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commissions . Naples , too , is placed in a state of siege To deny the general disaffection is impossible , but this discovery of a conspiracy ia probably the invention of the police , for the purpose of imprisoning suspected persons . Considerable excitement prevailed at Turin on the 12 th . That morning a convict had been formally executed by hanging , and when the body had remained on the gallows the usual time it was taken down for burial . While the officers were removing it a cough was heard from the coffin . When this was opened , it was evident , from many signs , that the wretched man had not entirely lost his life . He was taken to the residence of the chaplain , and means were adopted to restore him , but he died in a few hours .
It appeared that strangulation not having destroyed the intravertical nervous centre , the suspension of respiration had not produced the usual mortal effect . In the Chamber of Deputies , on the same day , axHscussion took place , and the following resolution was passed : " The Chamber , inviting the ministry to present a law correcting the present prescriptions of the penal code relative to capital punishments , passes . to the order of the day . " Last week we mentioned the expulsion of an English officer from Leghorn . This mania of insulting and expelling Englishmen from despotic states is a disease that grows , unchecked by our Foreign Office . The Augsburg Gazette announces the expulsion of on English colonel from Munich . What next ?
The opposition to the present Spanish Ministry in the Senate , although promising at first some patriotic result , has , after much debating and sitting of committees , dwindled down to a very fine point indeed . The committee entrusted with the consideration of the memorial presented by Narvaez has resolved that it cannot recommend the Government to bring Narvaez to trial , or even to consider his claim to be brought to trial ; but it recommends that he should be allowed to take bis seat—if the Government deem it consistent with the safety of the country ! And so begins and ends the threatened opposition of the Senate to the Government . Meanwhile , Marshal Nar > vaez , labouring , like St . Arnaud , under a severe malady , has reached Paris by slow stages from Bayonne .
Passing to the Eastern end of the Mediterranean , we find Turkey again , apparently , a prey to foreign dictation . Uo sooner had M . de Lavalette left Constantinople than Count Mentschikoff , [ Russian Envoy Extraordinary , arrived there . Instead of going according to diplomatic etiquette , to visit Fuad Effendi , the Minister of Foreign Affairs , he proceeded direct to the Sultan . This took place on March 2 nd . Strange to say , on the 3 rd , Fuad Effendi resigned ; and , still more strange , on the 6 th , his resignation was accepted , and Riphat Pasha was appointed in his place . But , to crown the whole of this singular story , We hear that , acting on the Grand Tizier ' s advice , Colonel Eose , our charg 6 d'affaires , has sent an express order to Admiral Dundas , to bring his squadron with all convenient linste to thfl mouth , of the Dardanelles . It must
not be forgotten that a powerful Russian , fleet is assembled in menacing display at Sebastopol . M . De Lavalette terminated his mission with a display of that insolent disregard of the laws of the State to which he was accredited , which had characterised his whole mission at Constantinople . He began by sailing up the Golden Horn in a line of battle ship in defiance of treaties : after taking leave of the Sultan , he attempted to sail out of the Dardanelles on his return to Franco after sunset , and was brought to by the heavy guns of the Castles . Ho is said to have left the shores of Turkey in high dudgeon . Turkish courtesy , however , is superior to French politeness , and invincible by French insolence . The Sultan bestowed an order on M . de Lavalette when he took leave . The Turkish forces have at length evacuated Montenegro ; Omer Pacha and the other Generals are dispersed . A Russian envoy had made his appearance in Montenegro to the great jealousy of the Austrians .
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Francesco and Rosa Madiai were suffered to embark on Wednesday last from Leghorn for Marseilles . The arrival of these two Protestant lions may bo shortly expected in Exeter-hall . jLvis aux amateurs . Great crios about " religious liberty , " and the sufferings of all Italy ( except the distinguished courier and his wife ) quito forgotten , — or , at least , nover montioned .
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THE WAR IN BURMA !! . Tiik overland irmil has readied us this week ; and wo have accounts from Rangoon to the 26 th of January . The intelligence is brief . The King of Ava is dead ; and whoever has succeeded him has entered into communication with General Godwin . Tho vicissitudes of this protracted war havo brought two defeats to tho British forces and one success . It seems that General Stuelc ' s expedition from Murtahan met with a check at tho Ntoekado of Sitary , although General Steelo had
with him six guns ; and that a robber < : hief has beaten Commodore Lambert , who beaded a l ) oat expedition against him . Hut , as a sot-off , Captain Nuthall has surprised the much talkcd-of stockade on tho summit of tho Aong Pass , which forms the communication with Hurinah and Arracan . Tho surprise wits complete . By a flunk march , Captain Nuthall got in tho rear of tho stockade . In a personal inspection , he actually saw the Burmese asleep through tho chinks of the stockade . Awakened by the firing- and assault of tho sepoys , tho Burmese Hod and left the fort in our hands .
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CHEERING NKWS FROM THE GOIfD COLON IKS . AiwiOKB of welcome import have been brought by tho overland mail from the throo chief colonies of Australia . They extend to tho 28 th of December from Sydney , to thfl 8 rd of January from Fort Phillip , and to tho
16 th of January from Adelaide . They completely refute the idle tales lately received via Ceylon respecting the approaching exhaustion of the Victoria gold fields . That event will certainly not occur in our day . The Melbourne correspondent of the Times , writing on the 1 st of January , declares Tais belief that " the gold fields of Australia are of such an extent that they will yield the precious metal in at least the same proportion as hitherto for centuries to come . " The diminution in the rate of production during December is explained in part by the labour-ceasing effects of the approach of Christmas , and in part by the migration of the more
experienced miners to the Ovens diggings , near the New South Wales frontier . Still , the total amounts brought to Melbourne were very large , and merely appear otherwise from being contrasted with those brought during November , which reached 349 , 185 ounces , and were in excess of the total of any former month . From the 1 st of December to the 25 th , the quantity , including some amounts from the Ovens , was 185 , 526 ounces , worth 75 O , OOO £ . ; and it was known that very heavy parcels were still waiting at the Ovens to be forwarded , a considerable portion of which would
be carried to Sydney—the situation of these deposits causing them to be equally resorted to by the people of both colonies . According to very careful estimates published in the Melbourne Argus , the total yield of the Victoria gold fields , from the discovery up to the end of last December , has been 3 , 998 , 321 ounce ;?—say in round numbe rs four millions of ounces , which at 70 s . per ounce is 14 , 000 , 000 ^ . ; but its intrinsic value cannot be much less than 16 , 000 , 000 ? . The number of diggers at the various gold fields of Victoria at the beginning of this year was estimated at 100 , 000 , still averaging , it was believed , about an ounce per man per
week . All the gold fields in New South Wales are yielding favourably , and the production is increasing . The weekly total brought by escort is , however , comparatively small , averaging only about 4000 ounces . The distance of the mines , and the abundance of employment in other branches of labour , prevent their active development . Out of a population of 200 ^ , 000 it is believed that not more than 10 , 000 are at the diggings . The Eev . Mr . Clarge , the geologist , who is engaged in a general survey of the northern districts ,
says— " The more I see of the great backbone of this continent , the more I am impressed with the high probability of the extension of the gold fields far beyond the present limits of search . " The prospects of the construction of the railway from Sydney to Paramalla had greatly improved , the Government having consented to allow 500 railroad labourers to be brought out at the expense of the emigration fund , and also to subscribe 150 , 000 / . to the undertaking , if private capitalists would subscribe 100 , 000 L upon a minimum guarantee of five per cent . Tho estimated cost of the line is 220 , 0002 .
The total number of licences issued at the Echunga digg ings in South Australia , from the 23 rd of August to the 29 th of December , was 1208 . The number in force in January was 108 . The miners were doing well . The price of Burra Burra shares was about 150 / . The price of flour had fallen very considerably in all the colonies . In Melbourne , where it had been as high as 47 / . a ton , it was selling at 20 / . The labour market was easier ; and tho harvest and wool crop , both of which had been abundant , had been secured in all tho
colonies in good condition , and without extraordinary expense . Twelve thousand emigrants and 152 ships had arrived in Port Phillip during tho month of December ; but though such an enormous accession to the population hud naturally been attended with much inconvenience and personal discomfort , nothing approaching to general suffering had occurred . It was manifest , however , that among the new comers there were many who were quite unfit for the occupations by which alone they could hope to subsist in tho colonies .
The discovery of gold in New Zealand is confirmed . Tho locality is about thirty miles from Auckland , on tho Gulf of Houraki , where ton men obtained in one day about 40 / . worth . Tho Government had issued proclamations with regard to it .
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THE SAHUATH AND THE PEOPLE . The clergy are promoting and holding meetings about London to oppose tho opening of the Crystal Palace on Sundays . On Wednesday , Mr . Seeley , in tho absence of tho ' Member for Finnbury , the Lord Mayor , presided over one of tlicso gatherings purporting to consist of tho " young men" of London . - Tho proceedings nro interesting . Mr . Waynd , in tho employ of Messrs . Hitchcock , St . Paul ' s C hurchyard , moved tho following resolution : — " That thin mooting h «» hoard with regret that efforts nro making in certain quarters to aocuro tho opening of I ho New Crystal Piilueo on tho uftornoona cfSund » yn an a boon to thoHO classes in London who aro busily employed during tho aix working days of every wook ; that the
meeting regards such a proposal as not only opposed to the law of &od , but as also founded in error as regards the well-being of the community ; that the unremitting labour of the people of London on the six working days of the week renders it needful for them to have a day of rest unbroken , both for bodily rest and for the refreshment of the soul by means of its highest and noblest employment ; and that consequently the temptation to such an occupation of that day as is thus contemplated is to be deprecated , as entirely ir consistent with , the real interests of the young men of this metropolis . " The mover considered that the opening of the Crystal Palace on a Sunday came directly in contact with the law of God , as it would interfere with the sanctity of
the Sabbath . The measure was offered as a boon to the working classes , but although the end might be good , the means were objectionable . They could accept no boon which involved the violation of the law of God . Besides , why not aid in affording the overworked man a portion of the six days for recreation without trenching on the Sunday ? If an encroachment were once allowed on that sacred day for pleasure and enjoyment , what guarantee would their opponents give them that the Sabbatli would not be infringed upon for purposes of labour ? If they secularized the Sabbath , they might just as well appropriate it to labour as to pleasure . ( Cheers , and cries of " No ! " ) It would introduce the continental Sabbath ; and in
his conscience he believed the project would be as disadvantageous to the working man as it would be dishonourable to God . ( Hear . ) The Eev . Mr . Wright seconded the resolution . Mr . Newton proposed as an amendment : — " That in the opinion of this meeting the opening of tha Crystal Palace on Sundays would be a religious , a moral , and a social advantage to the people . "
( Here a storm of noises commenced , and with more or less vehemence was continued throughout the remainder of the evening . ) He contended that there was no violation of the Divine law in the opening of the Crystal Palace on a Sunday ; and that it was in vain to seek the shortening of the hours of work on the week days . The " early closing" system , after seven years efforts , had not yet been adopted , and the working men's exertions to shorten their hours of labour had failed , after
twenty years' continuous agitation . From his knowledge of the working-classes he believed there was not a tithe of them in favour of keeping the Crystal Palace closed on the Sunday . The amendment was seconded by Mr . Le Blond , amid the same interruptions that had greeted his friend Mr . Newton . The question was put , and the resolution carried . Mr . Tarlton moved the second resolution : —
" That it is also evident that the use of tho Crystal Palace on Sunday would create a new and large demand for labour in the employment of railroad servants , omnibus and carriage drivers , and attendants in houses of entertainment , which labour , thus inflicted on the workingclasses for the seven days in each week , is as plainly contrary to the well-being of man as it is opposed fo the law of God . This meeting , therefore , protests against such new burdens being laid upon the working classes , no necessity , nor oven expediency , being shown by which such labour on the Lord ' s day could bo even in appearance justified . " Mr . Wcstbrooke , of the house of Morley and Co ., seconded the resolution . Mr . Nichols moved as an amendment : —
" That any legislative interference with tho rights of individual judgment in matters of roligion i « opposed to tho Protestant religion , and to tliuProtcntunfc spirit of tho times . " The amendment was put to the vote amid the greatest confusion , and rejected , and the resolution was carried . Petitions to Parliament , founded on tho resolutions , were- adopted , and tho meeting broke up in tho greatest disorder , tho chairman precipitately quitting tho chair before a vote of thanks was proposed to him . The vote was afterwards passed .
[ Will not tho real majority of the working-classes attend these meetings , and show the opponents of tho Crystal Palace that they are the minority P Wo submit it to tlio men who met at Drury Lano and St . Martin ' s Hull . ]
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LONDON UNIVERSITY FRANCHISE . An influential and thoroughly representative deputation waited on Lord Aberdeen , on Wednesday , to urge tho claims of tho London University to the franchise . Tho Premier replied , in warm forms" I havo no hesitation in acknowledging tho very strong claims you havo urged for tho favourable oonnidoration of the object you liavo in view ; nn < l I readily admit that tho constituency afforded by tho University of" London is such none- as it would be most agreeable to tho ( Government to organize . You will not , perhaps , expect mo to givo a final answer to-day , but 1 asHuro you that , ho far from throwing cold water on tho Hiihject—as was hinted at l > y < mo of tho deputation—I do , in the most Hincero and warmest manuor possible , assure you that tho matter will bo taken under tho most serious consideration of tho Government . I do not say this an mere words of course , but I beg you to believe that uuch will positively be the cauo . "
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MARGit 10 , 1853 . ] THE LEADER . ^^ 273
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Leader (1850-1860), March 19, 1853, page 273, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1978/page/9/
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