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Dec, 21, 1850.] &$£&£&&£?« 921
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rfP/trmtPtr iRl>trnTrrrrrn WUlUflttU HJX,lUlXllUi yT
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AND ITS OFFICIAL ACTS.
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This page is accorded to an authentic Ex...
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THE GERMAN DEMOCRATIC PARTY, 1. The Orig...
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THE POLISH REFUGEES. [Two parties appear...
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APPEAL FROM THE COMMITTEE OF THE POLISH ...
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Tho hvlvpcndan.ee llc.Ujc states that lh...
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Transcript
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
Additionally, when viewing full transcripts, extracted text may not be in the same order as the original document.
Dec, 21, 1850.] &$£&£&&£?« 921
Dec , 21 , 1850 . ] & $£ & £ && £ ?« 921
Rfp/Trmtptr Irl≫Trntrrrrrn Wuluflttu Hjx,Lulxllui Yt
f innnnu Wtmnttatv .
And Its Official Acts.
AND ITS OFFICIAL ACTS .
This Page Is Accorded To An Authentic Ex...
This page is accorded to an authentic Exposition of the Opinions and Acts of the Democracy of Europe : as such we do not impose any restraint on the utterance of opinion , and . therefore , limit our own responsibility to » -he authenticity of the statement .
The German Democratic Party, 1. The Orig...
THE GERMAN DEMOCRATIC PARTY , 1 . The Origin and Elements of the Party . It is impossible to give even the most elementary view of the present state of parties in Germany without casting a glance over 'the history of that country since the war of deliverance of 1813 and 1815 . German parties , German movements , and , above all , a
National feeling , inspiring the whole people , date from that war , which united all Germans into one great National Party in energetic defence against the aggressive policy of Napoleon . The Government and the people worked in harmony together ; the latter under the influence of promises of liberty held out and partially fulfilled in the day of danger , but subsequently unscrupulously betrayed .
The only German Government which introduced the ideas of the French revolution into the reformed state was Prussia . Already , in 1808 , the great statesmen Stein , Schon , and Hardenberg , began to introduce Democratical institutions into the framework of the state . Municipal Government ( Stadte-Ordnung ) , free industry , or the abolition of internal monopolies and trading or manufacturing privileges ( Gewerbe Freiheit ) , and universal military service date from this period . In 1811 , Hardenberg assembled at Berlin a sort of representative popular body as the commencement of constitutional government .
During the war 1813 , 1814 , and 1815 , and even for some few years after , in fact until the Ministerial conferences at Karlsbad in 1819 , Germany enjoyed liberty of the press . In Prussia , upon the return of Napoleon from Elba , Frederic-William III ., in order to rouse the people to one more great effort against him , issued , on the 22 nd May , 1815 , a " Cabinets-Ordre , " holding out the distinct promise of
constitutional government . For some time every Prussian looked forward with confidence to its fulfilment . But the struggle over , and Napoleon finally subdued , the liberal policy and the influence of Hardenberg and his associates rapidly lost ground ; and from ISIS the reactionary party , under the leadership of the Prince heir , now King of Prussia , directed the course of government and legislation , seeking a return to old mediaeval and feudal conditions in the government of
both state and church . A part of the people resented this policy . An agitation in the press and in the universities was instituted , in which the names ai Joseph Goerres , E . M . Arndt , Ludwig Jahn , Heinrich Luden , Fries , and " VVclcker were prominent . In 1819 , Kotzbue , a Russian spy , was stabbed at Mannheim , by Karl Sand , a German student ; severe measures were instantly adopted , conspiracies of students and patriotic officers were discovered and severely punished , and the movement was for the time entirely crushed .
Nevertheless , the perfidious policy of the Governments resulted in the formation of the first general organized German opposition , and in the constitution of the " Party of the Black , lied , and Golden Flag , " with the " Unity and Liberty of Germany" for its watchword . The party was inaugurated at the " Festival of Hambach , " in 1831 , which was a great open air meeting convoked from all parts of Germany , after the downfal of Poland , and bold under the old ruined Castle of Hambach , a few miles from the left bank of the Rhine , in Rhenish Bavaria . It
was attended by the leading Liberals of all the German states . Its object and its result were the formation uf the German National Constitutional Party of which we have spuken . It was followed by an unsuccessful attempt at insurrection at Frankfort in 1832 . Almost every member of the Opposition in each of the smaller constitutional states of Germany belonged to it . Its most eminent names are those of Gugorn , " Woleker , Todt , Soiron , Von Vinckc , Count Schwerin , and Sirnson .
Against the spirit of popular liberty and of national unity nncl independence thus organised , the Gorman princes united in the conspiracy ot Vienna , under the presidency of Metternich ( Gehcime Wiener Conferenclesehlussc , vom August , 1831 ) . The written
terms of their agreement bound them to support each other against the common enemy , the Constitutional party , by the suppression of all real popular rights afforded by the laws of the smaller constitutional states , Baden , Bavaria , Wurteoiberg , Nassau , Saxony , Brunswick , & c . The despots kept their secret until 1845 , when " Welcker , a member of the Badish Opposition , discovered a copy of the document in question among the papers of his deceased friend , Klueber , and published it at Strasburg . Let our readers here pause to remark the analogy between the state of things which we have been
deoing ana present day ; essential difference , they will remark , consisting in the fact that the Democratic is taking the place of the so-called Constitutional party . Confidence too often betrayed renders compromise impossible ; thanks to the perfidy of all German Governments , in that country , as elsewhere through Europe , all parties are being merged into the two great hostile camps of Reaction and Democracy . Concealment is not likely , in these days , to be so long successful ; we shall not , probably , have to wait for some future Welcker to reveal to us the secret stipulations of Olmiitz and Dresden .
In the time of which we have been speaking compromise was still possible , or deemed so . The 'Teutonic Constitutional" party , irritated and revolted by the perfidy of the German Governments , spoke , indeed , of Revolution in warning terms—Welcker in Baden , Todt in Saxony ; but they still looked to the possibility of a compromise , which , it was their policy to extort from the Governments by the fear of Revolution , and they acquired the title of the Party of the Bargain , or of Conciliation ( Vereinbarungspartei ) .
Meanwhile the combined influence of German philosophy—Kant , Fichte , and the new Hegelians were Republicans—and of the ideas generated and diffused by the French Revolution had served to call into existence the elements of a new party . " Republican , Democratic , and Social Radicals" began to
appear among the learned men , amongst the students , and among the working classes of the great towns of Germany . From Switzerland , from Paris , and from London travelling German workmen brought home ideas of political and social emancipation . The working classes began to look forward to the complete emancipation of their class , the new political school of thinkers sought to hasten the triumph of
Radical principles press , , ana m the religious communities . In 1845-6 a Radical religious movement was aroused by an attempt in Prussia to prevent the free course of religious enquiry . The King censured ministersof religion for their Kantian philosophy and nationalism , and German Rationalists began to organize themselves in defence and reply . Gustav Adolph Wisliccnus instituted in Halle a religious society on the basis of rejecting all dogmas and all forms of worship ( Freie Gemeinde ) , whose members became
known as Humanitarians . And the adoration of the " holy coat" Treves , in which the Protestant King of Prussia took part , was followed by the establishment , under Johannes Ronge , of the " German Catholic communities" ( Deutsch Katholische Gemeinden ) , which originating , like the great reformation under Luther , rather as a schism within the Roman Catholic Church than a * a heresy , ultimately abandoned it altogether , organizing themselves on a democratic basis , without the imposition or the necessary recognition of any peculiar religious creed .
The " German Catholics" succeeded in instituting , in 1810 , several thousand of these communities in all parts of Germany . The " free communities" have inado most progress since the revolution
of 1848 . The two parties arc equally democratic in their tendencies and in their constitution ; theycoinpri . se a great p : irt of the lending thinkers and writers of Ger-: nar democracy . There , as elsewhere in Europe , the religious and the political movement go hand in hand . Papacy and d < spotism ally themselves on the aio
hund , with the recruits which personal or class interests , or a want of faith in the law of progress of humanity bring to them ; ami , on the oilier , wehuvo the inus / es of iho po ^ pk-a with th-ir grunt mid true instincts turning over * to the light , the gieut majority of educated youth , the boldest thinkoi . s , and all minds deeply imbued with that religious sentiment ,
whatever form it may take , which endows its possessors with a firm faith in the aspirations and progress of humanity , and with a spirit of devotion to the accomplishment of its destinies . In Germany philosophical analysis and theory go hand in hand with the popular progress of ideas . Analogies and forms are suggested , and a phraseology arises , which are the x > eculiar growth of that country . Thus Radical Democracy and the Democratic Religious Idea have been comprehended in one word *• Humanismus . " The principal teachers
of this new philosophy are Ludwig Feuerbach , known as the author of a work entitled Essence of Christianity ( Wesen des Christenthums ) whose philosophy , expressed in . the phrase " theology is anthropology , " consists in referring all religious dogmas to the mental or social conditions of the period which originated them ; and Arnold Ruge , author of works entitled The Religion of our Time ( Die Religion wisrer Zeit ) Democracy and Socialism ( Die Democratie tend der Socialismus ) , and Philosophy and Revolution ( Die Philosophic und die Revolution ' ) .
Having thus endeavoured to trace out , by a most hasty glance , the origin and elements of the Democratic party and school in Germany , we come naturally to the consideration of the revolution of 1848 , and of the present state of things , which we shall take up on a future occasion .
The Polish Refugees. [Two Parties Appear...
THE POLISH REFUGEES . [ Two parties appearing among the Polish Refugees in this country , we have to request that any friends heretofore subscribing through the Leader will in future send their subscriptions direct to the addresses furnished . Last week we inserted an address from one committee : we now , as an act of impartiality , do the same by the other , that both cases may be before the public ]
Appeal From The Committee Of The Polish ...
APPEAL FROM THE COMMITTEE OF THE POLISH REFUGEES AT TUHNMILL-STREET . 41 , Turnmill-street . Clcrkenwell . The position those refugees occupied with Kossuth , Bern , Dembinski , and other patriots , constitute a claim for help on behalf of the unfortunate comrades of those brave men . The committee beg to inform your readers that they have fifty-seven men entirely dependent on their exertions for support . The committee are perfectly aware of the responsibility they have undertaken , but they were elected into office by a public meeting at the Fraternal Home in
November last , at the wish of the refugees , they voting on the occasion . They have at the present time four men on the sick list , one of whom has been ill for these three months past , living in a separate lodging , his case demanding such a course . The men will be extremely gratified if any of your readers can inform them of some employment , as they are anxious to be placed above the position of receiving support without labour . Any communication sent to J . Brown will be promptly attend to . They do again reiterate the statement that police wore fetched to Cockspur-street , and can name the parties who sent for them from the old committee .
The committee invite all persons who can , to visit the Fraternal Home , and see the miserable position of the men , who are sleeping on straw beds with little covering , sometimes three in a bed , and every other possible misery that can bo conceived , all sharing alike , from the general to the private , the threepence and fourpence per day—never more . The
committee , in appealing for support , also beg to say they will be glad of some old clothes , shoes , and shirtH , many of the men being compelled to keep in the house for want of covering , and they bt g that the subsetiptions bo sent to J . Urown , Secretary , at the above place , where a list is kept open for the public and the refugees to examine . Any information required the secretary will gladly furnish . In the bonds of true fraternity , wo subscribe ourselves , yours , W . Lum , Chairman . J . Brown * Secretary .
Tho Hvlvpcndan.Ee Llc.Ujc States That Lh...
Tho hvlvpcndan . ee llc . Ujc states that lh «» Democratic llepubliu is qoinjj on fiivonrahly . u Seventy or eighty rcpre . soibuivr . s , " i * snys , " iitvu racli cuiiiribuud 801 ' . [ the ie . il amount is 1001 ' . each ] . Th « treasury of Universal Democracy poKHC .-ixcs at i > ri \ sent . several hundred thousand francs , but they aio mil deposited at the Bank of France , though close to it , "
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Citation
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Leader (1850-1860), Dec. 21, 1850, page 9, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/cld_21121850/page/9/
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