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(Drgarajatfaci nf tfre ^enple, POLITICAL AND SOCIAL.
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(flora Cmutril
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erroneous one . Commonly they consider the Russian S as a raw , ignorant , passive , herd of " ^ viduals as a living mass of zeros , which , attached to the Tsarian unit , give to it an imposing position . This is a downright false idea : the Russian people is not at all so identified with the Tsar , as he and his paid Russian , German , French , and other journalists endeavour to persuade the world . It is the grossest lie when we read that every morning sixty-five millions of people pray for the Tsar , or that a ukaze unconditional credit from the
of the autocrat finds banks of the Vistula to the Pacific Ocean . Nobody , indeed cares for it , and the Tsar himself is conscious of that fact . The agricultural , commercial , and trade ' s people , as well as the bond men , the so-called black people , are split into more than 200 religious sects , which all bear a political character , and are unanimous in condemning the present order of things , and consider the regime of the Tsar as that of the Anti-Christ . These sects , some of which have even a communistic tendency , the community of property
and of wives not excluded , are spread over the whole empire up to the Ural , and are rendered more fanatical by extreme oppression . Catherine II . of disgusting memory , persecuted them so relentlessly , that many communities set fire to their own Tillages , and precipitated themselves with their wives and children into the flames , thus to escape submission to the orthodox church , and the ukazes of the Empress . Alexander I . left these dissenters pretty well at peace ; Nicholas favours , from calculating motives , the priests of the state Church , and publicly feigns to be the most pious man of the resumed the to feari ' ul
empire . He persecution a extent , expelling many thousands of families , especially those belonging to the sect called the " Doohhobortsee" * from eastern , central , and southern Russia to the steppes of Siberia , to the arid mountains of Imeritia , without , however , succeeding to entice them to disown their creed ; in short , without attaining anything , but rendering the propaganda of those sects more fanatical and effectual . To give an idea of the hatred of these sectarians towards the state Church , we quote the following instance . A young Pookhoborets made a journey ( by foot , of
course ) of one thousand miles to St . Petersburg , merely for the sake of slapping the rubicund face of the metropolitan , he being the chief of the state Church . And there is an indefinite number of examples of the sectarians profaning the Lord ' s Supper ; as , for instance , their running into the inimical churches , and spitting on the holy wafers . After this , we may judge whether the " whole of the Russian People acknowledges the Tsar to be the Lieutenant of our Lord , and whether sixty-five millions pray every morning for him . "
But there is one point in which the people , whether orthodox or sectarian , unanimously agreeviz ., the circumstance , that they each and all equally share in the bond of slavery , and that they strive to release themselves from it . Do not suppose that the Russian peasant is not conscious of deserving a better fate , a fate more in harmony with his human dignity ; nor is he less conscious that the soil he cultivates for the exclusive benefit of the Tsar , the state , or his master , is really his own . ( To be continued . )
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National Charter Associationt . —A letter from Mr . Julian Harney , containing an account of hig progress in Scotland , was read at the meeting of the Executive on Wednesday . He has been visiting , between September 26 and 30 , Dumbarton , Alexandria , Vale of Leven , Hamilton , and Wishaw . He speaks of forming new associations at Alexandria and Wishaw . The aggregate monthly meeting of the metropolitan members of the National Charter Association was held on Sunday afternoon , October 5 th , at the South London-hall . Mr . C . F . Nicholls , of the Hoxton locality , having been called to the chair , explained the objects of the meeting , and called on the secretaries present to report the present state of their localities , when Mr . Foxwell reported from
Greenwich , Mr . Baker from Bermondsey , Mr . Bush from Hoxton , Mr . Fennell from Finsbury , Messrs . Peltret and H . T . Holyoake from Victoria-park , Mr . Henry Nicholls from Chelsea , and Mr . Farrow from Cripplegate . The reports , taken as a whole , were of an encouraging character . The Chairman read the address from the Executive , and strongly impressed on the meeting the necessity of responding thereto . Mr . Osborn moved , and Mr . Fennell seconded" That it is expedient that the Metropolitan Delegate Council be forthwith reformed . " After some discussion an amendment was agreed to , adjourning the question to Sunday , November 2 , to which day the meeting adjourned , then to meet at the Literary and Scientific Institution , Leicester-place , Little Saffron-hill .
Mr . Thornton Hunt ' s lectubes in Manchester . —On October 5 , Mr . Thornton Hunt delivered two lectures in the Institution , Old Garratt-road , Manchester—one on " The Practical Possibilities of bettering the condition of the People at once ; " one on " The spirit in which successful popular Movements must be conducted . " The Prefatory Pieces , morning and evening , were read by Mr . Holyoake . Thomas Cooper ' s Lecturing Tour . —For the
further information of pertinacious querists , we may state that , communications intended to reach Mr . Cooper next Monday , should be addressed , " Swire ' s Temperance Hotel , Keighley , Yorkshire ; " next Tuesday or Wednesday , " Post-office , Staleybridge , Lancashire ; " next Thursday or Friday , " Postoffice , St . Helen ' s , Lancashire ; " next Saturday , or Sunday the 19 th instant , " Care of Mr . Abel Heywood , Bookseller , Manchester . " We trust this is explicit .
Redemption Society . —Great preparations are being made to secure a large and comfortable meeting on the 20 th , to celebrate the third harvest-horne of the Community in Walea . The Reverend E . It . Larken , M . A ., will preside , and Thornton Hunt , Esq . and E . V . Neale , Esq , are expected to address the meeting . An account of the farming operations , crops , &c ., will be read at the festival . A meeting will be held on Wednesday , October 8 , to enrol shareholders and appoint managers for the " Redemption Society ' s Cooperative Store . " Moneys received for the week : —Leeds , £ 1 13 a . 4 ^ d . ; Huddersfield , per Mr . Biddle , 18 s . ; Birstal . per Mr . Sanda , £ 1 ; Halifax , per Mr . Buckle , £ 3 3 s . 2 d . ; Manchester , per Mr . Bloomer , ls . lOd . ; Hyde , per Mr . Bradley , £ 1 3 s . lOd . Building Fund : —Leeds , 2 s . 6 d . ; Halifax , £ 1 11 s . Cd . ; Manchester , 2 s . ; Hyde , 1 Is . 6 d . Propagandist Fund : — 8 a . 8 Ad . — J . HiiNDKitsoN , Secretary .
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"" fSVw * ItusSIAN ABSOLUTISM AND lthLIGIOUS l'UOUKKSS IN KUKOIVK . ^ Lower Mouut-cottiifju , Lower Htwtli . Oct . 4 , lH . > I . Sm ,- —The Emperor of Kuasia . had a roinurkublo conversation with the Catholic Biahona of Polaud . iu
1849 , just before he sent his barbarous hordes into Hungary to save the falling house of Hapsburg . The head of European Absolutism feared a Polish insurrection if his armed slaves were beaten by the Hungarian army of liberty ; and he was , therefore , most anxious to secure the services of the Catholic clergy of Poland , and through their agency the blind obedience of the Catholic people . He promised to protect their creed , which he said was endangered in the "West of Europe . Amongst other things the Russian despot remarked to the Bishops : — " These innovators are the greatest insurrectionists . They have invented a new Catholic creed . Faith has disappeared in the West ; the true faith lives only in Russia . All disturbances and revolutions have their cause only in the deficiency of faith . I shall , therefore , lend all my aid to check this flood of infidelity and insurrection . " Though the ill-famed kiss which Nicholas gave to the Pope during his stay at Rome—and which certainly was not in the spirit of Schiller ' s fraternal sentiment— " Seid umschlungen , Millionen Diesen Kuss der ganzen Welt , " Be embraced , ye millions all , This one kiss to all the world , — announced to Europe the league between the heads of absolutism and Jesuitry ; even then , the abovementioned words , and still more the deeds , of the northern Autocrat since 1849 , gave corroborative proof of its existence . Should any one still question the holy alliance between Cossackism and Popery , the late ominous events in the centre of Europe , the suppression of the Reformation , and the abolition or nullification of the constitutions of Austria and Prussia must , I should think , settle all doubt for ever . It was the Jesuitico-Russian party , who , through their organ , Die Kreuzzeitung , or the cross-emblazoned journal of that holy alliance , " hounded on the Prussian Ministry to suppress the free congregations , and sweep away every vestige of them ; it was the Hapsburg dynasty , notoriously moved by the same evil influence , that abrogated the Austrian constitution . They who are unacquainted with the fundamental ideas and principles of the Free Congregations may feel astonishment that the Emperor of all the Russia * should deem it necessary to threaten to send hi a Cossack hosts to put down a band of religious Reformers . A noble enterprise , truly ! The riddle is , however , easily solved . The instinct of Nicholas found out that spiritual slavery is the sure basis of a political yoke , and that a nation , intellectually blighted by castes of privileged priests with their dead-letter creeds and forms , and whose free religious thought is condemned as a sin against God and a sacrifice to the devil , is an easy prey . Now , the Greek and Catholic Churches have the identical tenets of the pagan Christianity of Asia . Their common fundamental doctrine is the moral and intellectual incapacity and perversion of man , and their very first moral law is a blind obedience to prelates , popea , and princes , as the vicegerents of God on earth . The Pope and th « Czar are by principle , as well as interest , natural allies against all free nations and all efforts for the improvement of mankind . Protestantism , on the other hand , being a growth of the European mind , three centuries ago cast off much of the pagan spirit of this Asiatic creed , and opened by the doctrine , that man can raise himself without priestly mediation to God , the free path to religious progress and a nobler knowledge of the Creator . The Free Church of Germany building on the conquered ground of Protestantism , abjured all Asiatic and despotic forma of Christianity , and with them all hierarchy and priestcraft . It declares humanity to be an issue of God , an image of the Divine ideal . Its very first tenet proclaims the unfettered dignity of , and its firat moral precept enjoins a sacred respect for , this dignity in man . It inculcates a love which is begotten by a recognition of the equal rights of all ; and it is manifest that nations arrived at this advanced stage of spiritual knowledge , must consider it a reliyious duty to resist all efforts of despots , princcH , or priests , to trample on their native liberties The Czar , who has been kept well informed , by his agents , of the principles of the new Reformation , and who must have observed that they are the intellectual property of the larger part of the refined of all civilized nations , had some reason to fear them as dangerous to the rule of the knout , and termed this superior creed of the West the " Flood of Infidelity . " We might smile at the bombast of the Czar , and at his cha mpionship of Popery , did wo not know that there iu amongHt all nations of Europe a powerful organization of priests , whoso interest it i » to keep the People , iiud especially the youth , in intellectual slavery They prepare the way for Russian despotism . CoaJackism would never have nucceeded in penetrating bo far into civilized Europe , if there had not been n privilege eaHteof priests to keep down the national intellect , « "d to put out , ns far us it lies in them , the divine spark , reason . In this way only could tho formidable threat of the Czar bo partially curried out , and it will bo still moro , if wo do not offer an earnest and effective resistance . Russia ia now paramount ia the centre of Europe , and ltiwuian .
(Drgarajatfaci Nf Tfre ^Enple, Political And Social.
( Drgarajatfaci nf tfre ^ enple , POLITICAL AND SOCIAL .
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* At the same time he pretends to tolerate every other religion and sect ; and under the hend of " Freedom oj Conscience" the following provisions are made in the " Collection of Laws , " made in virtue of a uknze of his Majesty the Emperor Nicholas l'avlovich ; edition of 1842 , in 15 volumes . I . Freedom of Conscience . A free practice of all religions is unrestrictively conceded to all subjects , consequently also to the peasants ( vol . xiv . $ 87 ) . Hence it is prohibited to debate about religious matters , and to quarrel or exercise outrages ilbid . $ 39 ) . The leigning religion is the GrecoiusBian , but the Sectarians iu their bosom arc not
persecuted ; they are only forbidden to allure others over to their religious opinions ( vol . x . § 00 ) . It is forbidden to every individual belonging to the Russian creed to past over to another , uhould ' it even be to a Christian one ( vol . xii . § 172 ) . JBut no obstacles whatever ought to be put in the way of those pernons who would wish to enter the bosom of the Grcco-Russian Church ( vol . xii . $ 170 ) . When u peasant takes uu oath , it in always according to the custom of his own creed . Separate Christian Beets , as tho Moravian Brothers und the Doohhobortsee , are even dispensed from tho taking of judicial oaths , tlieir religiouH opinions being opposed to it ( vol . x . 5 2 . ' { 82 , &c , and vol . xiv . $ 79 ) .
III . Observance of Church Customs . Every countryman belonging to the Greek Church it ) obliged to go at least once a year to the Lord ' s Supper ( vol . xii . $ K > 7 ) . Children of both sexes ought to attend likewise once a year to this religious custom , from their seventh yeiir ( vol . xii . § KiS ) . The prieats in the villages urc bound to watch Unit the parishioners keep tho images of Saintu in good order ( vol . xiv . $ 120 ) . The pennants ought to keep the Sundays and other holidays , not only us days of recreation and rest , but chii-Hy for piety ' H wake . They are , therefore , ordered to aHBitit nt rimnu service , and to avoid on those days , more than on any others , drink , and any other extravagancies ( vol . xii . $ 170 , and Appanage Jtcgulations . vol . iv . J 1 ) .
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1 hero l . i tio learned man hut . willoonfOHH hr hath much prolU . ed by reading coiilrovermoa , bin hcjimch awakened and biajudKimiia sharpened . Jt , then , it bo proMluhlo for 11111 '; ° ' ' Why Hhoultl ll »><>»• , alluaal , be tolerable for hisadvemai-y to writ .. ) . — -Milton r
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Oct . II , f 851 . ] gCftg 3 Lga> % 975
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Leader (1850-1860), Oct. 11, 1851, page 975, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1904/page/19/
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