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In such ease , there will probably be a sudden arming of the entire population , and Englishmen—Lancashire weavers , to wit , and cabbage-fed pea-: sants—will be called upon to remember that "England expects every man to do his duty . " If he only knew how ! We might practice , indeed . But then John Stiles would be suspected of poaching . And if your weaver were to imitate , a Yankee citizen in practising the art of national defence , he
would be suspected of " sedition , " and " put down " by the police . For your genuine official is more afraid of an Englishman exercising his prescriptive right to possess arms , than he is . of Cossack or Algerine . Let us , therefore , continue our blessed compromise between peace principles and effective service—a great standing army equipped in parsimonious estimates , with expensive commissions and little practice . Keep down the People , truckle to the military states , and "God save the Queen !"
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" ANONYMOUS PARTNERSHIP" ALREADY LEGAL IN IRELAND . It is not generally known that there is now in force an act of the Irish Parliament , by which the advantage of " Anonymous Partnership , " or that of associating into a joint-stock company , with a limited liability to the shareholders , has been insured in Ireland for nearly three-quarters of a century past .
This act , the 21 and 22 George III ., c . llOjinust have been almost one of the last acts of the Irish Legislature , ; and it deserves more than ordinary attention , for the clearness and conciseness of its style ; a matter in which our lawmakers have sadly degenerated' since that period . By the 7 and 8 Victoria , c . 110 ( commonly known as "The Jointstock Companies Act" ) , s . 64 , ¦ " Irish Anonymous Partnerships " under this act are specially exempted from repeal , and the powers of the act are reserved in the following terms : —
" Provided always * and be it enacted , That nothing in this act contained shall extend ^ or be coftstrued to extend , to Partnerships in Ireland , commonly called Anonymous Partnerships , ' formed under and by virtue of an act passed in the Parliament of Ireland in the twenty-first and twenty-second years of the reign of his late Majesty King George III ., intituled ' An Act to Promote Trade and Manufactures , by Regulating and Encouraging Partnerships . ' " The preamble and first clause of the Irish statute , which we give in full , would have served as an admirable precis to the recent Report of the House of Commons' Committee on Partnerships . " An Act to Promote Trade and Manufacture , by Regulating and . Encouraging Partnerships .
" . Whbkbas , the increasing the stock of money employed in trade and manufacture must greatly promote the commerce and prosperity of this kingdom , and many persons might be . induced to subscribe sums of money to men well qualified for trade , but not of competent fortune to carry it on largely , if they were allowed to abide by the profit or loss of trade for the same , and were not to be deemed traders on that account , or subject thereby to any further or other demands than the sums so subscribed ; be it enacted , &c , That any number of persons may , from and after the 24 th day of June , 1782 , by deed or instrument of partnership , under their hands and seals , executed in the presence of two or more subscribing
witnesses , and to be registered as hereinafter mentioned , enter into a joint trade or copartnership for the purpose of buying and selling in the gross or by 'Wholesale , or for establishing or carrying on any manufacture or business for any term nctt exceeding fourteen years , but determinable at any shorter period , in such manner and upon such conditions as shall be agreed upon by such partnership deed ; and that the said copartners , or some them so executing the said deed , shnll thereby bind themselves to pay in money towards a joint stock such , sums as they shall respectively think fit ; such joint stock , however , not to be in any one of such companies or copartnershipsless in the whole than one thousand pounds , oj more than fifty thousand pounds . "
By the 2 nd clause , the subscribers or shareholders are empowered to nominate one or more persons to manage and conduct the business of the company , in whose names , with the addition of " and company , " all transactions may be carried on . They are to be called the * ' acting partners , " and are to . be liable to the bankrupt laws , " for and on account of tb ; e ™ partnership de bts /*'" as' if trading on their own account .
Clause 3 directs that the remaining partners are £ o bo called " anonymous partners , " and that the partnership shall not be liable to their debts , &c , nor they to any debts or contracts of the " acting partners . *' Clause 4 regulateB the manner of paying upon
the shares or subscription . The anonymous partners , at the time of executing the deed or articles of the copartnership , are to pay one-fourth of the sum subscribedy and in twelve months , br at such times withinthe twelve months as may be limited by the deed , * the remaining three-fourths must be paid in cash , and without demand from the acting partners . On failure of payment of this remaining three-fourths , the partner so failing forfeits the onefourth already paid , and all profit arising therefrom ;
he ceases also to be a partner , and is liable to any debts of the copartnership , in case of failure , to the amount of the threeTfourths unpaid . Should the concern , however , be ultimately broken up at a profit , the one-fourth forfeited is to be repaid to him . Clause 5 declares that a full account is to be made out once a year , and a balance struck of the whole and of each particular partner ' s share . This is to be signed by the acting partners , and by at least two-thirds of the ' anonymous partners , " or their respective attorneys lawfully constituted .
By clause 6 each partner is permitted to take out , at such annual Settlement , one half of his share of the profits , the other half to go to capital during the copartnership . The 7 th clause strictly limits the liability of the partners to the amount of their subscription and the profitsdeceived . The 8 th clause places representatives or assignees in the position of original shareholders ; and provides that , where there are more than one " acting partner , " the death of any one of them shall not cause a dissolution of the company . Clause 9 declares that the evidence of the
dissolution of the copartnership , previously to the expiration of the ordinary period , is to be an advertisement to-that effect twice in the Dublin Gazette , and an entry in the Registrar ' s book , where the deed of partnership is registered . By clause 10 all shares must be sold subject to the terms of the partnership deed . The next seven clauses are of ordinary regulations for the protection of the partners against fraud , &c , on the part of the " acting partners " and each other ; and the final clause , 18 , provides that copartnerships for banking-houses , or shoos selling by retail , are not wtthinithe powers of this act- \
The effect of this act is to enable any ^ number of persons in Ireland to associate themselves into a company ; and it confers upon them the limited liability , and all the powers of suing and being sued in the names of such person or persons as they may appoint , as are now enjoyed , after vast expense , by the incorporated companies . True it is that the capital is limited to fifty thousand pounds ; but this will be found a sufficient paid-up capital for most purposes—especially cooperative
associations . Nor needs the limit of the duration-of the copartnership to fourteen years be regarded as an obstacle ; since clause 6 , which enacts that one half of the yearly profit is to be set aside for capital until the copartnership is dissolved , would render it advisable to dissolve it pro form& at shorter intervals than fourteen years , and commence de novo , and soon ad infinitum , or until the Legislature amends this clumsy portion of an otherwise exceedingly simple system of regulations .
There is little doubt but that , companies formed under this act can be carried out in England for English purposes , providing that the initiative of the company be made in Ireland , and the deed of copartnership registered under this act in Dublin . There is nothing * in the act to confine the capital , when so associated , to Irish objects only . But , regarded in an Irish light alone , how useful might these anonymous partnerships be made ! There is no want of money in Ireland , but a want of investment and association of small means to great ends , or , in other words , of cooperation . What manufactories might be constructed , what mines worked , what fisheries organised , what landed estates purchased by such associations !
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THE LADIES' GUILD . Six months ago we spoke a . few words to our readers on the subject of the Ladies' Guild , at that time struggling to get itself established among the substantialrealities of our social system . It had bur best wishes and public support then , and ever since we have kept an eye upon it , watching with interest the courageous way in which it has battled with its difficulties , gained ground , and held its ground ; and now we have the pleasure of announcing to . all whom it may concern that the Ladies' Guild hi a success—a fait accompli . It is not a great fact yet , it is only a little one ; but it is
significant and prophetic of a very important * eyolution of " the ever whirling wheel of change , " which will probably be one of the very greatest facts in the next generation «—viz ., that . man shall have rip property in woman but th ^ t which she of her own freewill gives him . When that , too , shall have become p . fait aocotnpHr i > h . ovLgh . / this may / not be the best of all possible wbrlds'eyen then- * -it will certainly be a much juster and pleasanter one to live in , for both parties concerned— " those masculine , these feminine . ' ~
The Ladies' Guild , which promises to be the small beginning of this great result , does not pretend to regenerate all womankind by a coup > d e ~ tat to be forced on Queen Victoria , nor has Bloomerism anything to do with it , nor the question of female political franchise . Yet the Guild aims decisively at the acquisition of power for woman—the power which comes from skilled labour and habits of self-reliance . The methods by which / it proposes to gain this end are based on the principles of association , cooperation , and mutual support . Its immediate object , in this its first stage , " is to aid females" ( so says the prospectus—we would suggest the word women instead )—• '
. ¦ " Especially such as have enjoyed a good education , and are dependent oh their own exertions for their support , by employing them in branches of industry suited to them , such as the fine and decorative arts , under conditions which will secure tothe workers all the benefits attainable from their industry and skill , subject to the necessary , charges for management and the use of capital ; which will afford them protection against arbitrary conduct on the part of those who haye the direction of the work ; and which will provide for the continual extension of these adyanges to fresh persons according to the resources in the hands of those who haye the management of the undertaking , The general outline of the plan on which the Guild is formed is as follows : —
" It consists of themanajgers , associates , probationers , contributors , subscribers , and trustees ; and is constituted under a deed drawn up between the managers , associates , . contributors , and trustees . The managers form a partnership . The whole conduct of the busiwill be in their hands ; they , will be paid by a salary , partly fi xed , but in a large part dependent on tha success ' of the business . The associates consist of certain females named in the deed of constitution , who are sufficiently skilled in the works intended to be carried on by it , and . appear to enter into the spirit
of the institution ; who have the power of increasing their numbers by election , under certain restrictions provided by the deed to prevent the admission of undesirable member ^ Th eir p owers will be principally exercised by means of a committee chosen by themselves , under the superinten dance of a president , who is originally named by the deed for the same term as the partners , but will afterwards be elected by the associates . The associates will have the power of electing any ladies as honorary associates . The probationers consist of all females who are desirous of
being instructed or employed in any work carried on by the Guild , and who pay the amount necessary to defray the expenses of instruction , employment being given to them if practicable . The contributors consist of all persons willing to advance money for the purposes of the institution . Annual subscribers to the Ladies' Guild of one guinea , will be entitled to purchase articles made by the Guild during the continuance of their subscription , on reduced terms , to be fixed by the managers . A subscription of ten guineas in one sum will confer the same privilege for life . The trustees have the duty of seeing that the business is carried on according to the conditions of the deed . Such is an outline of the plan for the formation of the Ladies' Guild . Miss Wallace , the
patentee of a method of applying glass to the purpose of decorative art , which has been highly spoken of by many persons qualified to form an opinion upon the subject , and of which some of the results were exhibited in the Crystal Palace , has with great liberality placed at the disposal of its members , on highly favourable terms , the exclusive right to work her patent , which is admirably adapted for female labour , and promises to be of much value . It is not , however , proposed to corifine the business of the Guild to the working of this Patent , but to extend it as opportunity offers to any other occupations which appear suitable for female labour . It is in contemplation to make arrangements by which , as for aa possible , the protection of a home may be afforded ' to young persons desirous of employment in the Guild , whose friends reside at a distance from London . "
" God helps those who help themselves . " Thia wise old saw , indigenous in every modern European language , embodying as it doea one of the great principles which distinguish our Western civilization from that of Oriental nations , may fairly be adopted by the Ladies * Guild as the motto or legend to their device , whatever that device may be--spindle , graver , needle , or more ambitious pencil . Iho adoption of euch a legend would be a modest
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A ¦ ¦ ¦ . ¦ . ¦ ¦ . . . . .. . . , . . .. • • ; ¦ ¦ ; 12 J -, M % * &ta 1 ttt * [ Saturday ,
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Citation
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Leader (1850-1860), Jan. 3, 1852, page 12, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1916/page/12/
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