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Oct. 25, 1851.] *&* ~fL$*V*t. 1025
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IS THE KING OV PltUSSIA A PROTESTANT? Ma...
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HEALTH O F, L O ND O N DURING THE WEEK. ...
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Cnmramiol lifatrs.
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MONEY MARKET AND GITY INTELLIGENCE. Fkid...
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BRITISH FUNDS FOR THK PAST WEEK. (Closin...
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FOREIGN FUNDS. (Last Official Quotation ...
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CO UN EXCHANGE. Mahic-lank, October 24.—...
Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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Transcript
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
Additionally, when viewing full transcripts, extracted text may not be in the same order as the original document.
The Power Of Education. L Kit Hit Iii. B...
fl n exercise which unfortunately is sadly neglected in oSr systems of education , or we should not now have * n discuss this point . . To ascertain whether we determine , or have power to determine , by a free will , how w e shall feel , or whom or what we shall like or dislike , or love or hate , let us , as I have said , appeal to facts ; let us try whether we can make ourselves dislike or hate or despise one whom we like or love or esteem ; or rice ver $ & . We shall find that we are not able to do motive is
so unless some sufficiently powerful -cause produced within us , either by some altered state of our own physical or mental constitution or character , or by some change in or in relation to the object of our feeling ; and that if this sufficiently powerful cause is produced , we do not possess any independent power or free will by which we can prevent the change of feeling ; and , therefore , that our feelings are not produced by an independent will , but are the results of causes which are themselves produced by antecedent causes in a natural or necessary order of
sequence . To ascertain whether we determine , or have power to determine , by a free will , what we shall believe or disbelieve , let us again appeal to facts . Let the Christian try to make himself believe the creed of the Mahometan , or the Protestant to make himself believe the creed of the Catholic , and vice versd , & c . The individual who makes the experiment will find that he is not able of himself to produce a change of conviction ; and that unless some sufficiently powerful cause is produced within him , by some physical or
mental change , some new evidence , or some new perception of evidence , no new conviction can be produced ; and that if this sufficiently powerful cause is produced , he does not possess any power by which he can prevent the change of conviction . He will thus discover that his belief or disbelief is not produced by a " free will , " but is the result of causes which are produced by antecedent causes in a natural and necessary order of sequence , as we have previously found to be the case in relation to the formation of the feelings .
Again ; to ascertain whether we determine , or have power to determine independently , our will or decision to act , let us appeal to facts , and try , for instance , whether we can create a will to commit murder , or suicide , or robbery . We shall find that we are not able to produce such a will , and that no such will can be formed in us unless some sufficiently powerful motive-feeling is first - produced by some peculiar condition of our physical or mental constitution or character , or by some sufficiently powerful external cau & e , or by both these causes united ; and that if a sufficiently powerful motive-feeling is produced , we do not possess any independent power or
or free will by which we can prevent the formation of the new will ; the result depending upon the relative strength of the opposing feelings — being doubtful only when they are nearly equal in strength ; and being always , and of necessity in the end , in favour of that which is ultimately the strongest . It has been supposed that we determine for ourselves by an independent power which motive shall . be the strongest m when opposing feelings exist within us . But if , again , we appeal to facts , and examine what made us determine as we did determine upon any given occasion when our decision to act was for a time in suspense , we shall find that , of the
contending motives which for the time were balancing within us , that which in the end prevailed , had become the strongest ; and in many cases we shall find that it had become the strongest in opposition to a previous strong desire and determination to resist and repress it . Or when the determination to resist or repress an inclination has prevailed , we shall find that it did so solely because it proved to be superior in strength to the opposing inclination ; thus demonstrating that the power of resisting or repressing our inclinations ( which is in fact an opposing feeling produced within us , as all our feelings are produced , and not , as has been supposedan independent determining power or
, free will ) decides our will and conduct , only when and while it is stronger than the feelings to which it j » opposed ; and that when the strength of these latter feelings is increased so much a » to become greater than that of the resisting feeling , these feel-^ gSf which previously , while they were the weaker , had been kept in subjection by the other , uocome the determining power , and decide the conduc t . The supposition , therefore , that we pos-Bess an independent power or froe will by which wo can reHiHt and control our inclinations at will , ha « arisen from the nonperception of the manner in wlucU
our fcelingg and will or decision to act are produced , and of the fact that the resisting power ( . wluch l ma been supposed to be a free or self-formed will ) ig u feeling produced in us by internal and Oxt » al causos an much as the power or feeling by which > t ia opposed ; and that the relative strength <>» the two contending feelings is determined in the ¦ ni ne manner ; the resisting power or feeling prey * IIln K ° "l y ho long as it ; in the strongest , and being "aide to bo stronger or weaker by a process of natural » na ncccsHiiry causation , subject to the same uncuangmg kwaof Qod as the formation of our neparato M-oiuiga . llaaco it in that the individual wUobo
intelligence and moral feelings have been comparatively well developed , wUl resist almost , or entirely , without an effort or temptation which will as certainly produce a vicious will and evil conduct in one who has been less favourably educated , Again , to ascertain whether we determine , or have power to determine , the formation of our character by a free will or independent power , if we appeal to facts , we shall find that the character of every individual is produced ( as well as his feelings , convictions , and will ) by the operation of natural and constant laws . We have seen that we do not determine for ourselves by an independent power what we
shall feel , or believe , or will , or do ; but that our feelings and convictions and will and actions are at all times determined by the present state of our constitution and character , and by the circumstances which influence us at the time ; and facts demonstrate that the formation of our character , or the development of our natural powers and tendencies , is the result of the feelings , thoughts , wills , and actions which we are thus caused to have and perform from the commencement of our existence—from the instinctive and unconscious movements of our early infancy , even before birth , to the conscious and more developed and complex , but no less necessitated ,
operations of our more advanced physical , intellectual , and moral powers and tendencies . The original qualities and strength of these powers and tendencies are made for us ; the external means by which their action and growth are influenced during early infancy are made for us , altogether independently of our will : and when we begin to become more active or powerful , and to exercise a will to some extent in the process and . in the choice or formation of our circumstances , this will , as we have seen , is determined , not by an independent power within u . « , but by the
constitution and character which have been previously produced in us and the external circumstances then influencing us ; and it is , therefore , only as a secondary or caused agent that we are able to exercise any power or agency in any proceeding by which the development of our character is affected . Education is , in fact , the means by which the development of our natural powers , or the formation of our character , is determined ; and it would be needless and inopperative if we determined for ourselves by an independent power or free will what character we should acquire .
Thus , by appealing to facts , the ever present revelations of the creating power , by carefully observing what is , instead of adopting the crude suggestions of imagination , we are enabled to acquire certain or scientific knowledge upon these most important subjects , upon which , for want of this due exercise of the perceptive powers , the opinions of" men have so long been divided , and upon which mankind in general have so long been deceived , to the most grievous injury of the human race .
It is far more , however , with respect to the application of this knowledge that society is now at fault , than in relation to these primary facts ; for these facts may now be regarded as generally acknowledged by the advanced minds of the present time . Abundant proofs of this may be found in the literature of the day . Even the Times , of a recent date , contained a leading article in which it was observed , as a matter of course , that man ' s " mind" — " his habits"
" his desires " — " his character '—and " run conduct , " are " fashioned by all the circumstances which affect him from his cradle to his grave . " It is evident , however , that the writer of this article is in the general predicament of having little or no idea of the application of this knowledge . Having now sufficiently explained the preliminary part of the subject , I will proceed in another letter to point out this application . ILknuv Tuavis .
Oct. 25, 1851.] *&* ~Fl$*V*T. 1025
Oct . 25 , 1851 . ] *&* ~ fL $ * V * t . 1025
Is The King Ov Pltussia A Protestant? Ma...
IS THE KING OV PltUSSIA A PROTESTANT ? Manchester , October 21 , 1 H 5 I . Sin , —In an article entitled " la the King of Prussia a Protestant ? " I find an allusion to the iioinan Catholics of Hamburg . It is there stated that this city has not seen an officiating Popuih piiest aince the thirty years' war ; I cannot say whether the city is blind or not , but in the year 18 : 53 I attended high mass in the Kleine Michaelis Kirche , and when I was in Hamburg this summer I looked into the same church and saw a Itouiau Catholio clergyman going through the regular course of prayers appointed for mass ,. The whole article in which this statement was made , seems to me to be built rather upon exaggerated
rumours than on any solid foundation of tact , and would earnestly recommend true Liberals to be cautious before they place implicit confidence in such reports . Reaction is rampant enough without painting it blacker than it is , and the cause I believe your correspondent to have at heart will not bo benefited by anonymous accusations that careful examination will not bo able to confirm . 1 do not write thin note in any way to lead your readers to suppose that Jesuitical intrigues are not being vigorously carried on in the north , of ( Icrmuny , indeed , I am well aware that the contrary is the fact ; but to recommend all who write upon Continental politics to bo very careful iu their utatomonta . Any inoorrcotncoH of
detail is seized on by the friends of Absolutism , and tortured into wilful , malicious falsehood and calumny , and injures the progress of Liberalism and constitutional Government . I am , Sir , yours respectfully , S . A , S .
Health O F, L O Nd O N During The Week. ...
HEALTH O F , L O ND O N DURING THE WEEK . ( From the Registrar-General ' s Report . ) The total number of deaths registered in the metropo litan districts in the week ending last Saturday was 981 They exhibit a small increase on those of the preceding week , when the amount was 953 . Taking for comparison corresponding weeks of the ten years 1841 50 , it appears that the average was 906 ; but if this average be raised in proportion to the increase of persons now living in London , it becomes 997 , which differs not much from last week's mortality . Last week 426 children died under 15 years of age , 367 persons who had reached 15 years , but had not attained to 60 , and 184 who were of GO years and upwards . The births of 773 boys and 670 girls , in all 1443 children , were registered in the week . In the six corresponding weeks of the years 1845-50 the average number was 1313 .
Cnmramiol Lifatrs.
Cnmramiol lifatrs .
Money Market And Gity Intelligence. Fkid...
MONEY MARKET AND GITY INTELLIGENCE . Fkidat . Consols have this week varied slightly , closing on Monday at 974 , rising to 97 £ I on Tuesday , receding on Wednesday to 974 to it and rising again on Thursday to 97 i 3 . The opening price this morning was , Consols , 97 i f The fluctuations of the week have been . Consols , from 97 J to g ; Bank Stock , from 212 to 213 £ ; Exchequer Bills , from 51 s . to 55 s . premium . In the Foreign Stock Market yesterday very little business was transacted . The bargains of the day comprised—Chilian , 102 A . and 104 ; Danish Five per Cents ., 102 ; Ecuador , 3 ; Grenada , ex . December , 1849 , coupon , 13 f ; the Deferred , 3 |; Mexican , for money , 27 ; for the account , 26 |; Peruvian Deferred , 41 £ ; Portuguese Five per Cents ., 86 £ ; Russian Four-and-a-Half per Cents ., 101 J ; Sardinian Five per Cents ., 824 ; the Scrip , 2 f dis . ; Spanish Five per Cents ., for money , 201 and |; fur the account , 20 J ; Venezuela , 31 £ ; the Deferred , 10 J ; Belgian Four-and a Half per Cents ., 92 i and 92 ; Dutch Two-and-a-Half per Cente ., 584 ; and the Four per Cent . Certificates , 89 $ and 90 .
British Funds For Thk Past Week. (Closin...
BRITISH FUNDS FOR THK PAST WEEK . ( Closing Prices . ) Xalur , Mond . Tues . ll ' edn . Thurs . Friil . Bank Stock .... 213 213 213 211 2 MA 3 per Ct . Red .. 9 K * 9 ( 5 * 9 f , \ 9 f > 4 96 ; $ . 3 p . C . Con . Ans . 97 J 97 j 96 g 97 j 97 } 3 p . C . An . 172 G . -- ¦ 3 p . Ct . Con ., Ac . i ) 7 g 9 G ? 97 ^ 9 1 \ 97 ] 3 J p . Cent . An . 97 * 98 973 98 97 < ! Long Aug ., I 860 . 6 « 3 j 7 7 7 ¦ Ind . St . 10 Jp . ct . 2 G 2 262 2624 202 Ditto Bonds .. 56 p fifi p 51 p 6 L p 61 0 Ex . Hills , 1000 / . 41 p 54 u 51 p 51 p 55 p Ditto , 5 . 10 * . .. 41 p 51 p 51 p 51 p 55 p . Ditto , SinaK 44 p 54 p ^ Jl p 51 p 1 . 05 p
Foreign Funds. (Last Official Quotation ...
FOREIGN FUNDS . ( Last Official Quotation during- the Week ending Friday ICvcning . ) Austrian . *> per Cents . — Mexican 5 per Ct . Ace- 2 f >? IH'lffian lUls ., 44 p . Ct . 914 Small .. .. 2 o ;{ Brazilian . » per Cents . 87 Neapolitan 5 per Cents . — Huenos Ayreu 6 p . Ota . 48 Peruvian 4 \ per Cents . 87 if Chilian 6 per Cents ... 101 Portuguese 5 per Cent . — Danish 5 perOwits . .. 102 g 4 per Ct » . 32 £ Dutch 24 per Cents ... 5 D } j ¦ Annuities — 4 per Oentu . .. 'JO Russian , 1822 , 1 \ p . CU 1014 Kcuador llnuds .. . 5 , \ Span . Aotiven , T ) p . Cta . 2 () : | French . > p . C . An . atPiU-i * 91 . 80 I ' aastive .. fi ^ 3 p . Cta ., Julyll , f > . > . 70 Deterred .. —
Co Un Exchange. Mahic-Lank, October 24.—...
CO UN EXCHANGE . Mahic-lank , October 24 . —Prices much the same as ast week . O 1 CAIN , Mark-lane . Oct . 17 . Wlirnt , R . New 3 ; Sh . to Illia . MupW ; : H ) h . to 31 u . line : H » — 38 While « 7 — 29 <) I < 1 : tU 40 Hoilem 30 — 32 White ; : t 6 — ; 18 IJeaiiH , 1 'iokn . .. 23 — 21 line : ) M — 40 Old ' 27 28 Superior Nimv 40 — 40 Indian Corn .... -7 —29 Rye 1 > H — 30 OatH . l- \ : « : d I (» —17 Harlev 2 J — 23 Fine 17 — 18 Malting 21 — 26 Poland IH — 1 ' . ) Mall , Old 46 - 48 Kino l ' . » —20 Fine 50 — tri Potato 18 — ID Peim , Hog B 7 —28 Kino UO —21 FUHJU . r « wn-ina < ln per Hack 37 m . to 10 n . SccoikIh « ' » r » — •<* K * b « x mid Huflolk , on board whip ¦ ' ' — ;"' Norfolk und Htookton 3 I ' * Ameicaii prrlmrrol I i > - ~ ^ Canadian , ""' . Y r i Wlioutuii Drcttil . 7 d . the 411 > . loaf . lloiiMuHuldu , . >< J « i-UtiNUIlAL . AVKRAUK I'ltKJH OK URAIN . Whkk F . ni > in « <>« t- 11-Imporial Oeiioral Weekly AvoraK" . Wheat ^ « d . j Ky « % » - « ' «• liarley «> »
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Citation
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Leader (1850-1860), Oct. 25, 1851, page 21, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/cld_25101851/page/21/
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