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Thames 8 THE JUEAPEB. jSAJUKUAt,
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TRADE OF NEUTRALS. The question of the a...
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THE FRENCH LOAN. The writer of the City ...
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MBKIJCK. AND ENGLISH ALLIANCES. A cobbbb...
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NEW METROPOLITAN COMMISSION OF SEWERS.—M...
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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Prussia And The West. The Berlin Corresp...
of its country permit , to the common work oftbe re-^ ga ? £ e . « r 5 SBTsa « »~ tocpla of Jieima , wljich still form the common basis , are ^ ^ ^ ^ take part in the exchange of the notes of the 8 th of August , she atleast gave her moral B fffi ^ atic concert with the other Powers , there-^ fcconSSnceof transactions with Austria , a . transaction motived by the menacing attitude of Russia , Prussia has even engaged herself , under certain eventualities , tomilitary co-operation . . "Thwe exists , therefore , already , an analogy between the position of Prussia and that of the Powers who signed the treatof December . iS , .
y _ __ _ ,, . ¦ " Prussia is disposed to join in new stipulations , and to come to an understanding , the pacific weight of which would be of a nature to exercise a salutary and decisive influence . ' - _ . , "As regards the treaty of the 2 nd of December , Prussia observes that it bears the stamp of an entente with Austria . Prussia adheres to the gfeneral tendencies of that treaty , and is ready to conclude an analogous arrangement . " With this object , and to fix with certainty eventual decisions , it leads naturally to the question what would be the interpretation of the guarantees which Russia has adopted without any reserve and in their primitive form ( redaction primitive ) . " This interpretation of the guarantees will be the pivot of the diplomatic measures .
, , x . " The more Prussia appreciates the step taken by the Powers who signed the treaty , and the more / desirous she is of responding to the sentiments which dictated that step , the more does she hope to obtain confidential explanations on the interpretation of the guarantees .
Thames 8 The Jueapeb. Jsajukuat,
8 THE JUEAPEB . jSAJUKUAt ,
Trade Of Neutrals. The Question Of The A...
TRADE OF NEUTRALS . The question of the advisability of stopping the trade of neutral powers lias occasioned much discussion . aad ^ tKei unsettled character of our decrees on the subject , and the laxity with which decrees are carried out , has given rise td great dissatisfaction . The non-interference principle is thus argued -against by a correspondent of-the Times • — " If we cannot persuade a -neutral State ( say Prussia ) tojbin our righteous cause , against the common en ^ my of Europewe are surely entitled to do our best to prevent
, that State deriving large Additional revenues from the war . Is it not worse than folly to allow so great a temptation to sinful neutrality to remain undiminished ? The plan proposed for lessening the profits of this iniquitous indifference , and for impeding Russian trade , may not be perfect , no plan is so ; and it may in part injure us also ; still , will it not be wise to lay heavy , duties on all Prussian goods and all goods and vessels from Prussian ports , and on all Prussian vessels entering any British- ( jor-xolomal ) , port , jun ^ join us , at least to the extent of a commercial bloekade . "
The French Loan. The Writer Of The City ...
THE FRENCH LOAN . The writer of the City article in the Times gives the following particulars relative to the French loan of 500 , 000 , 000 francs , or about 20 , 000 , 000 £ sterling : — " The terms at which it is to be issued are considered low , and calculated to draw subscriptions from this side , should such be admitted . The Three per Cents , are to be issued at the rate of 65 J per cent ., and the Four-anda-Half per Cents , at 92 per cent . The payment on subscribing is to be one-tenth , and the remaining instalments are to be spread over the unusually lengthened period of eighteen months . Notwithstanding the delay allowed in the payment of the instalments , the full dividend on the Three per Cents , will date from the 22 nd of December , 1854 , and that on the Four-and-a-Half per Cents , from the 22 nd of September , 1854 , an
arrangement by which the Minuter of Finance calculates that the subscribers will receive a bonus of nearly 3 J per cent , as compared with the present range of prices on the Bourse . Four per cent , discount is also to be allowed to parties wishing to pay up the instalments in advance , but this privilege will be confined at present to subscriptions not exceeding 1000 francs ( say 40 / . ) of annual rente , the object of this arrangement being to prevent large capitalists from deluging the market with the new creation of stock . One of the most interesting features of this national loan is the extent to which facilities are i afforded to small capitalists . Subscriptions to ttitULow amount of ten francs of annual income are actually invited . The lists are to be open from the 8 rd to t h * 14 th of January . "
Mbkijck. And English Alliances. A Cobbbb...
MBKIJCK . AND ENGLISH ALLIANCES . A cobbbbpowdbkt of the Times tt & yB : — '• 11 There exists an impression on the minds of many of our countrymen that' the armies of France and England have never , Bide by side ; ' encountered a common foe , since they stood arrayed under Philip Augustus and our
own lion-hearted monarch against the paynim hosts of Saladih . Permit me to remind your readers that in 1658 , on the declaration of war by Spain , C romwell ( to me the words of Hume , vol . 7 , pages 286-7 , edition ¦
1767 i ' . - " ' Concluded a peace and an alliance with France , and united himself in all his counsels with that potent and ambitious kingdom . . . • He was particularly desirous of conquest and dominion on the Continent , and he sent over into Flanders 6000 men , under Reynolds , who joined the French army under Turenne . Siege was laid to Dunkirk , and when the Spanish army advanced to relieve it , the combined armies of France and England marched out of their trenches , and fought the pa " *** the Dunes , where the Spaniards were totally defeated . The valour of the English was much remarked on this occasion . Dunkirk , being soon after surrendered , was by agreement delivered to Cromwell . ' .- _
^ " Again , on the dissolution of the triple league between England , Sweden , and the United Provinces , and the alliance with the French in 1670 , no less than 10 , 000 Englishmen co-operated with the armies of France against those of Holland and the Imperialists , and these troops Charles II . jtfas by treaty prohibited from recalling from the service of Ze grand monarque , even on the conclusion by him of a separate peace with Holland . Of them it is said that ? they had acquired great honour in every action , and had contributed greatly to the successes of Louis . ( Page 525 ) .
"In the campaign of 1675 the same troops were still to be found ranged under the banners of Turenne , when guarding the French frontier on the Upper Rhine in opposition to his Imperialist rival Montecuculi ; and m the retreat consequent upon the untimely death of that great Marshal , and the assumption of the command by DeLorges , the services of the English troops are thus recorded by the historian : — " 'De Lorges , nephew to Turenne , succeeded him in the command , and possessed a great share of the genius his skilful
and capacity of hi * predecessor . By operations the French were enabled to repass the Rhine without considerable loss , and this retreat was esteemed equally glorious with the greatest victory . The desperate valour of the English troops , who were placed in the rear , contributed greatly to save the French army . They had been seized with equal passion as the native troops of France for their brave general , and fought with ardour to revenge his death on the Germans . _ JThe _ Duke of Marlborough , then Captain Churchill , here learnt the rudiments Of that art which he afterwards practised with such fatal success against France . '" ~
New Metropolitan Commission Of Sewers.—M...
NEW METROPOLITAN COMMISSION OF SEWERS . —MR . F . O . WARD'S STATEMENT ; From the observations on Private-house and District Drainage which we have reported in our two last papers , Mr . F . O . Ward proceeded to state his views on the important questions of Main Intercepting Drainage ( for the dispollution of the Thames ) , and of tHe ' AgriculfuralTTtilisationrof tliesewrtger" ~ The subject of Main Intercepting Drainage , Mr . Ward said , was one which he approached with more than ordinary diffidence , partly because of the many complex considerations involved in the difficult problem itself , partly because it had engaged the
attention of several eminent engineers , in whose opinions he found himself unable * entirely to coincide . And here he was anxious , having been held up as Hostile to the engineering profession , and as haying joined in imputing to members of their body a want of skill and judgment in sanitary matters , to disclaim with all his force any participation in such attacks , and to declare himself , on the contrary , a sincere admirer of that high and honourable profession , for the leading members of which he had always entertained a most sincere and unaffected esteem . Those men had gone forth from this country to every part of the civilised world—they had
covered both hemispheres with railways , docks , harbours , bridges , and other magnificent workseverywhere they had done honour to the English name , and to the genius of British , civilisation ; and he looked up to them as the heroes of glorious victories , gained , not over mere men , but over Nature and the rebellious elements . Nevertheless , if their views appeared to him to require modification , upon any sanitary point , it was his duty to express his opinions frankly , as frankly as he should himself acknowledge any error into which he might bo shown to have fallen
in discussing these vast nnd intricate problems . Now , speaking in a spirit of the utmost deference to the great men who had lent the sanction of their approval to the scheme of Intercepting Tunnels now before them , he must declare his opinion , that that scheme , if executed in its present form , would turn out , witli reference to the main objects In view , a costly failure . He should reserve , for the special debate on this subject , of which Sir J . Shelley had given notice , the detailed development of his reasons for taking 1 this view ; and in the mean time ho would only say that these tunnels would not thoroughly accomplish the
disppllution of theThames , nor improve , as was supposed , the levels of the main sewers , nor put an eneVto the accumulation of deposits , nor effect that beneficial sanitary revolution which powerful organs , of the press had led tha public to expect . Neither the tunnels , no * the . pumping power provided , were adequate to carry away the sewage when swollen by very ordinary showers . Rain-coming down , as it very commonly did , at a greater rate than l-100 th of an inch per hour ( heavy showers , they were aware , came down at the rate of an inch , and and
storms at the rate of two inches upwards , per hour )* all such rain , lie said , would swell the sewage beyond the discharging power of the tunnels , and the excess would flow as heretofore , through the existing outlets into the Thames . This circumstance involved the other evil he had mentioned—the npnimproveraent of theexisting levels of the sewers . The outfalls of the sewers would not , a 8 the public imagined , be lowered , and brought into the deep tunnels . Those outfalls would have to be kept at their present levels in order to discharge the excess of sewage ,
during rainy weather , into the Thames . Thus , the dead level sewers of the south side—sewers which could be flushed either way indifferently , and which were three days emptying themselves when filled by a . storm , so sluggish was their flow—all these would have to remain level , in order that the sewage , when swollen by rains , might pass off into the Thames . So again , the evils of ponding up the sewage would continue whenever rain happened to fall at high water , in quantities exceeding the limited amount capable of being discharged by the tunnels arid raised by the putnping engines . On the other hand , when rain in excess fell at low water , the sewage discharged would be carried some twelve irales up
the river by the rising tide , then thirteen or fourteen miles down with the ¦¦ ' ebbf' then twelve miles up again with the flood , and so on tide after tide , passing the point of discharge half a dozen times , and only working its passage a couple of miles or so down the river at each tide , so as to keep the tide-way of the Thames within the London area polluted with sewage ^ not merely at the moment : of its dischargervbut during " all thes , er subsequent tidal oscillations . Thus , © heday in twelve of sewage-discharge would be tantamount to one day in-ejght of river-pollution . "It waa said , he Ttnew , that the overflow of _ the sewers on these occasions would be mere rain water ; but whoever
had noiiced _ the _ 6 tream issuing from the fceWeifs ' mouths during heavy rain would be able , he thought to judge whether the admission of . such , blacklooking contributions could be held compatible with the desired dispollution of the river . He believed ; on the contrary , that whenever heavy rain followed drought , as often happened in the hot months , vast accumulations of offensive deposit from the more badly sloped of the sewers would be swept to the river ; an evil which the interception of the upland rainfall from the sewers below would tend to in-9 *? 3 *?> J ? y j dirninishing their ^ ordinary ^ scour . And this , be " it observed" might " sometimes" happen " at epidemic seasons , just when a pestiferous outgush
of foul matter would be among the evils most of all to be avoided . Would such a result , he asked himself , satisfy their fellow * citizens ? Would they be content if , after having contributed their three millions sterling , and waited five or six years for the result , they should find the stink of their streets and the befouling of their river only partially abated , not done away with ? For his part , he thought not . He believed that no such partial measures would satisfy the public , who would , he thought , justly consider that if pollution of the Thames were wrong for seven days , it could not be right on the eighth ; and that , if the retention of stagnant deposit under our houses and streets were a recognised source of
disease and mortality , means should be devised for its continual and complete evacuation , at any cost in reason . So again , with respect to the marshy water-logged districts lying near the river , below high-water mark , those districts measured only about 4600 acres , or very little more than onetenth the area of the great Haarlem Lake—a lake which covered 45 , 230 acres , and had formerly an average depth of fourteen feet , which received , moreover , 36 , 000 , 000 tons of rainfall per month-, besides upland flood , and which had been , nevertheless , dried , and was kept dry , by three steamengines of 350 horse-power each , worked at an
expense of only 4500 / . a year . Surely , with such an example before us , we should endeavour to dry the water-logged soil of those low levels , instead of leaving them as at present , for the sake of a few thousands of pounds a year , to remain a sort of sodden swamp in the heart of our metropolis . We employed steam-engines for every conceivable purpose—to transport us on railways and rivers , and across mighty oceans , to weave our clothing , to produce a thousand articles of use or luxury , among other , tilings , to pump water into our towns ; why should we be niggardly in the application of a few hundred , or oven , if needful , a few thousand horsepower , to dry the soil of our cities , and to rid ue . of
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Citation
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Leader (1850-1860), Jan. 6, 1855, page 8, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/cld_06011855/page/8/
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