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The Emperor ha 3 evidently profited by his residence in England to become a "judge of a horse , " and has adopted the English system of breeding and training with success . It is stated " that his splendid stud of iiorses excited the admiration of Prince Albert and his suite , and is worthy of notice in connexion with , his efforts to improve the breed of horses in France . " The cavalry horses of the French army are mostly bred in Normandy , except the horses of the light cavalry , which cotne from Tarbes , near the Pyrenees , and which have a mixture of Arab blood . With many excellent qualities of endurance , the horses of the French cavalry are capable of great improvement in point of blood and bone , and Napoleon ' s attention is unceasingly directed to this object . Large purchases of English horses are frequently made by his ngonta , and , seeing the prices which are given for good ¦ Steeds , and the rivalry which exists between the buyers for tie French and German Governments to secure the best
¦ aauraals , some astonishment is expressed that English farmers ¦ do not more generally avail themselves of the facilities they possess for rearing first-rate horses for so certain and so good a . market . Besides the karas of the Emperor , he has a stud aad breeding establishment at St . Cloud , at which colts of extraordinary value are reared from a mixture of English and Arab blood . The Imperial stables at Boulogne , which are in close proximity to the Hotel Brighton , the Emperor ' s residence , are an extempore construction of wood , erected in 15 days , but extremely convenient and well arranged , arid covering nearly half an acre of ground . They contain 36 English saddle-horses for the use of the Emperor , his suite , and visitors ; 36 carnage-horses for the Emperor ' s caleches , < shar-5 i-bancs , and other vehicles , and 20 post-horses . The Emperor ' s chargers , reserved for his exclusive use at reviews ¦ and in the field , are six in number . They are all English
as are , indeed , the greater part of the saddle and carriagehorses , and as their former names are retained , and every stall has the horse ' s name painted over the animal's head , the English visitor might forget that he was in a foreign country , and imagine that he was walking through the stables of some English nobleman . The Emperor ' s favourite steed is a dark chestnut horse called Phillips , after Mr . Phillips , of Kriightsbridge , of whom the Emperor purchased him . JEe is a noble and spirited animal , and is usually ridden b y the Emperor when he reviews the -troops , where he distinguishes Lirnself by his , beautiful action and by his habit ¦ of bowing and prancing when he approaches the colours of a regiment . A _ s the Emperor at the same moment raises his Jhat , the horse and the rider appear to salute tlie colours together , to tlie great delight of the troops . Both the Emperor's stud and establishment at St . Cloud and that at Boulogne , are under the superintendence of the premier gtigueur of his Majesty , Mr . Gamble , -who is well known to the English sporting world . "
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FRENCH MANNERS AND MORALS . Some time ago a trial took place before the civil -tribunal , in which M . Pavy was plaintiff , and M . Privat , proprietor of the Hotel des Princes , Rue de Richelieu , -was defendant . The facts out of which it . arose were these : — Among the travellers arriving at the hotel of M . Privat -was a lady whose maiden name was Soubiran , the daughter -of a superior officer in the French army , and sister of tlie Princess Ghika , wife of the hospodar of Moldavia . This lady , * till in the freshness of youth , and very handsome , bore the aiamo of Madame Pavy , but whether as a widow , or as taking the name of some person with whom she had had relations mot sanctioned by wedlock , did not transpire . After remainang some tintie at the hotel , M . Privat made her an offer of
marriage , which was accepted , and as it is customary in Prance in the marriage contracts to mention the amount of fortune possessed by the wife before marriage , in order that , in the event of the death or failure of the husband , ' she may make her claim , it was declared in that of M . Privat that his wife was possessed of lOO , OOQf . in her own right . The marriage took place , and for some time nothing occurred to disturb the domestic felicity of M . Privat . Ho was ' at length , however , astonished by the visit of a M . Pavy , who declared himself to bo the real husband of the lady calling herself Madame Pravat . It was supposed , liowover , that M . Pavy was not vary anxious to regain possossion of his wife , and that by a pecuniary sacrifice matters might have bcon arranged . The negotiations on this subject—if there wore any—failed , and M . Pnvy , learning : that in the marriage
contract ot m . Jf mat no had declared that his supposed wife had brought to him 100 , 000 f ., M . Puvy commenced an action against him for this amount , on the ground that any money in the possession of Madame Pavy was the property of her husband , and that M , Privat , having acknowledged to have received lQQ . OOOf . from the wife of M , Pnvy , was bound to restore it to > him . On the trial it " \ vna clearly proved that the marriage of M . and Mnikmo Pavy was a legal ono in every respect . They had lived tocotlior as man find wife for Borne years without being married , but after this a marriago took placo In England , all tho nocossary formalities required by tho French law being complied with in Franao , nnd tho parents of both tho husband i \ nd tho wife having given their oonsont . Tho only quostion , therefore , to be decided by tho court to JVinwimo
was as wnocner J ' ji vy , when sho married M . Privat , had really uoon possessed ot tho 100 , 000 fmncs , or whothor , for some private motivo , tho mention of this Burn in tho murrlago contmofc w « a u fiction . Tho court decided on tho ovidonco adduced thivtM . Privat hud not reooived nay property with Madame Pnvy , nnd tho claim of tho phiintilr who dismissed , tho court uoolnrnig * , hovvovor , at tho m \ ma "time that t ]> o marriage of Pavy whs legal nnd that of Privnt null . Qn tho discovery of tho inarriugo of Mdllo . Soubinin with M . Vnvy , a sopirntion took pl « co botvvoon l » or itnd M . Privnt , but it was stated on tho trial by tho counsel for tho plaintiff tlmt it wna not real . This ended tho affair bufoao tho civil tribunal , but tho procurcur imperial announced hla ' intention o £ proSecating MMdamo Puvy on a ohnreo of bigamy ,
and the trial "took place before the Court of Assize . Evidence as to the marriage of M . and Madame Pavy was given , and the lady , who is now about thirty-four years of age , and appeared before the court in an elegant toilette , admitted that she had considered the marriage to be a legal one until M . Piivy himself declared that some of the necessary formalities liad been wanting , and that she was perfectly fre « . This declaration was made according to the statement of Madame Pavy , under the following circumstances : —There were occasional scenes de menage , but nothing like a separation was talked of , until one day a woman from the country called at the house , and asking for Madame Pavy , presented her with a chubby boy about two years old , sayiug , " Madame , I have brought home your child from nurse . " Madame Pavy , who had never been blessed with the honours of maternity , saw that the . wotnan had come by mistake to the wrong address , but made no observation of this kind to her . She desired
the woman to wait , and a few minutes afterwards M . Pavy returned . ct Your child is come , " said Madame Pavy . The husband look confused , then became angry , acknowledged that the child was his , and declared that he was free to do as he pleased , for the marriage was invalid , and Madame Pavy was as free as himself . They then agreed to separate , and made a fair division of the little property that they possessed . Madame Pavy , after the separation , paid a visit to her sister , the wife of the hospodar , and eventually found her way to the Hotel des Princes , where , thinking herself free , as she declared , she contracted marriage with M . Privat . A brilliant defence was made for the prisoner by M . Lachaud , and the jury , after deliberating for a quarter of an hour , returned a verdict of acquittal . Madame Pavy , who during the trial was very calm , had a nervous attack when she heard the verdict , and nearly fainted . The portion of the court appropriated to the public was almost exclusively filled by ladies .
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AMERICAN NEWS . RIGHTS OF NEUTRALS . There has just appeared a portion of the recent correspondence between the Department of State and our diplomatic representatives in Europe and tlie representatives of France , England , and Denmark , at Washington , on the subject of tlie rights of neutrals and the claims of belligerents' in tlie existing war between Great Britain , France , and the Ottonian empire on the one side , and the Government of Russia on t | je other . ¦ ' Mr . Secretary Marcy , in acknowled ging the satisfaction with which "the United States have received the declaration of France and England that , in the vyar with Russia , those Powers will recognise the doctrine that free ship make free goods , reserving only the right of searching neutral vessels for articles contraband of war , and of preventing neutrals froin bearing the enemy ' s despatches , and from breaking an effective blockade of the enemy ' s ports , regrets that the
concurrence of those great maritime Powers in a principle for which the United States have so long and so strenuously contended as a neutral right should be limited to its practical observance only during the present war , inasmuch as an unconditional sanction , of it , combined with such practical observance , would have caused it to _ he henceforth recognised throughout the civilised world as a general principle of international law , The exemption of the property of neutrals , not contraband , from seizure and confiscation when laden on board an enemy ' s vessel is a right now generally recognised by tho law of nations ; and it would seem that exemption ot enejnies' property on board a neutral vessel , which is granted for the present war , was only a just concession to tho great interest of commerce , demanded by the enlightened spirit of the ago . The right of search " is at best an odious right , the exercise of which is liable to involve the neutral in serious difficulty with the belligerent , rendering
it , thereforfl j the interest of both parties that it should be restricted within the narrowest limits , and should result in seizure only "when that act of high-hitnded power may tend directly to cripple tho enemy and diminish his means and faculty of ieafstan . ee . Though tho right , which the law of nations , as interpreted by elementary -writers and by decisions of Courts of Admiralty allows , of ' searching neutral vessels for articles contraband of war , and for enemies' goods , is so far modified during the present -war , by the consent of England and Franco , as to exempt from seizure aud confiscation enemies' properly under a neutral flag , nevertheless , the right to search for and seize articles contraband of war on board of neutral vossels still existB , and this implies also the right on tho part of the bolligorant exorcising tlie search to ascertain tho character of tho neutrala cargo . It is considered a settled point by the Britioh Admiralty Courts that persistent resistance to lawful search subjects the neutral vessel bo offending to confiscation .
At tho commencement of tho wnr , a conversation occurred between tho United States' Minister at London , Mr . Buchanan , and tho Earl of Clarendon , British Secretary of Stnto for Foreign Affairs , on tho general subject of privateering , The British Minister warmly commended those treaties of the United States with foreign nations which respectively contain a stipulation providing for tho punishment as pirates of citizens of the neutral nation party to such treaty who » hnll accept letters of marquo to cruis . 0 against tho property of tho other party poing a belligoront , and would eladly , Mr . Buchanan thought , lmvo negotiated for the total suppression of privateering . But tho American Minister , although itdiriittirur tlmt tho
nrautico was subject to groat uhusea , and little hi conformity with tho spirit of modern civilisation , could not hold out tho expectation tlmt tho United States would « greo to it « suppression , unless , jiorhapH , in tho avont that naval Powers would go ono stop further , tind consont that war iigainMt private property Hhould bo abolished altogether on tho ocean , as it hud already been upon tho land , By so cotnprohenHlvo it reform only could tho United Stnte » lnuinttiin ita relative efficiency and ability to cope in arms with those l '« W 0 | H . Tlio grout superiority of thoir nuviva ruiulora tho employment of privutoors by them a mutter of Httlo momont . » i nuto of war with tho United St « tt ; sj they lmvo cruisers ti > dofjpntch itgaiiiflt our eommorce In ovory son , while oUrbwH navy is scarcely ndoqua'to for tho protection
of our coasts , and we should be compelled to rely entirely upon converting our merchant vessels , thrown out of employment by the war , into privateers , to inflict upon their commerce any corresponding annoyance and obstruction . It is doubtful whether the United States Government would ever consent to this suggestion of Mr . Buchanan , to abolish war against private property on the ocean altogether . Mr Secretary Marcy says the Government is not prepared to listen to any proposition for a total suppression of privateering ; that it would not enter into any convention to pre - clude itself from resorting to the merchant marine of the country in case it should become a belligerent party But , in laying restraints upon our own citizens to prevent them from engaging in foreign privateer service , our laws go further , perhaps , than those of any other nation ; and not only citizens
upon , but upon all persons resident within our limits , engaged in equipping privateers , receiving commissions , or enlisting men therein for the purpose of taking part in any foreign war , th « y impose severe penalties . The National Intelligencer , American Paper , introducing the correspondence , says" It indicates a most liberal and just spirit on the part of England and France , and Mr . Marcy correctly anticipated the ' cordial consent and co-operation of Russia ; ' for , since these documents were communicated to Congress , a treaty has been concluded with that Power stipulating for the freedom of the seas—that free ships make free goods , and that there shall be no privateering during the existence of the present war . Thus the pacific dispositions of Russia , expressed many years since , have been rendered practical and effective .
" The result of the arrangement is , that there are to he no letters of marque issued to private armed vessels during the pending war between the great Powers of Europe . These are , indeed , in the words of one of our foreign representatives , ^ triumphs of the enlightened age over historic reminiscences . '"
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THE KJN OW-NOTHINGS IN THE UNITED STATES . ( From the Times . ') A party has within this year sprung up in the United States which , under the name of " Knownothings , " is exercising a material influence on public opinion , and controlling- most of the elections . In trie Eastern states they rule supreme . In New York and Philadelphia they are a most formidable body , and in Virginia and the Southern states they are making rapid strides . But in the west , where the great mass of emigrants settles , their influence is the more extraordinary , and in that district their success has been unparalleled .
There has been for many years in the United States a party which clang to the old revolutionary prejudice against foreigners , and has never desisted from protesting against the naturalization laws . In the year IS 35 it took form as tlie native American Association , the principal object of which was doclared to be the exclusion from offlee of persons of foreign birth . In their address to the people of the United States that Association set forth the abuses which had grown up under the naturalization laws
and the appointments of foreigners to office , and appealed to Americans of all parties to correct these abuses . The Society met with no great success ; it was distrusted by both " Wings and Democrats ; and it soon closed a short and inglorious existence . Since its death foreigners have , up to a late period , not only enjoyed freedom from molestation ,-but great advances have always been made by candidates for the office of President both to the Irish and German parties , whose votes have been rewarded by places lavishly bestowed on them .
It is difficult to say which of many causes has brought the Know-nothing party into existence . Archbishop Hughes ' s attempted interference with the State schools and his paper war with General Cass aroused a very angry feeling . Tiie Gavazzi riots produced a deep dislike to the religion he denounced ; for many months each sxicceeding Sunday has witnessed a preaching in tho park , generally ending in a street row . Irish riots in New York have also caused considerable hostility to the offending race .
In tho early part of this your tho Know-nothing party waa formed . Its name is derived from a portion of their oath , wherein they declare that they will know nothing against the duties they owo to their country . Its birthplace- is unknown , and it sprang from sources which defy inquiry . It is based on a feeling of aversion to foreigners generally , ami to Irish nnd Itonmn Catholics in particular . It is a Becret society , and its members are bound by oath both to secrecy and obedience . There is a grand council for each State , and subordinate , councils may
be instituted in nny locality under charter from tho grand council . Each candidate for admission must bo introduced by a member , and three negative votes blackball . It if * supposed to nim at tho ro-eniictnicnt of the old naturalization laws , under which foreigners must have resided fourteen years in tho country before being admitted to tho rights of citizcuflhip . They ura also boliovod to aim at tho total abolition of tho Roman Catholic church in tho United States . They hii-vo secret signs and symbols , are wyll armed and disciplined , and net well together .
Such in tho constitution , such arc tho uims of tliis Association , which threatens « perilous conflict ol races nnd creeds in tho struggle for tho next Preai-
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868 THE LEADER , [ Saturday ,
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Leader (1850-1860), Sept. 16, 1854, page 868, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/vm2-ncseproduct2056/page/4/
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