! Ycu kne * my wortbyfrienda , the middle classes ,
you are completely done for—irremediably , irreparably , and without hope , unless you give up spouting yout weekly fallacies , and come te us , your haven of rest . But you must play second fiddle—you may come as utfosra , not masters . We do not expect great burly fellow * like Monte and Cobden to come aa scholars , they mnst come as par-lour boarders ; but if they behave we would rather welcome them as friends ! Let tkem get up a loan of five millions sterling for the Convention , tbe Executive to be trustees , and O'Connor and O'Brien standing counsel ; give them a'fair interest and bonus , and then good luok to Biskop Burnet and paper mane ? J We may retain to Mob .
Did Captain Harvey Tuekett ever hear of the 16 th Lancers in Bengil , or Martin Honey , erstwhile privato in them , afterwards a General and Chief in Bunjeet Singh's service ? Honey was an Irishman , and a finefellow and good soldier . He deserted from bis regiment and got across the Sutledge River , was received with open arms , and » ade himself useTul . We believe him to be now dead , but the opinion greatly prevailed in thai regiment that he was in the vicinity of Lahore , when Lord Wm . Bentinck had an interview with Bunjfcet Singh ! Suspicions were afloat that more might join h » m , and be made " Princes , " so they were kept in the background , and * had little opportunity if so intended- The " Sixteenth" were v » ry popular , and w ore " mnstachios , " which was rather an eye sore to tbe eleventh , Capt Tuckett's regiment , who were none . Even in trifles our rulers
display a meddling imbecility unworthy at men , snd although it was well known that the natives ia India would deem loss of mustachio a loss of caste , and be degraded like a Feringhee Padre , yet orders were constantly sent to CoL Arnold , the commanding officer , to inaM on . a universal aoaving . At length Lord Wm . Bentinck , Colonel-in-chief of the Eleventh , and Governor-General in India , issued a peremptory order , and theNappys were ordered to be in readiness . Officers and men—men who had never suffered a rasortopass their lips for more than twenty yean , wars ahom as remonelessly as Samson , and the moral strength of the Regiment , was losf in the eyes of the natives I They never eould be persuaded but that it was done for disgrace and punishment When Colonel Arnold came on parade after the shaving , he did not know his men , and though deeply grieved , the whole regiment burst out laughing . Poor fellow 1 he is dead , and much regretted
byall . We must leave Bhurtpore , Gold Mohurg , and Brandy with a few etceteras , till next week . The Government seems in * ' a fix , " as Jonathan would say , and there we will leave it A . Woolwich Cadet . Chlehesfcer , April 11 th , 1842 .
The Northern Star Saturday. April 16. 1842.
THE NORTHERN STAR SATURDAY . APRIL 16 . 1842 .
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THE NEW M NEW MOVE . " Last week ire had little opportunity of commenting upon tbe grand demonstration of the power , and OT « rt manifestation of the purpose , of the wily ones assembled in consultation upon the beet means of putting down Chartism in Birmingham . Their sittings , though ended before our paper reached the hands of our readers , were not ended when it went to press ; and though we had no difficulty in auguring , from the complexion of the whole previous proceedings of the parlies then and there assembled , the almost inevitable character of their proceedings
upon that occasion , it might reasonably have been deemed out of course to pronounce judgment by anticipation . We have waited therefore , for the perfecting of the sittings , the investigations , and inquiries of these new " new move" gentlemen . Desirous to afford perfect justice * and to consider everything in the most favourable light , that we might approve , if possible , we determined not to trust ourselves to comment on the proceedingg of thi 3 Stubgitk Conference ou the representations of our own reporter , lest the trick might be again resorted to of covering defection by a denunciation of the official , who , in the discharge of his duty , transmits to his employers & detail of
facts . We have waited for their own report , given by their official organ , the Nonconformist , whose conductor was not merely present , but prominent , throughout the whole proceedings , and who takes public credit to himself for having dulj nursed and got op , " if not begotten , the whole bantling , such as it i ? . We trust , therefore , that the conclusions we may come to from the reading of this report will not be liable to the objection of being founded upon false premises , maliciously furnished by those who had a purpose to misrepresent the Conference . Here , then , we have ths official detail of the conference movements of the Slargites , given by themselves . And what is the conclusion to which those details
inevitably lead the thinking mind ? Every good man must regard the proceedingsof this conference as valu able so far , and only so far , as they may furnish evidence of sincerity on behalf ef the parties composing it , and the classes represented by them , in the prosecution of the great work , the establishment and furtherance of which was said to be its object . We need scarcely say that the Sturgeitss have taken almost infinite pains to make people believe , that that object was the establishment of such an understanding , such a cordial recognition of interests and feelings between the middle and the working classes , as should perfectly nDite the whole energies of the whole people for tLe destraotion of class monopoly in legislation and the assertion of tha prinoiple of Universal Suffrage .
This was tbe -whele gist and burden of their BOng . " Uuioa" was their watch-word . The necessity for bringing the energies of the whole people into one focus was the daily text from which they preached sermons of forbearance , of enquiry , of magnanimity of looking beyond u details" to principles—beyoad men to measures , BO plausibly and with suoh apparent earnestness that some of the more simple among their Chartist auditors ( only a few , certainly and those of the more short-sighted ) began to think that men whose months were so mealy , and whose manners were so mild , must mean well ! It was our misfortune to have seen too much of the
external complaisance of cunning faction , when its *' crib" is threatened , to be very easily satisfied that the new-born zeal for truth ani righteousness of these late converts was sot more nearly allied to some sinister intention than they might choose to make apparent . We warned the people , therefore ; we gave them the benefit of our experience and observation ; we put them on their guard against what we feared to be a delusive lure , though weBlrara to hope better things of it . And tbe result serves to satisfy as that oar vigilance was not less necessary than we hope it to have been effectual .
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The Confewncd has been held ; and tb , ough Mr . O'Brien is represented as having expressed himself highly delighted with its proceed ' ings , and as having said that * when he entered that Conference he expected to meet with rr ^ n who would admit their prinoiple in wholefi » le , and frit ter it away in detail ; but hia suspicions had proved groundless—( cheers ) . He ' . " •" ¦ . had . "; never l > een in any Bociety—compofjed even , exclusively of working men— in which , he had found the democratic spirit more thoroughly developved , " — a careful reading of the whole report oompels us ,
notwithstanding our deference to Mr . O'BKiBN ' sjudgment , to adhere still to that wluch we had previously formed of this whole movement ; and to regard the very circumstanoes to which we have no doubt Mr . O'B . referred , as the ground of his satisfaction , as so much additional evidence that the whole thing is a device of the enemy , and that insincerity is stamped upon its every feature . We repeat that we are able to discover in tbe whole movement , of which this Conference is the most prominent and distinguishing feature , and in the conclusions and resolutions come to by the Conference itself , no purpose save one , —
which is the exact converse of the one avowed ; no evidence but that of deeply-concealed hostility and well-covered treachery , to the great cause of democratic rule , for the success of which so much appearance of anxiety is manifested . We of course intend not that these strictures shall apply personally to each , or any , member of the conference . That there were there those to whom they are most strictly applicable , and who will feel their truth , we verily behove ; and that there were there those who , like O'Brien and others recognised as Chartist leaders , '" hoped all things" out of fervent chariiy , and were therefore indisposed
"To pry too nicely ' neath a specious seeming , " we can have no doubt ; while we know that there were at teast five good men and true from Bradford , who represented , not the Sturgilea , but the people of that town—the only town , bo far as we know , which sent dekfcates , not from a class , but from the people ; which delegates , we believe would have been prevented sitting had cot the Sturgite 3 feared that such a step would destroy their whole prospect of obtaining credit with the people for their projected " National" Association : and the presence of which delegates
we have no doubt contributed very largely to give the cue to the proceedings of the whole Conference . We speak , then , not of men , but of measures ; we speak of this Conference collectively as a deliberative body , and of its acts , in reference merely to the tendency and character of those acts , and to their obvious likelihood to subserve or retard the attainmont of tha end towards which they were professedly directed . That end is the concentration of the whole powers of the people to one point—the establishment of Universal Suffr age . TheConference was held avowedly to devise tbe best means of carrying out this prinoiple .
The people had been feelingly exhorted to lay aside every weight , " to detach themselves from all consideration of detail ? , not to encumber the principle with any unnecessary clog , but to take it in all its beautiful and naked simplicity , as a common bond of union—as a point around which all could rally ; so that our whole force might be brought to bear against faction . We told them , when the project was first mooted , that this , if meant honestly , must mean the Charter or nothing ; that the whole subject was not now to be considered as new matter : that it had been
thought about by men as wise , as honest , as practical , as oool-headed , and as well-disposed as those who had now made the discovery of the necessity of Universal Suffrage ; and that their great object of M full , ( air , and free representation , " must of necessity include all the great principles ( or the " details" as these mushroom patriots were pleased to call them ) of the Charter * The Conference have acknowledged this , —thanks to the watchfnlness of the people , who , at the several previous meetings which had been held upon this subject all through the country , at the
meetings for electing several of the delegates , and by the Yoioe and vote of some of the delegates th ^ meelves , have shown their new-born friends that they were neither asleep nor drunk ; that they knew the meaning of plain word ? , and that representation could neith « rbe " full , fair , nor free , " if robbed ofany one of these principles of legislative fullness , fairness , and freedom . With the tact which long experience gives to men who have deep-laid designs to mature and perfeot , the Sturge men did battle successively on these details with the blandest
semblance of forbearance and of courtesy ; and finding it impossible to evade the strong reasons to which the people ' s eyes had become clearly opened , they adopted every one of these details ; that is to say , in pl ain termu , they declared themselves Chartists . This was precisely the position into which the Chartists always told them they must come if they were honest ; and thi 3 is the reason why we , and the consistent of the Chartists , who , thank heaven , were almost the whole body , have decried the new movement as a gratuitous diversion .
Having , then , come to the conclusion that all the b ' ix great principles of liberty , —the very principles on account of which , under the name of the " points " or "details" of the Charter , they had heretofore refused coalition with the Chartist movement , —were necessary , did they , as consistent and as honourable men , at once say " We have been wrong in opposing our good friends , the Chartists . It is clear that they were right npon the . matter ; that they understood the business better than we did ; that , as the Morning Chronicle acknowledged , "the Chartists have been better calculators than the
middle classes ; " it is reason able to suppose that if they had formed more distinot conceptions of principle , they will also , having had the benefit of experience and observation , be likely to have a better knowledge of details properly so called , and of the necessary organization for carrying out principle , than any we can have ; we have now , therefore , only to dissolve our Conference , to votethanks to , and confidence in , oar schoolmasters , and to enrol ourselves at once amongst the people who have taught us the true principles of liberty , as soldiers in the national army of patriots fighting the moral and peaseful battle of the Constitution , and of " full , fair ,
and free representation" ! This would have been the conduct of honest men under such circumstance ? . Was it the conduct of the Conference ?—that Conference whom Mr . CBbien delights to honour ^ and amongst whom he declares that he fonnd the democratic prinoiple developed to as full an extent as in any assembly in which he had ever sat 1 Did the Conference , then , having adopted the Charter in reality , adopt it also in name , and testify the sincerity of their desire for union by enrolling themselves at once under its banners I Let the querulous anxiety of its members to escape the brand-mark testify : —
"Mr . Pallfser was sure that if they carried Annual Parliaments it would be said that they had adopted the Charter , and the next point contended for would be its name—( hear , hear ) . " an anxiety which seemed to be so fully felt byall , or at least a great majority of those present , that no one ventured to perpetrate such an atrocity as that of submitting for the adoption of the conference , the People ' s Charier , every principle of which they had jnst affirmed : a submission , which if it had been made , tho Conference were told by Mr . Miaix , the conductor of the Nonconformist , the Sturge oracle , ta whom they afterwards voted : —
u That this Conference cannot separate without recording their heartfelt gratitude to Mr . Miall , editor of the Nonconformist for his powerful advocacy of our principles ;" that it should have had his firmest and most determined opposition . Let the people think only of the faat that these bold assertors of the democratic principle —these mild and conciliatory middle-class men —these earnest advocates of union between the
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middle and the working classes—these men who ysrere bo desirous to co-operate with -the Chartists , and so anxious that the Chartists should send delegates to the Conference , that they might be fairly represented there;—that these men had , as a collectiveI body , just affirmed every single Vc } a ' ciple containedjn ; the 1 "Peoples Charter ^ that they had declared every one of these principles to be absolutely necessary to their notions of at '' full , fair , and free representation of the ( people •' .: ' * , let the people think upon that fact , and then let them read the following resolution moved by Mr . William Lotett : — ¦ : ¦ .- ' ¦ ¦ - ' ,. '¦ . - ¦ ¦ > ' :. ¦"¦ : "• ' '¦<¦ '' ¦ - ' ¦/ ' : ¦ : ;;""
41 That this Conference having adopted such just principles of representation aa are necessary for giving to all classes of society their equal share of political power , and as the Peoplb ' sCharter contains such details as have been deemed necessary for the working out of suoh principles , and has , moreover , been adopted by millions of our brethren as aa embodyment of their political rights , this Conference , in order to effeot a cordial union of the middle and working classes , resolve , in a future Conference ( in whioh . the whole people may be fully represented ) , to enter into a calm consideration of that document , among other plans of political reform , and i / approved of , to use every just and peaceable means for creating a public opinion in its favour . "
Here ip a resolution then , not such an one , certainly , as might have been . expected to follow the affirmation of all the principles of the Charter ; but suoh an one as might , at leasfyhave been expected to disarm objection . It was surely the least thing the Conference could do , to testify the sincerity of their anxiety for Union , after having admitted every princi pie of the great measure to which they knew millions of their fellow subjects , the working
menthe very men with whom they were profossing a desire to unite—to be wedded ; it wasaurely , we Bay the least thing they could do , after having admitted its priaoipies , to look at its details , to examine them and see whether they were necessary , and whether they were good . Did they manifest any disposition , then , to do this ! Let the manner of their meeting Mr . LovEtr * B resolution answer , "Mr . Adams thought they would be better without the resolation at aH ; but if it were persisted in , other plans besides the People ' s Charter ought to be included in it ; " v " Tho Rev . T . Spencer agreed withihe last speaker that the conference had not acted wisely in entering upon thia Bubjeot . Had he wished to beeome a
Chartist , he could have done so at Bath . He hac shown his respect for the Chartists ; arid had all of them conducted themselves like those present , many of the middle classes would have become Chartists ere now--- ( heari hear . ) Some persons were determined to have the Charter , and nothing but the Charter . The same thing \ was said with regard to the Reform Bill . They were called togethor for one object , and they were now considering another . They were met not to consider the Charter , but the plan of Complete Suffrage , as suggested by Mr . Sturgo . If this resolution were carried , it would be said tnat they had given the subject the ' goby . '" ,, . -, . , . ¦ ; - :. - ¦ ¦ .. . ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ - . ¦ . - ' : ¦ , - ¦; ¦
Mr . Spfnceb therefore proposed as an amendment , that the arrangement of details should be left to the Birmingham Committee . " Mr . Tinea seconded the amendnjent . He was quite sure that if they adopted the name * Chartist , ' it would impede their operations . w O'Brien had no objection to an alteration being made in the resolution to the effeot suggested byMr . AIiall . - V ¦ ¦ - ; v .. ¦ ¦ f ; - ¦ : ' . ¦ : ¦ :--. . ' . ¦ , ¦; - : VV - " Mr . Lovett altered the resolution with a view to meet the wishes of Mr . Miali and Mr . Adams . "Mr . Dewhurst was proceeding to defend the Charter , and to argue for the retention or the name " Chartist , ' when he was called to order by Mr . Lovett , and resumed his seat . "
" Mr . O'Brien said it was not enough to lay down the plan of an edifice , it must be constructed . He agreed with "Mr . LovetCsamendedresolution , though he could hoi have agreed to the original motion . He was anxious to mergi the Chartist body into a National one—( hear , hear ) . He was not satisfied with the position which the Chartist body now Occupied ; nor waa he satisfied with the present position of the Conference . Hb WAS ABUNDANTLY SATISFIED- " -WITH
WHAT THE CONPKBEKCK HAD DONE ; but there was one thing still wanting , viz , that it should partake of a National character . What were the " obvious means of carrying that out I There should be a body of delegates chosan from all the people of this country who were favourable to these proceed inga . He was therefore anxious that thoro should be another Conference in which all parties should be equally represented ; " /
After abundance of talk , during that and a portion of the next sitting , the matter ended in the una . nimoas adoption , on the motion of Mr .: William Lotett , of a resolution to form a new National Association , to be entitled u The National Complete Suffrage Union" baying for its objects the establishment and furtherance of precisely the same principles as the National Charter Association . This was followed by resolutions to appoint missionaries and lecturers , to
pr int tracts and pamphlets , to establish a national weekly newspaper , and to raise funds by the issuing of cards of membership , varying in price from sixpence to fiv « pounds each , ( as a method , we Buppose , of evincing the perfect developement of the democratic principle !) and those resolutions are again followed by the adoption of a general plan of organization , aifecting to differ a little from that of the National Charter Association ; but being practically in-oparative , or perfectly illegal in its operation , by just , so much as it does differ .
What , then , is the conclusion forced upon the mind by all these proceedings taken as a whole . The avowed object of these men is the uniting of the whole energies of the whole people , and particularly the uniting of the middle and working classes ; and they prosecute this object by a means which can have no other effect than that of breaking up , as far as it may be successful , the union of the working classes already established . This may be Bufficient to prove to Mr . O'Bbien that his suspicions of the Sturgeite ' s were groundless ; we acknowledge , however much we may regret to dissent from his opinion , that upon oar mind it
has worked a conclusion exactly the reverse of this . None know better than some of the old stagers in agitation who composed this Conference ; none know better than the whole party who assume the lead in this movement , that it is impossible for it to goon without seriously injuriDg the prospect Of attaining that full , fair , and tree representation , for which they affect to be so anxious . The co-existence of two * ' National '' Associations , having the same objects , and recognising the same principles , is alike needless j absurd , and impossible . They must fritter away each other ' s strength . they cannot ; either of them become "National" without annihilating the other .
These Conference men have proved to a demonstration one of , two things ;; either that they are perfectly insincere , and that their objoct is net that whioh they profess , or that they are more devoid of the common principles of reason than tbe utmost stretch of our charity will allow us to suppose them to be . The very fact of their rejecting , without enquiry or examination , the details of the CJiarter and the organization of the already established National Society—established for tho attainment of their own principles—proves that they desire to effect not union but division among
the people ; and we now again ask the people plainly , whether , with this palpable evidence of fraud and insincerity upon its frontj they will permit themselves to be bamboozled by the pretended assertion of their principles , into an alliance with , and a support of , parties whose plain object is io re-enact , apoa a bolder soale , the bye-gono juggles of their 11 liberal" brettirenl We httye no tears for them . The people have top much sense to be thiis trapped I Had the evidence of their sincerity appeared upon the face of the middle-olaes movement , none would have
hailed it with greater cordiality than we would j nor would the whole people have been wanting in readiness to forget past injuries , and to forgive bye-gone wrongs . They would have extended the hand of fellowship to their late persecutors , now made rational and' sensible , with right free good will . But under Buoh circumstances we feel quite sure that they will have but one answer for them : they will say plainly , >* Messrs . lliddle'ciasa , Full , Fair , and Free" men , pray excuse us ; we are no longer to be hoodwinkod ; if your object be the establishment of the priuciplee you have es-
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poused , we ehall receive you heartily as . brethren and felloyr workers ; we shall congratulate you on . the improvement in your moral and intelleotaal character , and we shall gladly give you the benefit of our experiencaandbelter acquaintance with the principles of right , for your further instruction in the mode of their developement and furtherance . Bati yon musi not . expect that we , from whom you acknowledge to have learned your principles , shall submit ourselves to your guidance a&d tutelage . This would be indeed for the clear- sighted to choose blind leaders , and to deprive themselves of all rdaeouable ground of complaint , however disastrous might be their way . " In a word , they will point the Complete Suffrage Association men to the " ranks" of the National Charter Association as
iheir due place and best opportunity of exhibiting their patriotic energy , and their no less patriotic love of union . We bold it to be clear as day-light that this is the precise position which the people must take , and the only position which they could take in reference to the new V New Move" Charter Association , supposing its claims to a national character and its exhibition of the democratic principle to have been much better and more forcible than they are . But what shall we say to this body , —this Conference , partially elected by narrow constituencies , —presuming to
constitute a portion pf themselves ; a national society at all i Our idea of democratic principle ; seems to differ strangely from that of Mr . O'Bkien ; for we had thought that under the influence of this principle no Society could be at all deemed " National , " whose constitution and laws did not emanate from a deliberative body repreeeutiug the power and intellect of the nation , whioh power and intellect our democratic principle teaches us to recsgnise only in the people themselves : or in their representatives fully , fairly , and freely chosen * Here on the contrary is a body of men , the major
part of them representing merely the handfuls of persons who signed Mr . Stuhge ' s Declaration ; and these men presame to lay down npt only ( he principles but tho rules , constitution , and laws of a society for the whole nation ; and not only so but io elect the officers by whom this " National" society is to be controlled and governed and its funds applied , ; for twelve months ; without the liberty , to any member of this " National" Sociejiyi to alter , or amend , or propose the alteration or amendment , of any one of its rales , however '" - " -objectionable , for the like space of time ; say more , eo perfect is the
exhibition in the new " national" move of the democratic prinoiple , that even at the end of twelve months no member of this M National" Society has the power to amend or alter , or to propose the amendment or alteration of any rule , however objectionable , except he W one of the "National " officers now appointed by this Conference , representing , at the most , a few handfuls of men , and many of whose members represented no one but themselves . This is as fine an exhibition of the
democratic prinoiple as we have seen for some time I but it is fully equalled by other parts of the constitution of this new "National" society for the suppression of Chartism , upon which we have not at present either room or time for comment ' We have already exceeded the space we purposed to devote to this aubjeot in our present number , bat we cannot leave it without giving one mere evidence from the report of the Nonconformist of the perfect sincerity of these middle class Stvrgb men , in their ardent professions of a desire to conciliate and unite together the middle and working classes .
"Mr . Pewhirstrose and moved , and Mr . Brook seconded , - - : \ - - . ' ' V . - ¦'• ; . - - - ¦ :-. . . ¦¦ ¦'¦ - ¦ ¦ . - ¦ . ¦; . ' ' * That we , the delegates , assembled in conference at Birmingham , having after due and mature consideration recognised and adopted the principles of Annual Parliaments , Universal Suffrage , Vote by Ballot , E ^ uat Representation , No Property Qualification for Members of Parliament , and Payment of Representatives , cannot under suoh circum-8 tanoe 8 consistently separate without giving a cordial and hearty vote of thanks to the working
classes for the indemitable courage , hearty perseveranoe , and Christian forbearance manifested by them as ft body in times of trying want and » u * pass 8 ing emergency brought about by the misrule of class legislation and the monopoly of interested speculators ; and we further pledge ourselves to co-operate in every consti tutional agitation for the purpose of creating , organising , and directing such union of all classes as may tend to the attainment of the principles which we have recognised . ' ' ... " .. ¦ . ' ¦¦ ¦ ' - " .- ¦¦ > " . ¦¦ ¦ ¦ : !''¦'¦ - . " : ¦ -- ' - - ; : .. .
"Several delegates , among whom was Mr ^ O'Brien , urged the withdrawal or modification of the resolution , but the mover and seconder declared that they would not accede to it ; the Conference might either reject or adoptit . " ; Now mind , this is no statement of a "lying reporlerfpr the Northern Star ? ' it a the report , without alteration or curtailment , of the SlURQE oraole , the Nonconformist . And we learn , from the
sequel of that report , that as the two brave Bradford men refused to withdraw this resolution , and left it to the Conference to adopt or reject it , : the Conference obliged them by : rejeoting it . The votes are given in the report ; for the amendment , ( that is for the rejection of the Bradford men ' s resolution ) 41 ; against the amendment , Jr .- -,.-.. Names are not specified , but we pledge our lives that the five were the five Bradford
men . To oonqluder-at least for this time . V 7 e shall probably be looked to for some opinion upon what course the people should pursue as to the future movements of this new Belf-constituted- " National " Complete Suffrage AsBociatibni Here then is onf opinion at once . The people should have nothing to do with them , ; They should leave them alone in their littleness , and laugh at them . The people must not oppose them , for they profesa to be seeking the advancement of bur principles ; 1 st them , therefore , go on
their own way ; and if they are determined to go alone --if they are determined to make a foot-road for themselves alongside the people ' s turnpike , in God ' s name , let them walk on it it until their ancles ache and they begin to feel their loneliness . But Bnpport them against the factions in all their assertions of the great principles of liberty . If they should be weak enough to take the open field in defence of our prinoiples relying on their own strength , rash to the rescue , lest the enemy should overcome them ; let them not , by any means , be beaten by the open and avowed advocates
oi class legislation : on every public occasion when the Complete Suffragites muster for the assertion oi our common principles , there let the Chartists muster with them to a man ; let there be no Buch division in our ranks as the enemy can-take advantage of ; let them be well protacted , and by our asBistaace made triumphant , in every public assertion ef our principles which they may attempt ; but iiever leave them without letting them know to whom they are indebted ; nover leave a meetine
without a resolution pledging the people to their old leaders so long as these remain faithful , to their tried friends who have braved the battle and the breeze to their own national organisation , which they know to be . legal and efficient , and to the evidence of sincerity to the cause by enrolment in the National Charter Association . This is the advice we give the people ; we give it in all sincerity and earnestne ? 8 ; and we tell them , that if it be not needed , they are likely to have bitter and abundant reason for repentance .
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* uo Bujuurnea on the income tax was resumed by Mr . Aldam , of Leeds , who grounded his objections to an income tax on account of its inquisitorial character . Some parts , however , of the Ministerial measure had bia approbation . _ . A } U > ae - talk' * thereupon ensued , in which Mr . i j scott f Mr . Parker , Lord Sandon , Sir C . Napier , Kr . . Twtterv Lord Eliot , Mr . Hawes , Sir James jranam , Mr . Ferrand , Lord Woraleyj and Colonol bibthorp had their joy , when the House divided . For bringing .. ^ ... 308 * or Lord Jonn ' a Amendment ... ... 202 Peers' majority «• \ - 106 After some further conversation , the Report was hen . agreed to , and leave given to bring in th « Income Tax Bill .
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, ;¦ ¦ .: BiRiwiweHAia . ¦ - "¦' : ' . - ^ .. : ' . - ; GREAT CHARTIST MEETING ON MONDAY . The wOrkies have done their duty , and they have done . it welll They have brought the mountain to Mahomet , instead of Mahomet going to tho monnEain ! -:- ¦¦ ¦ - ¦' : \ : - " r ' VJ . ' . - " - v- - ¦"¦ '¦¦'¦ f-. . ' > . The brave men of Bilston began to be on the move about four o ' clock ; by five , the band waa serenading O'Connor * by six , the Wolverhamptoa worthies were in the field , and they started for Birmingham In good order , with banners floating in
defiance of their enemies , not more glorious than the cause they had been unfurled to maintain . On the road , the Walsall workies joined ; and Wedehsbury , Dudley , Stourbridge , Kidderminster , Brierly HUls , 'aad other looaUties sent forth their tributary streams , forming ^ as fine a sirfit as can be weU imagined . The : morning was oeaatifol , bat very windy ; and when the Birmingham men met them at the Trees , in Hampton Road , O'Connor , who had headed and marshalled the procession on foot , looked more like a miller than any thing else .
An immense number of stalwart and enthusiastic miners , dressed in their flanuel jackets , marched first in the procession ; they entered the town in great regularity like a well-drilled regiment , and loudly cheered O'Connor throughout tto march of ten miles . The Birmingham men halted , and fell into the rear of the immense procession . Therewer * several excellent bands of music and banner ? . Having arrived at Daddeston Row , and taken up their position , the chair was taken esaotly at eleven o ' clock by Mr . Porter , who briefly introduciBd the business of the meeting . ¦ . .:. ; , ' . ; .. ,- M , / The first resolution was moved by Mr . M'Cartney ^ one of the delegates from Liverpool , and seconded by Mr . E . P . Mead , of Birmingham , both of whom
delivered very eloquent speeches . Mr . O'Connor supported the resolution in a speech , not a very long one , bat one fall of kind feeling towards the working men , and jokes upon his own unwashed appearance . He was now fairly identified witn the great unwashed , thoagh he was not "the great unknown . * ' - He hailed -with satisfabtioh the acknowledgment of our principlea , deprecated any opposition to any party contending for them , and recommended vigilance and watchfulness . It was said and thought by many that the object of these " new movers" was " to get rid of Feargus . " But they might as well attempt to remove Olympus ; he braved their vain and futile attempts . They said he was ia the pay of the
Tories . Good God ! in league with the tactiou that had deluged the green sod of his beloved Ireland with martyrs * blood I He was not a Whig . ; The Whigs had proved that , by their persecution of him and his brave associates . How could he , then , beloDg to , or have any thing to do , with such a set of Bcoundrels as either the Whiga or the Tories . But he must be brief ; . ' ; he had to address another meeting in London at eight o ' clock , and the Convention would meet to-morrrow morning . He must wash and eat ; for he was a very unfit and very unseemly guest at a soiree , or in a ball-room , unless it were a masquerade ball ; and therefore he must now take bia leave , and leave other talented and eloquent men to address them . Mr . O'Connor then
departed amid the deafening cheers of the assembled thousands . ; : - . ' ; ¦ . ¦ :. ¦¦' ; - '' . ¦ : ¦ . ' ¦ ¦ : ' - - ;¦ . ..-, - ¦ ¦ '¦"¦ ¦ ¦ ,. '" . ¦¦ '¦" .. - . : " Messrs . Lowery , G . White , Thomasson , from the Vale of Leven ; Kicbards , from the Potteries ; A . B . Cook , from Stroudwater , Gloucestershire ; T . Soar , and T . P . Green , of Birmingham , subsequently addressed the meeting , vpbjolT lasted nearly four hours , in soul-stirring speeches , amidst breathless silence , when not interrupted by rapturous plaudits . A vote of thanks was then given to the chairman , and thus ended our great Midland Demonstration . The following resolutions were passed without a dissentient band being held up against them : — ' M That this meeting view with great satisfaction thereault of tbe late Complete Suffrage Conference , as far as their adoption of the entire principles of the People ' s Charter is concerned ; and we hope the con * siliatory spirit exhibited in that assembly wili be the means of producing a very strong impression
upon the national mind , in favour of the rights of man , and that a general sense of the justice of the people ' s claims will induce many to join in th » struggle of right against might , and ultimately obtain for tke masses , that full and perfect liberty which alone can secure the greatest amount of prosperity and happiness to the empire at large . " . " That this meeting do declare their perfect satisfaction with the present organisation of the body oalled 'The National Charter Association , ' and their firm resolution of adhering to the present mode of agitation , relying upon their own exertions , but holding out the right-hand of friendship to all who agitate for the same righteous principles as themselves . And we do earnestly call npoa the working classes to stand nrmly by their own order , and rally round their own victorious standard , by enrolling themselves as members of the National Charter Association . "
w "That we , the members of the National Charter Association , do use our utmost exertions to increase our numbers and augment bur funds by every rational and peaceable means , such as the distribution of Chartist tracts and other Liberal works , by loca coHeotors , by friendlf visits , and mutual instruction sociotiea , and discussion with adverse parties , in order to convince others of the fatal effects of class legislation , which has been the cause of the moral , social , and political evils , which have reduced the people to their present state of suffering ; and destitution , and we pledge ourselves , never to cease our exertions until the People ' s Charter , unmutiiated , beconiethe law of the British Empire . "
" That this meeting deeply sympathise with the sufferings of our patriot brethren , the victims of Whig treachery and injustice , especially with the three Welch martyrs . Frost , Williams , and Jones ; and HoweL Jones , and Roberts , of Birmingham , and that we pledge ourselves never to cease our exertions in their behalf , until every victim is restored to liberty , the bosom of his family circle , and to the land of his birth . * , " That the befct thanks of this meeting be given , because most due , to the Char tist delegates , who last week so nobly advocated and defended the six grand principles of the People ' s Charter , in the Complete Suffrage Convention ?'
[ The departure of our reporter from Birmingham to attend the Convention now sitting , has prevented us giving a fall report ^ -of this large , important , and enthusiastic meeting . This we are sorry for , as public attention has been most anxiously directed towards it . IJnder the circumstances , no other course was left us but to insert such a report as we could procure ; which we have done , with this explanation . ! ¦ .
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Mb . GRIFFIN , of Manchester , acknowledges the ¦ receipt of 10 s , per post-office order , from ths Chartists of Halifax , for the victim at the Halt of Science , and on their behalf returns them his sincere thanks . 1 . / o , ¦ Halifax . —/* is most urgently requestedihatall our Chartist friends direct their communications to ¦ Joseph Thornton , Barun * Top Halifax , until . further notice .
Mb . James Sweet fie ©* to acknowledge the receipt of the Petilir . nfrom Boston , Lincolnshire . AtL Letters for Mr . Taylotduring the { next ' three weeks to be addressed to him , care of Mr . Sweet , news-agent , GooseGate , Nottingham . The Report of the Frooie district ' meeting todsreceived after the last week ' s Paper was at .-. ! press . ' ¦ ' : ¦ - -..- ¦ ' . ¦' : ¦ ¦ - ' . " . ¦ - ¦' " .. '•" . . - . -. ' : ' ¦ :--: ¦ .: ' . ' ; . Chartist TiTHgs .- ^ -i Chartist ( % om his infancy J tells vsthai he means , as soon as his arrangements . are completed , which will be in a few weeks , to supply his brother Chartists with ink , to be called ^ Chartiit in fc , v- and to forward to us weekly * for the use of the Executive , one penny out of every shilling of the proceeds of the sale thereof . Mb . ThomasShort has received from the Chirtisfs of Winchcom . bas . for the masons on strike . T . J . Smith . —There is no law in the matter ¦ ¦ , but the Usage Of all Well Ordered assemblies is
deci-. dedly against theex-M . P . to whom her ef en . MossLET . —Mr . Thomas Large , Baguley-hill , Mrnley , has been appointed suiSecrelary , in place of George Hoyle , designed . Birmingham Young Man ' s Chabtee Association . '•¦ ,. —We have no room for their address . J . J ., ; Legrams-lane , Bradford : — We thank our friend most heartily for his kindly rebuke . We havsne doubt that it is written in perfect sincerityand meant in perfect kindness . He must excuse our publishing- 'it , d < we cannot perceive any good end "U would answer by publication , more especially as he has assigned no reasons for the opinion he has expressed . ; DANiEt Marsden strongly recommends Jo all
Forresters , Odd Fellows , and other secret orders , to connect with each lodge a cooperative store . In support of hsproposition , he says;—" Suppose , f jr instance , that each todge has £ 100 at ; Command , and that they agree to lay oat such sum -in stores ; and suppose that each society has flftjf members , and that each member expends 15 s . per week , making the : aggregate ^ 37 10 0 ; then suppose , furtheir , that is . fid . per pound sterling be allwwed fox profita , making jfi 2 15 a . 6 d . per week , or £ ll 2 i ed . per month , and £ Ui ia . 0 < L * year—a sum which , if properly laid out , would ¦ furnish or huitd , to the course of ten or twelve yeaw , a comfortable hbuaa for < sach member , wnieft would
confer on them the elective franchije . " SHBFPierp . —Mr . G . J . Harneyhas received from W X Y 2 s for the Executive . Mr . H . hat forwarded the money to Mr . CampheU , iehohas _ acknowledged the receipt of it . Persons witling to beeome lecturers for the East and North Riding district of Yorkshire mutt tend then-namesto the \! Sectetary , EdwardBurley , \ 9 t JSilton streets Layerthorpe , York . Every candidate must forwardcredentials from the District . Secretary , testifying > ' tc \ talent ' and ' sobriety . To thb •'¦ - Chabtjsts of TEtis East aj « i > No&tu RiDiHQS .- —TAo 5 < 'places whe \ have not already forwarded their share of Convention Fund an requested to do sp immediately to the Secretary .
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4 " ¦ ' ' - . . '¦¦ . THE TORTSBg __
Oedate House Of Commons, Wbdhbsdat.
oeDate HOUSE OF COMMONS , Wbdhbsdat .
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), April 16, 1842, page 4, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct886/page/4/
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