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: MAy. ly ' 18^.]; ' : . . . ' . THE)pAD...
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SOIBEB OV THE QO-OPEBATIVE LEAGUE, T«b s...
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MISSIONARIES STARVED ON THE ROCKS OF PAT...
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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: May. Ly ' 18^.]; ' : . . . ' . The)Pad...
: MAy . ly ' 18 ^ . ]; ' : . . . ' . THE ) pAD | l . . / . " : 413
Soibeb Ov The Qo-Opebative League, T«B S...
SOIBEB OV THE QO-OPEBATIVE LEAGUE , T « b second- meeting Was held at the Craven Hotel , rraven-street , Strand , on Tuesday , April 27 th , at eight o ' clock in the evening . There was an excellent attendance Mr . Arthtir BromUey , of Bolton , Lancashire , read ' apaper on "Proposals for an experiment intended to determine and illustrate the leading principles of social physics . " T . Neale , Esq ., took the chair . Mr . Bromiley thinks that , according to the theories of those who havei laboured in the fields of political and social economy , we cannot understand or explain the
various social phenomena which require solution . He proposes transferring into society the great centre of action , and not allowing any of the main central properties to belong to individuals , to start afresh in the attempt to resolve the social problem . Mr . Bromiley supposes "i ndividuals andfamilies are drawn into communities , made members of society , held together in social relations , and bound to the performance of social dut ies by the simultaneous action of three natural forces : " ffie impelling force— motives , desires , wants ;
the attractive force--sympathy , interest ; the rejptilsive force—ihe > equivalent insisted on by society for what the individual receives . Mr Bromiley supposes that these natural forces , together with the law of diversity , are quite sufficient to regulate society , if no arbitrary laws interfere with their action . The object of the proposed experiment is to ascertain the actual effect of the forces apart from all arbitarylaws , -He says , political economists are deluded when they talk of the business of life being- carried on by exchanges between
man and man in civilized society ; it is utterly impossible for any man to exchange the pure produce of his own labour for that of another person . Mr . Bromiley says that , in trying the experiment , great care should be taken to insure the admission of suitable members . Supposing a million , or half a million of money realized , and three or four thousand subscribers ready to commence operations , the first step would be to fix upon some temporary metropolis where they could hire buSdings , and be in a good situation for transacting business ; they would also have to fix upon other towns Where they might set tip temporary branch establishments , They would then have to set to work to the best of their ability .
After entering the community , no one should be allowed to retain any separate property independent of it . An increase of annuity would be allowed upon any accession of property to individuals . When the society lias become well formed in its temporary abodes , it should then seek a separate and permanent establishment of its own . After Mr . Bromiley had concluded , a discursive but interesting discussion took place . HOW AN INDUSTBIAL POOB-LAW WOULD WOEK . We have received an important document from a private correspondent at Hanley . in the Potteries , which illustrates in a remarkable manner the working of industrial training instead of what is equivalent to compulsory idleness in our workhouses . It is called , "Agricultural Keport of the Workhouse School , Stolceupon-Trent , for the Year 1851 ; " and is addressed to the Board of Guardians . Gentlemen , —We , whoso names aro hereto attached , most resp ectfully bog leave to lay before you our Scoond Annual JJoport and Accounts , which wo hope will bo found correct . DATE . EXPENDITUKE . £ s . IT ¦ Nov . 20 th . To Cost cf Socd for tho Land . 781 » „ Manuro for do . . . 28 7 10 » „ New Tools for Boys . 6 18 2 > , Rent and Taxes for Land . . 27 0 0 » Cost of Toam Work .... 1 10 0 Total Outlay . . 71 4 1 Balanco in favour of tho Board 11 10 3 * £ 82 14 4 DATJ ^ INCOME . Nor . 20 th . B y Cosh for Articles Sold . . 43 li 10 Articles for the Uso of tho } K , House f 5 10 3 " Ditto Houso Consumption 24 0 O » Ditto Fooding Pigs ... 4 2 1 J-» Valuo of Stock w hand . . 4 12 l £ ~ __ ^ £ 82 14 4 thi ! '< \ l c J ? B rafc « lttte tho Guardians and oursolvos on ] ' [ ' . ° of our h ' ttlo farm , although wo havo booa aoou nng under groat difficulties antf disadvantages , as tonn I i , lttn ( l was in tho possosflion of tho going off i < m V / i ihe or 10 portion of tho crops" did not pay tho Nr « , „ « BttTno ' A greater breadth of pofcatoos xnm W i waa J » wouH , and by this a oonsidorablo loss ^ WsmWnoi Tlio wholo of tho now land urulor * Wf Uv , afcl , on tWs y « w toa been about oix acres , v / hteix bwes to oaoh boy oapablo of using a tool ( on tho ayeragd )
about half an acrej the rest of the boys have been emplbyed in lighter Vork , such as breeding , picking stones ; & c ., & c . The charge for inanui-e is great , but this had arisen from the exhausted and filthy state of the land . As the tools will last tot ^^ ; three _ years , only one-third of the value falls upon this year . We hope , in conclusion , that the Board o £ Guardians will allo-w us to work the land exclusively allotted , to . ; us , independently of the adult population of the establishment . That the Board will allow us to have the management of a cow of two , as we consider it would odd much to our knowledge , as well as being a source of profit to the parish . We thank you , Gentlemen , most sincerely , for the privileges we enjoy , and We hope by our good behaviour and industry , to prove ourselves worthy of still greater ones . _ We trust our exertions mav meet vaur entire approbation . exertions may meet your entire approbation .
We beg to subscribe ourselves , your very obedient and humble servants , Henry . Till , William Roberts ^ Oliver Price , Benjamin Walker ; Eli Cook , Samuel Stonier , John Hackney , William Doolan , John Wood , William Boulton , Henry Brooks , iVederiek Oortwright , Joseph Bates , Jamea liobinson , Ileitben Martin , Samuel Shaw , John Anson , Henry Cyples , John James , Joseph Bobinson , John Beeves , Thomas Mellor , Charles "Myatt , Hicliard Shaw . The boys who have signed their names above have been wholly or partially employed upon the land . WijiMAM Wade , Schoolmaster . In reference to the above Keport , the Board of Guardians have to express their entire satisfaction , and it is their determination to carry out a thorough system of industrial training , so as to render the boys good and useful members of society .
We understand that the project of giving the boys reproductive employm ent on the land originated With the working classes at Stoke ; but that now , as indeed the approving note appended to the above report by the Guardians makes manifest , many persons belonging to all classes support the practice . This strengthens the evidence we continually receive from persons in the country , showing that the idea of reproductive employment is making great way * .
Missionaries Starved On The Rocks Of Pat...
MISSIONARIES STARVED ON THE ROCKS OF PATAGONIA . The whole party sent out by the Patagonian Mission ary Society hy 1850 > have perished "by starvation on rocks near Gape Horn ! The gloomy story of these deluded men is told partly by report from Captain Morshead of the JDido , sent by the Admiralty to ascertain the fate of Captain Gardiner , R . N ., chief of the mission , and partly by the journal of that brave but unfortunate gentleman himself . The mission left England in September 1850 , in the Ocean Queen , for Picton Island , where they landed on the 5 th of December , 1850 , and pitched their tents next day ; but finding the natives , whom they had come so far to convert to Christianity , very
troublesome , they re-embarked until their boats could be got ready . This was accomplished on December the 18 th ; the ship lef t them on the 19 th , and they started in their two boats , the Pioneer and Speedwell , for the opposite shore , on the south coast of Terra del Fuego , the natives still proving troublesome . The voyage was very unfortunate ; first one boat , and then the other running on rocks . At length they reached a place which they called Blomfield Harbour ; and here again the unconvertible natives were in great force , and apparently very hostile , for the missionaries were , compelled to sail once more ; and they bore up for
Spaniard Harbour . But the surf and the storms drove the Pioneer on the rocks , and irreparably stove in her bows . Tho party then took refuge in a cavern , from which tho tide ejected th ^ m , and they hauled the Pioneer higher up the * beach , covered her with a tent , and made a dormitory of her . Next , a high tide carried away Captain Gardiner ' s books , money , papers , and warm clothing , which last tho tide returned to him . Meanwhile the Speedioell remained higher up tho mouth of a river , and wo hear nothing more of her . On the 28 th of February , Mr . Williams , surgeon and catechist , was taken ill , and Captain Gardiner
removed to a tent , which , on March 13 th , was burnt down . A voyage was mudo to Picton Island , to fetch somo pork buried thero . Stores hod been loft at tho Falkland Islands , and the missionaries lived in hopes of a ship arriving with them . Tho scurvy now appeared , and thrco of tho men wore very ill . On tho 23 rd of April " they have provisions onough to last for two months , but floino are very low ; and a fox pilfering from them , they kill him , by putting ft pieco of pork oppdsite the muzzle of a gun attached by a string to thrco
tho trigger ; and its they can only issue pork times a-weok , they dino oil" this fox , and salt tho remainder ; altogether thoy appear to have booh very frugal with thoir supplies . I find a n <| tico of five largo fish caught , and an account kept of tho number of ducks shot , as thoir powdor having boon loft on board tho ship , and a flnsk and a half be all thoy have , thoy keop it for omorgencies . " On tho 12 th of May , all but the sick on short allowance , and supplies only for three weeks . May 22 , set apart for social prayer
for supplies of food . The tide washes into their cavern , carrying away their stores , endangering their boat ; and on one occasion Captain Gardiner and Mr . Maidment are obliged to escape from the cavern , and take refuge on a rock washed by the surf * whereon they kneel down in prayer * June 11 sees two others smittein by the scurvy ; their fishing-net is swept away . John JBadcock dies' on the 28 tli , and is buried under the trees at Cook ' s River . The remainder of the tragedy will be best told in the words of Captain Morshead , from the journal of Captain Gardiner :. — "July 4 . — -Having been , seven weeks on . short allowance , and latterly even this bavin ? been curtailed , the party are
utterly helpless . Every thing found in the shape of food is cooked and eaten—a penguin , a shag , a half-devoured fish washed upon the shore , and even the salted fox , washed out of the cavern , is thrown up again , on the beach , and used for food . Captain Gardiner writes : — ' We have now remaining half a duck , about one pound of salt pork , the same quantity of damaged tea , a Very little rice ( a pint ) , two cakes of chocolate , four pints of peas , to which I may add six mice . The mention of this last item in our list of provisions may startle some of our friends , should it ever reach , their cars ; but , circumstanced as we are , we partake of them with a relish , and have already eaten several of them . They are very tender , and taste like rabbit .
" July 22 . —They are reduced to living on muscles , and feel the want of food , and sometimes the craving of hunger is distressing to them . Captain . Gardiner writes , —' After living on muscles for a fortnight , I was compelled to give them up , and my food is now muscle broth and the soft part of limpets . ' " July 28 . — - ^ Captain Gardiner writes of the party in the other boat , —* They are all extremely weak and helpless ; even their garden seeds used for broth are now all out ;' " August 14 . —^ Captain Gardiner takes to his bed , but a rock weed is discovered which they boil down to a jelly , and find nour ishment from .
" August 23 . —John Erwin dies . " August 26 . ^ -J . Bryant dies , and Mr . Maidment buries them both in one grave . " John Pearee , the remaining boatman , is cast down at the loss of his comrades , and wandering in bis mind , but Mr . Williamsis somewhat better . " Sept . 3 . —Mr . Maidment has never recruited from that day of bodily and mental exertion . We give a portion of a literal transcript of Captain Gardiner ' s last entries : —
"Sept . 3 . —Wishing if possible to spare him ( Mr . Maidment ) the trouble of attending on me , and for the mutual comfort of all , I purposed , if practicable , to go to tho river and take up my quarters in the boat . This was attempted on Saturday last , feeling that without crutches I could not possibly effect it . Mr . Maidment most kindly cut me a pair ( two forked sticks ) , but it was with no slight exertion and fatigue , in his weak state . We set out together , but soon found that I had not strength to proceed ,, and was obliged to return before reaching the brook on our own beach . Mr . Maidment was so exhausted yesterday that he did not rise from his bed until noon , and I have not seen him since , consequently I tasted nothing yesterday . I
cannot leave the place where I am , and know not whether he is in the body , or enjoying the presence of the gracious God whom he has served so faithfully . I am writing this at ten o ' clock in the forenoon . Blessed be my heavenly Father for tho many mercies I enjoy—a comfortable bed , no pain , or even cravings of hunger ; though excessively weak , scarcely ablo to turn in my bed , at least it is a very great exertion ; but I . am by His abounding grace kept in perfect peace , refreshed with a sense of my Saviour ' s love and an assurance that all is wisely and mercifully appointed , and pray that I may receive tho full blessing which it is doubtless designed to bestow . " Thursday , Sept . 4 . —There is ndw no room to doubfc that my dear fellow-labourer has ceased from his earthly toilsand joined tho company of the redeemed in the
pre-, senco of tho Lord , whom ho served so faithfully ; under these oircumstances , it was a merciful Providence that ho loft the boatj as I could not have removed tho body . Ho left a littlo peppermint-wator which he had mixed , and it has been a groat comfort to mo , but thero was no other to drink ; fearing I might sufFor from thirst , I prayed that the Lord would strengthen mo to procure somo . Ho graciously answered my petition , and yostorday I was enabled to got out , and scoop up a sufficient supply from , some that trickled down at tho stern of the boat by moans of one of my India rubber overshoes . What combined
mercies am I receiving at tho hands of my Heavenly Father ; blessed bo His holy name ! " Friday , Sept . 6 . — Groat and marvellous are tho loving kindnesses of my gracious God unto mo . Ho haa preserved mo hitherto , and for four days , although without bodily food , without any foolings of hunger or thirst . " Those last remarks are not written so plainly as tho Erovioua day ' s , and I concluded that thoy wore tho last ; ut I find anotlior paper , dated September C , addressed to Mr .. Williamo , and written in poncd , tho whole boingvery indistinct and somo parts quito oblitoratcd , but nearly us followB : —
" My dbaii Mr , Wix ^ iamb . —Tho Lord has soon iifc to call homo another of our lifcfclo company . Our dour dopartod brothor loft fho boat on Tuesday aftornoon , and ] ioh not since returned . Doubtless ho ia in $ ho proaonco of his Redeemer , whom ho served faithfully , xot a littlo whilo , and though . . . the Almighty to siugtho praises . . . throno . I noithor hungor nor fchirBt , though . dayfl without food . , . Maidraont ' s kindness to mo . . . lioavon . Your affectionate brother in . . " Ahhim F . Gaiuhnek .
" Soptomber Q , 1851 . Theao melancholy particular !! were found by Captain Mowhead , who . after ft long awl careftii search , dia .
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Citation
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Leader (1850-1860), May 1, 1852, page 9, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/cld_01051852/page/9/
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