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new theatres were built , for the erection of which Killigrew and Davenant had , In 1660 , each received a ^ LaSy- HollandVMob is an institution of the Fair which seems to have been founded in the time of _ th , Commonwealth . It is a Mob without a literature , which has no account to give of itself ; nevertheless the date Of its beginning is not hard to guess . \ Ve remember that the suppressed players had , unaer the Commonwealth , a special gathering-place for secret performances in Holland House . The ladies of the family after the Warwicks The
coalescing of the peerages were Lady . first Lady Holland , as we have seen , was that heiress of Sir Walter Cope , who brought the Kensington Estate into the family , wife of the Earl who was beheaded by the Parliament in the same year with King Charles I . She it is who , in the days of the Commonwealth , was Mistress of Holland House , and her son ' s wife was the only other Lady Holland * It was this energetic Lady who set builders ' to work on the house , and entertained the condemned players . She , therefore ; must have been the Lady Holland of the Mob . in
There is also much else that is entertaining , Mr . Morley ' s essays upon what may be styled the low drama of the time , when Bartholomew Fair was in its hig h and palmy estate ; Ins observations show that he is not unacquainted with .. the works of the best dramatists of that time , and , consequently , that lie is able to justly appreciate the efforts of the composers of the broad farce embodied in a Droll . Indeed , we have in Mr . Morley ' s pages a critique upon the plays of Elkanah Settle , the City Poet , who at last turned actor in Bartlemy Fair , "
played the Dragon in a green case of his own invention . ' The " Daw , you ' wiist do it , " of Coleman , the younger , is the only parallel we recollect of Elkanah Settle ' s down-taking . To sum up , the very mention of " Bartholomew Fair , to dramatic minds , brings back a redolent whiff of that racy adjuration of Doll Tear-sheet to the fat Knifjlit , Thou whoreson little tidy Bartholomew boar-pig , and of the comparative intellectuality of the
chaos' Not that of pasteboard which men shew For groats at Fair of Barthol ' mewT—( Hudibras , canto i . ) about which latter " motion" we should have been glad if Mr . Morley could have afforded us a notice in his entertaining commentary upon the bygone vulgarities of this civic festival , which were extended from century to century , to the times of our own youthful days , when we gazed upon the spangled Miss Gyngell , Miss Saunders , Master Saunders , and the little boy from Flanders , in the slack-wire dancing-boothwith wonder and delight .
, To conclude , we can assure our readers that Mr . Morley has done his best to redeem the expiring memory of Bartholomew Fair from oblivion , and ( to use a Johnsonian phrase ) entitled to "be distinguished fropi him who has done nothing , a pompous negation with which we shall not content ourselves , for there will always be a numerous class of readers to whom these Memoirs of Bartholomew JPair will always prove a source of genuine entertainment .
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MILITARY HYGIENE . The British Army in India : its Preservation by appropriate Clothing , Housing , Locating , recreative Employment , and hope / iil Encouragement of the Troops . By Julius Jeffreys , F . R . S . / formerly Staff Surgeon of Cawnporo . Longman and Co . The topics discussed in the eloquent work before us are , we hopp , likely to engage the sympathy of many and influential readers , concerning as they do , not alono tho Anglo-Indian army , tut every citizen > yho has thought for his brethren afar , or
for tho husbandry of liis own tnx-paying power * . It is too true that-, for years past , unnumbered lives , oF which wo havo in the first instanco purchased tho disposal in a somewhat equivocal manner under our so-called free onlistmcnr . system , havo been wasted through obstinato know-not hingisin ( not ignonuico ) of Military Hygiene . It cannot bo alleged that no competent porsons have lifted up the voice of warning . Even tho much-abused Dr . Andrew Smith , at tho outbreak of the war with
Russia , propounded in n memorial to the then " \\ nr Ministry somo onlightoncd viows upon tho bearing of oostumo upon tho soldier ' s health . But , if wo remember right , one of his chiefs was too overworked to attend , to him , and the other , who loqturcs during theso times of poaco upipn army management , us though ho wore nnv authority , struck work before tho work hud much more than coinmouoot ) . Agaittj , from tho beginning till noarly tho end of tho Crimean oampaign , tho columns of a daily coutompovary , distinguished above all othors for ita early
advocacy of necessary reforms , published from week to week , nay , almost from day to day , the views of a practical military officer of twelve years' standing upon the necessity of redressing the soldier ' s well-known grievances , consulting his comforts as well as perfecting his drill , adapting liis dress to the conditions of his life , and , generally , of defending' him as sedulously against fever ,. dysentery , rheumatism , and catarrh , as against gunshot and bayonet . That well-informed and conscientious writer , who was in due time echoed when he had roused the public by the Leviathan and the minnows of the press , proposed , in fact , that the soldier should be treated as a valuable chattel , costly to buy , more costly to maintain , and , most of all , costlv to replace . His essays attracted attention .
Officers who . knew the strategic value of lives were very much inclined to adopt his views ; others felt for the private soldier from sympathy ; John Bull growled faintly as he thought of more impending income-taxes , but drowned reflection in drinking health to the legions as they went to death and misery ; and the red-tapists cast a little oil upon the waters by the imposition upon us of those best of men in the best of places , Ramsay and Howell . What these people effected may be found in the death-rolls of the Crimean army and the records of the contract commissions . But now , happily , we have men in authority at the Horse Guards and at the India House , who " , each conscientious , each full of practical knowledge in his own department , each rich in national esteem and strong in Parliamentary support , will not . permit such shameful , cruel blunders as have immortalised the war
adininistr-a-¦ tion of the two preceding Governments , and are not tied by party traditions to abhor and flout popular interference ^ TV " e are not without hope that the industry and good sense of the General Coinmanding-in-Chief and of the President of the Indian Council will hereafter be so brought to bear upon the War Department , that the health of our Indian armies , whose maintenance must draw largely upon ¦
our population , and perhaps ' finance , "' for years to comp , may be . really treated as a necessary element of their efficiency ; and that , instead of mocking lamentation for regiments decimated by sun-stroke , fatigue , and pestilence , the adoption of prophylactics against those powerful causes of mortality may come to be recognised as an equally integral part of the routine official duty of our military authorities , as the preparation of rifle , bayonet , and
cartridge . J-ict us , uiereiore , we say , gu uu hope yet a little longer . Mr . Jeffreys affirms—and , though we have no official-figures before us , we are warranted by our recollection of facts in believing him—that if the British forces in India , caparisoned as they are , should have to keep the field continuously , and with little support from native troops , the casualtics from , climate alone , after the first year , which is seldom fatal to Europeans , may be estimated at 50 per cent , per annum at least , and that of these a large proportion would be traceable to nearly avoidable causes . The strength of tho Madras Fusiliers was reduced , it is said , in six months ,
from S 50 to JLU'J men ; ami it is a since we had occasion to quote in these pages t lie trustworthy allegation of Mr . Winj ? rovo Cook , that of 000 men who , while he was at llong-Kong , formed the strength of H . M . 59 th Foot , no less than 150 were , in hospital , and that the same regiment had ' consumed 2000 men in eight years , Evory mail from India brings homo coniirnmtion of our belief that the bullet mid the bayonet are not tho most deadly enemies that the plains of lliiulostiui raise up against the British soldier and the British taxpayer . Every mail brings desolation to hundreds of English hearths , for which the sufferers have to thank , not glorious war , but sneaking , miserable fashion . To
pretend that tho tailor-tormented soldier is slam for economy ' s sake is rank folly . Red tape and recklessnesa make his wretched shoddy coat and blotting-paper inexpressibles cost the country as much as l ) roadcloth . Fashion and tho amateur military tailors making a frightful guy of him by way ol giving liim n smart , neat , soldierly appearance , strotoniug their bursting misfits on his painful bonos to dry and prepare him for the reception , aoonor oi' lafor , of phthisis and rheumatism . When fashion ( suya tho author ) ia playing into tho hands of death , ami filling tho gravo with nor victims * , her despotism become * inaufl ' ernble . Conceding to tlio ordinary dross-caps , shakos , nml hohnota ( saving that ingeniously faulty ooncoit , tho bearskin cap ) a aultablonosa for our particular climate , we nood not go further
southward than the Mediterranean stations for their deficiencies to tell , upon the health of troops exposed to the sun . But when we approach the tropics , we have the atmosphere for six months ranging fifteen degrees on either side , of blood heat . Being already charged with heat , it is little able to wash away by convexion the sun's rays as they fall upon any surface ; the inadequate thickness of all ordinary head-dress , even of the best in use , would be glaringly manifest to any one who could have witnessed the preservative power of one of adequate dimensions . As it is , the sudden or gradual destruction of life or health is viewed as somehow inevitable , or referred to various auxiliary causes , not ¦ wanting , indeed , in number and power , arising out " of the imprudence and irregular habits of soldiers .
The following remarks on tropical virulence are full of sense and truth , and should be pondered over by those who are quieted ; if not gulled from year to year , by the stereotyped official excuse for military mortality conveyed in those words , " the imprudence and irregular habits of the soldier : " •—In India , the British soldier on duty , surrounded by the atmospfiere i With the sun over his head , and the ground under his feet , presents to our view the unfortunate subject of three hostile agencies .. It is the influence of these agents upon him , both in their distinct and in their combined operation , which must be studied before we can successfully avail ourselves of the best means nature affords for insulating him so far as to enfeeble their power .
Confined as he is to the ground , his pulmonary and outer skins become assaulted , and too often carried , by malaria in its nascent and direst forni . But subtle and baneful as are all forms of malaria , they may , to a considerable extent , be neutralised by various means , especially by combating , in the first instance , their powerful coadjutor , the sun ' s rays , and in the second , their great opportunity , atony in the cutaneous defences , manifested by a suppressed perspiration . " The sv . v then is the foe whose assaults we hare first to ward offy and the author having philosophically considered its mode of action and the value of the protective agencies we at present oppose to it , ends , as might be imagined , in a total coiidenmatio n of ever . v hat , forage cai" ) , shako , and helmet
now iii use / He proves forcibly enough that the discomfort of soldiers' head gear , often erroneously - attributed to their weight , is due , in fact , to imperfect poising , want of porosity and ventilation , and to tightness . He lays down with considerable force that the defensive principles to be employed in the contrivance of a tropical head-dress , are—1 . Reflexion ; 2 . Retarded conduction ; 3 . Correction ; 4 . Radiation ; 5 . Ventilation ; 6 . Evaporation ; and he describes several contrivances of his own in which he has embodied them . The foremost of these are helmets of metal plate , or of metallised cloth , built on an ingenious \ vire , basket work , and likely to weigh from 2 £ to 2 | pounds . Then follows a" neck curtain of many folds , and a radiative body dress , or surcoat , complete the list of suggestions for soldiers' tropical costume .
For the preservation of the men in barracks , Mr . Jefl ' reys is wisely no less solicitous . His proposed reticulation of wells and connecting galleries , to be p laced near every barrack , for the absorption of heat in summer and for the wanning of air in winter , is , on the face of it , so ingenious and so cheap , as to be well worth the notice of military engineers and authorities . He would construct such an equalising air reservoir , by piercing a block of ground 100 yards square and 50 feet deep , with 200 wells 7 yards apart , 40 feet deep , and 10 feet in periphery . He would connect them at one end wilh the atmosphere , at the other with the building to be ventilated , and also laterally ; and he estimates that the entiro tubular area thus obtained would amount to 100 , 000 squnro feet . The capneitv would be 3000000 cubic feet , or 550 , 000 , 000
, , pounds , which , were the process to bo in daily operation , would allow 20 , 000 pounds of new air per hour , or renew tho atmosphciv ot a building SMO foot long , 00 feet wide , and 20 foot high . Iho cost of tho wells would be as little as 20 / ., and although that of the connections and apparatus is not given , it seems clear 1 hut tho system advocated could not , in the whplo , be so costlv as that of tat I ocs , punkahs , and blast- fans , while it is as evident ly far more philosophical . "Wo make no pretensions to tho ability requisite for its critical examination , but wo are satisfied wo should be failing in our duty did we omit , to do our part in attracting attention to tho plans for tho soldiers ' benefit , of which an army surgoon . of suol ^ long experience anil such hearty zeal as Mr . Jefi ' reys has
oast upon tho wators ol publicity . Our author is no novice , wo should observe , about Indian matters , for as long ago as IS 8 * ho
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^ 0 , 459 , January 8 v 1859 . j T H E L E A D E B . ¦¦ 45
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Citation
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Leader (1850-1860), Jan. 8, 1859, page 45, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/vm2-ncseproduct2276/page/13/
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