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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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WHAT AUSTRIAST * ' OCCUPATION" MEANS . The Daily News Correspondent at thte seat of war unites : — " It is easy for noble lords and honourable gentlemen to talk glibly of tire Austrian occupation as a happy solution or this difliciilty , but they know not what an * ocenpitlon' is . ' God forbid that the English"people should ever know more of ' it tfcani . s brought to their ears by vague and imperfect reports ot what takes . place in distant and barbarous countries . The entrance of foreign troops into a country , no matter in ¦ w hat character , friends or foes , liberators or protectors , is one of the worst : e-vils that can befal it . There is no use in trying to hide its deformity by fine speeches about friendship , alliance , common cause , and other claptraps . When a soldier finds himself in a foreign land , b > e is invariably insolent and brutal . If he come to protect the natives , or deliver them , he Is insolent arid brutal because of his o'wn
fancied superiority and the apparent weaknessof his protege If be enters as a conquerer , he 3 s driven ; into violence by the tlrirst for vengeance , and tire consciousness that it is impossible to restrain his license . If the country is in tliat sort of neutral and contemptible positipn now occupied by " Wallaahia and Moldavia , the inhabitants are ill treated upon the principle acted ¦ npon by the London mobs : " they are pitched into because they have no friends . " There is nu exception to this iule . All troops are in this respect much alike : Rigid discipline and stern determination on the part ofthechiefs may-mitigate the calamity , but they can never wholly ward It off . I can imagine nothing more ¦ . "terrible , except pethaps the sack of a besieged ! town , than a lengthened occupation of a pro-vince by an army whose cpmroanclers . are not iest * amed by public opinion , and who have ¦ ¦ of
b ^ n . long . . used Jo . deeds of barbarity / - " . A ! J ^ ear . ; the Russian army isfehouftti for any countyy-- \? ben followed by the visit of an Austnanforc ^ .- ' , an indefinite period , It Ijecomesr trebly oppressive and unjust ? Any race more warlike arid courageous than Hi « VWallachs and Moldavians , would never endure it . for an hour . They would rise to a man , and resist it while they had a single hausket , or a single graiii ? of aiwmunitibn . They would say to the allied povvers , ' j \ Y ! 9 ; arJ 8 )^ iiiltl ess : of all offence in this miitt ^ r ; : vie havV had nix hand , in bringEOg Sbis 'quarrel about ; ' weVwarit ; ± 6 ; pursue our occupations in : peace , to remain tranquilly in « ur homes , undisturbed by the presence of ibwign soldieiy . jfoca . whole year we have borne the burden of a foreign army of 200 ^ 000 , aieu . We have bad them quartered in pur houses , outraging oizr women , damaging our prpperty , and replying to our remonstrances byadditioual violence and ; Insult . We have
been compelled to pay their expenses out of our treasury because our peasants nave beerit dragged from their homes iri winter , and compelled to drag ammunition arid baggage-unheard of- distances through / snow and mud . Yon say yottai ' e oar fri 6 nds , '' come to / save and deliver ns . Show us yonr friend sbtb by leavhtg -as once more to ourselves , toourown laws and government . Yonr enemies have crossed our frontfief ; follow them , like men , into their own territory , and fight it out between you . " This , or something like it , 5 s , I am certain , the language the Wallachs would use , if . there existed - any organ for the utterance of the national sentiments . Thrisj I am certain , is what every individual feds in his heart . And they are right . This Austrian alliance is a great falsehood—a ' great wrong—a great humbug- that has destroyed whatever of cbivarlry there was in this IJusso-Turkish war .
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" MR . BERNAL , SIR . " ( From ( he GlobeJ ) Among the many imperfections which incessant Reformers are for ever pointing out in our civilised arrangements , this defect in our social organisation , might be admitted by the most conservative—that the public is provided -with very incomplete machinery for the recognition of a large class of public services . Certain men live a lifetime in a public atmosphere , unostentatiously devoted—their tastes sustaining their patriotism — to the promotion of public good ; and when such men die it is in a repose which has much of t ! ie characteristics of neglect —public motiTnmg being represented in an iipasfietjc paragraph of newspaper routine , regret . " Thus lived the Mr . Bernal , whose death , in such wise , -we ohxonicled on Monday .
In this case some more formal yet more Fraintlfi expression of Borrow is demanded . 'Mr . Bernal ¦ wns not only an estimable and distinguished man , but his mun « is lassoeinted with great events in our history , This was the 1 ( Mr . Bewnal , Sir , " * vhose nanmo occurred more frequently in the newspapers of 1830-2 than , even the nreme of William , the fourth or Lord Grey . This wrts the gentleman to whom Lord Althotpc , Lord Jdhn Russell , Sir Bcbort Peel . Lord Stanley , Mr . O'Connell , Mr . Shoil , Mr . John wileon Ooker ,. Mr . Orator Hunt , Mr . Geo . Henry Ward , Sir C . Wotherell , Mr . Warburton , Sir John Hobhouse , Sir Francis Burilett , ond Mr- Eume .
personally addressed themselves , in the course of those memorable schedules A and 1 ) debates , which resulted in tho third resuJfngB of the groat Reform Bills . Thio is the Mr . Iiernnl who , for fifteen yenra . ¦ viaa n chief officer of the House of Commons , and v / J \ o obtained from that accurate and keen assembly of men of business tho unanimous verdict , that ho was tho moat perfect clnurnmn of committees known to tho memory of momtborB—u verdict which tho House's experience of Mr . Wilson Patten and Mr . Bouvorie , both jiblo and nccoinpH » lied men , has not m the slightest degree disturbed . This was a great
reputation ; the rec [ cdtemen « 9 of the positiian evidauoe that . the man who so thoroughly fulfilled them could not be otherwise than a first-rate man . But in this instance the great popularity was obtained as much by character as by capacity . The clear , alert intellect , comprehensive judgment , and unerring memory , were not more conspicuous than the suave manners and 'kindly counsel so needful in a senate which , among its many pretensions , most strongly insists "upon being' a felicitous assembly of English gentlemea . The GReform Bill , for which > Mr . Bernal
gave his hearty vote , and over the construction of ' which he presided , ejected many changes ; but it did not in any way effect the Clubby peculiarity of the House of Commons in the sense of its being a body sensible to the " personal influence of its elected favourites ; and , lience , it would be injudicious to regard -with indifference the death , or to overloolc the career , of a personage who , for so extended and busy a period affected so largely , and often so beneficially , the course of our legislation ; and , what is perhaps ctf not less importance , the tone of our public life .
T ^ fttr , Bernal vras happy inhis position art the corner of the table : he was born for it , and he enjoyed . itin the manner familiarto those vvhahavesatisfied their ambition * But he had miserable moments to which we may sympathetically recur . He ¦ witnessed and could not arrest—he was eren in the chair , on the Sugar Bills of 1847 ^—that West Indian legi slajtiptt which profitaftiy affected the interests of the empire , but ruined the : private ^ property of Halph BeJrial , Esq . Gould patriotisn * farther go than to require of a chairman of coinmittees to put trie eiuestibri' '^—^ js '' all . taf income todisappear ? " Yetiiedid : even though , we remember , once tears stood in his eyes at the sad moment . He was also . disappointed that he
failed , In his active 1 career , to niitigate the Vandaiiq inattention of the House of Ccaniimions to those ^ uestionaof art and speial refinenient wliieh , were so dear to his accomplished xnmd . B 5 ut , as year after year he sat sereiie and sterH ^ presidibg over the grandi deiiberations as to What should " stand part" 6 f etex- ' nal Bills , he had one comjreihsation which he fully ; apprediatedj anjd ¦ w hiqh may have consoled hina for the loss of Rochester—he saw iis son , whohad-statted with all the advantages of the wise father ' s grand , parliamentary experience , rising into the very first position—perhaps the least facile of hun * an successes - ^—of ia crack House of Gommons debater :+ —the reward and recogxiition being the post df a Minister .
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THE CHOLERA . { From the Regis-frar-General ? s Return . ) In tiro week that ended last Saturday the numbed- of deaths arising from all causes was 2039 .- In tho ten corresponding weeks of the years J . 84 l-o 3 , the average number Was 1 M 4 , which if raised in proportion to-increase of population , becomes 1225 . The prevailing epidemic has produced an excess , amounting to 614 , above the corrected average . In the thirty-fourth week of 1849 , which ended August 25 th , the total numbor of deaths registered was 2456 . In that week the mean temperature was G 29 deg . ; last week it was 61-2 deg ., which h VI deg . above the average . From cholera the deaths in last week were ' 847 , while those from diarrhoea were 214 . In the corresponding week of 1849 clioleru carriod off 1272 . persona . In the present summer its weekly progress is traced in tho followir » c
numbei-a : 5 , 2 C , 1 & 3 , 899 , 644 , 729 , and 847 . In the first seven weeks of tho epidemic of 1849 , tho dt'iitiis were 0 , 22 , 42 , 49 , 124 , 152 , 339 . In that year it commenced about the ond of Muy , tho healthiest part of tho yeur ; it begun hix weeks earlier than tho present epidemic , and its progress % vas slower ; but in tho fourth week of August , us has been shown , it had reached a higher rate of mortality than tho disease which now prevails haa yet attained . 2783 persons have already died of cholera ; and 170 G ot the numbor liavo fallen on the low gi-ounUs of London , out o ( 595 r 119 people whose iilwcllings uro not 10 icot ubovo tho Thames ; 705 have died out of 048 , 619 on tho higher ground , oxt ; ondi , ug from 10 tpAO feet » bt > vo tlie awme level ; and only 345 out of the l ; 070 , 872 wlio h ' ve on the ground that has an olovution . oxtondingfrom 40 to 350 foot . 'J ? ho mortality from , oholoi-a to 100 , 000 living at tlio throo elevations is 267 nt tho lQweat , 109 ftt tho middlQ , and , « 2 at bho hitfheat rosion .
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Tho cholera pamio assumes ivlmoat iuorediblo propwtiona in aom « parts of tho south of franco . , Not w day pusses vyiUiout tho news 6 f some Government functiCmary , often n very importunt one , having doserted his post . Tho mannnur ot tho Provenoo , u newspaper prlflted at Alx , has writton « circular to his subsoribors , informing them that all tho oditors « nd nrJntora being nbsont in conaequenceof tho cpidemie , the publication of tlio journul is susyonded .
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SPAIN . ! The news is thus summarised :- — ¦ The-Minister of Finance has roadeia cab ^ oefc report , and inists upon the restoration or maintenance of various taxes which were suppressed or suspended daring the revolution . A royal decree has been published , annulling the changes which the Juntas made in the territorial divisions of the country , and . in civil , judicial , or administrative circumscriptions . Marshal Espartero presided at the recent meeting of capitalists , and General O'Dorinell was present . The marshal eaidihe must have 56 millions for the most pressing neeessitiea , guaranteed by the Havannah and the Bank . A committee was nominated .
Queen Christina has got away from Madrid—it is supposed for Lisbon . The people were furious ; some harrieades were erected ; and there was danger of a new revolution ; but popular indignation was calmed hy the tidings that the infamous Dowager ' s property had been , sequestrated , and that her pension would be suspended until the Cortes met . Christina seems indebted to the English ambassador for her lucky escape . The correspondent of the Times says : ¦—" You may judge how keenly the Queen-Mother feels he ? danger from the fact that she has been obliged to have recourse to Lord Howden , towards -whom she hai always manifested a very hostile feeling . She begged of his Lordship to come 'attd sec her' at the : ¦ palace , where-she te-Bttll concealed , and in the most anxious manner solicited his aM . to persuade the Gbverainent to hasten her departUTe . The anxiety to prevent the occurrence of any tragical event , ' not less than the conviction that such & ¦ measnre wa * the best
for the cpurstry , as for the young Queen herself induced Lord Jflowden to urge her departure from the capital as soon as possible . He went to General Espartero aiiitjeneral San MigUfl and pressed the . matter on-then ! , iand ' 'bWih agtieed . on : the expediency of trie Queen-Mother being sent out of the country with the 'least , possible delay .- The difficulty 'washow to effect it * . Till . ' that moment Maria ; Christina 'had refused to stir " . 'wifelvout her elriklven or herhousehoid ^—the former pretty numeious ^—and they required Uvo immense diligences ; but things had , reached a inost alanning point , and it became necessary to get her but of ; the palace in the quickest-and most private , ¦ manner , as rnbvirla in 'Such state wa 3 impossible . Lord Hawden roturtled to the / Queen-Mother , andobtahied from her a promise that she Would . . set outiti aiiy tttanner that General ^ San Miguel "ftiight- propose at a moments ¦ warningr , the Geh _ efai himself accoinpanying " - her the nist . atage ,. as far as liuitrago . Maria Glwristina . agreed to this ; and thanked Lord Howden as her . deliverer . "
It is inown that I £ spartei'O consenting to suppress by ^ leading the popular movement , has become Presidentcfi the , tl anarchical " clab , the "' Circle of the Union : " " The points required of the candidates supported by this club are a fundamental law organising all public functions on the principle of the sovereignty of the people by universal sn'ffi-ace ; the complete decentralisation df the State , so as to give the utmost iridepenrlence t <) each province and townsliip ; financial reform , and the establishment of one sole tax ; the abolition of the military conscription , and the reform of tho army ; the universal arming , of the people whose chiefs are ^ never to be officers of the Government ; and the amelioration of the condition of the working-classes . "
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AMERICAN NOTES . Mr . D . E . SicKiaas , secretary of the Ajnerican Legation , at London , has arrived in England . The Washington correspondent of "the New York Herald , writing on the 19 th ulti , Says : — " We have good authority for the assertion that Mr . Sickles is the bearer of despatches containing instructions to our ministers at London , Paris , and Madrid . It is understood that our ministers are directed to favour the republican party in Spain , giving 1 them aid and comfort , in . consideration of some important reforms to be . introduced into the Government of Cuba . "
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GUNBOATS IN THE BALTIC . Tkkbjc appears to be a general misunderstanding respecting gutvbofita for tho Baltic . It is truo that tho natural defences of Denmark , Sweden , imd tho Gulf of , Finland are gunboats , wluch I will descriho . They nro generally about 50 ft . long , with aft . baam , open bonts , carrying an 18-. pbnri < ter long gun at thoir bow and citrronudo 32-poundev nt their storn ; aro movedolthg ) , ' by sail or sweopB , > thich rtit'o long oars of 80 ft . in k-ngth , and handled by two or three men ; each boat carries about thirty sweeps , and porhaps 40 men . I havo aeijn 20 boats in batteiy in tho JBolt in shoal watpr in a doud culm , wlioro thcio was no possibility of getting at thoni , except by tho boats of tho floot taking them by boarding , which was done . Denmark lius about 100 of theso gunbouts , Swodon about the sjimo numbor , nnd Iiussia nawny moro .
JlJioy cannot stand n heavy sen , nnd always keopnlong shoro under tho land , and como out only when required for attack . Now , our gunboats will not luwe a single port to go to , muBt be with tho fleet to bo useful , and tho Baltic has a short nasty " mm up" in bud wentlior ; thoreforo tlio . boats must be duukod for safety , and a 68-pound gun roquircs'Hub-Htanco under it—a Htrong vessel , in shoont , to enwry it . Tim miatnko paoplo malcu in , they oonsidar alltlio Baltic coast has shoal wutoi j it is not uo . Tho Bolt has , it in truo : but among tlio rooks in Finland tho water is deop . My friend who ooxnmumta is ( p ito nwaru of what ho h about } ill 1 this vyaouiTim ^ ccl buforo ho loft Portsmouth . It would bo iinpossiblu to uuo tho sumo sort pf gunbo » ta , aa tho Baltic water in , without ono hud harbours for thorn : but tthould wo kuop tho Aland Ialutids , thnt is a diffutont thing . —Letter im thu Times .
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LivTWUPOor ,, Aiignat 80 . —The numbor of deaths from eholom in Liverpool kst week w » s 80 , no compared with 20 in tho previous week . In other roapecta tbu town is reported na buiag in a lionlthy ntato .
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In Kow York tho aholora is on tho deoronso . 1-150 died out of a population of 70 Q . OOO .
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By the latest aocounte tho < lipeaao ja greatly on tho decrease in tlio allied camps , in thq Gnat .
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822 TilTiE illMl . [ S ^ rxOTOity ,
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Leader (1850-1860), Sept. 2, 1854, page 822, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/vm2-ncseproduct2054/page/6/
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