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No. 493. Sept. 3, 1859.] THE LEADER. , 1...
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SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 3, 1859.
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There s nothing so revolutionary, becaus...
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THE ACTION OF FRANCE. For some years pas...
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clMMIKATTTY OL K CK1AHJS ALli X
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Transcript
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
Additionally, when viewing full transcripts, extracted text may not be in the same order as the original document.
No. 493. Sept. 3, 1859.] The Leader. , 1...
No . 493 . Sept . 3 , 1859 . ] THE LEADER . , 1009
Ad01307
THE CENTRAL TRAINING SCHOOL OF ¦ ART AT SOUTH KENSINGTON , vor Male and . Female Students , and METROPOLITANerTTOOLS OF AKT at' 37 , - Gower-strect , for Female Classesonly , and at Spital fields , Crispin-street ; . Finsbur / , WHjSm-Btrect . Wilming-ton-squarr ; St . Thomas Chartcrilnw fioswcU - street ; Kothcrhithe , f . ' r . imniar - school , Kford-road - St . Martin ' s-in-the-Fields , Castle-street , Fo ^ - acreTl . amboth , St . Mary's , Princes-road ; llumpto « 3 ™« iensarv building ; Christclmrch , St . Gcorge - s-mth ! 8 > 8 !^ Cannon street ^ will KE-OPKN on the 3 rd of ° Application for Admission , Prospectuses , or any other information , to be made at the Schools m each district , and at authorfty o'fthe- ' Committee of Council on Education . —^¦—aaWWJ ^*" t ^ s ^ sx ^ gjo ^ -. -ii ' m ^ oi ^ acag ^ ww _ ,. _ — . . * ,. ,, — . — SUBSCRIPTION TO " THE LEADER . " ONE GUINEA PER YEAR , UNSTAMPED , . PKEPAW . ( Delivered Gratis . )
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Saturday, September 3, 1859.
SATURDAY , SEPTEMBER 3 , 1859 .
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There S Nothing So Revolutionary, Becaus...
There s nothing so revolutionary , because- there is nothing so . unnatural and convulsive , as the strain to keep things fixed when all the world is by the very law of its creation in eternal progress . —Db . Ahsold . .. . . . ¦ —t f > -
The Action Of France. For Some Years Pas...
THE ACTION OF FRANCE . For some years past there has been a demand for smart writing , and caterers for the market have supplied abundance of articles , fussy , llippant , and shallow , garnished with far-fetched similes , wonderful allusions , and sesquipedalian words . Of course these traffickers upon perverted taste have not . failed to make the most of every occasion for international irritation , and it certainly has not been their fault that England and France have not provided Europe with the grand ' , pastime . of a passage-at-aims . It has been all one to these politicians whether the French Emperor exhibited
the good or the bad side of his character ; they , in their infinite wisdom , had decided that all his desires must be vicious , and all his actions mischievous . They were as convinced that no service for humanity could be rendered by Imperial France as the Jews were satisfied that no good could come out of Nazareth , and they devoted themselves to a reckless war of words , and maintained a pitiless pelting with pellets of abuse . When the French Government undertook to defend Sardinia against Austria , riot even the journals of Francis Joseph were more ferocious in denunciation , and no slanders were too venomous
to be applied to Italians who prdferred a chance of liberty with French aid to the certainty of degrading slavery under Ilapsburg rule . Every day the manufacturers of doleful prophecies served up their warnings , like hot rolls for breakfast ; and they persevered in this preposterous process , ^ although not a fact or an indication occurred to justify their course . When the Villafranca peace oiunc , and disapjiointed many just hopes , it also showed that the everlasting alarm-bell ringers had given their energies to a foolish work , for it proved to a demonstration that Louis Napoleon was not prepared to revive schemes of conquest and devastation by which his uncle fell . Then came the question of tho Duchies and Tuscany : the treaty of
Villafranca did not pledge the French Government to use force in the restoration of tho runaway potentates , and there was the distinct declaration of our own . Ministers that they were convinced that tho Emperor would neither commit ouch a crime himself , nor suffer the Austrian Court to enjoy the luxury of its perpetration . Still the growling and crooking went on , oh if its object were to prevent England from supporting any good for Italy that happened to bo associated with the Nnpoleoniu name . Now , we have at leant a scmi-offioial declaration in the Cuustitutiu / mol , that our Ministers wore ri g ht , and the Emperor appears to have given similar assurances to the Italians themselves . Are we still to distrust these promisee , and hold backP Fortunately , in spite of tho dashing charges of quills nnd ink employed by the
alarmist writers , the common sense of the country has ratified the decision of the House of Commons , and supports the Cabinet in a manly endeavour to promote a gcod understanding with France , and obtain for Italy all the advantages that the situation admits . Such conduct need not lead—clearly does not lead—to any neglect of defensive preparations nor to a prudent perception of the dtingers that may await the general peace . The Pope still supplies ; ' a serious practical puzzle for Catholic and non-Catholic Europe . The old gentleman tried the reforming business himself , nnd could not make it answer . lie came to the conclusion that a reformed Fope would be an abolished Pope , and is determined to resist , as
far as he can , every effort to secularise and improve the administration of his States . The French Catholics ore advanced enough' to be satisfied if their Holy Father pursued his s p iritual functions , dwelt in the Vatican , and assisted in the ceremonials of St . Peter ; but the Austrians are not content with a religious Pope , they want a political tool , ablp by mismanaged temporal sovereignty , to keep Italy disunited and weak . Under such circumstances , there ought to be no doubt on which side British influence should lean . The future may have questions on which England and France may find it difficult to agree , but one
of the best preparations for avoiding them is to multiply the points of union and contact as much as possible , and to accept such declarations . as those of the' Count de Morny in a frank and liberal spirit . It is a great thing that a French Minister should , on an important public occasion , disclaim oil behalf of his country all animosity on account of Waterloo , and declare that the " new •¦ venerations have something else to do than to avenge the past . " It is easy to cut sarcastic capers over passages of Count de Morny ' s speech , but surely wit . might be more worthily employed , and the obviously " right thing to do is , to respond to all the just ami generous sentiments ' that it
contains . ¦ ¦ " . ¦' The firebrand party boasts a Royal leader , some one under the name of Duke of Coburg , having issued a rantipole pamphlet in which Russia is declared to have a fixed <' policy directed against the rights , the laws , and the wellbeing of other states " and that " ¦ Napoleon III . was and is , above all things , a revolutionist and a conspirator ; " while " Lord Palmerston is the trusted confidant and brother conspirator of Napoleon . " The writer warns Germany that if she should " sacrifice every npble feeling to purchase the peace of slavery , her devotion to peace will only make war more certain in the end . " With some correction , these are no doubt the opinions of divers small potentates , who have terrible ictures of French
before their eyes p a invasion nnd revolution , the former only possible through their own existence , and the latter only likely to be requisite in order to coerce them into permitting Germany to unite . It might suit the interests of these royal particles to entangle us in a French war in their behalf . They must view with dread thq growth of the idea practically promulgated by Franco , that thc'scttlcmcnt of J 815 is alter all a waste paper business ; and we confess that an excitable military empire is not a i > loasant neighbour for petty sovereigns , and may well cause a flutter among the ' millinery of their , courts . Still we do not forget that Europe and civilisation want a strong , powerful Germany ; and if French yeast sets up a suilieient fermentation among our Teutonic relations it will not be the smallest service it has rendered to the age .
Clmmikattty Ol K Ck1ahjs Alli X
went on making penal law after law—altering the nature and the decree of punishment , ¦ altering the jurisdiction , substituting to . ah enormous degree police and- summary ; punishments to the oldfashioned jury investigations , axil so continually mingling , changing , and confusing the several parts of our system—that the difficulty of ascertaining the effects of each of them was continually increased . Only within the last two years have any authentic records of minor punishments been forthcoming , and even those for 1858 for England and Wales , recently published , are admitted to be imperfect . They inform us , however , that last year the total number of persons who fell under the police in England and Wales , and were
1 ' rocecck'd again at , was . i'l ?" IVoecfded against by indictment , '„ 5 Disposed of summarily ,, ) ,. ) fi The mules were ¦ • < t >'•> v » The females were — 0 ~ , ~ 0-. » In 18-58 the total population of Eng land and Wales was estimated at 19 , 523 , 000 , so that one person out of every forty-five fell under penal constraint . But the total population includes people of all ages and conditions—infants , wornout men and women , imbeciles , policemen , magistrates , members of Parliament , & c , who are not liable to such constraint , or not responsible ; so that not more than one-third of the whole people can be considered as liable to fall under police law , and ,- consequently , one out of every fifteen responsible persons in the community fell , ia the last year of our lives , into the hands of the police .
This does not , however , give a complete picture of the trouble taken and penalties inflicted to make the people virtuous . A great number of threats in tcn-orem are not entered in the returns . The brutal flogging , shutting up in blaekholes , extra parades , inarching up and down a deck with shot in each hand , which are called military and naval discipline , should all be added to what the police , tell us they do , in order to make the picture complete . ; of
All these little fillings ^ in the great outline of the national criminality , which is furnished by those who assume not to share it , must be left to the imgination ; and we shall pass on to show , as far as wecan , how the persons apprehended were disposed of . From trifling circumstances , which we do not enumerate , the totals , If any person adds up the items in the following table , will not agree . The number of persons apprehended , we repeat , was 434 , 492 . They were . , thus disposed of : — -
BY HCMMARY JLK 1 SUIC- BY COURTS OF ASSIZE ASD T 1 O . N SKririlON . Discharged .... ' 1 * 3 , 74 * Discharged 4 , 070 Oouvicted 21 W , 2 'JO Convicted U , 2-l <> Imprisoned 05 , 'jni Hunted .......,. --- 11 ji'inud . KVVI . W , Venal servitude for life 40 Whipped .... SO-i Do ., various periods 2 , l : iU To find BiirotloH 10 , 3 < JO Imprisoned for vurl-Delivered to Army . ous periods 1 M 00 or Navy . 3 , 781 Whipped .... .-. < 2 ~ "J Sent to Itefornmto- Sent to lteiornmtorles WJ Hes ~' - ' 5
Other ijuuidlimenrs ... l !> , 7 ;> 0 The first thing to be noticed id the immense extent of summary jurisdiction complied to thut exercised by the judge and jury . The former seized on 404 , 034 persons , the hitter on 1 7 , 850—or the summary . jurisdiction of the police mm ! of the erewhile much-derided justices was extended over nearly twenty-three times as many persons ns thejuriscliction of the judge and the jury . The nuxt is the continual and rapid increase of the number of persons who arcsumnmrily punished . \ Yu only know from prison reports that the number has increased very rapidly , but we cannot state the proportions , becan . ^ ( ho returns were for the ' » ' « t 'V " . ' ^ made tolerably complete in 1858 ' In 1857 , . however , when they were less compute , the number ,, f norarma HU . nmarily proceeded against was Uut tno
300 , 233 , or 84 , 801 less than in 1808 . returns of IKflS embrace a larger urea thaw of 18 . 57 , from the extension of the county constubu-Jury , and thus 34 . H 01 is not a correct jndox to tlio increased liumbor of persons punished , lliu other point worthy of notice is the K ^ at proportion ot pciwotiH discharged smumar . ly , 43 , 744 o « t ot tho 404 , 034 summarily apprehondod , or nearly J-7 ths . Tho largo number of 143 , 744 wore apprehended li- 'htlv , or without suflicient cause , lho proportion of those discharged by thy courts is much lean ; but ifmiwt be remembered that cases before tho oourlH have undergone a preliminary investigation ; the persons subject to them have boon committed tor trial , and , romemboring this , wo concludo thut the ono-third aeciuittod or
du-OUR CRIMINALITY . It lias now become < juko plain that periodical literature will absorb all other literature . It is equally plain ihat the weekly journals must treat subjects which interest men beyond the dny . Thus considering that our weekly function * entitle us to draw attention to objects permanently interestng , wo propose on the present occasion to advert to our criminality as a nation . On this important subject wo have vary imperfect records . Only in 1805 did tho Government begin to collect criminal statistics with any care , and though since then this records have been much improved they are still , it is admitted , very incomplete . Without knowing tho olio eta of its own acts , except . that there was a continual incroasu in tho number of commitments , tho Government
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Citation
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Leader (1850-1860), Sept. 3, 1859, page 13, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/cld_03091859/page/13/
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