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on foundations of sand . What will a thousand Schwarsenbergs avail in the next deluge ? In the now official Morning Herald of Thursday appeared the following intimation , headed the " Austrian Government " : —An express message arrived yesterday , afternoon at the Austrian Embassy , requiring the immediate return of Count Buol Schauenstein to Vienna . It is understood that Count Buol will be successor of Prince Schwarzenberg as First Minis or of Austria .
The following was the reply of Louis Napoleon to the magistracy on the occasion of their taking the oath of allegiance to him on Sunday last : — Messieurs les Magistrate , —Although I receive your oath with pleasure , the obligation imposed on all the constituted bodies to take it appears to me less necessary on the part of those of whom the noble mission is to make the right dominant and respected . The more authority reposes on an incontestable base , the more it ought naturally to be defended by you . Since the day on which the doctrine of
the sovereignty of the people replaced that of divine right , it may be affirmed with truth that no government has been as legitimate as mine . In 1804 , four millions of votes , in proclaiming the power to be hereditary in my family , designated me as heir to the empire . In 1848 , nearly six millions called me to the head of the republic . In 1851 , nearly eight millions maintained me there . Consequentl y * in taking the oath to me , it is not merely to a man that you swear to be faithful , but to a principle- ^ -to a cause— to the national will itself .
The Minister of Justice then read the form of the oath , which is as follows : — " I swear obedience to the constitution and fidelity to the President ; I swear also and promise well and faithfully to fulfil my functions , to observe religiously the secrecy of the deliberations , and to conduct myself in all as a worthy and loyal magistrate / ' Each having in turn taken this oath in the usual manner , the minister of finance presented the members of the Court of Accounts , to whom the Prince addressed the following speech : —
Gentlemen and Members of the Court of Accounts , — -I have just received the oaths of the magistracy , which is the organ of justice . I am happy to receive at the same time the oaths of the present magistracy , who bring to the examination and control ot-the employment of the public fortune the same independence , the same probity , the same sentiment of duty . m The oath having been then administered the magistrates retired . An arrangement has been entered into between the French Minister of Finance and the Bank of France , by which the accounts of the latter will bo published every week .
The President gave a grand dinner at the Tuilenes on Tuesday to the new Cardinal Archbishop of Bordeaux , and other dignitaries of the Church , Several of tho Cabinet Ministers wore also present . Some disturbances have taken place afc Bourges , owing to the labouring classes of the town endeavouring to provent tho exportation of corn . The local authorities promptly restored tranquillity . Tho public are much pleased with this determination . The Gazette de France says : — " A rumour is current that the two Grand Dukes of Russia , Michael and Nicholas , are about to come to Paris on * visit to tho President of the Republic . "
This is , to say the least , problematical . It was only a few days since that the Grand Duke Constantino was royally entertaining tho Comte do Chainbord at Venice : treating him in all respects as a King , calling him Sire , etc . The Independanoe of Brussels having stated that M . E . do Girardin had rallied to the cause of tho President , the Presse replied to it as follows : — " I I have rallied , it must bo then admitted that tho President of tho Republic does not look towards tho Empire ; and if ho does do so it must then bo admitted that I havo not ' rallied' to him . It is necessary to chooso between ono or tho other of theso two affirmatives . Tho
truth of tho case is this—Called back to Paris by imperious and urgent business , I onl y yielded to tho voice of personal convictions in perfect independence , and at tho risk of opposing personal views which it io supposed ana protended arc clocidod on , and expecting to rccoivo a fresh order to return at my choice , cither to Belgium , Germany , or England . ' My trunks aro ready , but before starting I wished to state to democracy tho result of my two months' reflections in the solitude- of exile . Tho more I have reflected on it tho moro deeply convinced I fool that pessimism was tho straight ' esfc , and consequently tho shortest , road to arrive at logitiminrn . Anything rather than tho European restoration of tho laet century . It 13 seal of
for this reason that , although mark-oil with . tho ostracism , and injured in tho most serious manner iu all my interests , I havo novor ' ceasod to write from Brussels t ; o Paris , ' Lot thoro btfno pessimism . ' An to tho suspicions which woro not ' spared towards mo boforo my rofcuyn , and oven boforo my doparturo on tho 14 th January , I . havo paid dear enough during tho last yoar ( moro than fiOO , ( KX ) f . ) for fcho right of disdaining thorn , and I . shall inalco uso of that right . " Wednesday wns tho first day of tho annual Longchamps procession . Tho turn-out of carriages and equipages , and tho display of beauty and luxury , wan imperial . Tho Madrid Gazette publiflhos a royal ordinanco rolanance relative to wocUwionfl ^ tho twiff of cuutonw .
They are to be as follow : —1 . Newly-invented manufactures are to be passed on paying duties similar to what are paid on articles of a similar kind , and forwarding a specimen to the Government as a guide for future duties . If they have no analogy , as aforesaid , they shall pay a duty of 15 per cent , for the first time , if under the national flag , and 18 per cent , ad valorem if under a foreign flag . _ 2 . All goods sent in small quantities / arid of little value , shall pay 15 per cent , ad valorem . va . Spanish , and 18 in foreign ships . 3 . In order to get those goods passed the value of which is fixed by the importer , he must present to the authorities of the Customs the original invoice . If his invoice is objected to as too low , he shall be offered 10 per cent , on it , and it will then , if this is accepted , be the property of the Crown . ¦
.,,.- Letters from Florence state that a ministerial crisis is at hand , which will end in the increased influence of Austria . The present Ministers intend to retire on account of not being able to establish a demi-eonstitution , in which they are opposed by Austr ia . ¦ The accounts received at Genoa from Caghari state that the National Guard has been dissolved , and that the city remained tranquil . The French Government has granted 50 , 000 f . for
a monument to Marshal Ney . A decree was published on the 5 th inst . at Madrid annihilating the liberty of the press , establishing a censorship , and the Government to suspend and suppress journals at pleasure .
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MAZZINI AND THE FRENCH SOCIALISTS . LETTER FROM ME . MAZZIKI , ( To the Editor of the Leader . ) March 31 , 1852 . Sib , —You have inserted in your columns a . long , violent attack against me , from some leaders of socialistic French sects . I appeal to your loyalty for the full insertion of my own article , which has hitherto appeared in the Leader only in a mutilated form . From you , Sir , I ask nothing but fair play , trusting , for the rest , the sound judgment of your honest liberalminded readers . To the political attack , I shall'foe contented to answer with the iinmutilated document ; to the _ personal one , with contempt . - . Yours obediently , Joseph Mazzini .
THE DUTIES OF DEMOCRACY' . What should be the mot d ' ordre , the rallying cry of parties at the present time ? _ The answer is very simple : it is to bo found in one word , Action ; action ; " one European , incessant , logical , daring ; action everywhere and by all . Idle talkers have ruined France ; they will ruin Europe unless a holy reaction , arise against thorn ( in tho heart of tho party . Thanks to them , wo have now reached the Bas Empire . By dint of discussing the future , wo have abandoned tho present to the first comer . By dint of each man substituting his little sect , his little system , his little organization of humanity , to the grand religion of Demoot forces
cracy ; to tho common faith , to the combination to c o nquer tho ground , wo have thrown disorganization amongst our ranks . The sacred phalanx which should havo moved onwards as one man , closing up at each martyr ' s fall , has become an assemblage of corps francs , a , true Wallenstein ' s camp , minus the genius of tho commander . At tho hour of attack it has disbanded , right and left . It has been found scattered in groups , in small detachments , upon all tho bye-ways of Socialism—any where save in the centre of the position . Tho onemy wore ono ; they did not discuss—they acted ; they havo seized upon the position ; and it is not by discussing tho host means of arranging humanity by rule and line , that we shall drive thorn away for ever . h to enemiesthanks
We have spoken Hie truth enoug our : to us , it gnaws at their hearts , like the vulture of Prometheus ; it troubles them , and makes of every crime they commit , an error . Tho hour has como to speak it , frankly and purely , as wo concoivo it , to our friends . They havo done every possible evil to tho most beautiful of causes . They would havo destroyed it from oxcosb of love or absence of intelligence , were it not immortal . I do not accuse tho great social Idea , which will be the glory and tho mission of tho epoch of which we arc thopre' enrs ' ors . I do not accuse the holy aspirations which prophony tho emancipation of the working class , the salvation of allthe Cup i ? 0 U am , ! I do not accuse tho tendency to
, substitute , as far as possible , free association , to the unrestrained competition of individuals , credit by the state , to tho credit ( essentially egoistical ) of tho bankers , a- single taxation on stipcrjluiti / , to tho multiple taxation which wars with the very Hfo of the poor consumer ; equal primary instruction and education for all , to tho monopoly and inequality of the prosent day . Theso things havo been preached for twenty years ; ( hey are comprised in the old word MepuhUc , for which our fathers died , and which is for mo sufficient ,.. ' ¦ , ;' ,, __„ tho Socialiststho loadersabovo allof hav
But I accuse , , , - ing fftlfriftod , mutilated , n arrowed tho groat Idea , by imprisoning it in absolute - systems , usurping at onoo tho liberty of tho ind ividual , tho sovereignt y of tho country , and tho continuity of progress , which is a law to nil of us . I ocouho them of having proBumod , in tho name of thoiv insignificant individualities , to oxtomporiso solutions of tho problem of human life , boforo thai ; lifo could manifest ; itsolf in its plenitude of aspiration and capacity , uiidor tho action of thoso groat electric currents inonoall revolutions . 1 accuse them of having pretended to croato , at a fixed hour , from tlioli ? own weak or diseased brains , an organization , which can only result from the concourse of all tho
human faculties in action ; and of having Substituted their 1 solitary , individual Self , to the collective European Selfi of having spoken in the name of Saint Simon , Fourier Cabet , or any other , when it was a duty to immolate tha revealers to the continuous revelation , and to inscribe on the front of the temple , God is'God / and Humanity is Ids Prophet . ' t J I accuse them of having crushed the Man under the Sectarian , free intelligence tinder the formula , the coricen-. tion of life imder a single manifestation of life t of having called themselves Communists , CommunitariahS i Conv munionists , red or blue , it matters not , instead of ealhW
themselves men , republicans , democrats of the nineteenth century : of having invented the fatal distinctions between Socialists and Republicans , Socialists and Revolutionists . I accuse them of having in their vanity always said i \ It is X , where they ought to have said : It is we ¦; of having employed all the resources of their intellects to destroy one another , to annihilate the one by the other : of having destroyed all confidence and all aim in the heart of the peopleof having given birth , by a logical necessity , to tie dissolving' Mephistophelian genius of Proudhon , trho denies them all—who denies God , Society , Government ^ and enthrones Irony in the void .
I accuse them , of having dried up the sources cffaith ; of having animalized man , turned the working-class io egotism by concentrating the general attention almost exclusively upon the problem of material interests , by making that the end of the " European struggle , which should be only a means , by making a , principle of that physical amelioration which should be the consequence of moral amelioration . I accuse them of having said , with Bentham and V ~ ol ~ hey , that iife is the seaeoh afteb HAPPINESS , instead of saying , with all those who have produced great transformations in the world , lipe is a mission * the
ACCOMPLISHMENT OF A DUTY . I accuse them o having let it be thought that one can regenerate a people by fattening it ; of having , made of the question of humanity a question of the kitchen of humanity ; of having said , to each , accobdiitg to his CAPACITY , TO EACH ACCORDING TO HIS WANTS , ' instead of crying upon the house-tops , to each ACCOBDiifG- to HIS LOVE , TO EACH ACCORDIN& TO HIS DEVOTION . I accuse them of 'having , by I know not what vague cosmopolitanism , leading to inaction ; by I know -not -what establishment of acephalous communes ^ enfeebled < ab far as in them lay , destroyed the national sentiments ; that is to say , of having desired to move the lever by taking away its fulcrum , and humanity by suppressing its organization for action . — ~
And I accuse thein ofhaving done all t 7 iis under the crossfire of the enemy , wheti every man should have been a soldier , when unity and organization was a supreme law , when the peoples arose in faith , and risked death in despair ; when it was a duty , before all things , to make of the revolution a European event , and not the solution of an economical problem } when they ought to have circulated , as across a fire , from mass to mass , from nation to nation , the word I have written at the beginning—Action ! For having forgotten , for having said , The debt Trance otves to JEurope is the solution of the problem of the organization o labour ; for having neglected the voice of those among her children , who called upon all dissentients to organize themselves upon a common ground , to front
tho battle . Franco has reached , through Rome , tho shomo of tho 2 nd of December . 8 / ie will efface it . It is not , God be thanked , \ n the land where Joan of Aro died ; where George Sand * and Lamcnnais have written , and where the great deeds of the Jtevolution are living recollections , that enthusiasm , faith , and the adoration of pure and great ideas , can ever be extinguished . ¦ , -r a She will efface it . France will come forth purtfiea from the struggle ; as tho vast social Idea which ferments within her w ' iil arise , bright with love and liberty , above all these IAlliputian Utopias which seek to better u , above this hideous worship . of material interests , Oef ore which she lias for an instant bowed her noble head . But it is necessary that tho whole of Democratic . Europe should now aid her to a viso , as she formerly aidod Jiurope . vf
It is necessary that , instead of flattertng het , *' J ; " astray , JEurope should speak to her the frank and eevoto words which are the inheritance of the strong . ADWow , it is necessary that Europo should march onwarxl , tn < u i . should march onward continually , and without hor , w . tlmn sho may hasten to follow in its steps . Tho movomont or Franco at tho present day is tho result of tlio Eu « an movement : tho movement of tho Teninn and tho bicJiran insurrection preceded tho Republic of ' 46 . ^ ^ nnic Tho European initiative belongs now to tho fire P T ° ; whichsoever it bo , that ehall arise , not in tho n «» . ol J local interest , but of a European principle « » Franco that docs this , then Cod and humanjJy MJB Franco ! If sho does it not , lot others do it . uoa v gnjfln * no pooplo eleofc . Father of all , ho 18 with all U > ° who aro ready to sacrifice themselves for eoort . ( ioll . Tho eoat of tho initiaUvo is in tho alliance o » au > alitios . Thoro is not ono among thorn winch , by u « " itHolf boldly into tho arena , could not , rouso lvro-u »»
!? £ ' tho dnty of every democrat at the pre ^ f Jg unecasinffly to repeat to tho pcopM ; Mbci ip *'" w ess be yours , until when you havo acquired W <™^^
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* With regard to this niimo , M . Jouib Blnno 1 m drossod us tho follow ing notc—75 « . of header . "It is strango that M . Mn ^ ini , in hifl ^^ ol n ainst the Socialists , should dare < o / ° XLS , * Gooi-ro Band , who ifl and h < w always boon n . SomaUB , ^ is anfi has always boon «¦ Socialist . w ^ J" ^^ sl »< signers of tho Reply to ^ . Mw »« i , i wj ^ ff ^^ ini reckons Homo of her dearost friendsi andUM * , ^ ' ^ knowB well I "
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340 ' ¦ ¦ . ' fHE LgAPER . ...-:. ; ' ¦ " ^ SAtftrftBA ^
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Leader (1850-1860), April 10, 1852, page 340, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1930/page/8/
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