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those advocated by the T rades * Delegates . Mr . Bates , -who thought the promoters of the Conference were sincere in their intentions , moved that the trades ' delegates should meet the Conference again , and discuss their respective objects and principles . After some further conversation , it was unanimously agreed that the delegates should attend and take part in the future proceedings of the Conference , with a view to direct the attention of the members to the principles of protection for labour , as advocated by the trades ' delegates .
The Globe of last evening states that Southwark is to be erected into a distinct episcopal see . The new diocese , which will be taken from the present oversown dioceses of London and Winchester , will comprize the whole of the county of Surrey and all that portion of the Archdeaconry of Middlesex lying eastward of the city of London , as well as those portions of Kent which are now comprized within the boundaries ofthe metropolitan see . The Bishop of Southwark will have a seat in the House of Lords , in rotation with other bishops , after the same manner as the Bishop of Manchester .
The stampers at Somerset-house have been engaged for the last three weeks from nine a . m . till nine p . m . ( Sundays excepted ) , in preparing for the new act , which comes into operation this day , reducing the stamp duties on mortgages , leases , conveyances , agreements , &c . The quantity of parchment sent in to be stamped has been so great , that they have been obliged to have a special locality for the purpose , divided into departments for London and the country districts . During the present week no less than 250 , 000 to 300 , 000 stamps under the new act have already been delivered to the parties , so as to enable them to have a portion to commence with . It will be at least a month or six weeks before the present demands can be completed . The employes at the Stamp-office receive extra pay for the overtime they are engaged in
stamping . The Gazette of yesterday evening announces that the actual surplus revenue for the year ended the 5 th of July , 1850 , being £ 3 , 438 , 358 , one-fourth of surplus— . £ 861 , 628 will be applied to the reduction of the National Debt . The Great Bull from Nineveh was safely deposited in the British Museum yesterday . It is , considering the great lapse of time , in an extraordinary good state of preservation . It stands nearly twelve feet in height , and weighs upwards of six tons . The other antiquities from Nineveh were all safely delivered . The Bradford Observer states that the hills surrounding Holmfirth were on Saturday last slightly covered with snow .
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A meeting of representatives of the Republican party , who now muster pretty strong in Paris , was held on Wednesday evening , in which the questions of the reviews and the prorogation of the powers of the President were discussed . A protestation to the Committee of Permanence , having for its object the condemnation of the reviews , was proposed by several members , / i'his protestation , published in the journals of the opposition , would , it was asserted , induce an expression of popular opinion . After some discussion , however , it was resolved that this step should be postponed .
The expedition against Friedrichstadt is abandoned , or at least postponed . Troops , siege batteries , and gunboats were withdrawn from before Friedrichstadt on the 5 th without molestation . At mid-day the Danes , probably thinking that they should find only a small number of dispirited Holsteincrs , made a sally from the city , but were repulsed with so much energy that they were glad to retreat , leaving their dead upon the field . General Williscn , in an address to the people on the entrance of the remains of the 6 th battalion into Rendsburg , says : — " The fortune of war had given the Danes this time the victory , but the conduct of the noble 6 th had won for them imperishable laurels . " A second ordinance has been published , by the Hesse Darmstadt Ministry , containing a number of restrictions lais Draconic
on the freedom of the press . The new w . Censorship , caution , or exclusion from the post-office , it is true , are not mentioned ; but the penalties are enormous , amounting , in sonic cases , to £ 100 fine and two years' imprisonment . The two officers deputed to proceed to Wilhelmsbad , Colonel Hildebrand , on the part of the officers of this garrison , and Captain Zink , sent by Haynau , have returned to Cassel . Both have seen the Elector twice . The formal answer given to Colonel Hildebrand is , that a definite reply to his representations shall be transmitted . It appears , however , that the Elector was very near ordering the deputed , colonel into arrest .
lie docluii ' d that he demanded unlimited obedience ; lie would have every one of his ordinances obeyed , and every officer who was unwilling to do his duty should be arrested . Should the Hessian troops prove unworthy to execute his orders , he would dissolve the entire army , and call in the friendly aid of his brother sovereigns . Such was at lea-st the substance of the Elector ' s speech to Ilildebrand . Captain / ink returns to Cassel , the bearer of a letter from the Klectnr to his uenerul . The latter is commissioned to proceed with the execution of the decrees with all possible energy and promptitude , and is assured that in case the means at present at his disposal shall be
found insudicient , others shall be placed in his hands . Accordingly , tho Commander-in-chief has resumed the issue of orders to hi « subordinates , and as the press is the ( j ; iciit bugbear of men who have nothing but the power of brute force on their side , his first measures a it dire cud nuuiust tlw > journals . The newspapers which ha \ T ii )> pi-: ir « 'd since the temporary . suspension ofthe -1 th an * njjiiin Mippiesscd . Tin ollic . es of the JS ' cio Hessian { litzt'tlt ' y \\\\ - lloi'nisfn \ and the I ' twin / is , tire beset with military , and nil printing operaliuUM are interdicted . Tho general has even forbidden the post-oilicc muuugcxs to transmit tho journals through their establishment .
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ORGANIZATION OP THE PEOPLES . It is with a grave satisfaction that we this week commence the fulfilment of a promise made in the programme of our Journal , that we would furnish our readers with trustworthy information on all foreign political events , and also with the views and purpose of the leaders of the European Democratic party . This fulfilment we have twice attempted , but twice was it thwarted by extraneous circumstances over which we had no control . Into those circumstances it would be idle here to enter , the more so , as they are now , we trust , altogether removed . Henceforward the Democracy of Europe will form a department of the Leader . In that department the reader will meet with the official statements and views of one great party now profoundly affecting the condition of society . For the authenticity of these communications we can vouch , as coming through the leaders of the party . From the elevated and generous tone of the manifesto with which it opens we are proud to feel that to act in close alliance with that party will only be a further means of carrying out our own views . To unite in broad schemes of national welfare while preserving the integrity of our own opinions , — to get at the People , to act with the People and for the People—has ever been the one inspiring sentiment of the Leader . We are confident that , without any sacrifice of distinct national feelings and objects , the leaders of the people in every country will best expedite their own plans by acting in concert : it is thus that we attain a fresh leverage by which to move the world !
It is with not Jess gratincation , we see prospect of another alliance which will gather round one standard the powerful regiments of welltried soldiers , hitherto held aloof by their resolution to fight their own battle alone . We allude to the Chartists . Both sections of that party—the Chartists and the Democratic Chartists—are negotiating an union with the Social Reformers—an
union probably to assume the distinctive title ot National Charter and Social Reform Union . The importance of such an union is enormous . It will give to the Social Reformers the impulse , the strength , and the massive breadth of popular feeling ; it will give to the popular feeling a broader policy and more national scope .
For ourselves we leel that in alliance with a Dody representing the Democracy of Europe , and also with one that is an organization of the English People , the cause we have undertaken gains sudden strength , our hopes become more like realities , our aspirations tend to a more definite issue .
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at right seasons . Thus working together , landlord and farmer might bring the agriculture of the country to its highest point . Lord Ward ' s pledge to effect improvements impracticable for the tenant is the complement to Lord Stanley ' s suggestion ; and Lord Stanley himself intimated a similar pledge . One cannot withhold a tribute of respect to men who thus confront defeat of their own trusted doctrine , Protection , with candid and cheerful endeavour .
There was indeed no time to lose . The land question , arising in so many quarters and so many shapes , had for the landlords this one meaning : to them it was the question— " What are you doing upon the land , there , which you profess to have in trust ? " At last they say that they are going to bestir themselves in earnest ; and perhaps a better diligence on their parts may delay the final enforcement of the ugly question—if they succeed in their efforts to render the land more fruitful .
Not otherwise ; and we confess that very grave doubts yet cling to us . Certain facts strike us as very remarkable . It is well known that the farming of the country is in general starved for want of labour ; so that , while labourers are starving for want of employment , the land is kept poor for want of labour . Competition and overtrading
may produce " glut" in certain markets , and especially in the secondary employments ; but the encrease of produce , particularly of food , can cause nothing but benefit to the country , especially when the country is really in need of further supplies for very numerous classes . The abstinence , therefore , from applying the idle labour to the idle land is a very remarkable fact indeed .
Not more remarkable than another . The abstinence of the farmers from employing more labour is ascribed to want of capital among the farmers . Now , there is certainly no want of capital in the country : it can be readily obtained for any profitable investment on easy terms ; and has been so any time in the present generation . Indeed , there is a plethora of capital ; and the slightest impulse to any of the secondary trades , such as manufactures , instantly occasions the erection of new factories and the investment of more capital . No
security for capital is more prized than the land , which " cannot fly away . " How is it , then , that capital is afforded in such niggard portions ? This question is the opprobrium of political ceconomy ; which seeks the solution in all sorts of incidentsbad tenure , caprice of landlords , ignorance of farmers , and so forth . To us the reason appears to be , that farming does not " pay" like other trades , especially the trades of skill or wide-world enterprize ministering to luxury . The greatest profit will always be made in those trades which deal with articles that derive their value less from the
raw material than the skilled labour ; competition keeps down the wages of skilled labour ; and trading profit takes the balance . No doubt competition in trading also tends to bring prices down to the lowest level ; but the simplest labours are already and always at that lowest level . Hence capital and enterprize prefer any channel rather than that of farming . And although the fear of losing what they have may induce both farmer and landlord to sacrifice a part , —the farmer to make redoubled exertions for the same return , the
landlord to relinquish part of his rent , either in paying for improvements or in abatements , —the relative position of agriculture towards the trading market will remain the same . We do not see that under the existing principles of commercial exchange farming can be made to " pay . "
Protection enabled farming to pay better , as respects both landlord and tenant , but not as respects labours because , farmers dealing in produce and landlords dealing in the field of production , Protection restricted the amount of produce in the market . But it was a fallacy to suppose that it benefited the labourer ; because the hired labourer does not deal directly in produce , and Protection did not restrict the supply of labour in a market where labourers were already " redundant . " Indeed Protection helped to make the farmer independent of exertion and extended energy , and so far made him free to employ less labour than he will need under an open market and lower prices . Restored Protection , therefore , could have no virtue to solve the social question at the
"IT WON'T PAY . " If our aristocracy desire to retain their position for some time longer , if they desire to postpone very awkward questions respecting their utility to the State , and the service which they do for the tenure of their possessions , they will do what Lord Stanley has been doing in Lancashire , Lord Ward and Sir John Pakington in Worcestershire—take the lead in encouraging the good works of agricultural industry . Lord Stanley pointed out what excellent ami truly patriotic work your gentleman farmer can perform in conducting experiments : this is an admirable idea , ; and equally admirable is his ad-* Ann frt ihn fnrmpiN . t . lint . thov shmilfl not dabble in
experiments , but only stand ready to adopt tried improvements . Such a division of labour would be beyond all praise , anil would go far to reconcile the people , at least for a time , to artificial distractions of society which allot ease anil hardship so capriciously . Experiment is the proper function for the man of independence and leisure ; the diligent pursuit of tried methods the safest course for the practical man , who must secure due returns
bottom of this farming question . But free trade undoubtedly precipitates the question as regards farmers and landlords : they will be put to new exertions and new sacrifices ; and yet , at present , we do not at all see how all the exertion , in the world can be made to " pay . "
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SATURDAY , OCTOBER 12 , 1850 .
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There is nothing so revolutionary , because there is nothing so unnatural and convulsive , as the strain to keep things fixed when all the world is by the very law of its creation in its eternal -progress . —Dr . Arnold .
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Leader (1850-1860), Oct. 12, 1850, page 682, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1856/page/10/
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