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THE NOKTHEW STAR SATURDAY, SEPTEM3ER 2, 1843.
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PORTRAIT OF W. P. ROBERTS, ESa.
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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ORGANIZATION . ZO THE BDITOR OF THE KORTHBRH STAR . Frs , —I iave read your Plan of Organizition " carefnl .-j through , and as a member xrf the Chartist b « dy , I letaVn yoa my thanks for the great labour a » d pains ¦ which yea srasfc necessarily have bestowed upon it ; zo 6 - _ itfc ugh I bsTB been opposed to Hie incorporation ol \> — Land Bcheme ''?» ith . our movement , yet , upon due eoi-iiieraiion of the arguments , iw . and « wx-, I a ™ P erfesilj reconcaed to it particulariy as this if do time for iaii- ^ plHting . My only feara -were , tot it might lead to tha establishment ofvs sort of aristocracy in our xau » 3 cr take the attention of our most active men iro-L . u , c great question of the Charter .
I remember-veil , that -when Socialist societies irere in their infancy , the poorest \ vorkinf-inen , and the betisi paid ones , cheer / oily fraterjaized with each other ; bat . Jr vroceu of time , as they gained greater . strength ace stability , and baa erected •< Hill » ot Seenee ; " the weii-paid members had . their Halls tastefully decorated ; fonaad dancing and amusement classed . &&d became so ext ' tsive in their manners and notions , that the poorer mLoi ' rTj , who thought more about dinner * than dances , grt ^ i ^ dly withdrew j and the societies tin * lost their criminal energy . In 1 H » mannerthB Chart ! " stscommenced establishing cooperative stores , in lt $ \> - That at 2 fe"scast ! e-npon-Tyne was established on a v ^ - * 7 extensive occle , and -was very prosperous for a fl * np ; but the
itissiion of their most ' attire members being almost sokiy engrossed in welshing tea and sugar , and meaaTniog potatoes , they neglected the public meeting The splendid spirit of Chartism , which previously exku . was allowed to die away ; and through this aegl ^ ct , both the store and Association came to nothing . Per these leasons , ^ nd -with such facto before onr eyes , I abrald therefore -wish , that the benefits to be derived from the Xand Pond , might be placed under such restrictions as to mate it Imperative on all connected ¦ wiw * ?? to be good and efficient members of the Keu . iisl Charter Association , properly discharging the -daliea of any office assigned them ; and that some con-¦ necjfng link should biDd them to their suffering brethren , trsn tthen loaded on the land .
11 i * q ; me clear thai something practicable onght to ke c- ^ aanenced . People Trill not be content \ o -waste tfceir lira listening to speeches , although they are absolutely necessary in the first instance . Let ns thereiort set t » -work in good earnest , and exert ourselves "Wit" - laertased energy , to make up fer the time vhic& lias " ren lost is foolish and unmeaning bickerings , Trhi . ii , I hope , are now completely done away -with , to give place tea more brotherly and friendly feeling ; and 1 trust the Conference Trill Adopt some plan to lemare sny Tain or splenetic booby from amongst us , "srhr -sR ^ bis to create division for his own gratification , to t- ? injury of the cause . 1 look forward with hops ane confidence to the forthcoming Conference . It mil comprise our best and -well-tried friends , " Ifree from
" pedlars * and trafiicers } -who , with their ownknowledge and exj-rience , -will have the benefit of all that has been -ratten on the subject , and your copious and -wellsrxaagsd plan for their guide . I trust that they will TPftta the performance of political duty a qualification lor the enjoyment of the beBefits to be derived * from the iand Pnrid ; and adopt taeh measures as "will binder thsmoiV ^ rs of that Fond from giving cause of complsint to such of our poor feDows as ean scarcely preenre a penny loaf . I think it -would be a good plan to introduce s clause enabling the members of a bEsscii to -elect a person -who bad proved himself a good and useful Chartist , but could » £ k 5 ord to pay to the Fund . This -would induce ^ ^ , e members to take an interest ini :, an- bj ^ hopes and encouragement to all , * es 5 " - Z- retting the werld see what Chartism really is . Is Tftmld create a brotherly feeling throughout the -whole society , and enable those-whose trades are not yet rrusfr d by the abuse of capital and- machinery , to unfsitunate
hold out a helping hand to their more br&ttien ; besidBS Enabling them to protect those -who ¦ were persecuted , or driven from their employment , through the advocacy of Chartism . This , in itself , would be an inducement for men to be good msmbeifc of 2 ie ? fal . i ; Bsi Charter Association ; aa , Jnmy opinion , the C arter should be kept in view , above , and before , .-II o ^ er things . I should » ot trouble you , Mr . Editor , -with these ? = marks , hid I been at liberty . I should then probably ^ 3 ve fead my say amongst our other friends . But as 1 ; m in » prison vrhBie 1 can tcrite , 2 have takes the berqrof claiming a corcer in your forthcoming Star . I intend to forward my thoughts , on the ptfiiical portion of the Organisation , to the chairman ol the . Confer-- ace ; and sincerely hoping that the deliberations ot * 3 » delegate * inay tend to the benefit of the millions , J am , yours truly , &EOBGB WHITB . 'Caeen"B Prison , August 29 th , 1843 .
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VXB 4 D 18 E WTTHOT TBB EEACH OF AIL MEN , "WITHOUT iABOTJB , BY TGWES 3 OP . 2 fATTJEE AND MACHINERY . ~ L £ TIK& TY . TO IHS EDITOB OF TH 2 K 0 BTHXR 5 . STiS . I > sa 2 SiE—There are many prejudices in the minds * men , in regard to the benefits conferred on wciety t > - the progress of science and the introduilion ol mar Jnery ; I think it therefore necessary to say a Jew » ds on tbis subject before I proceed to a more special ? elopemeot of the seanj and Traya to realise the pro-> r » n iirfd out tn tbj former letters . The Jo west , mort simple , although most important ^ boots , the e<ivatios . uf the land and production ol > od . have been performed , asd in a great measure are _ ow performed by slaves , serfs , acd agricultural labourers , who have-always been regarded and treated sa machines . It iB therefore not ts be wondered that machsinery has not been employed in this branch of human iffnrr * m ; Ji would only have been like substituting one set - ~ i ^ oehises far another , in the minds of onr sapient poli-It is
j ^ nna and economists . -vastly differeat the tzad * s in genexaVwbich have been invented an d practised , according to Mycology , by the gods themselves , and who necessarily developed the nrfna « of the artisans (¦ toldxmUhs associated with Kings , and Queens have been taught the art of spinning . The artizxns were ecaited to travel through different countries and to improve their eapacitien , Bot being bound to any particular place for their labour and maintenance . We find in all former trsues , which aza now carried on by machinery sen ol the brightest minds , who continued to improve iheir tools , until they finally brought them to such a ferlecdon , thai children or thoughtless men could work with them as well or better , than the most experienced and expert -workman in the old style .
Tht minds -who constructed machines , worked not for She labourers who afterwards handled them , merely re * quiring their bodies . These poor men having no indncetuent for mental c&Iinre in their trades , or labours , gra-^ ng ~ ny sank to a mere ¦ MTi ^ nnJ existence . The proprietors , 3 remen or directors of machines formed a new class in society , rivalling hi wealth and intelligence the proprietors and barons of the land , but reducing their labourers to the same scale as the labourers of the fjai ^ n . The multiplication of machines and thR conse * ccsni production ol manufacturers became enormous
jBngland with its artificial powers and mff ^^ inf ^ bow produces more than six hundred millions Jol men oonld produce -with their TnKnuM labours and unimproved toolB . As long as other nations were absorbed in war , England was tba factory for the whole world , and drew all the money from foreign countries almost -as fast as that money was paid to them in the shape of subsidies , and f : dvasce < i to them in tile shape of State debts ; and tat paper securities , which now constitutes the great wealth of money aristocrats . Arkwright and Peel have i > ecome richer th&n princes ; but their labourers have become as miserable as slaves and serfs .
It is evident that there must be something fnndajne 1 -ally wrong , or such a circumstance could not have happened : a circumstance which shows , that in the same proportion , "were the producers impoverished and jjrutaiised . I take tbis fundamental error to be the Kts-sided improvement or application of machinery . 3 J ; . Mnery has merely been applied to manufactores ; \ n tbe prodHCtlon of the secondary wants of men ; to the production of so-cslied articles of luxury ; whereas fiie production of the primary wants , food , houses , ice , have been carried on without the aid of science and Xnaeh nery . The necessary result of this one-sided im-, pro 7 ement was a surplus of less necessary things and a
Scarcity of tike mest necessary ones . The surpius of znaBuf&ctnres caused a reduction of tbe wages of manufacturing labourers , at the time when provisions and lodgings were raised in price . AH the earnings of She labourer in the factories were necessary to satisfy the ttcigei of himself and his children , so that he could not even partake of his own manufactures , no matter bow low they came in price . If the production of food and houses could have been increased iike manelactorss , wonl 4 the case not have stood quite different ? And who mil say that this wculd * be impossible ? Is the earth not rich enough and have we not powers to Bpply jfor suc& purposes ?
Tbe proouetion of mannfaetures does not require much power , but much skill . A steam or water power ca city horses can drive many thousand spindles , **¦» l !***? n mal 5 andskiU , 1 f concentrated upon the construeti « n of a machine , is acting as long Sm to ^ oSwSt wen ^ S ^ eref *** ° * ^ TS £ t ^ > * SS SS ^ f-52 ^ SSSi ^ S ^^ ^~~ Pca * "D •"" "wtsbwiui toe . greatest ^* m- Ui ^> m made such
BaneUme , and ^ , with the ris * to his « y « sad * erTe \ ^^^ be for fine , com . Iflkated , a ^^ catelaboi ^ for tha labQurs olJS . xnea , should common humanity not induce us to make someimacldneB for the eosae and shnple labours an * ¦ enxa geriesof slaves , serfs , and agricOtaral labourers Certainly ; but macbinea wo " nt work by themselves- and . although a spring not stionger than U » spring ef » cemmon clock , can , by being wwaad up , assort and weigh 10 , 000 sovereigns before It is nnwoifed , ittskes something more powerful to dig aad pulverisa " the ground And this power is Bone other than tbe powers of nature
Jiat itaye hifiierto been bo little thought or made use ( i t wbia they atould ] have at flat oiawn ihe attention of mea ; being first to assist them hi their labours sod in the production of their comforts . These are fee powea trhlch iaB sod- aost be made use of , if
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men trill ever be free and independent : and well may we hail the appearance of a man of genius and penetration like Btzlbb , who proves so admirably that the " powers of nature are subservient to man if he has faith in ProviSenca , and nevar dreams of' common sense , ' impossibilities . " He says in Mb "Paradise , " page 6 : — " The basis of my proposals is , that there' are powers in nature at the disposal of mas , million times greater than all the men on earth could effect , with their united exertions , by their nerves and sinews . If I con show that such a superabundance of power is at
our disposal , what should : be the objection against applying them to our benefit in tbe best manner We can think of ? If we have the requisite power for mechanical purposes , it is then but a matter of human contrivance to invent adapted tools or machines for application . Powers must pre-exist ; they cannot be invented ; they may be discovered ; no mechanism can produce power : it would be aa absurd to invent tools , to work without any applied power to put them in operation . Machineries , of whatever contrivance they be . are nothing but tools more or less combined . "
I am , Sir , your obedient servant , C . F . Stollmbteb No . 3 , Northampton Terrace , City Koad , London . Aug . 15 , 1843 . ( To be continued . )
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Hz . O'Coxnob has received communications from many districts in all of which a very great desire is expressed to have a pobtkaii of Mr . Roberts , the pe ople ' s Attomey-GeneraL We cannot wonder that a a Tong wish should he entertained to possess a Likeness of so truly amiable , talented , and tree a man and although we know that Mr , O'Connor had deV' ^ rouBed to give so more Portraits , yet we hive the pleasure to announce that all Subscribers for Three . Months , from Saturday , the 16 th of Sept ., " will receive X POfcTEAIT OP W . P . SOBEBT 3 . THE PEOPLE'S ATTOBNEYGENERAL .
We request the « evek *» Agents to open liBte foi the enrolling of names , ** none bat SBbacribers from the above dates win * receive a plate . The price &f Paper and Plate when presented will be Sixpence ; and none -will be Bold * * ithout the papsr .
The Nokthew Star Saturday, Septem3er 2, 1843.
THE NOKTHEW STAR SATURDAY , SEPTEM 3 ER 2 , 1843 .
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OUE POSITION . . FAILURE OF OUR MANUFACTURES . " OUB LAST AND ONLY RESOURCE , TH ^ LAND . " It behoves us , as a people , to look well to . our present position : not only to our position at hoixie , as regards the physical and moral condition of oar population , but also to oar position abroad : aad ihe probability , or otherwise , of our being able to main * tain the standing vre have hitherto obtained in the markets of tbe world .
On several , nay , on many occasions , vre have , in ihe Northern Star , examined oar home position . We have often shewn that tbe physical condition of the labouring portion of the community is deplorable in the extreme . We have shewn this to be the case , by the evidence of the factory masters themselves , and by the evidence of other employers of labonr . We have shewn that when these have instituted personal examinations into the condition of the toorlcers , they have fonnd them , in their miserable dwellings , without food , bedding , or furniture : -wishing " that Almighty God would pat an end to
their sufferings before morning . " We have Bhewn that every "Extension of Commerce" from tbe year 1798 , downward to the present time , ( the period embraced in the returns which have been kept of our yearly foreign commerce ) , has brought in its train a diminution of prices , ehofits , and WAGES . We have shewn that in 1841 we had % Foreign Trade almost equal to six tikes the amount in 1798 ; and that for thej ? ce times increase , v ? e only received the difference between £ 33 , 000 , 000 and £ 51 , 0 d 0 , * 00 , to speak in round numbers . We . have shewn that the ¦ weaver who , in 1798 , received 15 a . for weaving
twelve yards of * ihe 60-reed 6-4 ths cambrics , in 18 S 2 only received 1 b . 7 ^ d . for the same amouat of work : and in 1842 he only received 9 d . for the work which in 1758 brought him in 15 s . !!! We have shewn that while our Foreign Trade has been thns "Extending / ' and causing this < tepreclattng effec ; upon prices , profits , and wages , Crime has increased from 4 , 605 committals in 1815 , to 27 , 760 committals in 1841 . We have also shown that while in 1798 , with as much money , or nearly so , for onr ovs-sixtb qdaktitt of Foreign Trade ; and with loa . wages for weaving twelve yard 3 of 60 reed-6-4 ths cambric , we had only £ 39 , 492 , 995 of xaxss to pay ; while in 1842 , when we had depreciated onr prices bo as to cause us to give five timet the quantity
for the same amount of money ; when wages were so beaten down as to cause the cambric weaver to perform fifteen shillings worth ot labonr for ninepence ; we have Bhewn that when these resalta had followed tbe enormous " Extensions of our Foreign Commerce , " our taxes in 1842 amounted to £ 50 ^ 397 , 738 J 3 being £ 19 , 804 , 743 more to pay with diminished means . We have shewn thai the effect of all this baa been to cause us to give to the tax-eater six-moss more than was his due ; asd we have shewn that these facts alone sufficiently accounted for oar 7 K » n £ -positionj where we have the workers witbont work ; the labourers without food ; and many " wishing Almighty God to put an end to their Bufferings before morning . "
All these things we have beforetime proved , from the Returns published by the House of Commons itself ; from " the farts in figures" which those Returns so trnthfully exhibit . It therefore stands us not in need to dwell longer on them at tho present . We need not stay to prove the horrible destitution everywhere abounding . That is now admitted on every hand . Ever since the Whigs Baw the bleak side of the Treasury benches , that fact has found trumpeters plenty i It is now undisputed , The Minister has orer and over again admitted it . He has caused the Queen to admit
I it from the throne , deploring the fact , while she I admired and complimented the patience and torj tirade with which it was borne . Oar Aome-position is I therefore now well understood . In that particular ' we stand much better than ever we did : formerly . } When the Whigs were in > not one word respecting general distress would they hear . In 1833 , when a Committee of Inquiry inte the condition of H Manufactures , Shipping , and Commerce" had been appointed , ihe WnigB set themselves to prove that we were then in a state of " unexampled prosperity" To prove this , they raked the very kennels for " evidence . " It was before thai
Committee that Mr . John Mabsttat . t ., of Leeds , evidenced that the wage he paid to a weaver was ten shillings a-week , whereon to support himBelf , his wife , and his family ! It was before that Committee that Mr . Johs Mxbshaix showed that the average wages he paid the "hands" in his mill was 6 s . 11 Id . !!! And thiB was all " evidence" of M TO'IXampled prosperity . " Now , however , the song is changed . No one now sings of prosperity . ' > The ousted Whip loudly proclaim matiohai bdin at home ; and the Minister admits that great destitution prevails ; and has counselled the Qaeen to beg throughout the whole empire for eleemosynary aid to help to keep the starving thousands alive 1
Such , then , is our position at home . What is our position abroad t We have been led to believe that England owes all her greatness to w our Foreign Commerce . " We have been taught that to M Foreign Commerce " we owe almost our very existence : at all eventB , to it , we are told , we owe our •* civilization" and our " empire of the seas . " We have also been taught that if we cannot deviBe meanB to maintain and " extekd" that * Foreign Commerce , " we must bid farewell to our glory , " and prepare to be all-bnt blotted out of the list of powerful nations ! Such is a * e vast importauoe , aa we are told , of " our Foreign Commerce . "
It , therefore , behoves us to lwk well aboHt us , and see how that « Foreign Commerce" stands . We SliS" ? *** " ttaVter * *»*¦ *» ' ™ could ^ afthe worldinaanufactures ; thataoother nauoa coal 4 efual ub in enterprise , itf ^ , ttd
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skill : that we bad . the iron and the coal ; the labour and the machinery ; the water and the climate : and that these advantages rendered our manufacturing position impregnable . True , at the time this self-glorifying song of praise" waB being sung » vre were also warned of the danger to be apprehended from " Foreign Competition . " True , that while the bull-frog boast of impregnability was raised , we were also told that it was of the utmost moment to us , to be careful how we interfered with our manufactures , or we should give M Foreign Competition" the advantage over us . True , too , that this danger from w Foreign Competition " was adduced only when we asked fora measure of
Uegulatienf to prevent infants , of eight years old from being worked sixteen and eighteen hours a day , with only thirty minutes' respite from labour , for rest , meals , recreation , and " education" ! or when our operatives shewed symptoms of resistance to a reduction in wages . True , that it was only on Euoh occasions as these that the danger to be apprehended from " Foreign Competition" was laid before us . On all other occasions a far different " song of triumph" was sung ; and we have been taught that for all we possess we are indebted to our " Commerce" and our " Manufactures "; and that therefore it was of the most vital consequence to us to maintain our acknowledged supremacy in the markets of the world .
How , then , doea the question of Foreign Commerce" Btand 1 How is our M supremacy" ! Do we maintain it ! Has it been , secured to us , by our constant depreciation in prioes ; our sacrifice of profits ; and our annihilation of wages ! Can we beat the "foreign manufacturer , " now that we give him five times ^ as much for his shilling as we did only fifty years ago , and reduced the cambric weaver fourteen SHILLINGS AND THREE-PENCE OUT OF BVERV FIFTEEN SHILLINGS THAT HE THEN EARNED ? Are We masters Of the ** foreign market , " now that we have reduced our
workmen to destitution , and increased the number of committals for crime in thirty-six years from 4 , 605 to 27 , 760 « J Are we able to " compete" with the M foreign manufacturer , " now that we have made such efforts to defeat him , and such sacrifices to maintain our supremacy ? Let these questions be answered by the Morning Chronicle , the organ of the manufacturing party , who are eternally bawling for Another and greater ** Extension" of our manufactures , as the only means of getting us out of the hobbles former M Extensions"have driven us into .
In that journal of Wednesday last there appears the following picture of our own " Commerce" and the " Commerce" of other nations , whose " markets " we have hitherto had almost all to ourselves . It is of the almost importance that this picture be attentively examined , both in its leading features , and in its minute details . It is a confession on the part of our Manufacturers themselves thai " COMhebcs" has failed !! It is of mighty consequence in guiding ns to a correct estimation of our position abroad . Here is the confession : failure is proclaimed in every line : —
1 . England is the child of commerce . To it she owes , to a great extent , her power and her civilization . If she possesses the empire of the seas , it was commerce that gave it to her ; if she wiahea to keep it , it is by commerce alone that it can be preserved . To its active and enterprising spirit she owes alike her maritime superiority and her colonial grandeur . The plough and the harrow might have been driven fox ages , seed aown , and harvests gathered , and yet England would still have been but an inferior power . But the loom and the forge are called into requisition ; our commercial marine is freighted with their productions : articles of comfort and necessity are scattered over overy quarter of the globe , and straightway this little island of ours acquires a degree of importance and power . seemingly inconsistent alike with her natural capabilities and her geographical position .
2 . At the present juncture , the aspect of our commercial relations with foreign powers is worthy of the most serious attention . // we look at Europe , tee find all the great states of the continent erectitig for themselves , respectively , a manufacturing interest , which threatens to render them , ere long , completely independent of our skill and industry . Across the Atlantic , the prospect , if not equally cheerless , is at least forbidding . Our hold upon America seems daily relaxing . The states » f the northern continent are lessening their dependence upon us , by extending their
manufactures , and hampering our trade by increasing prohibitions ; whilst our fast waning treaty with Br&zU is giving ominous -warning of the precarious position in whioh stands our traffic with thn unnt . h . On all hands have hotiile tarifa arisen ; and as the ; are marshalled against us abroad , first idleness and then famine as surely overtake half our population at home . The dangers which menace us on every side are increasing in a compound ratio , and yet no effort la made to avert them . Inactivity rules the Cabinet , while distress and ruin threaten even our national ex
wfence . 3 . Every cycle of the protective system has witnessed England in a worse position than its predecessor . Previous to 1514 the great staple articles of her manufacture had to contend with but a trifling competition . England then enjoyed an almost complete monopoly in tbe manufacture of cotton goods . Her woollen trade was nearly equally unchecked . That was the time when English industry was indispensible to continential comfort , and when political alienations were not sufficiently powerful to sever the chain of com * mercial dependence , which made Europe contributory to our greatness . Hostility might proclaim the ports of the Continent shut against our traffic ; but tbe Continent was not in a condition to dispense with it . What Imperial arrogance conceived it could accomplish with a breath , was rendered impossible by the wants and necessities of Europe .
4 . The last twenty-five years have been no less pregnant with commercial changes than they have been rife in political revolutions . Every change has placed the Continent in a position more adverse to tbe interests of England . In proportion as Europe has progressed , has England receded . We are now debarred those markets from which , formerly , no power was sufficient to EXCLUBE us . From the Ouadalquiver to the Neva we are met by an unbroken line # f hostile tariff regulations . On tbe Baltic , espeically , is opposition rendered formidable by extensive and increasing combination . What the Milan and Berlin DECREES WERE UNABLE TO EFFECT IS NuW ACCOMPLISHED BI THE SPINNING JENNIES OF GERMANY .
5 . The progress of competition is alike discernible in tbe activity which everywhere marks tbe industry of the foreigner , and the distress which broocs like & nightmare over England . Our cotton trade , though crippled and diminished , is not yet a complete wreck . That great branch of human industry is now nearly equally divided between us and onr rivals . America , France , and Germany now annually convert nearly a million of bales of the raw material into cotton fabrics ; not onlk SUPPLYING , TO A GREAT EXTENT , THEIR OWN
WaNIS , BUT COMPE 1 IRG WITH US IN OTHER MARkkts , of which formerly we had an undisputed monopoly of the supply . The consumption by England of raw cotton does not now much exceed the amount converted into manufactured wares by the foreign loom . Had tbe general demand increased in proportion as foreign manufactures have flourished , the demand upon England for her fabrics , although it might have remained stationary , would not have diminished . But foreign manufactures have far outstripped the increase
of general demand ; and just in proportion as they have done so , have they encroached upon the trade end the industry of England . Tbe cotton of America was at one time raised almost exclusively for our market ; it is now extensively distributed through Europe and New England . Such have been the fruits of our restrictive system . That system first planted the germ of univeia . il competition—our continuance in it is fast bringing competition to a maturity , which will eventually overwhelm the great interests of the country .
6 . It our cotton trade were the only aufferer , we might bear up against the calamity . An Increase in the other great branches of our industry might compensate ub for the contraction of this the most important of all . Had the demand for her hardware and her woollenB increased , as that for her cotton fabrics diminished , England would not have so sensibly felt tbe diminution . In five years only , from 1833 to 1838 , her exportation of cottons to Germany alone exhibited an alarming decrease . But tbis is not alL The CuBtom-House confederacy of the Baltic has extended its hostility to every important branch of our trade . Prussia , Westphalia , and Saxony nave each erected their forges , and the PROTECT 1 TE CARE OF THEIR RESPECTIVE
GOVSRNKEJiTS IS PATERNALLY EXTENDED TO THESE NEW-BORN interests The languishing state of our hardware manufactures is the result . In woollens , sucb was at one time our undisputed superiority , that lu the purchase of tbe raw material ire controlled the continental market .: We are not only now overbidden there , botai early as 1828 the United Kingdom exported raw wool to tbe manufacturers of tbe Continent to tbe amount of nearly half a million sterling . 7 . Had oar commercial relations with Russia been
established , from the first , upen a judicious footing , it is impossible to calculate the extent . to . which an interchange of commodities wouW ^ have eventually been carried between that power affd England . But Russia , f # tally for us , and injarioufily to herself , has imitated the restrictive system , which she regards as the source © f the prosperity of England ; whereas it is sow dearly proved to have retarded her progress . The great power of tbe north—ooiossal both ia her physical magnitude and iu the political innneoea Tbich 6 be abeaty wjeldf , and is yet deatised
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to assume , has deeply interwoven the erroneous principles of protection with her whole commercial code . The commerce of Russia is built upon a system of gigantic monopolies , each , as it springs up , more or less cripplltt ? onr trade with the Baltic . With no other country in Europe hg . ve our commercial relations been more steadily diminished . England , at one time , furnlataeld Riusia wifcb her cottons ; Russia now manufactures for her own necessities . Fiut , onr manufactured cottons were prohibited , the importation of out cotton twist being still permitted and encouraged . Latterly , tbe demand , for this , the last remnant of onr cotton trade with that country .
has diminished , and ' . the Russian manufacturer is becoming completely independent of ns . Perhaps in no branch of trade is the loss of this great market more observable than in that © f broadcloth . Several large Russian houses in the City , which were formerly in the habit of supplying Russia extensively with goods of this description , have , year after year , become more limited in their dealings , until , during the : present year , not a single ; order has been received . Colour after colour was prohibited ; the English manufacturer , to evade the prohibition , sending over his . goods to be dyed in the country . Colour after colour
has been bestowed in monopoly upon imperial favorites . Green , the most important of all , because the uniform of the army , has lately been granted exclusively to the Empress Mother . Oar broad cloth manufacturers have now but little inducement to try the Russian market , and a bale ef English goods of this description , with the name of a respectable English house upon it , which formerly used to pass unopened , almost as currency , from St . Petersburg to Tobolsk , is now seldom to be sees in that extensive region . However friendly our political relations may continue—between us and Russia there bids fair to be soon the next thing to a commercial non-intercourse .
There now ! There is a picture of " Foreign Competition" ! There is a picture , after the fivetimes , over increase of quantity for the same amount of money ( There ia a picture , after reducing the cambric weaver from 15 s . for weaving twelve yards of cambrio , down to 9 a . I ] There is a picture , after increasing the number of criminals from 4 , 605 to 27 , 760 11 There is a picture , after our operatives have been reduced to &uoh deplorable misery as to cause them to " wish that Almighty God would put an end to their sufferings before morning" J There is a picture , to be purchased at tbe price of " distress AND RUIN THREATENING OUT national 6 Xistence" 1 ! Have we not paid dearly for it J !!
Let us examine this article somewhat in detail . For that purpose we have numbered the paragraphs . Paragraph 1 . tells us that" England owes her power and her civilization to her Commerce . " There it is ! There it is ! It runs in the blood ! It is never out of the mind of our " profound Political Economists . " England the child of Commerce , " 5 ! What " Commerce" bad we in the days of Alfred ? Was Eugland England then t Not the " national extinction threatened England , from distress and ruin "; but M merrie England . " Not 27 , 760-cemmittals-forcrime-England ; but England with golden bracelets ereoted upon poles at the crossings of the highways r
and these untouched ! W&a that the " Child of Com " metce" ! What " Commerce" had we in the days of John , when the Barons met him at Runnemede , and forced him to sign Magna Chartu , or the Charter of " rights and liberties" I What" Commerce" had we in the third Edward ' s time , when England was " powerful" enough to " conquer" all France , excepting Paris J What M Commerce" had we in the Bixth Harry ' s time , when old Chancellor Fortesojje gave the following description of England and
Englishmen ? That description we commend to the attention of the Chronicle , and ask him to contrast it with his own description of England NOW , with" distress and ruin thireateningher national existence" ! The old Chancellor says that in the days when "the plough and the harrow were driven , the seed sown , and harvests gathered ; " and before " the anvil and the loom had been called into requisition , " that " our commercial marine might be freighted with their productions" ; in those days old Fortesq , ue described the condition of England and Englishmen thus : —
" The King cannot despoil tbe subject , without making ample satisfaction for the samo ; he cannot by himself or his ministry , lay taxes , subsidies , or any imposition whatever , upon the subject ; HE cannot alter THE LAWS , OR MAKE NEW ONES , WITHOUT THE EXPRESS CONSENT OF THE WHOLE KINGDOM IN PARLIAMENT ASSEMBLED : every inhabitant is at his liberty fully to use ; and enjoy whatever his farm prodaceth , the fruits of the earth , the increase of bis flock , and the like : all the improvements he makes , whether by his own proper : industry , or of those he retains in his service , are hi » o » to use aud enjoy , without the lett , interruption , or denial ot any . n be be in any wiaa injured , be shall have his amends and satisfaction against the party , offending : HENCE it is
that the inhabitants of England are rich in oold silver , and all the necessaries and conveniences of lite . They drink no water , unless at certain times , upon a religious score , and by way of doing penance . They are fed in great abundance with all sorts x > t flesh and fish , of which they have plenty everywhere ; they are clothed throughout fa good woollens ; their bedding and other furniture in their bouses are of wool , and that in great store ; they are also well provided with all sorts of household goods and necesssary implements fof husbandry ; every one according to bis rank , bath all things which conduce to ' make life easy and happy . '" And after tbis be observes that these are the effucts of laws , which aye founded upon the principle , that" a king is given for the sake of the kingdom , and not a kingdom for the sake of a kiny . "
Such teas England , when " Commerce" was , comparatively , unknown ! Such was England , when the " plough and the harrow" received more attention than the " anvil and the loom . " Such was England , when Englishmen consumed their own "productions , " instead of '' freighting" them off , for distant climes . iVbte , the Chronicle says ; now , that" Commerce" has " civilized" us ; now , that OUR " articles of comfort and necessity are scattered OVER EVERY QUARTER OF THE GLOBE "; nOW , that " the loom and the forge" have been so " called into requisition" ; now , after all this " Commerce" of which " England is the child '; now , after all this , her " national existence is even threatened by distress and ruin" !!!
Paragraphs 2 and 5 give a mournful picture of " foreign competition , " We are being regularly driven out of " foreign markets . " H All the great States of Europe are erecting for themselves a mannfacturiag interest , which threatens to render them , ere long , completely independent of our skill and industry . " And this , too , after we have brought ourselves to a condition , that even our "national existence is threatened , by distress and ruin "; brought ourselves to that condition , in the vain endeavour to maintain our " supremacy' * in the 41 foreign markets" of the world I
There is one most curious idea pervading the whole article of the Manufacturers' Organ . It is , that the condition he describes is attributable to what he calls the protective system . " And what" system " does he shew those other nations to have adopted , to enable them to beat us in their own markets 1 The " Free system , " to be sure U O ! no . " We are now met by an unbroken line of hostile TariftV ' " The states of the Northern Continent of America are lessening their dependence upon us , by extending their manufactures , and hampering our trade by increased prohibitions" ! " Russia has deeply interwoven the principles of PROTECTION with her
whole commercial code ; and" with no other country in Europe have our commercial relations bodn more speedily diminished" !!! Pray , how is this , Mr . Chronicle ? If the " protfctive system" leads to danger of " national extinction from distress and ruin" in England , pray how is it that we have to fear those same " frotbctive principles" when interwoven with the commercial codes of other countries ? If those principles lead to ruin at home , pray how do they manage to make " other nations independent of our skill and industry" ? Pray how is tbis ! Have you not assigned an operation to those " principles" abroad different from that which you
would have us believe them to have had at home ! Hare joa not been trying to make our condition square with si fore-gone conclusion ? and have you not failed t Has not the natu » ral operation . of the 'f protective system , " in " excluding" us from every "foreign market " where it has been adopted , proved that PROTECTION renders others independent f And if it kas this effect in Russia , why should it have reduced us to a danger of national extinction ? Has not it been rather the want of PROTECTION that has brought ustowhereweare \ England was protected wheu old Chancellor Fortes < jue penned his description of this the * powerful" state . Sh » had bo
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" Free-Traders" then . That genus have sprang up since that day : and every attempt to put in practice their principles of no-protection , has been followed by " distress and ruin , " until at last our very" national existence is threatened" !! But we must ] examine still more deeply into our position abroad . The Chronicle tells ns that ** onr hold upon America seems daily relaxing . " We are loosing it entirely ! America is not only beating us in her home markets , but she has actually followed us into our own , and beaten us there ! She has eeat us manufactured cottons , and sold them in the English market ! " cheaper" than we can produce them ourselves ! She has beaten us at home . In a short time we shall be compelled to adopt a " prohibitory Tariff , " to enable our manufacturers to retain the home market !
This question ! is one of intense interest . ' The reader will therefore excuse our going into it at great length . We wish to put him in possession of the facts relating to it , that he may be prepared to meet the impending evil . The battle has begun . We are being beaten . We shall be ultimately driven completely out of every foreign market . Such is not our opinion alone . The facts narrated in the article from the Chronicle fully sustain that opinion : and if any doubt could possibly exist in the mind of any one , after examining the Chronicle ' s picture , that doubt will surely be removed by the following letter , written in the month of June last , by one of the largest of our cotton manufacturers , Robert Hyde Greg . In that letter he shows why the Americans can beat ua . It is important therefore , and necessary for a due understanding of this mighty question . I
The letter was jwritten to the Manchester Guardian . In that paper had appeared a statement , an analysis , respecting the cotton goods sent from America into the English market ; showing that they were " cheaper" than those of like quality manufactured at home . Mr . Robert Hydb Greg therefore undertook to show why that was aoi and why we « ould not help it . Here is bis letter : — 1 . Sir , —We are much indebted to you and your friend , who has been so bind as to analyse the samples ot American Cotton " Domestics , " and to give to the public what he believes to be the comparative market value of them and similar goods of English manufacture . ¦
2 . The whole subject is so interesting to the population of this district , and , indeed , almost equally so to the kingdom at large , that I need scarcely apologise for prolonging the discussion . 3 . I would remark , among other things , that calculations from small samples are liable to considerable error , as shown in No . 3 , being quoted as sold in America at 9 Jd . per lb ., and other cloth , apparently the same quality , at 10 per cent , higher ; and the " drills . " which cost more than common plain cloth , being rated only at the same price . Tbis difference in quoted prices may arise , it is true , from the different
kinds of cloth being in unequal demand ; but it eqnally shows that strict reliance cannot be placed on the prices of tbe tables , as showing the true comparative cost of the Bane kind of cloth in England and America . The very circumstance of comparing in the tables the eight months' credit price of America with the cash price in England , tends , in Itself , to deceive a casual observer . Considering the high rate of interest ia commercial transactions in America , this eight months' credit must add & to 7 ^ per cent , to the market price of the American goods , and should be deducted from their quotations In the tables . I
4 . The tables also , ; so far as they are comparative , are founded on tbe presumption that the prices in both countries are yielding the same profit , or are equal at prime cost ; whereas , ia reality with us , there is no profit , and a most extraordinary combination of circumstances to reduce prices ; bat supposing , in America , at the date of the quotations , there was a profit of 5 per cent , on the goods in question , this 6 per cent added to the 5 per cent for difference of credit , makes 10 percent . ;} and "ihe tables are turned" in a literal sense . I exclude wholly from consideration the finer goods ; for it is ] only where the raw material constitutes & certain per centage , that America can expect to compete with ns . I This , however , unfortunately , indudetinz great bulk both of ow foods and yams .
5 . As » companion to your tables , I give you a few particulars of tbe last new mill built at Lowell , of which I possess the ] minutest details , including the wages of every hand employed , in every department ; and cost of buildings , machinery , wheels , water , -&c . fco . The ¦ wages of jthe grown up women , weavers , drawers , and rovers , are , or were , ( wagea have since been reduced ) 1 del . 90 cents . weekly , excluding of board , ox 3 dols . to 3 dols . 10 cents , inclusive board ; and the average of the meni including three overseers , 6 dels , exclusive of board , j 176 looms , in 24 days of March , 18 il , . made ... .. 74 , 81 a lbs doth ;
: or , 7 , 339 pieces ; or , 214 , 770 yards ; being about 50 . 84 yards per day . 6 * . In the week ending Jane 19 th , the same looms averaged 52 6-10 tb yards per day . Speed of loom , 135 picks per minute . Ditto front roller , spinning 14 ' s warp , 96 revolutions . Ditto throstle , ! ditto weft , 106 ditto . Time worked , 74 hours weekly , and three holidays ia the year . \ The cost of the "iDrills ? ' at the same mill , from the cotton entering the mill till they reached the hands of the commission agent who sells , was , at the same time , — j cts . els . Labour ..... 1 , 647 per yard ; or , 4 , 716 per lb . ^ g ^; S ; 714 di tto ; or , 2 , 042 per lb . 2 J 261 6 , 758 7 , The waste made in manufacturing was , 11 43-100 ths per cent . This data would give the cost of drills , the article composing the 400 bales in Messrs . Baring ' s hands , — ; Cotton—say 4 d * . waste ^ d . Cta . 6 £ ; . manufacturing 3 Id . . 8 d . or , 8 d . POR PRIME ( COST OP WHAT COSTS HERE 9 ± d . to 9 ^ d . and leaves no profit to the manufacturer at this price . \ 8 . The principal advantage to the American manufacturer 1 b , however , in the cost of the raw material ; which , in a general way , amounts to from £ d to Id . per lb . Graham , in his pamphlet , on the impolicy of tbe cotton duty , gives , as the result of three shipments of cotton imported by his own firm , -viz — 400 bales by the Mars , 11 A per cent ;
200 ~ j Jane , 14 » 101 „ John Hale , 14 „ or 13 £ per cent , extira cost , including 5-16 d . duty , beyond what the same \ bales would have cost at Boston . The price of American cotton was then 7 d . per lb . In the cheapness of moving power , the Americans have another great advantage over as ; their water power not averaging more than 4 J 3 10 s . whilst here it eannofc be reckoned under £ 1216 s . ; making a difference against a medium-sized English concern of £ 800 to £ 1 , 000 per annum . !
9 . In the cheapness of floar for dressing , and the dryneas of climate , the Americans have another great advantage over us . They ! can dress their warps at half the expence we can in England—a farther saving of £ 300 to £ 500 per annum . It is needless , however , to enter iuto farther detail ; and I refer those curious to know more on the subject , to the ] pamphlet which I published on the factory question in 1836 . Tbe statements and prophesies about the American manufactures made then , have proved only too true . 10 . But , laying aside all disputes about the different items of tho cost of production in the two countries ,
the simplo fact of America exporting largely , and increasingly so , to neutral markets , proves , not only her power of successful competition , but that it is not her tariff , but ebeaper production , which has excluded us from her own markets' in all the coarser fabrics . After supplying her own wants , she sought the markets where she could meet us on equal terms , China and South America . From the fcjrmer she has totally shut out alt our coarser cotton fabrics , and from the latter to , a great extent We hear , indeed , that China takes nothing coarser than 66 reed cambrics ; but the fact is , that she does purchase largely of coarser fabrics , but they are supplied solely by America .
11 . The entire export of grey and bleached cotton goods to China from Great Britain , this season , amounts to only 456 , 000 pieces ; j whilst America has sent , during same period , 420 , 000 pieces . These are of the stouter descriptions , a Iclass of goods which have been rotting in our Warehouses for want of s market , » lthough offered at prices less than they could be produced for . These "domestics , " or at least the drills , having first beaten ours out of China , now form a regular article in the Calcutta and Bombay markets , although they pay ten ' per cent duly , on entry , whilst similar goods of English manufacture pay only three and a half per cent . j
12 . This export has gone on gradually increasing tftom 1823 , when it amounted to 1 , 763 packages , to 1833 , when it bad reached 13 , 207 packages . I cannot give the exports regularlyjsinoe 1833 ; but in eighteen months of 1837 and 1838 , ' , 000 bales of these goods went to Asia ; and 16 , 000 ditto to South America ; and the amount thla year , I am gi ?< e * to understand , far exceeds any previous one . 13 . Connected with ) the same subject , it may be remarked farther , that by the Colonial Bill , iatroduced by Mr . Labouchere in 1841 , and pawed by the present Government last year , . ' a very low duty , I believe not more than four or five pier cent ., kas bees substituted in our North American and West India colonies , for the former duty tn all foreign m&ouiactani ; and thu tkeae
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markets have . been opened to American enterprise , j believe onr Can- " *** merchants already feel flfla o «* competition ; at K ^ t they have j ^ titioned Parliament oo the subject ; an J Ism informed that Mr . L ., ot Boston , the shipper . of the 40 O bales of " drills" to Messrs . Barings , have ni / travellers in Canada takii orders for American cotton goods . 14 . The principal part of thesa fabrics are manufa * turedat Lowell , a town whic »> . though only of a few yeaisdate , now consumes My thousand to sixty Vw *
sand bales of cotton in * its mills j ay <* has , besides , many printing and bleaching eBtabliahmt . ' > « " »* extensive woolleu concerns . It is situated aboav the «« n « distance from Boston as Manchester from Live ^»><> lj and , like Manchester , is connected with its port bv > wi « 9 ad and a navigable river . A natural water potter Pf fi ™ *«<• sand ftorsw exists at Lowell , belonging to a company , and is let off on easy -terms . The whole of this , or nearly so , ia now appropriated ; and other fall * , eqnal in extent to that of Lowell , a little higher up the n ver , are now in process of appropriation .
15 . The freight of cotton to Boston may be taken a . ' averaging one half the freight of the same cotton tor Liverpool . The looms at Lowell unquestionably turn off more cloth than any in Great Britain . The spinning machinery Is not good , and very expensive ; but with this , oar only advantage , we are now good-naturedly supplying them , having removed all cheeks to exporting our machinery by f 0 krs in council , and being , I am told , about to openlyugalixe it by Act of Parliament 16 . It is blindness not to see that , with an open trade , America will " supply England with the coarser fabrics of cotton ; and I always combated the assertion , tbat the cotton manufacturers , who renounced protection for themselves , when they demanded a free trade in corn , were , in so doing , renouueing what was of no value ta themselves .
17 . But Lowell herself begins to tremble for the fate of her coarser manufactures . " Cotton factories are also extending rapidly in various parts of the Southern States , in Virginia , North Carolina , Tenesaee , and in the towns on the Ohio ; and there Can be no doubt but this country is destined , at no very remote period , to be the great emporium of the cotton manufacture of the world , as it possesses all the necessary requisites for that purpose , viz . extensive , available water power , an intelligent and enterprising population , and having within itself an abundant supply of the raw material . If tbe experiment of slave labour succeed in the factories , aa is confidently expected , the cost of manufacturing the cotton into cloth will be much less there than anywhere else ; so that it will not be surprising if , in a few yean , those Southern factories should manufacture coarse
cotton goods , and sell them in the public markets at one-half the price at which they can be manufactured iu England , There are several cotton manufactories in Teriessee , worked entirely by slave labour , there not being a white man in the mill but the superintendent ; and , according to a letter lately received from the " superintendent of one of these factories , it appears that the blacks do their work in , every respect as well as could be expected from the whites . Cotton factories are rapidly pringing up in North Carolina ; but , with two or three exceptions , they are chiefly employed only in spinning cotton yarn . "— The Cotton Manufacture of the United States of America , contrasted and compared with that of Great Britain ; to which calm and interesting account , written by a Scotchman long conducting an American cotton factory , I refer your readers for a great variety of important matter connected with the subject .
18 . We cannot , in common candour , dent that the spinning and weaving oh coarsk goods being no longer a mysteryi the manufagture of them must finally rest with those who have the raw material , the moving power , and the ilour for dressing , on the easiest terms ; and , looking at the activity of the Americans , and their readiness and , aptitude to avail themselves of every advantage , ifc cannot be denied that tbis manufacture must finally rast with them .
19 . It may be said the coarser fabrics are of little comparative value : contrast the labour in a piece of lace with that in a piece of common calico . Bat the coarser fabrics are worn by all , rich and poor , aud the lace only by one person in a hundred . The coarser fabrics constitute probably three-fourths of onr manufactures in bulk , a matter of no small consequence to a naval and commercial peeple ; and what will be our canditien when three-fourths of the bulk ef our cotton manufactures have passed away to other nations ? Robert Hyde Greg .
To this plain statement of the reasons and causes why America can manufacture " cheaper" than we can ; and why " the manufacture must finally rest with them" it is unnecessary to add another word . All the causes are there enumerated . " Cheap power ;"" raw material at home ; " " cheap transit , on their own rivers ; " " our machinery exported to them ; " "the little advantage we bad , now given up ; " " spinning and weaving now no longer a mystery : " it is impossible but that the manufacture must finally rest with them 1
The thing is being done . The very last Packet from the Uaited States brings word how the affair is working . Read the following , from the American papers , brought to Euglaad this very week : and then say whether Mr . Robert Hyde Greg and the Chronicle are not right in exclaiming— " Our hold upon America is daily relaxing" : — "Generally speaking , business of all kinds is improving , except that of the importing merchants . The effect of the new American Tariff ' becomes more and more obvious every day . The imporis of English , French , and other manufactures have decreased WONDERFULLY . THE EXPORTS OF AMERICAN PKODUCE HAVE INCREASED .
" American manufactures are increasing ; &n& the balance of trade being turned to so great an extent in favour of this country , specie is flowing in upon us from all quarters . " The Amoskeag Manufacturing Company ate about erecting another mill at Manchester , N . H . It is to be 400 feet in length , and will be sufficiently large to contain frem 460 to 480 looms , and 11 , 000 spindlesdouble the size of the mills now in operation at that place . The Lanvale Factory , the Washington Factory , and the Calico and Bleaching Works on Iones Falls , near Albany , are about being started on an extensive scale by a company of capitalists .
"A merchant of Troy engaged in the eastern trade informs us , that he found it extremely difficult , when in Boston last week , to obtain a supply of " domestics " by the 15 th of August ; the orders already received by the manufacturers being so full as to keep them constantly at work . There have already been exported from Boston to China , the present year , 15 , 000 , 000 yards of cotton goods ; while from Great Britain to China , the export has only been 12 , 000 , 000 yards ; THE celestials GIVING OHR CLOTHS THE PREFERENCE . "Troy Whig . There is the process . M Protection" ruins us in England . In America it causes the " imports" of our manufactures to decrease wonderfully ; and the exports of their own produce to increase .
Well , then , such is our position abroad ! We are being driven down in the manufacturing market ! "Oar hold upon America" is fast melting away . " From the Guadalquiver to the Neva , we are met by an unbroken line of hostile tariffs . " " Our fast waning treaty with Brazil gives ominous warning of the precarious position in which stands our traffic with the South . " " On the Baltic , opposition is rendered formidable by extensive and increasing
combination . " "Peraia , Westphalia , and Saxony have each ereoted their forges ; and the protective care of their respective Governments is paternally extended to these new-born interests . The languishing state of our hardware manufactures is the result . " " England at one time furnished Russia with her cottons : Russia now manufactures for her own necessities . " " The Russian manufacturer is notf completely independent of us . "
The fact is , the manufacturing game is over ! It is done . Machinery has done its work . It has stripped us of that which we formerly exclusively possessed—enterprise , skill , and untiring industry . These are not of muoh avail now . A machine can ran as well in America as in England ; fa Kussia as in Saxony . All these parties have now gotten tus machinery ; and , therefore , they are equal with us . Nay , some of them , as witness America , have advantages over us which we can never deprive them of , or counterbalance ! The game is at an end ! It is completely up ! If we play at it longer , it will be at a greater Ios 3 than it ever has been : and , as it is , it has threatened our National Existence !
What , then , is to be done I What is to be our resource \ To what end are we to apply the national energies ? Are we to go on as we are , and become " Nationally Extinct" 1 Axe we to permit distress and ruin to do their full work ! Or are we to look the evil full in the faoe , and apply a simple but efficacious remedy I But what is that remedy ? Next w « ek We will shew you . Next week we will set Mr . BAiNKSto shew you . Next week we will prove , from him , that there is but one , — our last and only resource , — the land" I Next week we will shew that be has long foreseen thisday , and provided a remedy I That remedy js in " our own soil . " * ~
The great length of this article precludes our doing this at the present , as we had fully intended . It will however taka no harm from keeping . Th » testimony of th « Chrinkh aa to our j » &wbkt PosrneK
Portrait Of W. P. Roberts, Esa.
PORTRAIT OF W . P . ROBERTS , ESa .
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4 THE NORTHERN STAB . ;
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Sept. 2, 1843, page 4, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct945/page/4/
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