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and the central stations of the Himalayas are be-Bbming the basis of military power in the North-West . ' ' ' ' ' ¦ In no year has the advancement of the natives been more real than in this year , notwithstanding all expressions of hatred and vindictiveness . Vengeance has fallen upon our enemies of the revoFfe , but prosperity beams with greater promise on the mass o £ pur subjects . Unless on the scene of war , their condition has generally improved , wages have risen * prices are more favourable , taxation less heavily arid less bitterly felt , and the efforts made for their material prosperity in the
last few" years are bearing fruit . At the same time a most ; salutary check has been placed on Young India , and native aspirations to political and administrative powers are brought within due bounds . Nothing , indeed ,, could be more fatal than the system of the late Government , which would have resulted in placing the military , police , and central administrative ; power in the hands of the natives before they had received political and municipal education , before they haa lieen trained in the habits of citizens , or disciplined in the due observance of social obligations .
The position of the English settlers in India has undoubtedly brightened . They feel they are no longer cut -off as outlaws and admitted on sufferance as interlopers , but that they carry with them thenown rights as citizens and have free scope for . their lawful exertions . ' This is a manifestation of strength untold for the advancement of India ^ beyond any money : ; vote of the Government and all the guarantees for public works . The public works of India have , notwithstanding the necessities of the Government , been materially extended . The three presidential railways have opened a further mileage , and have each reached a useful working length , bat the promotion of the
railway system is provided by the concession of lines from Calcutta to the Mullah and from the same city to TDacca , with the acknowledgment of the line from Calcutta to Darjeelingr , by the consolidation of the undertakings in the valley of the Indus , by providing a southern line for Madras , and the steady growth , of the Bombay and ! 3 aroda Hailway . The electric telegraph , which has proved a valuable political servant , is beginning to be of use to commerce , arid has been extended beyond the Strait of Manaar to Ceylon . Steam has become more fruitful on the Ganges and the Indus , and has made an opening on the Gogra , while , being an enterprise of acknowledged profit , it must now Tapidl y spread and include within its operations ' the . rivers of India .
More attention has been given to cotton , which will be a means of prompting local improvements , tea and coffee are affording employment to European cultivators , the raw products of India are engaging the capital of our merchants , and coal is an . established ; resource of th , e country . The successful application of gas in India will be an encouragement to this oranch of mining . The great boon to India , however , beyond even the railway guarantees , is the further concession of public works to joint-stock enterprise , by the establishment of the Madras Irrigation Company , which will give a great stimulus to the productive resources of India ,
The . < finances of India must still be regarded with some anxietyj because they must be brought under the same < wholesome operation as the other institutions , oi India j and though the timid in India and at homo may regard it with dread , it is a . great congratulation , that during the period of transition India can have the support of home credit ,. That the opium duties are doomed , and that the salt-tax rausfr ( be abolished , few having the least foresight cap . doubt ; but India can bo carried through a crisis not severer than that to which she has been subjected by wars of conquest and by internal revolt ; , The temporary dofioit is to bo covered by
tlie creation of fresh resources , by the vigorous proaecution of public works , and by the free development of private enterprise . Guarantees can weigh but for a time ,, even nominally , on the Indian exohequor , and reproductive public works need , no longer be stayed whon the European money-market is open , wherein the Governments of France , Russia , aud Austria find that abundant resources suffice for large demands . China and Japan will open fresh channels of trade to India , ana everything promises her a career of vast prosperity , under enlightened and zealous adtninistra * tio ' n .
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INDIA . Calcutta papers to the 23 rd November hare been receivec } , but their news had been anticipated by the Bombay mail , which came down to the 25 th November ; The journals give a favourable impression of the consequences of the Indian Proclamation and the General Amnesty . They state that the respectable classes belonging * to the native population are disposed to yield obedience and to regard the establishment of the Queen ' s direct authority with pleasure . The officials would appear to be doing something in order to convince India
that the Proclamation is real , for we read of persons condemned to die being released , and sent out with copies of the royal document , so that they ~ may be living proofs of the mercy which it reveals . Addresses to her Majesty are being prepared in several places , and there will be no end of loyal professions and good wishes . " There are also , " says a Calcutta journal , " several among the native princes who , we are told , intend following the example , and her Majesty will , therefore , receive quite a rare collection of autographs , which may serve as an addition to her Majesty's private museum . "
CHARACTER OF THE ADDRESSES . The Times correspondent says : — - " All over India the Proclamation has been received with a tame uniformity of approval , and all classes are preparing loyal addresses to her Majesty . They are , without an exception , decorous and formal , being usually drawn up by English barristers , and signed by as many natives as happen to see themi . ~ Not that they are not genuine- As far as I can learn , all classes of the population most decidedly approve the change ; but address-writing is not the Asiatic way of expressing delight , and in adopting an English fashion the natives lose their originality . "
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CHINA . Advjces from Shanghai are to the 6 th . November . The new tariff and trade regulations were to be signed on that day by Lord Elgin . It is understood that the duties on imports have been fixed at an ad valorem rate of 5 per cent ., and on exports- to . approximate the same rate . The duty on tea and silk is to remain the same as before . The duty on opium is fixed at * the rate of 30 taels per chest , bui ' the article is not to have the benefit of the inland transit clause . It is stated that all the . Plenipotentiaries have agreed to the arrangements regarding the trade regulations and tariff .
Lord Elgin proceeded' up the Tang-tserKiang on the 8 th November , accompanied by the Retribution , Furious , and Cruiser , and the gunboats Lee and Dove . It was his intention to go up to Hankow , the westernmost of the ports to be opened to foreign trade . As the expedition would have to pass Nankin , and other cities held by the rebels , it was a question whether its progress would be interfered with . It was expected that the expedition would be absent at least three weeks . It was reported that the rebels from Nankin had been committing great destruction among the places in that neighbourhood , At Canton , matters , so far as trade is concerned , have improved considerably since the date of our last . Several , vessels have left with the new teas , and others are on the point of getting away . For imports , also , the demand is increasing . The British Consul has again resumed his post there . .
• Sir John Bowring has been suffering from aevore IIIness , and it is expected that he will go to Manilla for the benefit of his health . This will probably cause a delay In the prosecution of Sir John ' s favourite scheme—the formation of a sea wall , road , and frontage , -which are said to be much required for the health , safety , and adornment of Hong-Kong .
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COCHIN-CHINA . The French Emperor ' s , chartered steam transport Scotland , Captain Kendall , arrived at Hong Kong from Turaon , on the 18 th November , having stopped at ' Macao to land thirty men and three officers , all suffering severely from fever and dysentery . Four out of nine Spanish / transports which hod left Manilla with , cavalry had arrived , and landed the men and horses ia good order . There had been no fighting * during the period of the Scotland ' s absence , but an advance oh Seguin was to take place early next month . Hue * will not bo attacked until the north-oast monsoon is well advanced . The troops , especially French , are suffering terribly from dysentery .
The China Mail says that at Manilla , on the 26 th ultimo , three Annameso mandarins , who Had boon captured by tho . allied French and Spanish force , were presented to the Captain-General of tho Philippines , and It was with some difficulty they wore assured that it is not the custom of civilised nations to torture and put to death prisoners of war . They had good reason , from th » conduct of their own countrymon and neighbours , In dreading death at the handa of their oaptor »; for two- French Roman Catholic bishops have suffered martyrdom in Central Tonquln within tho last two years . Ono of these , Monaolgaour Molohlor , dlod no lately as tho 2 . 8 th , July , 1808 .
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OUR LAND DIFFICULTIES . { From the Melbourne Herald . } Oentlemenj—In the Home News , of the 17 th May ^ \ irider the title of "Spirit of tho Journals , " is an article headed " Mismanagement in Australia , " quoted from your paper ; and what is very singular ,, the only quotation giveni as an illustration of the " Spirit of the Journals . " The influence of the Times throughout the civilised world is such that to pretend to ignore any statement-therein made , simply on account of its incorrectness , however self-convicting the article may be , is puerile r it requires to be positively contradicted upon good authority ; and this very power of the press involves a responsibility which , in regard to colonial matters , I fear is not sufficiently felt . Statementsmade by prejudiced or interested persons , who are supposed , and rightly so , to be in a position to give good arid correct information , are taken without due caution as to the facts of the case being truly set forth , or the motives of the parties stating them j and nothing , however monstrous , seems too absurd to fasten on the poor Australians . Witness , for instance , your greedily swallowing the hoax of the " Croons" correspondence , and now again in the article which has called forth these remarks .
I fear to make this letter too long , or it may not be read by you , pr published in the journal which I hope will kindly act as a medium of communication , otherwise I might more fully retort upon you the Avhole pith of your article , commencing with even Dryderi ' s theory of " remoteness of place having the same effect as remoteness of time , " and ending with a complete statistical refutation of the statement that the population of this colony is running out almost as fast as it poured in . You state , " The lands of Australia , as -we have often shown , are locked-up in comparatively few hands . Fixity of tenure , under different names and under different circumstances , has been given to those who originally took possession of them . " This is not
is simply and notoriously untrue- —there a single acre of land held by any individual , in the whole colony of Victoria with a fixity of tenure ,, that has not been purchased from the Crown , and paid for in hard cash ; the squatters have only annual licenses , and even these licenses during the year for which they have been granted , have proved no protection against , perhaps , the best portion of their run being sold , and in such , sections and in such a manner as not to give the squatter a , chance of purchasing a block large enough whereon he could run even a small flock of sheep , without the severest competition with every class of the community , from the man with his 501 . to the large speculating capitalist . state
Again , you ask a question and a position $ I will answer the one ; , and upset the other . What is " a successful gold-digger , who has saved 1000 / , to do with such a sum in Victoria ? ...... The natural resource of such a man- —the purchase nnd cultivation of a small farm—is denied him . " With his 1000 / . he could purchase more land of the best description than he could cultivate—build himself a sufficient homestead , with ample money left for cattle and tools , as well as to pay . wages and provide rations until the crops came in . The survej'orgeneralhas just reported a half-million of acres as being surveyed and ready for tho market , nnd the Gazette shows , week after week , that no man need be without land if he-has money to purchase it .
It would take n . pamphlet to go into tho whole question you . have raised in your article , which , in , its general tenor , is- quite erroneous and very mischievous } your I ' aqts upon which you ground your arguments are fallacious ; of couwythp superstructure raised on them cannot stand , and believing , as I do , in the Times ^ I cannot but regret ) that the conductors of such a journal should have allowed such a carelessly written article , affecting as it does tho most material interests of one of the finest nnd most flourishing colonies in tho universe , to have found its way into its columns .
Tho cause of the comparative absence of cultivation in Victoria ( and even on this head you are greatly misinformed ) , is to bo sought for in pther circumstances than , the land regulations , which I assure you do not operate in the nuannor you suppose . These causes I propose to explain so soon as I can find suflicient leisure . In the mean time , as population ie our most essential want , and your article having a direct tendency to deter tho intending emigrant from looking to this colony as his final resting-place , I could , not resist the desire to contradict your statements , ana which contradiction , I am convlncod , will be endorsed by every well-informed person in tho colony . X remain , gentlemen , your obedient servant , P . SXANLBV TOMJLINH . Melbourne , 0 th August , 1858 .
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D « ath or Lon » Ciormo ' a PAxnnn . —Tho vonornblo parent of our Indian Gommandor-in-Ohlof dlud nt Granton , on tho 22 nd December , at a vory advanced ago , and was Interred on Monday , in Warrlisfcon Comotery . Tho funeral was strictly private . W , •• " -, . , ' . ,. ' ¦ . ' ' ' ¦ . ' : ' ¦••' , i . ¦ . :. : : " M ¦ ¦ : " ¦ ' Liilii . '' .., ' . ' ' ' ' . > , U '' . !'" .- ¦¦ ¦¦>¦*¦' .
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22 THE Li E A DEB . [ No . 458 , January 1 , 1859 .
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Leader (1850-1860), Jan. 1, 1859, page 22, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/vm2-ncseproduct2275/page/22/
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