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comes ; the second reading , in width the House is asked to decide on the principle of &j& bijl . At this stage amendments and counter amendments may be introduced ; mofciozjs / far adjournment , and Motions for delay ; and every motion is prefaced by a mteejen . Then , we have a committee , involvmg ^ perftaps a debate on ' . every clause , —and Mprcfen k ^ iaws how many nights of discus-^ l ^^ f fep ^ . intoby repetitions of' arguinents , lwo % ' i ^ i a ^ speeches' tittered purely for the the
IBwe ^ Tj ^ report of the committee and the fisjiu ^ ' of ' a day for a tbifd reading ; . I / ast o ^^^ a rnvrat the third reading , and t % ^ b ^^ bl ^^ ass ^ d the Commons ; But it is ilialjF impossible to describe , wiihra ; reasoit-^ le ^ linntsi ^ TOe inetfrodii by whicji ttie fiEopse of C ^ Minsj , C ( in % ives iio mate leliaj ^ on as dintisyknd tedious as can be conceived ; and Iml ^ tn % t . ; t&e ~ 'goo $ ; sense * of the House ^ ^^ S # ^^ v"ftrt 3 M ta- ^ -i ^ e ^ b / f mmmmy ^ m ^ l ycon ^ imi ^ IwMfd ;
, ^ | p ^ ffr 6 at ikv& iro ^ eyet , ' -has ¦! no * tfeeii 0 m&B ? : pffiA . Bfousel of € ontni 6 iis' ' la ^ d ^ r Mala ^ W # & 6 lte climficter o ^ ae ^ d ^ ll ^ i iiHi enfjmjyed ; % e p ^ a ^ p mess occupies an jnordiiiate . ampuicL't " of * tnTtf « nipff& snpultflte aevc ^ d ; to % Ea ^ of 1 ^ W ^^ Scus& great ^ ncips ^ W enact fandamental laws , and we find thorn « a&d ^« a ^^ M SuesftonJ wn »^ &fe
« m # r 1 f J > e 1 # ^ me nanW or&K
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&Q # JmUCAm&& OF SiBB £ &QLISH I * KOPL 3 B , The i strongest fact with regard to education is , that the / middle classes of tidtt country do not imi the / millions of youtha who * are growing up to be educated . Tbie fuss that is made about what ia called education is the tribute whieh vice- paya i to virtue , which Bupinenesa pays to energy , — -an hypocritical pretence of doing something lest others should do it , Mr * Horace Mann , whoso , volume we noticed last weak , sums up our poaitiQQjjr-n
« The number of children in England and Wales of ^ q age appropriate to school instruction ( j&yfrova three to fifteen ) i § ^ 908 , 696 : from vhiqh must be deducted , as unable on account of occupation , serious , ilinesa , or domestic education , tb . belong' to day ' schools , 1 , 245 , 435 ; leading a residue of 3 , 663 , 261 , wii , ^ respe ct , to whom there ia apparently no xeasoo , other than the parents' pleasure vhy they should not be at school . Allowing the parents' discretion to be reasonable , while the child Is under the age of fire and after it has passed the a £ e of' twelve , there yet remain as many as 968557 children between flv ©
, and twelve fchose absence from th ? echooL-booka cannot be explained by either illness , occupation , professional home instruction , or legitimate excuse of parents . Further , it appears that tfome of the existing schools are ineffloient- —illiadapted for their par poses ; so that , to have made the state of things in 1851 completely satisfactory , there should have been 968 , 557 more scholars between the ages of five and tvrelve upon the school-books , while some of those already there should have been found at mor © efficient schools . "
Mr . Mann ' s language , however , immensely exaggerates the favourable appearance of thiuga . The education given to the million or two of children is nothing more than a very imperfect instruction in reading , which scarcely serves thorn to get through a book in after life ; a knowledge of writing for about seventy-five in a hundred ; of grammar , as it is called , for about half the number —• though , how many children could parse the simplest sentence rationally , few of us would venture to guesB ; a fragmentary knowledge of arithmetic—that is tho power to i ' umblo
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of Italian unity , for she boldly fronts the Pope , and maintains a stout attitude towards Austria . Close to her lies Switzerland , also menaced by Russian ideas , subjected to a forced neutrality , and smarting under Austrian insults and injuries . All Italy waits only- the opportunity fop self-assertion ; secure , it may be , of Swiss and Sardinian sympathies . . Such progress as" has "been made in Sardinia , such progress as witti still be made
in Sardinia , can never encounter irom England ariy ^ uihg but support j and -the pla i ns at the- foot of the Alps are the standing ground of'Italian independence . How needful ,, then ., for Italy to- await the opportunity that is sure to come . " How necessary to avo \ d ari ^ class movement esp ecially , and any movement , before' the right moment has ¦ arrived It may fee ^ elj for- i * tee Italian patriots to reflect th ^ t in England no suc-1 !
; ce ' sB ' n ? fcs ever keen gained , eatcept as fhe ifrult of n , nittional mfoveme ^ t , as disianguished from a claaa Tevoiyijion . "We have l 4 . t > sni ^ i ^ instance , of ^ class reyoliatkto in ^ ourMstoryi . "WKen'KiBg ^ ahB . 'tried ^ to overset the common law , the Barons forced him ifo declare it at tlie point of the sword ; when Charles Stuart strove to sunpress representative ' geverjun ^ nfe ¦ ¦ ' . ' * lfe . ^ natiofi struck off
. his head } and when J ^ mes Stuart endeavoured to destroy British liberties , again the natioa acted , and drove' him f « r | h ^ ' > But' noi etass did these things : they were' done by all claaqe * . To succeed , t ^ ie Italian movement nfiist | in like manner ^ be national ^ embraoing ^ all classes . ' At all eveata no mere revolution swill ever , command the sympathy of " ¦
nationality , industry , and public right , will find themselves by the force of gravitation ranged with us . In this way Sweden and Denmark on one flank of Europe , and Sardinia and Switzerland on the other , backed by England and I ? ran < Je , must enter the arena . The line of battle will form a vast chain of defence of unequalled strength , "with its left wing in Norway , its centre in the Alps , and its right wing on the Danube . Austria ^ if shut put , is doomed to destruction ; Austria included must submit to the conditions of the
confederacy . Tho convention between England and France is open to the assent of other Powers ; , but they must subscribe' to the object of that convention , the securin g upon solid and durable bases of the peace of Europe . One of the disturbing forces in Europe is Austria , wliieh holds in thrall -fcwa nations , Italy tmd Hungary ; and those twocountries will never consent to leave the bases of peace secure while they are- denied their 5
national rights . Someday " , wlieir the West is victorious over' the Kbrtn , there w 21 "be a congress ' , . and >' t ^' ^ curi ^^' %£ . p _ eace '' : ! wiH be taken . Is'it possible to conceive that Ausiaria , at that time , , wSl not he forced t& undergo 0 reat mo ^ ficaiAoit ? ' On ttie day that shft refases to assent ttK the solid guarantees of j pe ^ e ^ demanded by the ^ WeSteWt ? Pow ^ ra ; on the day tliat she resists , aafl determines to-!
ptand upon' fief present ! foo 4 ai ^ , ' fea 1 ? iday will ibe Ifo& . u&f' fbr ^ unfurMng thWtEi ^ iob tticolorv > # 4 ^^ present ' cir ^ cumatances aaot 1 Italian movement i w 6 uld i ' Be a waste ''^ f-ftopce 1 . The highest ^ tlie noblest ; thie ferae ^ pjiteioiiism , dictates to the Italian people the duty of Walling . ' nhe da ^ of' Baly mm come ; and jthat day will be wWn Austria ' s Embarrassimeat funaSslies- ' Italy's opportunity .
: t » . i-Q ^ id . :- ;; . v . y-. Pf ^ " - . an ^ r : r ~ -, ^ .-. , \ _ :,- ; ^/ ' # HEN ' ^ O ' -PA 1 SB--TH 3 B ¦ V * A * $ * W - ' ' ' Mrryi-fcoy : ! T&WOJjqWLt i •*•• - .. . ;¦»¦ ; ¦ :. •!¦ ; € § E ^ iiiif '' fStiffca ^'' just ¦' . ¦ it o'wr . f oaost -impbribanrl ; ,
mu ^ t enter « ntb all our consideratioiis with ^ Mr ^^^^^ u 5 e , ^ W-d (^ Qn ^^ fSufyB 0 te& offihe Contest upon w % tcfi % e' ^ ja ^ 4 jSB $ B&i \ 3 ?^?* of- all . we iriusfr ¦ femenjili ^ tH | t ^ Bi | ire -mot' gpihg ^ 6 war 6 WW ' matai ^ p ife ^ Ae ^ rity and ^ denehd ^ nce of tl ^ O || 3 m ^ a 8 ^ ipire . ' In ; fact ; % he ¦ tfate ] ' 6 £ ' the TarfeBi' ^ TurKsl is a mat ter' of littleimbmeiat :
< $ m | airiea tytifa other vast interns at stake . IBi ^ existenc ^ of the TurJdsli Power at Cdnsf ^ ntinople hiippens to be an Eutrbpean piet-i cesaiJ ^ at -present ; hence we &g ; ht for it . AW ^^ ito' doubt , staibesmen bn all « id es ^ ^ W KijgHlhe Emperor of Russia , were ' i ^ Sious ' . ^ o ; circumscribe the theatre of war , and pdnjfine ii to the bants of tbe Danubd ; Yytiti J- as tjh $ belligerent Powers approached eabH Qther aiid as the public attention grew exfei ^ ed ^ si ) the r ^ al questions at ifesue visibl y increased in , ma ^ nitn de . Statesmen , anxious as ^ 'thfcy had been to stave off the evil day , CbttM io loliger conceal from themselves the fftiife ^ hat' the dispute , ostensiblv Turkfsh .
Y&te i ? dfy European ; and that althoUgb they o # hH fac Ne 3 ; jEu , ssian armies on the Danubev tHey' ^ ipfcefl ' , ' Bussian influence everywhere . Stf ^ pite' conflict grew in extent , until as we n 6 ^ S ee the elements of war appear everywhiere ; and the Whole of Europe is , or will b « ^ compelled to take sides . Hence w © mnist r | bt only look towards the Baltic and the Bpsphorus ; but take in the whole range of natfons , from the Norwegian to the Italian Alps . ± ? V > r Italy is not a whit less interested tlian
Turkey , England , and Prance iu the curbing of Uussian dominion . Over Turkey the Czar strives to obtain a physical dominion ; over Sardinia he exercises a moral pressure . ILet us look upon the war , then , from the Alps as well as from the Baltic ; and listen to the throes of Italy aa she labours under the burden of the Austrian sabre and of Russian ldeae . Sardinia has won for herself a constitution , a Parliament , responsible government . Sardinia represents the groat ideas
BDgUva . ; " ' - ¦¦ ¦ ¦ - ¦¦¦ . ¦ ¦ - . ¦>¦ : :-. ¦ . : ¦ 1 Jm . the great war * now begun , the opportunity of Italy will surely arrive . . Austria i » in a cleft stick ; and difficulties beset her on ^ all ^ sides . Austrian' sinoerity ) ^ this way or that , ia noi ; worth discussing ; for the Western ! Poweps fenow her ; too ; well erer to rely u |> on her . She will , at tb © best , ' l > e only an auxiliary to them ; and . they williihoroughly
comprehend that she joins them only for her owa « l ^ ds ; to save , ^ if passible , her provinces , and to gain : something ^ out of the defeat of Russia . If ; Austria side with E , ussia the couriae of Italy is extremely simple ; i hacked as ^ he wtil be by the " Western Powers , by [ Switzerland , and by Sardinia . If Austria ! sidd with the Western Powers , as Bjie pro-Wbly ^ will , the day of Italy will be only deferred . l ? or the war wiM not be carried out
with the smoothness of a sham fight . The conditions of the conflict are such that all nations who value their existence will be engage d on one side or the other ; and the giant straggle- will not close without a rearrangement of the map of Europe . The Western Powers have reall y taken up arms to maintain the principle of nationality ; to secure a platform for the new industrial aera which has opened on the world ; and to enforce their decisions of the true principles of
international law . Tlie Uussian principle of despotism and conquest , and the industrial principle of Western Europe , are incompatible and cannot co-exist . Whatever nation cuts athwart the progress of these newly-constituted facts is doomed to fall before them . Let any impartial observer say in what category the German monarchies stand . Any way , tfien , fighting with or fighting against the Western Powers ,
Austria , as it is , cannot endure . Tho wTongs which have been so long inflicted on the nations of Europe by the agents of despotism are now pressing , by the consummate autocrracy of Kussia , upon Turkey , England , and France ; and in asserting and enforcing their own rights against personal diotation , it will be impossible for those powers to refuse tho rights of others . Sooner or later all the nations cherishing the ^ common principles of
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4 ? fr ITMIE LfiADETt . f Saturday , — ai ^^ mmmt ^ m m ^ mi ^^ ahi ^ ¦¦¦ aoa ^ ¦¦ mbi a ^ 55 j 5 SB 5555 BS 3 3 ^ BSS ^ Hi 5 ^ SBES ;
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Citation
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Leader (1850-1860), May 20, 1854, page 470, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/vm2-ncseproduct2039/page/14/
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