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    Untitled Article

    PAN-HELLENISH AND PAN-SCLATISM IN TURKEY . IL AccoBDrxa to the telegraphic despatches -which Russia fabricates ctd usum Delphini , for our careless credulity , the Ottoman empire may be supposed to swarm with innumerable millions of Hellenes . We read of nothing bub . Greeks in Albania , Greeks in Macedonia , Greeks in Thessaly , Greeks in Bulgaria Greci di qua , Greet di la , Greet di sopra , Greet dirimpetto . From what " vasty- deep , " we ask , did these Achaean hosts , numberless as the sands of the sea , emerge ? It sounds like the resurrection of the whole posterity of Deucalion , from Hellen to the heroes who fell in the valley of lieukopetra .

    It is Russia that has invented all these Greeks . Nicholas the God is an omnipotent Creator . Give him but a bandit who has received the chrisma of an orthodox priest ; give him but a blue cross stuck upon the red fez of a freebooter—nay , give him a convict escaped from the hulks—and you have a rea ly-made Greek patriot ready to revolt . against Turkey . Greece for ever ! Singular enough ! But more singular still to see the innumerable millions of Sftlaves who -would rise

    counterbalanced by thirteen millions of populations of diverse origins . Evidently , in the vast Illyrian Peninsula nature herself is an invincible obstacle to the formation of States founded on the principle of nationality . The dispersion and the intermixture are too great . The very excess of this dispersion of races drives the countries of the Balkan and the Danube to the necessity of holding together . But the political necessity of Europe constrains with even more force to this result . The-Government of Constantinople would no longer be master of the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles if it had lost the line of the Danube .

    We say more ( and this point would admit of more ample development)—the maintenance of a State comprising the lUyrian Triangle and Anatolia is imperatively demanded by the interests of Europe in the Bast . European Turkey and Asiatic Turkey—those two great Peninsulas , are , as it were , the flood-gates which at the Bosphorus serve to close the basin of the Black Sea , and tlius to protect Europe against the incursions of Asia . The Bosp&orus , the Danube , and the Caucasus , are the three cardinal points of the

    Servia , in the centre of Pansclavism , we flndCzerny George Milosch Qbrenowitacn , Alex . Karageoxge witsch , at last even Wutschitsch , and now Milosch again agitating the people , under the orders of the Czar . As soon as a chief displays a certain spirit of independence , Russian influence provides him with an antagonist . If the latter in his turn endeavours to take advantage of the movement for his own ends , Russia sets up against him some other corrupted chief , or perhaps tbe former deposed chief , who may have once more sold himself to the Muscovite cause . : In this way the Sclave ' and Greek movements are

    always at the mercy of Russia ; for the pivot of these movements is the cupidity of honourless guerillas , the greedy fanaticism of Eusso-Greek priest * , and the venal ambitioa of bandit chiefs . In the IUyriah Triangle , says the most eminent Orientalist ^ Germany , there are no vital elements of i ^ atiopaKtyj sombre orthodoxy reigns alone , and govern ^ there ; * ttnd tliafc orthodoxy , sister and servant of theCzarian Papacy , is a danger to Europe . * : The holy water pf Moscovr , the . tnuskejbs of Odessa , andj above allVitfie gold of St . Petersburg , are the essehtial ^ 5 ngredi £ iiiB of Greco-Sclave insurrections . ' Oh this -foul ^ back

    ground , venal litterateursand disordered :: Thapsodjats paint a romance of * ' classical" Hellenism orof ^ . TJbrgmal" Scjavism . . , ; , Cannot the dupes who believe in a pure Hellenism and Sclavism in Turkey perceive that the singie ^ unT , and sole result , of these movements i 8 > a . change ? of master for Turkey ?—that the question , '; ' . Js ' "flol , Jt 6 emancipate an oppressed nationality , but o ^ iijr' % hand over the advanced posts of Europe to the etieiny of the world ? . ' . ' ''¦¦¦¦ -, - >^ ' . • ¦ ¦ - - ¦ ' " v ¦ - - ^ Y ^ u-[ Brrc t * in Article I . —Third column , line 29 , j ^> r ; ^ but ^ fo deeper , aspects of the four rac « s are dssentlallv diflfereht " read , " but in its ' deeper aap «^ Bpmuriils ' esi ^ tfiaiy different from thetfour races . * .,,, Lin » » 7 v / or , ' ^ iibiftjna *" rectA "Italians . " Line eight from tibldwt / fcr " withtoft national colour ' . ' read " with two nattomu colours . ^ 3 '» it

    strategy of the East . A powerful state allied to Europe , embracing tnese three points , forms a bulwark against the savage irruptions of-Asia . Great , then , must be the ignorance of those who honestly desire to dissolve the Ottoman empire , and to hurl back the Turkish race into Anatolia . By dissecting European Turkey into petty and powerless principalities , the passage of the Bosphorus—in other words , the grand route of Asia and of Europewould be opened to the Autocrats , to the Staff of Bashkirism .

    Of course the States , nominally independent of Turkey , would hold their own as long as the independence of the . Crimea . Dissolve Turkey to-day , and to-morrow Nicholas may , irith more right than Peter the Great , strike coins nearing the device , " Emperor of the Sclayes and . the Greeks . ** A study of the famous despatch of Pozzo di Borgo shows clearly enougli that the chief aim of Russia always has been , not the renewal of the experiment in the Crimea , but -the absolute and entire annexation of Turkey . The very least of Russia's demands has been the possession of the Danube , of the Bosphorus , and of important districts of Asia Minor , that is , of the highway to the West , of the

    Mediterranean route , and of the road to India . According to the project which the Czar Alexander proposed to Napoleon , the possession of Bessarabia , of Moldo-Wallachia , and of Bulgaria was assigned to Russia , with Constantinople and certain provinces in . Asia Minor : the three essential points are there given . * Russia thoroughly understands the geographical and strategetical importance of the two peninsulas of Europe aM Asia . 'Her coftfetaat after-thought has been the entire annexation of Turkey . For that purpose she lias always made an instrument of Sclavism and Hellenism , and she has employed it well ; but she has always been cautious not to allow any movement too independent of Russia to succeed .

    To keep Turkey in a state of perpetual troubles , to watch the propitious moment for swooping on her prey , each has been the unvarying policy of St . Petersburg . The Czars regarded with an evil eye the lenity of the Government of Constantinople . It is a fact ; , abundantly proved by distinguished Orientalists , that the Turkish Government was remarkably lenient until the policy of Russia revealed itself . Everywhere , in Greece , in Moldo-Wallachia , in Servia * tlie Osmanlis left to tbe populations their communal constitutions . The Mahometans in Turkey \ rere so far from seeking " to make a religious propaganda by the sword , " that in the Ottoman empire , to this day , the Greek Catholic bishops assemble in divan with , the police and

    municipal authorities , to administer the police of the towns , to settle differences between litigating parties , to register sales and purchases , to impose , collect , count , and pay in the taxes to the public treasury . To understand the importance of this fact , It should be known that these bishops carry the crown of the ancient Byzantine empire on their heads , that they claim over the people the authority of a sovereign , and almost the adoration of gods . To men possessed of so vast a sacerdotal power the government of " Mahometan fanatics" has granted the largest administrative and political authority . But Russia , by her incessant propagandist influences upon the populations , compelled the Ottoman . Government to restrictive measures of

    Belf-dcfience . This was exactly what the Czars desired . Then they could make war , or stir up revolt agninst Turkey , in the name of the Christians , or of oppressed races . For a number of years hnsi Russia levied these insurrectionary chiefs ngainut the Ottoman empire . Thus , in Greece , the Ypsilanti , Kolokotrcnis , Kapodstrhs , Bishop Gregory , Nikitas Stanimatopulos , Mi tarns , were Kussian instruments . Thus , in Soo tlio Project drawn up by the Russian "Minister M . do Romnnzoir ; Counter-project of tho French Ambassador , Mdo Cauluincourt , Due do Vicoma- 8 co also the . Project or M . do Chateaubriand .

    suddenly , as soon as the " Greek" insurrection had triumphed . Then there would be Sclaves in Albania and Sclaves at Mount Athos , Sclaves in the Morea « nd Sclaves in Roumania ; and Sclave Kar t ^ o ^ v —eminently Sclave would be Constantinople , the City of the Czar ( Czargrad ) — the Holy Cit y * whose church of St . Sophia forms , with the churches of Kiew and Moscow , the holy trilogy of the Golden Domes . Ah ! hovr well the Grand Stage Director at St . Petersburg understands sudden changes of scenery !

    Alternatively or simultaneously the orthodox Propaganda , the Hellenist Propaganda , and the Pan * selavist Propaganda serve the Russian Government as the means of raising the populations of Turkey , and deceiving public opinion in the West . To lure the religious fanaticism of the Muscovite people , and to lull that frivolous Western Europe , which . " disdains to interfere in questions of monks , " the Czars put on tha mask of orthodoxy . To entice philologies , the lunatics of classicism , it is reported that " the Chief Odysseus" as at the head of the "Tan-Hellenion , " and that at the "Agion Oros" are to be found fascicles of palimpsests waiting to be

    published with copious glosses . To win the sympathies of European democracy , the flag : of an " oppressed nationality" is raised . The Muscovite agents prate in sonorous phrases of the " virgin blood that glows in the yoxing South-Sclavonian nationality ;" they are not ashamed even to vaunt the " democratic and social" institutions of the cut-throats of Montenegro . In thjs way Russia , for our delusion , flaunts magnificent national and religious banners , under vrhose shadow it enrols savage bands of famished , greedy , mercenary cutpurses , whom the first rouble can always buy , and who make war on Turkey , if not as Greeks , at least as Grecs .

    The present insurrection , paid by Russia , is displayed under the Hellenic colour . We are told of the national enthusiasm of the Hellenic people , rushing to the succour of their " brothers" in Turkey . The Great Byzantine Empire is on the lips of all . Even in the speeches of our own statesmen we not unfrequently encounter this fallacious expression : " The national insurrection of the Greeks , the rising of t ^ ie Christian race , of the Greek race against the Turkish race . " Pious fraud and shameful ignorance thus confound the Catholico-Greek religion and the Greek nationality . By a similar fraud Russia contrived

    years ago to represent as a Greek rising the insurrection of Ypsilanti , who , with Russian arms , and his pockets full of Muscovite gold , stirred up disorder in the Latin country of Moldo-Wallachia . Yet , as we have shown i « a former arLicle , the tribe of Lhe Hellenes ( and what Hellenes !) counts in European Turkey no more than one million , at most ; that is less than other tribe the

    any among numerous races of its inhabitants . The ethnographical proportions arc exactly the reverse of that classical simplicity in which Russia a . nd certaia western statesmen would have us believe . The rnces are manifold , minglod crossed , dispersed at random . It is a Tower of Babel ^ in which the Greeks make the mo&t insignificant minority . As to the Sclaves , their three millions are

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    [ UT TIIU DEPABT 1 OENT , AS AU OPINIOITS , HOWEVER KXXBBMK , XKU AU&WBD XiT EXPBBSSIOX , TBB EDITOR HrBOJtMMHf . iT KOU > S HU » - MBI 4 T BBSPOKSIBLB XOB NONE . } * ' , . ' ¦ ' '¦ ' ¦ - . 'fcirfCr

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    • -77—> - , -, . . ¦ usri . EARNINGS OF WORKING aCBN . **;;¦ * ( To the Editor of the Xeader . J , ' , , ^ £ . Sir , —I must confess , that the statements . , 0 f ,, 3 £# i » Horsfall , in your last nuinb « r . giving tUe sum jo ^ ift facility ' s earnings in the factory , at ^ 62 . B . ^ 6 % « pBir week , has made me somewhat envious . Truljry < hi » must be a hard case ! while tens of thousandth toilers from 14 to 16 hQiirs k'Oagr , witbtottt ^ thWm the ventilation , and the other advantages of a laraa

    room , but pent up in BmaUB ^ ai gattQ ^ fot ^ A healthy workrooms , are obliged to be eatiafled y lt ; U one-third of that sum .... To \ say nothing of tauj > rt shoemakers , nee < llewomen , and such like ; how n >{ rajr men there are in business with large families , livj ^ g in cities or towns , in which they have to share heiivy parochial and local burdens , with anxious , ditfly exertions , vexatious losses , irritating cvstpiKier 8 , na a hundred other ills frond which the factory opera * tiv « is free . I say , how many Buch there are , whom weekly profits from trade fall far short of . thetftitn put down by your correspondent . AndyethewritdTa as a , dissatisfied man ! Let him exchange places with

    myself , and try to sustain the following condition with equanimity . 3 am the father of a family equal in number wi ( h those in the case stated by Mr . Horsfall . I carry on a business in one of the main streets of a city , and am engaged almost incessantly behind my counter from seven o ' clock in the morning till nine at night , with the help of my wife and eldest daughter . My yearly profits do not subject me to ther income-tay ,

    nqd the rent beinjr , left out of the account , I may put my weekly gains for all household expenditure , education of my children , &c . Ac ., at 38 a . ; while M ^ . Horsfa . U' 8 , with a deduction of his rent , will stand at 58 s 6 d . Now considering the difference which necessarily arises from our different positions as to appearances , what can his privations be to mine ? My oldest son ia bound apprentice with a premium , and onlv one of my children earns anything . My

    case ia only a sample of millions in this country among the trading classes , who have their lives worried with the labours , the uncertainties , the vexations and chcatings incident to business ; and yet theso grumbling factory operatives , who have no trouble in making out bills , or giving receipt stamps , but only onco a week to hold up their hands for th&ir wages , think themselves the harshly-treated and illused victims of capitalists 1 M . R .

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    March 25 , 1854 . ] THE LEADER . 28 !

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    There is no learned man but will confess tie _ liitk mtich profited by reading controversies , ' his . < sip £ es awakened , and bis judgment sharpienedi If j tli ^ jijb t > & profitable foi him " to read ; -yirny jshoxild it not ^ ji -, lea&t , be tolerable fox bis adversary to write . — Mimtobt

• Citation
  • Leader (1850-1860), March 25, 1854, page 281, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/vm2-ncseproduct2031/page/17/