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STATE OF THE MINING AND COLLIETtY LAW,
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FEMALE SCHOOL OF ART AND DESIGN.
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durino- the lifetime of the Professor the beacon towers on the coas ts of many lands will be converted into luminous monuments to lus genius and bis fame . .
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LCOMMtTNICATED . J IT is a fact ( more the pity ) that political economists have not yet settled what is the true function dv province of hwy . A terrible Outcry was made against the Factory Act , as a breach of till orthodox regulations ; and Miss Mabtinejoj still protests -against the law compelling masters properly to fence off machinery . It seems that the province of law is to protect the lives and health of the people , and to promote the happiness and well-being of the greatest number . It matters not in what direction its operations work , or what form have stated its
they may take , the province of law is ' what we , though operation may change as society may require . It seems also the dutv of those who make the law to enforce every regulation for improvement which private enterprise has either overlooked or neglected . Holding these views , we chronicle a fe \ y facts which have an immediate bearing upon the colliers' question , Ihese facts , which are undisputed , are , first , that the avocation . of the miner is excessively dangerous and unhealthy . We Iiave more than four per cent- killed , and a fearful number maimed , by . accidents ; while the working ' life of miners does not average one-halt ot that ot men oi
other trades . ; ,. „ . ,, ' -. ¦¦ . , . By Government returns the a % 'erage life of .. the miner is but twenty-seven years , tliat of the ngrieultural labourer is forty-three , and the general average is thirty-four . N " ovv , taking this time of working to be from twelve years of age , tlie miner has but fifteen rears to work and to maintain his family in . The general working average of the miner is twenty-two years , while . the'agricultural labourer may work thirty-one years ; and wliile his average sickness is Imt twenty-five weeks from twenty to sixty years of age , the to be taken from the
miner ' s average sickness is ninety-five weeks , period of his working years . These figures speak for themselves , and later investigations tend to show they do not tell the whole truth ; and that the evils of which the miner has to complain are considerably worse than are here seated by the locnl registrar's return for five years together ( see 'Social Science Almanack , " p . 50 . ) In some places it has been found , that the miners do but average twenty-one years , and at one place but seventeen years . Second , this deplorable mortality and consequent misery and of their
£ 5 , and not more than £ 1 G > , for each offence ; " while a working mart for a similar offence may be fined £ 2 , or be imprisoned with or without hard labour for three months . Against this partiality the men protest . Such a small fine to rich men is a paltry punishment for a criminal neglect which may cost the lives of hundreds of miners : wliile , at the same time , such a law imght be twisted into a monstrous oppression against the operative when administered by magistrates who are either coal-owners or interested therein . It is master and inspector who make legal all special regulations—the men have no voice in them , even where they are the agents anci Sufferers alone . Of course such one-sided legislation is but possible in a State where the legislation is itself partial and one-sided ; and yet the men are told not to oppose this clause for fear pi losing their rights in others . Again : the men wisli the inspectors to be themselves inspected . At present , there is no regulation laid down to enforce any efficient inspection . The officer may inspect if he likes , or he may " live at home at ease , " and seldom stir abroad unless some terrible accident occur . After a calamity , we hear of the inspector inquiring ; and as the inspectors have hitherto been appointed because they have been : themselves coal proprietors , so , if we look to the reports of accidents , we see they have been dreadfully severe upon the men * and most gentle and ' lenient to the coal owner . In short , by reports \ ye hear that fatal accidents only occur in the " best of all possibly " regulated mines . The men could tell a different tale- —of their informations being placed by the inspector before their masters , and discharges following- —of inspectors never-visiting pits for years together , or of sending ample notice of their corning ^ -rof packed juries at inquests , and of coroners ( appointed by masters ) suppressing all searching inquiry , when it tended to involve the wealthy owners . Indeed , if . the men dared but speak out , things now going quietly on in England would be so exposedi that it would make the humane sob again , if it were but told truthfully . Many a verdict of " accidental death " ought to have been " vile murder , " " Wilful manslaughter "done in mines ; and yet this is going on , producing death at . the rate of three and a quarter lives per ¦ day ' s-working :, ! the wholei year round . _ _ _ Is it , then , not time something should be done to save and defend the suffering ininer p True economists would show , tlint by saving ' , - life , and improving the health and the social . and intellectual condition of the people , Would in the end be a blessing to the capitalist ! as well as to the labourer .
immorality are not the absolute consequence employment , but of the want of necessary care and attention . The great evils to whi . ili the miner is liable are explosions , falling of roofs , breaking of chains , machinery , See .: and to prevent all these , the practical applications of science may be called into use . F . H , Holland , Esq ., at the Bradford Social Science Meeting , * declared that an efficient amount of ventilation can be constantly produced , so as to dilute and to render harmless all noxious gases ; and which might thus render all working places in collieries , under ordinary circumstances , free from danger . The Act of 1855 requires this to . t
done , while all explosions show this Act is either negleced or most wilfully violated . Relative to the falling of roofs , shafts , and the breaking of machinery—the returns of accidents in Durham ami SSTorthuniberland , compared with those of Yorkshire , Lancashire , Statlonl , and Wales , show that in consequence of their superior arrangements , nearly three-fourths of the average deaths from these causes have been actually reduced . These are facts which none can gainsay ; and we think also . , il ; cannot bo denied that private enterprise- and unregulated competitions have not provided efficient remedies , or even all that they might' do , to preserve the lives and promote tho health and' w . ell ' buiutf of tlio working mineus . All 1
competent - authorities affirm , that the Act to inspect mines , and to enforce regulations has done much to reduce tho dangers and evils connected with them , and that it could do much more , if properly arranged and efficiently worked ; but tho point disputed * h , whether it is'the right and duty of Government to enforce any such regulations at all , and , if so , to what extent ? This question lewis to the proposed Act now ponding . Deputations of associations of n . iners , both men and' mantel ' s , are . now urging upon Parliament their soptirato and divided opinions , or rathor interests . Tho men admit tlio proposed Bill is au improvement upon the pant , inns in uch an it enforces education , in better regulations relating to machinery , tind by definitions and notices making old clauses better l ; o work by . But they say it is defective iu * npt providing any ino . aiis . ov scheme t
of education , which is still required as a condition of working , betwix the ages of sovon , ton , and twelve . Nor docs the Bill fix any limit % o tho hours oil ! working for those under fourteen , which id desirable . Agninsb Una the musters strongly protest as " impracticable and oppressive ; " and thoy say that the supposed evils have proved real blessings in practice . The men nslc for u clause to Beouro the proper weight of " their work . It seems monstrous that the vory necessity for such a clause should bo requisite ' ; but so notoriously necessary is it , that masters , it 13 said , jivo willing to coiicodo tUufc boon of justice to the men . But , as true political economists , thuy are now claiming five hundredweight as a standard of weight , whereas fourantla-half hundredweight Ima been the continued custom per do&On . ¦
. ......... As the proposed penal clauses stand , for neglect or wilful violation of the law ana regulations , a master , agoxit , or viewer may bo lined
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GO LDSMITH , iu one of hU charming essays , has said that he who best knows how to . keep his necessities private , is the most likely person to , have them redressed 5 and that the true use of speech is not so much to express our wants as to conceal them . Nicely as this is expressed , and great as is our adiniratiou of Goldsmith :, we ' must , dissent from him in the present instance . We are at a loss to know how necessities that are -kept private can
be redressed ; of course the best way to conceal our wants is not to use speech at all , to be dumb about them , and then if . nothing , else reveals them they-must be concealed . Our object in taking notice of this saying of Goldsmith is nut that we may have an excuse , for we think there is none required , for bringing before our renders the progress and condition of a certain good institution , but- that we may show that if its present necessities be kept unknown , it is more than probable that the institution nmy decline and break up before the public know anything at all about it . School of Art and
In Grower Street , W . C ., there is ! a " Female Design , " which was established at . Somerset House in 18-12 , and transferred iu 1852 to the premises now occupied by it . The object at first in establishing this school was to enable young women of the middle class to obtain an honourable and profitable employment , iind to improve ornamental' design in manufactures , by cultivating- the taste of the designer . During the last eight years , that is , since the removal of the school . from- tho Strand to Gower Street , about seven hundred students have entered themselves , at the school , and the . number there at the present time is . one hundred and eighteen , of whomseventy-seven are studying with tho view oi' ultimately maintaining 1 themselves .
The daughters of clergymen and medical men arc among tho students at this sohool , some of whom * have , through the instruction and assistance received hove , obtained good appointments , and are enabled to live independently by means of private teaching . There can be no doubt as to the usefulness and success oi tho school . The Report shows that during the lust three years the students htvvo taken an " annual average of twenty local , and throe national medals ; and , at the last annual examination , tux of them obtained liYuo Studentships . " Others have gained their living by designing and painting in various parts of the country , and others by touching iu schools belonging to the department of science and art .
Such is a brief account of the good which has been done by the Female School of Art iind Design since its establishment . This good it has boon achieving 1 silently , and almost without the knowledge of tho public . And no ono , we are sure , can rend of tho benevolent object and tho eminent ) success of the sohool without gratilioation . ' But , wo regret to say , tho useful operation of the the school seems likely to bo brought to ftn e « d . Its present promising position und bonulloinl powei ' s are destined to bo destroyed , if not ttpoedily ruliovod and suppyrlod by public generosity or otherwise . The Committee of Council on Education have hitherto subsisted tho school to Hie amount of # 500 per annum . r J , 'Uoy are now , it appears-
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25 TJie Leader and Saturday Analyst . _____ L ^^ 11 I 7 > 186 a
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^^ w-fWii ni . ni . mili ¦ ¦ —f — mi ) i . . mi | i . i w . > T ip . i I !¦¦! »¦¦ . " ¦— -,. i ... i . w ¦ ¦¦ I .. U . I- .. .. ¦ ' 1 Vir > - * See last Paper . on TA'nnflnotioii 8 , 1850 .
State Of The Mining And Collietty Law,
STATE OF THE MINING AND COLLIETtY LAW ,
Female School Of Art And Design.
FEMALE SCHOOL OF ART AND DESIGN .
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Citation
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Leader (1850-1860), March 17, 1860, page 256, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/vm2-ncseproduct2338/page/12/
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