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(lummmmi Mans.
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has been a gradual increase in the complexity of our appliances . We not only use our hands to save our jaws , but -we make implements to save our hands ; and in our engine factories may be found implements for the making of implements . This progression in the arts of life has had intellectual progression for its necessary correlative . Each new complication , required a new increment of intellwence for its production ; and the daily use of it developes the intelligent of all still further . Thus that simultaneous protrusion of the brain and recession of the jaws , which amongst lower animals has accompanied increase of skill and sagacity , has continued during the ^ advance of Humanity from barbarism to civilisation ; and has been throughout the result of a discipline involving increase of mental power . And so it becomes manifest that there exists a necessary relationship between that protuberance of jaws , which we consider ugly ,, and a certain inferiority of nature . . Again , that lateral jutting oat of the cheek-bones , which similarly characterises the lower races of men , and which is similarly thought \> y us & detraction from beauty , is similarly related to lower habits and lower intelligence . The jaws are closed bjr the temporal muscles ; and these are consequently the chief active agents in biting and mastication . In proportion as the jaws have m « ch work * and correspondingly large size , must the temporal muscles be massive . But the temporal muscles pass between the skull kad the zygomatic arches , or lateral parts of the cheek-bones . Consequently , where the temporal muscles are massive , the spaces between the zygomatic arches and the skull must be great ; and the lateral projection of , the zygomatic arches great also , as we see it in the Mongolian and other uncivilised tribes ; Like large jaws , therefore , of which it is a necessary accoinpanimeat , je ^ e ^ sive eize of the cbeek-boneflu both ^ ug liness and an index of undeveloped intellect . Certain other defects of feature , between whack and mental defects it is not thus easy to trace the connexion , may yet be fairly presumed to have such connexion in -virtue of their constant co-existence with the foregoing ones ; alike in the uncivilised races and in the young of the civilised races . Peculiarities of face ^ which we find regularly" associated . withi , those just shown to be significant of intellectual inferiority—which , . like them , we find associated with intellectual inferiority both in adult savages and in infant Europeans , and which like them disappear as barbarism grows into civilisation and childhood into manhood—may reasonably be concluded to have like them a psychological meaning ; and , when seen in adults of our own race , may fairly be considered as arrests of facial development , implying corresponding arrests of nervous or mental development . Thus is it with depression of the bridge of the nose ; which is a characteristic both of "barbarians and of our babes , possessed by them in common with the higher quadrumana . Thus , also , is it with that forward opening of the nostrils , which Tenders them conspicuous in a . front view of the face—a trait alike of infanta , savages , and apes . And the same may be said of wide-spread , alas to the nose , of great width between the eyes , of long mouth , of large mouth , •—indeed of all those leading peculiarities of feature which are bv sreneral
consent called ugly . . Then mark how , conversely , the type of face , usually admitted to be the most beautiful , is one that is not simply free from these peculiarities , but possesses opposite ones . In the ideal Greek head the forehead projects , and the jaws recede , to such an extent as to render the facial angle larger than we ever find it in fact . The cheek-bones are so small as scarcely to be traceable . The bridge of the nose is so high as to be almost or quite in a line with the forehead . The alae of the nose join the face -with but little obliquity . In the front view the nostrils are almost invisible . The mouth is small , and the upper Kp short and deeply concave . The outer angles of the eyes , instead of keeping the horizontal line , as is usual , or being directed upwards , as in the Mongolian type , are directed slightly downwards . And the form of the brow indicates an unusually large frontal sinus—a characteristic entirely absent in children , in the lowest of the human races , and in the allied genera . If , then , recession of the forehead , protuberance of the jaws , and largeness of the cheek-bones , three leading elements of ugliness , are demonstrably indicative of mental inferiority—if such other facial defects as great width between the eyes , flatness of the nose , spreading of its alae , frontward opening of the nostrils , length of the mouth , and largeness of the lips , are habitually associated -with these , and disappear along with them as intelligence
increases , both in the race and in the individual— i * if ««? « <• - •¦*•¦ ' ' * that . all such faulty ^ ials feature mtff ySSSLS * " £ ^ £ ? ¥ triBF our ideal of human beauty is characterised not simply by the abse ^ eo ? SeTe traits , ^ V * t P * esence of opposite ones-if thfsWaL , as ft ^ nfscuW tures of the Greek gods , las been naed to represent superhuman > o ^ e ? 3 intdUgence-W if the race so using it were themselves distinguihed bV a mental superiority , which , if we consider their disadvantages , produced re suits unparalleled—have we not yet stronger reasons for concludMi ^ th ^ Se chief components of beauty and ugliness are severally connected with ncrfec tion and imperfection of mental nature ? And when , lastly , we remember that t-Ke variations of feature constituting expression are confess $ dly 7 siffnificant of character—when we remember that these tend by repetition t " < &-ganise themselves , to affect , not only the skin and muscles , but the bdnsa of the face , and to be transmitted to offspring—** hen we thus find tlat there is a psychological meaning alike in each passing adjustment of the features ,- irt the marks that habitual adjustment leave , in the marks inherited from ancestors , and in those main outlines of the facial bones and integuments indicating the type of race—are we not almost forced to the conclusion that all forms of feature are related to forms of mind , and that we consider thein admirable or otherwise according as the traits of nature they imply are admirable or otherwise ? In the ^ extremes the relationship is demonstrable . That transitory aspects of face accompany transitory mental states , and that we consider these aspects ugly or beautiful , as the mentalstates theyaccompany are ugly , or beautiful , no one doubts . That those permanent and m 9 ? t , marked aspects of face , dependent oa the bony framework , accoiapwjr those permanent and w > st marked mental states which express themselves m barbarism and civilisation , and > that yre consider as beautiful tbosa wnictr l
accompany mental superiorly , and 9 ^ 1 ^ j 3 ii ^\ . i 3 ^ :. y ^ mism ^ mental inferiority , is equally certain . Arid if tins connexion unqnestionablT holds in the extremes—if , as judged by average facts , t ^' h ^ t ^ w ^ m , stinctive convictions , it also holds more or less visibly ia intermediate ' easesSit becomes an almost irresistible induction , that the aspects whieV please ua are the outward correlatives of inVard perfections ,, and the aSaecis which displease us the outward correlatives of inward imperfections . ; . - > : < * t I am quite aware that when tested in detail this induction seems not to be borne out-r-that experience daily thrusts upon our Tpotfcse Thosts © f anomalies . I know that there are often grand natures behind plain ! faces ; and that fine countenances frequently hide small souls . But tcese anomalies do not destroy the general truth of the law , any more ^ than the perturbations of planets destroy the general elupticity . of their , orbits . Some of them , indeed , may be readily accounted for . There are many ' fttces spoiled by haying one part perfectly developed whilst the rest of the features are ordinary ; others by-the mispropoHion or ill-arrangement of featuresthat are in themselves good ; others , again , by defects of akin ; which , though they indjcate defects of visceral constitution , have manifcistly no t-elationsnip to the higher parts of the nature . Moreover , the facts that have bee ^ assigned afford some reason for thinking that many of the leading elements of facial beauty are not directly associated with moral characteristics , but whh intellectual ones—are simply the results of long-continued civilifie ) d hal ^ i | 8 , <> f long cessation of domestic barbarism , of long culture of theTinampulative powers , and so may" co-exist-with emotional attributes : not at all ad ^ nirabld . It is true that the highest order of intellectual manifestations ! need '" a good . balance of the higher feelings for their basis ; but it is also true that greett quickness , great sagacity in ordinary affairs , great practical skill can be tossessed without these , and very frequently are so . The veiy prevalent beauty of the Italians , co-existing though it does with a low moral state , becomes , on this' hypothesis ^ reconcileable with the general iadiiCtion , as may also many of the anomalies we have daily around . us . ¦ - . / | | ; s i ; There is , however , a much more satisfactory explanation to be offered > than any of these—an explantioii which I think renders it quite possible to admit all the seeming confusion and contradictions . which the detailed facts present , and yet to hold by the theory . But as more space wij . 1 be required for showing this than can here be spared , I must defer going " further until next week . In the meantime , tie strength of my own cbnyietiQn may be expressed in the formula which I have long ; used to embody niy belief on the matter . —The saying that beauty is but skin-deep is but a skin-deep saying .
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BTRTHS , MARRIAGES , AND DEATHS . BIRTHS . GRTEFIN . —April 9 stho wife of George T . Griffin , Es » .. Ninety-seventh Regiment : a daughter . MONTGOMERY . — . April 8 , at Grey Abboy , the Lady Charlotte Montgomery : a daughter . VIVIAN . —April 7 , at Glynn , the Lady Vivian : ason . MARRIAGES . GIBBON—HOOD . —April 8 , at St . Mary ' s , Cheltenham , Henry Gibbon , Esq ., of Great James-street , Bedford-row , to Mary , second daughter of Itobert Jacoiub Hood , Esq ., of 3 J » rdoirPark , Leicestershire-ORD—8 MYLT . —April 6 , at Inverness , Alfred Robert , fourth son of the late Colonel Harry Gough Ord , Sfc A ., of Bexloy , Kent , to Bolissa Jane , third daughter of the lato Ee'vorend W . Smyly , and granddaughter of J . C . Boresfor < l . Esq . HANSLIP—LAURIE . —April 8 , at St . Mark ' s , Kennington , Thomas Hanslip , Esq ., son of the late Colonel Hanslip , of TJorman-cross , Hunts , Sixty-sixth Regiment , to Charlotte Anne , second daughter of the late John Laurie , Esq ., of Hadley , Middlesex . DEATHS . BRAND . —March 11 * at the residence of her aunt , WosthnJl , Shetland , Cecilia Ann eldest daughter of Commander W . H . Bmnd , R . N ., Leigh , Essex aged twenty . COX . —March 11 , at Kingsoy , Canada , Harriet , second daughter of the late Lieutenant-Colonel William Cox , of tho Royal Artillery . KNCTWLES . —April 4 , at Montpellier , Franco , Gcorgiria Henrietta Knowlos , second daughter of tho late Admiral Sir Charles Henry ltnowles , Hart ., G . C . B ., and sister of tlio * "i > rosont baronet .
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of •• ¦ .. *¦ " Aprijl 15 , 1854 ] . THE LE 1 DER . a 67
(Lummmmi Mans.
Commercial Minns *
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MONKY MAUKET AND CITY INTELLIGENCE . a , , Thursday Evening , April 13 , 185-4 . wincti last week , when tho reaction upwardti became more marked , wo have hiul Consols aa high as HI ) Nt )* . This was
© n Monday . The rumour of Bunson's recall , and the vacillating conduct of the Prussian Government , soon sent them , down again , and they have been creeping downwards sintJe bhat day , with occasional revivals , consequent on the thousaud and one rumours wkich pervade the City generally and the Stock Exchange in particular , Money i » sadd to be easier ; but the necessary expenditure and waste in such a war as we are now embarked in must cause a deficiency throughout Europe ; therefore the temporary eastness talked of can hardly last long . Of course any reverse in the Baltic , or a decided victory on the part of the Russians in tho East over the Turks , before tho allied forces can be concentrated and brought into line , will have its effect upon the market . The near approach of the settlement or the monthly Account , vrhioh , with lieavy " Boars " in tho field , has always tho effect cf temporarily keeping up things beyond their real value ; way account for the comparative buoyancy of the market . This afternoon there nave been more heavy sales , and Consols close 87 | J ior money , and 874 I for account . Foreign Btoeks have oeen about th « same — Russians declining a little . Mexicans firmer . The Share Majkot has beon quiet , following Consols to a certain extent . Mines rather flat . Peninsulas and Frias have had some heavy fluctuations , as much as | per cent ., but stand now at better prices . The- fact of the rise in our funds not affecting the Paris Bourse to tho usual extent , has led many speculators to believe that some news of a depressing nature is known in Paris , and withhold by the Government from the public . This noxt week being Easter holidays , -will take many people out of town ; and unlesssomo important news sho-uld arrive , \ v « shall see no great change either wn-y .
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Consols , 87 J , 87 R ; Caledonian , 524 , 58 ; Eastern Counties , 12 , 1 ' 24 ; Great Western , 72 « , 722 ; Lancashire and Yorkshire , 009 , 004 ; London , Brighton , and South Coast V 74 , 98 * ; London and North Western . 05 K 05 J ; London and South Western , 70 , 77 ; Midland , 58 , 58 J ; Newport . Aborgavouny , and Hereford , 7 . Bdis . ; North Staffordshire , 61 , C » dis ; Oxford , Worcester , and Wolvorharnpton , 28 , 30 : Scottish Centrals , 82 , 84 C ; South Kastorn , 158 * , 5 KJ ; South WaloH , : ) 2 J , : 3 . 'i {; York , NrwciuUlc , and Hcrwiok . «•*! , < Wj ; York and
— - . , ., , ' .. '<{ *? North Midland , 45 , 48 ; Antwerp and Rotterdam , 4 , 3 } dia , *• in . ; East Indian . U . If pm , ; Lxixembourg , 4 f , 5 i ;^ D 3 tto ( Railway ) , 21 , 34 ; Ditto , Pref ., $ . ' ifj Madras , 11 . J 'dls . ; Namw and Liege ( with Int . ) , 6 f , * l \\ NorfcTiern of France , 281 , 291 ; Paris and Lyons , 11 , 11 ^ pn l . ; TPiaxle and Orleans 41 , 48 x-d . ; Paris ani Bouen , $ 2 , a 4 ; Paris amd Strasbourg ; 2 M , 28 t ; Sambre and Mouse , 73 . 8 ; "West Tlanders , 3 , < k Western of France , 1 | , 2 J ym . x . d . ; Araa , Frias , II , 81 ; Brazilian Imperial , 3 | , 44 ; St . John Del R * y , 29 , 31-Colonial Gold . par . 4 pna . ; Great Nugget , i dis ., nar ; Linares , 10 , 11 , * d . ; New ditto , \ dis ., par ; Wouveau Monde , riajp . 4 ; Quartz Rock , * pm ., ir tTnited Mexican , 3 , 8 | s WMler , i , t ; Poltimores , 5-10 , 1-16 pm . ; Australasian Bank , 72 , fi ; Oriental Bank , 48 , 45 ; South Australia Bank , 86 , 88 j ITriiou of Australia , 64 , SB ; Australian Agricultural , 89 i , 3 T 4 ; Crystal Palace , 14 , lipm . ; North British Australian Loan and Land , i dis .. par ; Scottish Australian Investment , 24 , 2 J x . d . ; South Australian Land , 34 , 36 ; Peninsular , 1 , 1 .
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CORN MARKET . Mark Lane , Thursday Evening , April 13-LooAi / Thade . —Tho arrivals of English and foreign Grain during tho week have been moderate . On Monday , there was a letter sale for Wheat than last week , st a decline of 2 s . to 3 s . per quarter from that day week , atidyesterday the trado was firm , and » fair business doing at Monday ' s rates , Notv / ithstanding sliort supplies of Oats , Monday s prices were b&rely maintainod yesterday . Barley mot a alow sale without alteration in value . . Fiibjc on Board . —There has been but littlo passing alnc < last week in this branch of the trade . A considerable nutn ber of vessels have passed the Sound outwards to the PrttB sian porto to load w Ifch grain . JPioating Tbade . —There are very few cargoes arrive * off tho coast , and for those full rates are asked '; but llttl businoBS has boon done either in these or in cargoes oi pasBiigo . Tho Fmnch markets aro quiet . At Marseilles tho doman < for Italy continues .
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Citation
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Leader (1850-1860), April 15, 1854, page 357, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/vm2-ncseproduct2034/page/21/
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