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THE VALUE OF THE BEARD TO AETISANS
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sheltered in dark ar id troubled times : built by the hands of simple and earnest men for the servic . es of faith and worship , and for the redemption of that worst of pauperism , untaught human genius ; they have grown with the growth of the centuries , quickened with the life of learning , sent out the pioneers of science and discovery , filled the world with the warmth and light . of genius and virtue , carried on the torch of thought and art , and are still , as . they were at their foundation , the supreme temples of the national intellect and heart , the supreme expression of the national unity of mind and soul . " OLet us enter a college , 'the best sample , Mr . Cobden would say , we can find , and report progress . We will give the result of our researches in a future article : our readers . will then be better
Able to understand the propriety of leaving the University ( represented by caucuses of a score of tutors , who have a horror of professors , and by hebdomadal heads , whose panacea for the century is a Chair of Chinese ) to legislate for itself .
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A MODEL MAYOR . When Christmas-day happens to fall on a Sunday , the most-loved holiday of the year is lost to the working masses of the people , whose holidays are few . Christmas , as we all know , is the season of family meeting , when the absent and the distant Come together round the old table , and snatch , a respite from the struggle and the toil . In the sweet and sacred refuge of home , when the festival falls on a Saturday or a Monday , there is an opportunity for many to visit friends remote ; but the Sunday absorbs two holidays , and gives no time for more than the customary weekly rest . We are glad to observe that ,
m-the absence of any official regulation , an eflbrt will be made to abridge as fnuch as possible the business of the Monday immediately following Christmas-day , and that several large employers have given notice that their establishments will be closed on the 26 th of December . The Maj-ors of Oxford , Birmingham , and Southampton have officially recommended the suspension of business . We have before us the minutes of the meeting of the Oxford Town Council , held on the 8 th inst ., at " which the question was raised by the Mayor in a manner so remarkable for its generous and liberal feeling , that we shall offer no apology for citing so noble an example . - \ #
" After tho ordinary business had been disposed of , the Mayor [ called tlie attention of the Council to the circumstance , that in consequence of Christmas-day falling , in the present year , on a Sunday , the people would be deprived of their most valued holidays . He was one of thfr-se who thought that the industrious classeshud too few legitimate holidays in the year ; and that their ancestors , the Protestant Reformers , in their zeal for removing the abuses of the Church , had greatly overlooked the interests of the community in this respect , when they swept nearly the whole of them away . He hoped that the Council would assist him in obtaining a suspension of business , and in creating a holiday for the people on Monday , the 2 Gth of December .
" In answer to an inquiry whether the working men would bo paid their wages for that day , the Mayor said that the principle on which he acted was , when he gave his workmen a holiday , to pay tlicm the same , wages (\ s if they had been at work , lie could not control others , and lie could only tell them what was his practice ; but if they would take his advice , they would do the same . " We trust this example may be generally followed . The Mayor of Oxford , Mr . It . J . Spiers , is , it seems , a very considerable employer , and the conduct of his varied nnd extensive business is noted as a model of commercial enterprise and efficiency . Ilia name will be remembered by many of our readers for
having figured with some distinction among the exhibitors in the Crystal Palace of 1851 , and he is , we believe , an active member of the Society of Arts . It is agreeable enough , in these days of rotten corporations and corrupt municipalities , of turtle-Bwilling aldermen and guzzling common councillors , to find a gentleman whose commercial position has been acquired by sound and steady habits of industry and enterprise , and who has attained distinction for a refined taste and a generous love of art , occupying the highest civic functions in a city like Oxford , too commonly , and , we four , too justly , identified with all that is narrow , bigoted , retrograde , and exclusive . It is singular that , in an University city , It should be the city and . not the university which holds up the bunncr of enlightenment . We do not
chum the Mayor of Oxford for one of our adherents lie would probably be classed among the Liberal-Conservativof ); but wo shall never be disposed to quarrel with a conservatism which is liberal enough to desire to universalise tlio something to conserve , iiud to uhc the influence of office and of station on behalf of tho many who have few friends . We congratulate Oxford on having such a Chief Magistrate . May wo ask if the great employers in tho north , who arc so eloquent in their professions at Mechanics ' Institutes and Athenaeums , are ready to create a holiday for their workmen on the 2 ( ith of this month ? We know thut in any case the holiday will be taken , but , in the spirit of that reconciliation which we aro taught to associate with ChrustmuH , would it not be bott ey given ?
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TheTe is no learned man but -will confess he hath much profited by reading controversies , hi 3 senses awakened , and his judgment sharpened . ^ If , then , it be , profitable for him to read , -why should it not , at least , be tolerable for his adversary to write . —MliiTOKV
The Value Of The Beard To Aetisans
THE VALUE OF THE BEARD TO AETISANS
¦ Nanson-street , Carlisle . ( To Hie Editor of the Leader . ' ) Sik , —As one among many artisans who have experienced great relief and comfort through the adoption of beard and moustaches , I think the least thing I can do in return is publicly to recommend their adoption among my brethren in labour , as greatly contributing to purify deleterious air , and guard the lungs from the noxious particles which fly about from the substances they use in the prosecution of their various trades . Belonging to a very dusty trade myself , which , moreover , requires
confinement in hot rooms , I suffered greatly m my shaven state from a severe and constant cough , often attended by painful attacks of quinsey and rheumatism of the jaws , which combined , as they usually were , reduced me to a very pitiable condition ; whereas , I have worn a beard now for four months , and these ugly maladies , which , during the reign of my razor , persisted in troubling me with at least a monthly visit , have not yet renewed their acquaintance , to my great satisfaction , I need hardly say .
Besides , my cough has nearly gone , and my lungs , m consequence , enjoy a peace they have for years sighed after in vain . This true statement speaks for itself . It makes my beard a sacred append age in my eyes , which all the jokes and jibes I am continually favoured with shall not cast down from its eminence . Doubtless the jokers will be converted in due time ; meanwhile I beg to say to them , that I have found the yoke of lusty health preferable to that of Mrs . Grundy . I am , Sir , yours truly , James Walker . ' . a :
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OUGHT MAJORITIES IN AXL CASES TO BE OMNIPOTENT ? ( To the Editor , of the Leader . ) Sir , — Would some of your able correspondents enlighten me on the following : —A reading-room , or Athenceum , for " intellectual and moral improvement of its members , " by reading and lectures , has just been formed in a town of a population of 2800 . Books are to bo bought for circulation among members , but the rule for selection of them'has not yet been framed , a minority being of opinion that each member ought to be at liberty to put in one volume in turn , if not
above a certain price , thereby securing a fair representation of views in morals , politics , or theology . This proposal , it is reckoned , will meet with virulent opposition . Though none of its opponents , to my apprehension , have advanced a justifiable reason for its rejection , nor shown the impartiality , nor the right of the majority , or the managers acting for them , to decide what books aro to be admitted and what eschewed , perhaps there may be found some plausible defence of the view of the majority ; indeed , the intolerance on such and collateral matters in the part of Britain I inhabit is quite insufferable ; folks don't seem to see , or have not the courage to assert , that a majority in such cases strike at the
very essence of Jiberty , and that a minority has rights which may not be infringed with impunity . I conceive the end and aim of all legitimate society or government is the conservation of individual freedom , and that no right exists in the majority to curtail the minority's individual righta , when the exercise of bucIi interferes not with the individual rights of the majority . Casting aside the abstract right of tho case , I think that , commercially , the minority are correct : »" . c , a hundred members unite , ono share to each at 1 / ., for getting 100 / . value nnd interest more quickl y than as isolated individuals ; on what principle do yjJyths of tho members absorb the whole , and let ten members go without ? Your » , &c , Rusticub . [ "RuBtieua" proposes for our consideration a problem of practical intercut and constant difficulty ; we will give it our early attention . —Ki > . ]
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NOTICK TO COKRESPONDENia . Mr . Peplow . —The work referred to has been set aside for notice ; we cannot undertake to say when the notice will appear . .
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THE MOUSTACHE AND BEARD MOVE - MENT . Report whispers that from Ne \ v Year ' s-day the Moustache and Beard Movement is to date a sudden and triumphant accession of adherents . We have heard it suggested that the venerable dignitaries of the law would do well to abandon wigs and to cultivate beards . Certain we are that the majority of the Bar would be glad on any condition to give up the equally ugly and uncomfortable horsehair appendage , even if they were obliged to resort to horsehair as a substitute for the natural ornaments of the upper lip and chin . This movement excites our apprehension . When . beards are becoming conservative , is Europe becoming Cossack ?
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ULTRAMONTANISM IN GERMANY . ( second article . ) " Ultramontanisbi , " to adopt the very words of a General of the Order of Jesuits , " crept in everywhere like a lamb ; it ruled like a wolf ; it was driven out like a dog ; but rose again like an -eagle . " These words , which represent the suppleness , the spirit of domination , the impudence , and the perseverance of the Papal Church , are daily confirmed . They were confirmed when the coup d'etat completed the general reaction : their truth was likewise demonstrated when , in 1814 > the Restoration set to work to destroy the last vestiges of liberty . Even in 1814 it was evident enough that , if the Roman Church had formerly bent to the revolutionary hurricane , it had been with a mental reservation to reconquer at tho first opportunity all she had surrendered . " No word is to be kept with the heretics . " In our preceding article on the conflicts between the Episcopat of the Upper Rhine and the Government of Baden , we briefly indicated how the prerogatives of the State , respecting tho Church , were acquired . We will now add a few details necessary to complete our exposition .
By the treaty of 1804 , concluded between the Archbishop and the Crown , the Government of Baden became rightfully Patron of the Catholic Church throughout the whole extent of the territory of Baden . The Archiepiscopate of Constance retained tho right of patronage only over those parts of his dioceso in which the dynasty of Baden had no authority , in which , consequently , it could neither abrogate nor confer any right ; that is to say , in Switzerland , in
Bavaria , &c . But some years after the treaty of 1804 , other provinces , which up to that time had formed part ot the diocese of the Archiepiscopate were again incorporated into the Duchy of Baden . Here cornea the question whether tho treaty above-mentioned would bo equally valid for these new provinces . Now , it * known that after tho dissolution of tho German
Empire , in 1806 , tho different dynasties assumed a sovereignty without restriction ( landcsJitrsttM ^ Mdrfitvollhommenheit ) . That which formerly was uccreed by tho law of the Empire emanated hcnceiori " from the sovereignty of the Prince . By virtue oi thia new and absolute principle , the Government u Baden declared that it would extend its ngi « « patronage also over tho provinces recently acqunt It might have founded that right on an iriterp : ro « tionof the treaty of 1804 . It preferred the snnp « -
assertion of its unlimited sovereignty . There is the root of the long struggles w ™™ tho State and the Archiepiseopatc . Those strugg' > it is true , wero sustained from 1814 to 1830 wit " ferior ardour . During that interval the 'u ; , ;{; tt , the "Blacks" wae engaged principally on tlio po" * , fluid : they played high . But since the dcieat oi j German Revolution , and of the Revolution ol J >" specially , the Papists have resumed tho stnI ? . , purely ecclesiastical ground again , with «• v * ^ and an arrogance which indicate that Home v \ < the moment to Imvo arrived when » be cun aiuu »
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1216 THE IiEAEER . [ Saturday ,
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tin this department , as aia opinions , however extreme , aee allowed an expression , xhe editor necessarily uol . d 3 milself responsible . for nonb . ]
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[ Wo _ liiw © received a letter from "A French Subscriber , " protesting Hgain » t thn re-port , continued in tho Inst letter ot » ur 1 ' iiris correspondent , of an alliance * between the Itcpub-I ' icaiih and tl >« Furtionihtti for tho overthrow of tho Empire . 11 ( 3 Ktiyti : — " Kor tho honour of tho IlepubHcans , wjiohq names aro no doubt unduly cited , and although these citizen *
belong top nuance , which is far from having the eclat of that to which my friends and myself belong , and to which it is our glory to belong , I do not think any of them guilty of the charge which your correspondent takes upon himself to bring against them . As for ourselves , Republicans , called 'Bed , ' and who are whitening in the incessant struggles whicb . for more than thirty years we have had to sustain against the different powers which have succeeded to the government of pur unhappy country , we protest energetically against any idea of coalition with the . Royalist and reactionary parties , our principles not being those which suffer us to compromise the sacred rights of nations . " ]
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Citation
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Leader (1850-1860), Dec. 17, 1853, page 1216, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/vm2-ncseproduct2017/page/16/
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