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" Let a postal union be formed between as many countries as possible , on the following simple grounds : — " 1 Each country shall fix a rate of foreign postage at its own discretion , provided that the rate be uniform to every country in the proposed postal union , and every part of that country , and that rate shall be prepaid in all cases . " 2 . Each country shall engage to receive , transmit , or deliver to its address , free of any charge whatever , any letter passing to it free from the post-offices of the other subscribing countries . " In other words , each country shall levy a revenue on letters outwards , none on letters inwards .
" Thus , each country would collect its own revenue in its own coin , subject to its own regulations ; uniformity and simplicity would be secured as far as they are practically useful to the inhabitants of a country , and cheapness would come of itself . Indeed , no Government would enter into such an arrangement that did not recognise the advantage of cheap postage , and no country would very long charge its citizens much more for the carriage of a letter than a stranger would have to pay for the reply to that letter , when the service rendered is precisely the same . "
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MR . F . O . WARD'S PIC-NIC ON THE PROPOSED METROPOLITAN GATHERING GROUNDS . On Saturday , Mr . F . O . Ward entertained , for the second time this season , a large party of scientific and literary friends , accompanied by several ladies , at an alfresco dinner , on the gathering grounds near Farnham , whence it is proposed to draw the pure " hill-top " water supplies for the metropolis . Amongst the guests invited were Sir Charles and Lady Fox , Dr . and Mrs . Lyon Playfuir , the Count and Countess Mancel , Mr . and Mrs . Monckton Milnes , Mr . and Mrs . William
Coningham , Professor and Mrs . Royle , Mr . and Mrs . Simon , Mr . and Mrs . Meehi , Mr . and Mrs . G . H . Lewes , the Rev . Charles and Mrs . Kingsley , Mr . and Mrs . Robert Browning , Mr . and Mrs . Rice , Mr . and Miss Barlow , Messrs . Edward F . Pigott , George Godwin , Thornton Hunt , Louis Blanc , Herbert Spencer , &c ., of whom , however , a portion were deterred by the lowering aspect of the morning from proceeding to the ground , —of which it was remarked , in a quotation that seemed likely to prove but too felicitous , " The land whither thou goest is a land of hills and valleys , and drinketh water of the rain of heaven . "
The brilliant outbreak of the sun , however , soon dispersed the apprehensions , and rewarded the courage , of the faithful few who ventured forth to the wild , bleak slope of Hungry hill , to inspect the improved system of gathering tubes or " artificial springs , " which supply Farnhain town with the deliciously pure soft water it enjoys . Mr . Ward demonstrated the superior quality of this " hill top" water , as compared with " valley bottom" water , by the application of the soap test and other chemical re-agents . The contrast thus exhibited was most striking—the hill top water remaining brilliantly pellucid , while the earthy valley
bottom water assumed a chalky appearance , exactly like that of the compound which schoolboys designate " skyblue . " After witnessing these experiments , and tasting the cool fresh water drawn directly from the mouth of the main gathering tube , the party drove to Tilford-bridge ; beneath which flows a perennial . stream of equally pure water , from the upland district called the liiiidhcad , in quantity sufficient for the domestic supply of London , as Mr . Ward showed hy reference to the gauging * of Messrs . Rammcll , Jiatcinan , and Clarke ,
the eminent hydraulic engineers . V rom I lliord , a most picturesque mid romantic drive , alternately through thick woods , over open turf , and down steep narrow lanes , brought tin ; parly to Waverley Abbey ; amidst the ruins of which an excellent dinner wiw spread on the ^ rass a large " bright water-jug" sparkling symbolically iu the midst , surrounded by vessels of the name element iu the stale of ice , from which certain slim , silver-crowned bottles , protruding pleasantly , divided the attention of the company .
Mr . F . () . Ward , in returning thanks ior the ; proposal of bis health , referred to the presence of the Indies as a token of the interest excited by the pure " hill-lop " water agitation , and an earnest of the success which at no distant pel iod must crown the eHbrt-f of the ; Sanitary Iteforiners to bring about Mitt definitive abandonment ; of the sewage-tainted " valley-boltoin" river supplies , lie also mentioned the curious fact that , six centuries ago the Cistercian monks , who inhabited Waverley Abbey ( amidst the ruins of , which they wen ; then dining ) ,
hud abandoned the river Wey , though flowing beneath their windows , and hud resorted to a distant , hill for pure soft water , which they collected and conveyed to the abbey in Hublermnean pipes closely resembling those laid down on Hungry bill for the supply of Karnhnni , and recommended for the supply of the metropolis . Those ancient waterworks of Waverloy , he lidded , wen ) planned and executed , according to the ohl records , " with great pains and dillieully" by a monk culled "JJrother Simon , "—a name oddly enough
identical with that of the present able City officer of health , who is now , six centuries later , strenuously advocating the adoption of a similar system for the supply of London . Mr . Ward concluded by expressing his earnest hope that euch a " bright water jug" as then embellished their repast might sparkle at no distant period on every table in London—from that of our Gracious Queen , who , , amidst idl the luxuries at her disposal , cannot yet command a draught of pure water—down to that of her humblest subject in the meanest alley of the metropolis .
The day , which passed most brilliantly , terminated with a dance in the crypt of the old abbey ; and the party returned to town thoroughly impressed with the superiority of " hill top" over " valley bottom" water ; and convinced that having secured at length the blessing of the " big loaf , " they should support Mr . F . O . Ward and the sanitary reformers in their meritorious struggle for the " bright water jug . "
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PROGRESS OF ASSOCIATION . HALIFAX WORKING MAN ' S CO-OPEKATI v * E SOCIETY . At the General Quarterly Meeting of the above Society , held on Monday , August 2 nd , 1852 , it was unanimously resolved , that the thanks of the Members were especially due to R . A . Sjlaney , Esq ., late M . P . for Shrewsbury , for his long and unremitting services on behalf of the labouring classes ; and a Committee ( consisting of the President , the Secretary , with Messrs . Thompson and J . Crossley , ) was appointed to prepare an address . At a Special General Meeting , held on Monday , August 16 th , the following was unanimously adopted , and ordered to be signed by the priucipal officers on behalf of the Society : — TO BOBEKI AGLIOITBT 8 LANEY , ESQ .
Respected Sir , —We the undersigned , on behalf of The Halifax Wokking Man's Cooperative Society , desire to convey to you , on your retirement from active political life , our unfeigned expressions of esteem and gratitude for a long and continuous series of services in the cause of the Labouring Classe 3 of this country . Especially would we wish to record our full appreciation of services rendered by you in the Commons House of Parliament ; where , at times prominently , and at others unobtrusively , you were for so long a period found devoting your abilities , your time , and your means to inquiring into and legislating upon subjects of the highest moment to our of
social and political improvement . By means Committees of Inquiry obtained and assisted by you , and further by your intercourse with the classes in whose welfare you took an interest , masses of most valuable information have been obtained , and made available as the groundwork of healthy and liberal legislation . Improvements in the Poor Laws and Factory Laws , the originating and carrying to a successful issue measures for sanitary , recreative , and prudential purposes , and , more recently , your exertions in obtaining a most important alteration in the laws relating to the investments of our class , attest that these expressions of gratitude and esteem are a very inadequate return for services 6 O disinterested and
important . That your life may long be spared , and that health and prosperity may attend you , in the calm contemplation of the result of your labours , is , we beg to assure you , our sincere and fervent wish . With every sentiment of respect , We remain , on behalf of our Society , Your obedient Servants , Benj . Wai . hu aw , President . [ With other Signatures . ] Opi'iceh op titk Society , L'O , Cow Gkkkn , Halifax .
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SCREW KTKAMKltS FOR AUSTRALIA . ( From the Daily News . ) Tub muling , on Saturday last , of the great " screw , " the Great Britain , from Liverpool , with emigrants for Australia , has been regarded in that town as a commercial event ; and there" is every evidence that a new epoch in the history of screw steamers has thus been commenced . The Great Britain will be followed by many screws within a few" months ; and , first , by the Cleopatra , now lying in the Mas ! , India Docks , and which sails lor Port Philip and Sidney on the- 1 st of September . This magnificent vessel ( iron ) is inferior in size and nominal horse power to tho Great Britain , but being about the newest screw steamer afloat , she
is , probably , in virtue of being the last , the best in the world in point of model , speed , and availability for tho purpose of : m emigrant ship . She is Clyde-built , by the Messrs . Denny , ( her engines by Tulloeh and Denny , who are also of Dumbarton ) , and was intended for the Itra / ilian trade , recent tempting circumstances explaining her midden diversion to the line she has now been placed on . The " speculation " 'is entirely u Liverpool one , and is the result of individual enterprise , unconnected with any " company "—a single Mersey firm , Messrs . iM'Keun and M'Larty , in conjunction with Mr . Lament , an eminent , name among the steam-ship owners of Liverpool , having bought the vessel , filled her , and started her ; and her captain ( H . R . Camming )
is a distinguished commander of ocean steamers » a-i- " from the Mersey . She is of 1 , 500 tons , Tna of ^ horse power , and will carry out about 320 passeno ™/ in three classes , first , second , and third , in these m portions ; viz ., 130 cabin , 120 second , and from fift to seventy third class passengers . As a matter 2 f news , the " fares" may be mentioned , these including bedding , linen , and all sorts of stores and provisions but not wines or spirits . The fare for the after saloon " is 80 guineas ; for the fore saloon , 55 guineas ; for th second cabin , 40 guineas ; third cabin , 25 ' guineas ' ( bedding to be provided by the third cabin passengers ) " The saloons are superbly fitted up ; and the othercabins , though destitute of all ornaments , are
thoroughly comfortable , spacious , and convenient . The Cleopatra presents , of course , all late improvements in steam-ship construction , and is a model for an emi grant ship . The ventilation , in the first place , is perfectand all the requirements of a long voyage have been fully met . There are six water-tight compartments and crowds of boats to provide fi gainst the chances of wreck ; and there are " annihilators" to guard against the more terrible disaster of fire . There is a wonderful " Refrigerator , " on a vast scale , in the fore peak , to preserve fresh meat , & « ., most of the way ; and there
is amidships a more marvellous machine , a condensing apparatus , which may be called a still , its purpose being to convert salt water into fresh . This holds 1 , 000 gallons ; and there is a novelty in the great extent of this application of the principle . Her engines are pronounced by the great marine engine builders as the most perfect yet produced ; and it is noticeable , that they differ from those of the Great Britain , which are on the oscillating principle in being on the lever principle , with multiplying powers .
Without sails , the Cleopatra made a wonderfully rapid passage into the Thames from the Clyde ; but with sails ( she is full frigate-ship-rigged ) , she will go at the average easy rate of thirteen knots an hour . She calls at the Cape for coals , and leaves passengers at Adelaide . She is filling fast with passengers , is fully engaged for goods , and , like the Great Britain , will probably go out to the "diggings" heavy with specie . If these two screws are successful in their voyages and
returns , losing none of their crews by the gold fever , ( the Cleopatra is manned with eighty seamen and engine-men ) , we shall no doubt see the great Liverpoollike enterprises imitated generally by private merchants , without the costly intervention of companies ; and in that view the sailing of such a vessel as the Cleopatra , under such circumstances , on the longest of voyages , is to be regarded as a most important event . The Great Britain sailed from Liverpool on Saturday , with 640 passengers , and a large amount of specie on board . Crowds of spectators watched her departure from both shores of the river . She is of 3500 tons
burden , and is propelled by an engine of 500 horse power . She has four masts , upon which may be spread 13 , 000 yards of canvass . She is capable of accommodating 730 passengers ; they are divided into three classes . A " condensor , " an apparatus for fresh water from the salt , is fitted up to supply 2000 gallons of fresh water daily . A supply of coal has been Kent on to the Cape , which point the Great Britain is expected to reach in 25 days . She carries , however , a nufliei « nt quantity of coal to last the whole voyage , muter ordinary circumstances . She is expected to reach Melbourne in 50 days from the time of her departure n-oiu . England .
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SCIENTIFIC Altt-VOVAti E . Tiirc aeronauts , who ascended to the height of l ?> 0 ( feet on Tuesday week , have given the following inui - esting results of their observations : — From the earth , the skyscemed about three-quarters covered with clouds ; the lowest , stratum being «>«» - posed of detached masses of cumulus- -an inter """" * ¦' stratum of higher enmuli—ami nrrostraMts- and turn - 1 l 1
cumuli above all . The first stratum of < - () , . \ |< passed very soon after leaving tho earth , at tho lll ' - > ^ ' of about half a mile ; thu second sunned about two h a half miles high ; but the hig hest virroxtral't" ci » i were still above the greatest elevation of the olwcrv ^ , although apparently not , very far . Near the »'« "J point of their course , small star-nhaped crystals oi . ^ of perhaps 1-251 , 11 or l-HOlli of an inch tlimnow-r u n - seen falling , ( possibly their apparent full was d »«> »"
rise of tho balloon ) . „ jy ] ,. " At the elevation to which we attained , wiy - ^ WelBh , " no personal inconvenience of any llinl . '" ^ ) Oll | < experienced ; I only perceived n slight "W" *!" " ,, ¦ „ ,,, the ears and temples—but no difficulty mi l >™* ' l { , Mr . Nickling perceived , besides , a vory sligbl « ' ^ - in breathing before reaching the greatest Imitf - ^ (( the feeling went quickly off , even lioiore we i +, ^ descend . So light was any inconvenience w ¦ ^ ( experienced from the rarity of the air , that i \>
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818 THE LEADER . ESa * ukDAy , —— ¦ - - - ¦ - ———————————^———^—MMMMMM^——¦»¦—¦—¦— ^ i ^ —^___ — - ¦
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Citation
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Leader (1850-1860), Aug. 28, 1852, page 818, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1949/page/6/
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