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Northern Star (1837-1852), 4th January 1840, Edition 1 of 1, Page 4, TO READERS AND CORRESPONDENTS.

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    • THE NORTHERN STAR. SATURDAY, JANUARY 4, 1840.
    • TO READERS AND CORRESPONDENTS.
    • -I j- ^_-»»»»»»»»»»»»»»*-» ^ » ^ »^t ^> ^^^M^^—^i LEEDS AND WEST-RIDING NEWS.
    • Lo*fHviTT. —Lart . week, tonr venerable dames
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      Untitled Article

      NOTICE . THE WSLBH TElALft . Otur readers will see that we have given the proceedings of Wednesday in our Second % Edition of this day . Our Third Edition , which will be published by noon to-day , will contain the proceedings of Thursday . On Monday we shall publish & Fourth Edition , containing the proceedings of Friday and Saturday . Orders from the Country Agents should be sent forthwith .

      Untitled Article

      As every line of our space U now required for the Export of the Trials , we are compelled to decline giving the Subscriptions for the Defence in detail . VTe shall publish , every week , a general Urt , stating the amosmtB received , whom from and the number of persons who have subscribed to each particular list . Many lists which were inserted in fnll in our First Edition have had to be removed to make way for the matter of our Second Edition . If aoy delay should oetur in the delivery of the ** Slar , " our friends must attribute it to our desire to give them the litest newt .

      The Northern Star. Saturday, January 4, 1840.

      THE NORTHERN STAR . SATURDAY , JANUARY 4 , 1840 .

      Untitled Article

      tEB NEW YEARS' GIFTS . —THE "BOON . " $ &s Almighty force of time-honoured custom iBpoaes « m ob and all men the necessity of bidding Hapyy New Year * ' to our friends on first meeting with then after the Earth has started on another n « fin « . l revolution . Enemies to mere compliment , a # to everything else unnatural and unjust , we feel it difficult to mock the sons of misery with greetings . "We look around us and we behold the weeping and we bear the wailings of the wan mother , whose babes ask vainly , not for an idle bauble of a New Year ' s Gift , bat for the food which may allay the pains of

      * PE COMPLIMENTS OF THE SEASON .-

      hunger—we see the free-born Bons of Britain fold-Ing np their arms in forced idleness , and wandering through the street * like the unquiet ghosts at midaigbt , of which our grandmothers have told us ; wbEe the middle men , who live upon their labour , an preparing to make the general wretchedness , onsequent only on the atrocious By stem of misrule which they uphold , subservient to their aw ike , by offering to the famishing wretches employment at such work as must be done at a reduced rate of wages ; thus literally feed * tog awn famine and extracting wealth from

      wantwe see the next grade to these , the merchants , the spinners , and the wholesale dealers in general is human blood and s&tews , eagerly laying hold of the general destitution which they mainly have occasaonoa , as an instrument wherewith to work out stin Bore fully their infernal schemes of Bucking up aad centralizing in their own hands all the wealth , of which , all the labour of the whole country is prodnctive , by using the cry of distress as a war-cry Against that agricultural protection which , while it fire * ose portion of the spoil to their co-vampires of She land forma the last barrier to their all devastating

      Monopoly—we Bee the legislature of our country « riBciag £ o manner of regard for general distress or for the public good , but looking only how < Q *« interests can be promoted , party ascendancy maintained , party power consolidated , and popular tomplaint repressed bo vigorously that the people jihall die passively rather than resist the terror of flnawadit-we see all tht guile and trick of penning ; all the sternness of brute force , all the meanness of hypocrisy , mi all the effrontery of mnsdous advantage in position , unhesitatingly set to work to accomplish their purposes—we see those

      who are emphatically oua fbibs&s bearing all , Eufiering all , and supporting 01 the ills to which misjpvernmentsubjects the state , without any adequate participation in its benefits ; and we cannot , under such circumstances , mock them with an idle complinent . We cannot bid them hope for happiness while they endure a sharpness of misery which we Seme , ere it can be alleviated , must be even yet . sharper . The words " Happy New Year" stick in in throat * , and we are utterly unable to pronounce ^ Btm , Whatever may be the position of affairs ere AdJE . " new year" grow old , there is no happy " new " wario our friends at this season .

      Perhaps our compliments will be the less looked for , in the hope that they may be substituted by some more substantial evidence of our good will . This is the season when the " New Year ' s Gift" enhances friendship and gives proof of sympathy with those who Buffer . The "New Year ' s Gift" is being freely handed from the various classes of society among our friends . The Queen , a little tardy , perhaps , but not less certain in the admUistr&tion of her bounty , is preparing with all possible dispatch to gratify her ** faithful Commons ' ' with another evidence of Royal

      care for their convenience in the gracious increase of their burdens , condescending from her high estate to share the peeling of the last potatoe with the weeping babe ; the Government have given their M Year ' s Offering" in Monmouth Castle , and are preparing duly to enforce it , with like proofs of their affection , at York , Liverpool , and the whole circuit of the Judges at the coming Spring ; the Legislature have presented us their " boon" in the Increased expenditure in the army and the bludgeon

      force ; the Poor Law Guardians have gratified their victims with an alteration * of the Bastile dietary from Wheat to Barley bread ; themaoufacturershaTe superadded their act of kindness in the reduction of the miserable pittance given for the labour of ourfriends ; aad amidst all this effusion of good feeling it is but reasonable that our . " New Year * Gift" should appear among the rest . One of oar best poets , speaking of one of his character , sayi— u He gave

      To misery Ctwafl all he had > a tear , " And though we might be able to afford the thousands and tens of thousand * of oar unhappy friends and bothers only our aymyathy in this season of distress , "w » aboald oertainly feel ouMelvee bound to give that sympathy an expression and a form . We can , fcowerer , add to it our advice ; and we feel confident that if it be followed , something will be done towards rendering the year productive of more " happy" circumstances than now seem likely to be found in it .

      We hare observed that in several places a great wet is being made about lighting up the fire of « ha « ty for the unemployed peor of the respective ¦ e ^ bonrhood * . Those who have amassed princely foetuses out of the command which a cursed system « f HUfgovenaaeat gives thea of the profit arfaug from the toil of the labourer , are ¦ akiug a grand display of merit in doling out a —f rieicios mite tberefrom to save him from actual ** & bf starvation . Now . hoWisthis ! How hapfsoi U tint ^ "independent Uboiren " of - happy at w fcrt , " wko are U all mpteti so "ft * " m

      « sr Mfckbev of tk « Htnmry lately gloried in pressssmetog thea art dependent on capricious charity ! How hit tfcat , after so much pai&s has been takes , aadsomeh wisdom expended on a gigantic expe-* ams frr raisuig then to an " independence of aba-*•*«« , " they iave besom * the most abject of wretch * that society caa reeogniz * f Where are « U those " own resources" upon which they were to fell back in the hour of necessity , aad which were a © esaUe them to rise above all their difficulties 1 Wbrniitka * well working" of that "great boon so the poor" whish was to be the panacea for every jpeeies of distress !

      Untitled Article

      Sorely the unemployed are not so ungrateful to their benefactors as to refuse the benefits arising from this " boon , " now at fte precise period when they most need them 1 Surely the "independent " labourers are not bo crest-fallen and poor-spirited , as to forsake " their own resources" for the reluctantly-furnished " cup of cold water" which they may receive from the crooked fingers and pursed-up mouth of middle-class benevolence !

      But let us stop , l « st it be thought we feel anythmg of lightness on such matters . Far be it from us . We were never more serious . And , seriously , we would remind the thousands and tens of thousands of unwilling idlers that at this moment haunt the cold hearthstones of their comfortless cottages , or stroll like Btrangers in our streets , that they are not dependants upon casual or capricious charity . They have resources of their own , to which it is their duty , as honest and good members of society , at this time to have recourse .

      When an industrious and frugal man has saved up money for a purpose , and the time for its application comes , he has pleasure in its use . When a man who has lorjg contributed to an annuity fund finds himself entitled to it , he has no scruple or hesitation about demanding it . When a man , who is clear of the box" in a benefit society , becomes sick , or otherwise an object contemplated by the society at its establishment , he at once demands his benefit . And in none of these cases is there any thought of obligation or charity . Hie considers

      himself as merely entering on the enjoyment of that which is his own . Now every honest working mmy ] of Tfog i a ^ fl is a member of a benefit societya subscriber to an annuity fond—is saving up money every year and every month , for » particular pui pose—that purpose being the support of himself and family , whenever circumstances arising either ont of the arrangements of society , or the dispensations of providence shall render him unable to support them by his own exertions . Such a society and such a fund is the English Poor Law ; and though it have been robbed by the Devil ' s agents of all its best forms and qualities without consulting those from whom it emanated , and by whom it was sustained ,

      there is even yet enough left in it to declare that the people of England shall neither starve , nor yet be supported by casual charity . There is yet a provision for every man who chooses to accept it . What we advise then—and we do it most sincerely and conscientiously—is , that every man who is in want Bhould , instead of waiting cap in hand at the door of the middle-men to receive perhaps only an insult , go at once to the relieving officer , and demand that which is his own—a sustenance for himself and family . If the bastile be offered as the only terms , take it at once , and by hundreds and thousands in a day throng out the curj ? d dog-holes , until the 'Guardians " rub their peepers with

      astonishment-Let this plan be instantly acted on by every Tq « . n who has no work ; by every man who , having work , cannot earn sufficient to maintain his family , and by every man who can only get work on the infamouB condition of inflicting permanent injury on himself and his whole class by submitting to a redaction in his wages . We were told that the New Poor Law was to uphold the character of the industrious labourer—to render them "independent "—let it be now seen . Stop your ears to the Syren song of charity , and demand only ths full enjoyment of all the " well working" of the " boon . "

      If this be not done , we can tell the people what will be done . Wages will be shorn down to starvation point—end at ( hat point equalised ; some twentieth of a tithe of what they have been robbed of will be refunded with much show and ostentation under the name of charity—the bastiles will be kept moderately clear , and when things come round , the Malthusians will point to the unprecedented pressure of the times in 1840 for an evidence of the beautiful adaptation of the New Poor Law to five state of British society , aad will say ,, see how well it worked even in those times of distress aad misery !

      We bid the people to beware of thiB . The plot as laid , and it is their duty to see- i »~ fruataated . Let the working of the " boon" be fairly tried . Let it have fair pVay . Its strength and power have been much boasted ; let all the weight , which fairly appertains thereto , be now laid upon its shoulders , aad let us see how it will be sustained . We give this advice , most earnestly and seriously , as the best" New Year's Gift" we can offer to our

      mends . We are satisfied that , if universally accepted , it will prove aa offering worthy their acceptance under such circumstances , and we know that we shall be believed when we express our sorrow that this should be our best " New Yean' Gift" in 1840 , aad our determination , that so far as our power in concentrating , guiding , and directing public opinion may be able to effect it , another year shall dawn on better times .

      Untitled Article

      FROST AND THE TRIALS .

      Tre all-absorbing point of interest for some weeks back has been the probable fate of the Welsh patriots . Speculations on the length to which Government would dare to go in the perpetration of their atrocities were rife through the whole country . The first question asked , wherever friends met , was " What ia to become of Fbost , and what will the people do if he be executed } " The intenseness of anxiety has grown yet more intense as the time drew near which must decide the whole matter ; aod since the 3 lBt our office has been literally besieged with

      inquirers , whose anxiety might well account , in some measure , for the apparent unreasonableness with which they seemed to expect that our means of acquiring information should exceed the Telocity even of the winds . In another part of our paper will be found all the information which has yet been able to reach us of the proceedings at the . trial . From an inspection of these proceedings our readers will be able to perceive that the lynx-eyed lawyers on each side put forth their full powers of subtlety . The contest will be most severe , and by no means short . The trial is likely , in all

      probability , to be a most protracted one . We have been scores of times attacked for our opinion as to the probable results of the trial . We have never yet given an opinion ; because we never yet saw the grounds . on which we could form one . satisfactory to ourselves . We hare always seen the probability that whea the trial should come on , and witnesses be heard on both sides , the case might be made to present an appearance very different from that which has been given to it by the trained , carefully-managed , if not hired and perjured , witnesses brought against the prisoners at the several examinations .

      We have always seen that there was and must be something yet to be divulged which would either shew that Mr . Frost was unconnected with the whole matter , or that the whole matter was a very different matter from the fool ' s deed of daring which it has been represented to have been . So far as our conceptions on the latter point go , we find them unexpectedly corroborated by evidence to which much credit and respect is due . An emissary of the factions , sent down to Newport for the purpose of collecting information , for the Government , but having a larger share of konesty thai is usual with such tools , furnished some

      tisa * ago to hi * ospleyers a statement of facts ool-Jwsed ea the spot , and about which be assmred them that be had taken great pains to satisfy himself as to their accuracy . This statement was iatended fo r insertion in the London press , but seeminjflittle calculated to effect the object of the factions in misleading their dupes in the country as to the real purpose of the movement , it was of course suppressed , aad by one of those unaccountable accidents which sometimes happens to the thwarting of the best plans , and the divulging of the closest secrets , it last week found its way into our hands . We give from it the following extract . - —

      Untitled Article

      " Of those thousands the nine -tenth * * nadSj no other object in view when they ' cainej down from the Mils than that of-uutin * « great demonstration-ef their moral power ; and ill was not until they heard late on Sunday Bight ofl some of their party being arrested , and impriaonedd by the authorities of Newport , that resisttukee , o 3 physical force , occupied the attention of afewrftad many that came down from the bills . MueV fcajj been Baid abott their being armed , but it taa been sworn that their guns were in many insttaoes useless , some being without locks , aad others unfit for holding even shot , while the majority

      carried sticks . Thus equipped they reached Stowe Hill , where the vast crowd halted .. aU this time Lieutenant Gray , with a detachment of the 45 th , entrenched themselves within the left wing of the Westgate Hotel . i "The Chartists on Stowe Hill having been satisfied of the arrest of their comrades , resolved oiy tnejr rescue . With that intent , three , hundred ^ eiaphed themselves from the main body , and marched" t # tip front of the Westgate . where the prisoners were confined . Scard , a policeman , swore positively thai there were not more than 100 Chartists there . On reaching : the front of the hotel , they demanded the

      release of the prisoners . This was # nied by a pone of specials , of whom there were 606 on duty in the hotel . The Chartists immediately commenced forcing their way into the hotel , th . e specials flying before them in all directions . Unfortunately a youug . boy , whether by accident or otherwise is asyet unrevealed , let fly a small fowling piece . The 800 Chartists , imagining that they had been fired upon . discharged a few guns , when the military , who all this time were ensconced in a darkened room , com- ' menced a most deadly fire upon them . Immediately after the first discharge , the soldiers retired , and reloaded , and thus kept up continued rattling and fatal vnllifld unon the CnartiBta . This aaurdnrnii * Mm

      they did not discontinue until their . , ammunition was all but exhausted , as is evident from , the testimony of Superintends ^ Hopkins , who swore that in con sequence of Lieutenant Gray saying that they bad no more ammunition , that fie searched the slain for , powder and ball . The soldiers moiehed in single files through the room round tli < i table , when they loaded , and , advancing to the windows , took their deadly aim . One rascal , it is Mid , beaetea of having killedfive Chartist * . Aoothw re ^^ t ^ butflbS aimed at an unfortunate man , wTm > wsja eafaa ^ oajtj ing to conceal himself behind thfrirarif ^ bi th » front of the hotel , and shot him . d jja | 5 ?> f W ^ .

      Our readers will perceive that this gives * « om «? what different colouring to the matter to that with which the organs of the faction hare , from day to day and from week to week , laboured to invest it as , a bugbear to the country . The madness , the want of object , and the cowardice attendant ') upon this Chartist expidition are now non estinventu ^ and the whole seems to have been a proper , ai ^ asdnable , and a perfectly warrantable proceeding on the part of the people , foolishly or maliciously converted by the magistrates inte a riot , for the insane purpose of laying the spirit of Chartism in a sea of blood . After all we have no doubt that thej will contrive somehow

      to conneot Frost with it , and to convict him of high treason ; but we do not think that Government do deliberately entertain the project of drinking off the the dregs of their own damnation by venturing to execute him . It is no easy matter for the ' Ipost skilful of prognosticators to convert the tortuous writbings of this most grovelling specimen of the , reptile faction into premises from which t «> infer conclusions ; but we have been attentively . JBbjjijryjn their whole movements from the moment of F-wtsrfg

      arrest to the present moment , and we >; bwiew hem to be actuated partly by fl ^| fear < Wbicb never leaves the footsteps $ f * ; 1 ltt : tj ( $ aat unattended , and partly by a desfjglftsi frope ihatj amid their broken fortunes , they may yet repair ^ at least in some respects , their shattered reputation and so convert the nation ' s sympathies into a shield , which may protect them from the Tories ^ , * We think that the combined operations ot these fewigi will induce them to Beek for the attainment , in this matter , of a position which may enable them

      to assume the attitude of mercy . We implore tnt people , therefore , to be careful that they do not render nugatory the illusion which jfeaj have produced this feeling b ^ any violence } tri | act or language . We hare beta sorry ^ ju $ ee , from some ill-cdite * iadivid ^ 4 ark _ i<t § tions « C * bjee < iia g'repg ^ i > < U fti lrbtrAi ? tt M TWeit ttl-wivisei in theexto ^ ADd sauetb , *^ - where carefully suppressed . The tia ^ Hif Wf jf | w » and load talking is gone by . IftWi {^ M # see Fbobt honjr , the most sure meani bralriwwf

      can effect it is to let us have Joat now a * < Htf two in England . This would at otib fy ffiWnji * doubt , aeeomplish not only that purpose , Bbjl wf old also send ' him some companions oa h ^ s j ^ urni | ftp the world of spir its . We have flood r ^ ujen $ > t > e sure that there are now sundry " spirits fron | the vasty deep" of foul corruption—in plain words , Government agents—busily at work ieekingtoeffecttbis object , that the tyrants may be released from a position which is ungrateful to them . There are

      emissaries , like spirits of darkness , flitting" and gliding from place to place with stealthy steps , and attracting but little notice . We hear of secret meetings ; but we know not whether any such have been holden . If there have , we are satisfied that very few of the people have been thus seduced , and" we say to those few " Beware ! for you are all sold ; and a worse fate than that of Frort awaits you if you be not careful . " - ' ¦

      There is enough of power inthepeople ' shandBtoobtain for them all they ask for , if they have but honesty and virtue to make use of it ; and if they have ; not strength of mind to use their moral force , with unanimity and courage , that of itself , is proafthat they have not the power of effecting Anything by force . '

      Untitled Article

      . THE TIME TO TRY YOUR FRIENDS . The following correspondence baa been handed to us , for insertion , by Mr . Abec Hktwood , of Manchester : — TO TUB EDITOR OP THE NOBTHKBH STIR . Manchester , Jan . 1 , 1840 . Sib , —Please to insert the following letter from F . O'Connor , Esq . and its accompanying explanation , ' And you will oblige yours respectful ) J ¦ ¦ A . Hktwood . London , Monday Morning . Mt Dxxr Hetwood , —We must now- have ait end to all nonsense . You will instantly collect a aw of the best men in Manchester . Take cabs and lose no time in calling upon Mr . Fielden , treasurer io the Surplus Defence Fund of Mr Stephens . I sever have interfered in the matter , but now I must . I have advanced nearly £ l , 000 , only £ l 3 oolleetedinLon 4 on . We have not one farthing . Tell Mr . Fielden that If the public notices he has reoeiysd , hsiTe . jM ^ bjsJk sufficiently Btrong to warrant the payment ortbe

      tunas towards Frost ' s Defence , surely they hafte oeen sufficiently significant , to induce him to send me at once £ 890 , which Mr . Geach and mytelf tetft undertake to refund . The subscriptions are going on , but that will not bring up our witnesses , or pay our expenses in the legal and other departments . I have left myself without one single shilling , and when I have concluded this ' job it will be my last-I am Bick of patriotism when great patriots are to be asked for one penny . I will have no refusal , and if not * nt at once , Mr . Fielden must bear all the consequences of a conviction for want of a good defence .

      I have always been taught to consider Mr . F . » good and a virtuous man . If he had no public money I should expect the advance ; but from the « ircumstanc « s of the case , I have no right to doubt « . You will direct to me , Beaufort Arms Hotel Monmouth , by return of post , and send half notes m the first letter , so that we may use them at onee i request of you not to take the old money-mongering Committee of Manchester , to Mr . FieWeu '« , fgry 3 fr o eursed with a set who would speculate on Frost S * £ ¦* 9 fMh > Take good men , and tf you tail , md 4 > hU require Mr . O'ConneU , as a witness , and shall h e reto eendto Ireland fw him , and many oVker

      » vr - . ¦' " . ^ ts ^ V 1 * f <** Mt , Sttf im * mould repuk * it . L # * t nit Aow « y femhw feMMn ? Tory Committees together w take a slow opinion , while Frost andothers are being lost . It is too much of a good thing , whea such an undertaking is thrown upon one pair * shoulders . Not one of your monied patriots hafrv given a farthing . If it was not for the very poorest of the poor men , I would cut politics at once . We nave done our best—you have done your best—the poor men have done their best . I am off to Moor mouth , and shall most anxiously and oertainly expeet your remittance by return of post . Lose not » single moment . Faithfully yours , FEARGUS O'CONNOR .

      Untitled Article

      i Agreeably to the desire eoatained in Mr . tyCoaBort . letter , I . aTong wilfaSfr . K Curiaa . waited upon' Mt . taM * FieMtn , at the warehouse , in teel-• tieet , © a Tuesday evening , the 8 ist Instant Be teeeleved u » with all the affability and courteenmett of manner possible , and we eatered upon the subject of our visit I road the letter of Mr . O'Connor to him , and expressed my desire to him that be would agree in doing what the letter requited . In order to Induce him to do soI stated that the

      , subscriptlous were going on well ( which is the case ) , ana that he need be under no apprehension of its nonpayment , for so certain was I that the money would be returned that I should have had no objections to do » myself had I been able . He replied , he did not see * ow he eould devote the fund collected for Mr . Stephens ! ° *' -W other purpose than that for which the money SJSL ^ f f f ? bedl Bufc he 8 ald h « would consult ^ C !»» ) ! . * b 0 Ul ^ matter ' "t ired for ¦ o ™* minutes for that purpose . ** 1111

      I Sni ?!"" 1 ^ * me » heBa ! d « Mr . Heywood , L ! u ? * J « yott ***• : the money belonging to Mr my borrow , along with Mr . Curran . at the decision ha bad tome to , and left the warehouS : " Yours respectfully , Abel Hbtwood . It is said , and truly , that the time to prove your friends is when you want them . We apprehend that this correspondence will need no comment from us to enable the people fully to appreciate the value of the "patriotism" which would see Frost sink without a single effort .

      To Readers And Correspondents.

      TO READERS AND CORRESPONDENTS .

      Jabbz Barrowclough ahd mant FOthbrs . —Mr . O'Connor is in Wales , and we cannot mcth * mny oppoinlmmts for Mm . M . Medcalf . —Hi » rhymes xeere received . MRS . LoufnT . —ITe repeat that her papers were sent bpihefird mail after her letter arrived . They left Lteds on Saturday at twelve o ' clock . Her letter did not arrive UUihe Friday mail was gone . * W * PH BU 8 HWORTH , NEW TOWN , HODDBRSFIEXD . i ., v- - £ fM * 9 ««< thaU be complied with . Apply at Mr . PtmtMy ' s in about a fortnight Charles Ifood—Jppfy at the same time . David Milnes , Joiner , Ashford . — € an have his paper by tending cash in advance , with the Portraits that are to be given , but ntt those that have been given . Prom the Femalo Radicals of Leeds , fbr J . Bronterre ( TBrien , 12 « .

      J . Heltar-s letters will be refused if they are not post-paid . B . O . Garruthbrs . -- Twelve eopies own * ordered for [ Hwderson , N * rtb Shields , last umh , and twelve wen sent . Thomas small , Guisbrouoh . —We do not Imw'this person ; ho must write again . HOM-ET Northerw Union . —The complaints of their Mt being noticed in the Star , will be partially remedied by their writing any communication for the Editor , that it can be cut of and sent to him , without interfering with any thing they may have to sav about their papers .

      $ 0 AOEMTS . —We beg to remind our Agents of the neo ^ l » of their communieatiotts for the OjJUx being as brief as possible , and would also suggest the propriety of their orders being wriOtat in large figures , in a conspicuous part of their letters . Two or three ' *¦ _ omrtq * a host qf words , which we Had scarcely time to look at . CK . RBAr . E-a papers were always put into the Post-office he must send to the Pest Master General for the ^ fWimtffvm

      FROST'S DEFENCE FUND . £ . s . d . From William * and Binns ... « . $ i 9 Remittance ... ^ . ** . e e 4 From Edinburgh , per J . Duncan ... 6 12 11 Dundee , per Miss Mary Bums , which includes the profit of Star ^ , 0 8 0 Merthyr Tydvil Female RadUtd Association * . ^ 7 jo if The Chartists of Darlington M S 0 0 The Bath Female Radical Association 2 10 0 Bradford , per J . Sttaddeto * ... _ 1 5 7 J W . andC , Malton ~ . _ ... l 7 $ Ktimttcnock , ptrR . C . ~ . ... 1 10 # PRE 8 TOW . General subscriptions If 7 * ; -. "¦'¦• ; . ' v ¦¦'¦ ¦ .: ¦ ' . '' - ? - ¦ " * r'tojhiiiii ' - « a - . * ¦ ¦ ¦ * v ' : - \ -. '; ¦ :- . ' ¦ . ' s 0 ii - P « $ taff $ aia Order , 0 0 10 ¦ - / ' ¦ ' ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦¦'¦ ¦ '' ' . ¦ ¦ . ¦ ¦ a V ' o / '¦ : . . .. V , _ . i , ^ £ f Q ¦ lUqUaUofRttwity , County of Ayr 114 Frm HaH / a * , p < T R . Wilkintom ... 8 J 0 . Dtwsbury , per T . Brook ... - ~ 1 18 9 Jfeyoofe Working Men ' s Association 0 7 . Democrats of Stourbridge 2 0 0 Do . Lye Watte ... ~ . 17 f 3 • Pontypool , per J . Parry ~~ ... * 0 0 Huddersfield , per J . Leech ... 12 7 7 Barndey , per Peter Hoey ... 1 4 io | Kendal , per Henry FothergiU ^ S 10 KeighUv , per D . Wheatherhead ... 7 4 4 Hull Corduniners" Union ... ... # 19 0 Two Friends at Osseit Street Side ,

      near Wakefield ... ... 0 4 g Liberty ... « . # 1 Liversedge , near Leeds , per Mr . Matthews «~ ^ ... 11 * A Friend at Fccleshill ... ... 0 2 8 Dundee , per John Legge ... ~ , 1 l > e Ashton , next week « . M Halifax , per R . Suidife * . ... I 4 By Profit on Northern Star , Dec 21 st ^ . 197 17 8 By Profits of

      Advertisements ^ . « . 6 7 0—203 4 0 Todmorden , perJ . Walton ... q \ % 7 Cosswell Bath ~ . ... «~ . 1 0 A few Friends , neat Sandbaeh ... $ 5 0 Jordan Chadwick , TiUicoullry M 0 6 0 gam / ley , per Peter Hoey ^ 5 0 0 A few Working Jewellers , London , per Henry Kitchen ... w 0 II I Montrose Radicals ~ . 0 8 0 Afriend toMontrosc ~~ 0 0 6——0 8 8 A fevt poor men . at London „ . e 5 e The Operative Masons at Belper . « . 0 7 0 A few Journeyman Brushmakers , at Staveky , near Chesterfield ... 0 1 * 0 The Radicals of Leigh ~ . «~ 1 IS The Chartists of Donoaster ~ , 1 2 8 Kirkland and Meslhie , per W .

      Unm , Fife « - — -. 100 A fiw friends to the Charter , at Hereford , ... ^ . w | 14 I Men lathe Machine Room Northern Star office »* , 0 9 0 Staffordshire , per C . SalU . ... S 9 7 The Shareholders in the Northern Star , at Keighley ~ ~ . 1 6 Abergavenny , per Thos . Ingram ... 100 Do ., A friend ~ . «~ ... » 4 » Lochee , Scotland , collected by the Universal Suf rage Association ... SOI Keith , per J . Andrews ... ~ , IS 4 A sincere Chartist at

      Deuton * . ~ 0 14 0 Postage ... « . 0 2 8- ¦ 0 11 4 Paisley , per AUken ~ ... 1 7 » Jfag * . - ~ - - * • ttraqfora ~< ««» ~ . 0 a 0 rrinidp aiCupar Angm ~ . IS O * ft 7 «*» ... ... 0 16 0—1 0 I o ** b * •»» ~» ... ... 2 0 0 Matthew M'Quire ' s last sUtpence ... 0 18 Oldham , per Hy . Smethurst ... 8 2 8 Dundee , per Wm . High ~ , ... 2 15 8 drenotsttr , perJ . Beechan « . S 0 0 Edinburgh , per D . M'Andreut « tl « 1

      Trowbridge , per J . Moore ... 2 19 1 Shktsley , perD . Halion ~ . M oil Belptr , per J . Smith ~ . ^ . 110 HaUmlh ... 110 Irvine , Ayrshire ^ . .. 201 Davel Chartirts — « . 1 0 g Burnley , perR , Duckworth ... 3 0 0 Stackport t per Riley , Chestergai « ... 0 U 0 Stafford , ( noticed before ) ... 0 10 2 Do , ... ... ... ... 0 0 \ Northampton , per Jones ... S 0 0 Kidderminster ... ... ... 1 2 8 AFritnd , SouthMalton , D 4 von ... 0 * 6 Thre * mm at Ripon ... ... 0 t Tht Fo * and Hounds , Ctstergat * ,

      v Nottingham ... — 1 t As fls « sjf turn at vh hadrovm for , ™ have noticed { 9 ditaiiin another portion if our paper , but they * 6 t mudaU 1 to jatt upon us , that wtjktd it miU hi itopTmub&sovrith thtwtU , '

      Untitled Article

      iBson . ; Defrauding aw Emplovek . —On Monday , six ! 3 " w ' ^ i nam ^ - -f" / W * H ^ wn . John S ? J \ hJfP' & } & * XbA pi Toplis . Wm . Hirst , and Matthew HoUiDgsworth , all late In the employ -ui * v * " owa . rd j « a ] Te » -manufacturer , were charged with having defrauded their employer out of various sums of money , by having overdrawn their wages SiuSi ™ time » ^ , an ?? te ?» « amount . Mr . BoSd , f « i ^ W 54 . Mr Howard , and Sir Gregory «™ inde X en de . & Pnsonew ; in consequence , how . ever , of their having pleaded guilty / the case was notgoneint . o . and jbe magistfatesV havingtaken rfi «? S deil ' 5 ^ «» " ?^«>» » t the deques " of Mr . Howard , mitigated the punishment ofeach of them to two months imprisonment in Wakefleld House of Correction .

      FAL 8 iBALANCE . T-On Monday , CharleB Head , corn dealer , Marsh-lane , appeared at the Court House , k ^ S ! f ftn 'n fo'mation preferred against him by Mr . Hanson , in spector of weights and measures , for haying used a balance for weighing coals which Wa 8 £ S' £ eflcie ? t In a half hundredweight . He was fined 20 « . and costs , MAW- " . n A ATri !> IPT T 0 BnFAK ^ UT ° * Dunhr- ^ ir « r A d « P * rate attempt was made to Kurt . ? } 5 u on l 8 ao 1 y ?« totdaT evening , contrived uk J ) adBdby the n ^ rious « Duke " E liotf , who with his comrade Parker , alias "The Potter »'? 2 ^ miswsM

      thii . - -i .-3 \ , "'*» wnicn , it u believed . tLltett ^ S " - which contained some of bis food . On Todd JC tog to inspect the vessel ElUott J 8 £ h& £ i behwd several violent blows on bis face andbea ? with part of his irons , which knocked him down and rendered him for a short time insensible Elliott ^ ben rnshed to the door , where he eJcounl tered Wilkinron , whom be also knocked down Fortunately , the governor was in the building ; and hearing the outcries of Toddhe called to a prisoner

      , of the name of Monro , a powerful nan , who is employed as a sweeper of the prison , and ou whom he coold rely , who , with another prisoner of the name of Sharp , ran to the large passage just ag Elliott had opeaed the door of the hall where the untried prisoners ( to the number of thirteen ) are kept . Monro and Sharp succeeded in throwing Elliott down , while Wilkinson closed the door , at the moment three of the men were coming out , followed by all the others . The governor had in the mean time secured the check gate , and then sent for a reinforcement of officers from other parts of the prison , who again placed Elliott and Parker in irons . From circumstances that have since tmnnnirflr ) . th *

      can be no doubt that the plan of escape had been previously concerted with the untried prisoners : and , had the latter succeeded in getting into the passage , the officers and their assistant * would have been overpowered , if not murdered . Indeed , their escape would have been almost inevitable , had not the governor , unknown to Elliott and Parker , been in an adjoining apartment . Although Parker did not quit his room , or join in the assault on Todd , he had clearly been a party to the Bcheme , as big irons ?*« ?«* "led away ; and Elliott , after knocking

      Wilkinson dowB , called upon him to "come on , now ' s the time—both the b are down . " It is supposed , howaver that he was deterred from taking part-in the scuffla in tha passage by kearing the governor ' s voice , and finding Monro had come to the assistance of the officers . We regret to state that Todd ha * been ssverely wounded . We understand *? ™? Pme efforts are making to obtain a remission of Elliott and Parker ' * sentence , but this additional proof of their dangerous character must prevent the extension of the royal clemency to such daring and desperate offender * . —Durham Chronicle .

      A curious case came on on Monday before the 7 « x ?» Police MaRifst « tes . a seaman ( Donald M'Nab ) claimed £ 15 5 s . 6 d ., the balance of wages due to him on a voyage to Madras and back to England . Among other deductions insisted on by die agent of the owners was £ 2 6 s ., or amonth ' s pay , because M'Nab , a Scotch Presbyterian , refused to attend Divine service on board according to the Rubric of the Church of England , agreeably to a regulation made by the owners . The deduction was , of course , disallowed j and the ease governed another , that of a Romin Catholic seaman on board the same ship . The object of the shipowners was to keep up the moral discipline of the crew , and to promote the spiritual welfare of the men . ThA

      goodness of their intentions was not , fora moment , questioned ; bat the Presbyterian , whose conscience seems to have been latitudinarian with respect to j ntoxu » t !« v VMgdta : ««» der with respect to the ConnPnjer-book . ; In order toavo ^ doing yiolence to tender consaenoes , shipowneni oug&t to dvertue for seamen ^ of particular creeds . Some landlords will not let farms to dissenters ; othets will not let ground on which Catholicn " may build a chapel j and sometimes Methodists advertise for servant * of their own persuasion . It would not surprise us if Messrs . Cbahnienand Guthrie , the owners of the Siratfadcn , were , in consequence of this decision , to propose a test for the exclusion of Presbyterians and Roman Catholics . — Mtrnmg Chronicle . . °

      QUHamHIAP . TRIUMPHANT VICTORY of th * CHARTJSTS OVER THE HUMBUG CORN LAW REPEALERS AT QUEENSHEAD . The spirited Chartists of this village obtained a triumph over the profitmongers , in the Baptist Chapel , on Wednesday afternoon last . It will be recollected ¦ that this place was denied to the Chartists when our dinner was given to Mr . O'Connor , though Mr . Pitkethl y advanced £ 5 for the use of it , for the public meeting in the evening . This shows the anxmus of those who frequent this conventide . The chair was taken by Mr . Stocks , of Halifax . Four resolutions were passed in dumb show , and a knot of fellows from Halifax and Bradford spouted forth in their favour .

      After the speakers on the repeal side had raved themselves to exhaustion , then came the tug of war . Mr . C . Shackleton advanced in front of the S llery , to move a counter-resolution , to the effect at the repeal of the Corn Laws , unless accompanied by Universal Suffrage , to appropriate the benefit ot euch repeal to the good of the working classes , would be useless and destructive . He made a number of remarks in reply to the observations of the repealers , which had a very smart effect

      upon the gentlemen blackguards upon the platform . He ( Mr . Shackleton ) made use of some very powerful arguments , and replied to nearly every sophistical remark that had been made by the preoeding speakers . Altogether , he spoke with remarkable effect and energy , and the cheers were literally astounding . The Chairman was rising to congratulate Mr . Shackleton upon the ability he had displayed when ¦ . * ' . ¦*

      Mr . J . Bairstow rose , in the front of the gallery , to second the amendment . He spoke very rapidly and with great talent and energy . The repealers looked rather blue when the loud and long-continued cheering of the meeting fell in thunder on their ears . The amendment being put to the vote , was carried by a large majority . Mr . Stocks , the Whig , declared he could hardly tell which had the majority . He then resorted to the stratagem of pretending to count them in different sections of the chapel . They managed , by this piece of humbug , to forge a majority . The meeting , indignant at this mode of im > - « eediagv * ose unanimously to express their resentment , when - Mr 5 ^ 2 " ° * PWPOMd three cheers for Universal Suffrage , and three cheers for Mr . John r rost .

      The cheers were given with an enthusiasm and energy that made the building tremble , and which sounded like the death-knell of tyranny . —From a Correspondent . ftcEEN 8 HEAD .-0 n Wednesday evening last , the Democrats of this village held a convivial entertainments , at which upwards of one hundred of the stalwart sons of toil , with their wives- and sweethearts , sat down to an excellent tea , in the People ' s Hall , Street-bottom . The room was splendidly decorated with evergreens and flowers of

      every colour aad variety . Portraits of several patriotic gentlemen also variegated the splendid scene . The scene was truly imposing ana magnificent when the flood of light emitted from the brilliant chandeliers biased throughout the room . After Monsieur Gusto had ceased his devoirs , the intellectual of the evening began . Mr . Bates was chosen chairman . Speeches , glee singing , dramatic represenUtioni , recitations , other amusements , and laughing contributed to the convivialities ef the evening . * m

      HOPDBUirZVUD . M nm EDITOR Of THI IOBTRIRII STAR . ' % T ^ t . * """ A * " of the Huddersfleld Cooperative Society , will be much obliged if you would JP «^ «| a » U « I * oe in joM valuble paper fer the fel-UVDDIRSPIBLO CO-OPBHATIVH SOCIBTT . The members and their Mends of the above sodetv held tteto tenth annual festival in the Philosophical tastefully decorated , and comfortable , and at half-past flv ^ o'ctoek upwards of 450 men and women , after staging « Be present at our table Lord , " Ae ., sat down to tea . the women aU beautiful , degautly ^ Wred , 3 Wg < 82 *\* £ ? ^ !** ' * " ** * ¦ ** attentiveto tte comfort * 0 ! the females . After tea , "Praise Ood from

      Untitled Article

      W ^ mm aS ^ nSSou ! n ^^^™ offfie ^^ jiir ^^ tious of the Huddenfidd Co ^ opirX ^ gS ^ * was nsponded to by *¦ * Sm % JB ^* 3 M showed the rise , progress , and high stetio * S ^ JZSiB uow heldsin a moral and * imJSS £ jgl $ - < £ «* togetber , " wasrin g with irea < effect , thw bitl ^ H glee singers andTland ofmusie piient ^* * --m The principles of Co-operation were spoken ( u —* James Blackbttrn , who proved that nffiS r , JV « S "eve the 1 distress that now prevailed but ttj ^ , l 3 j ^ operating together , opening stores . anTfc" ^!

      until they hate capital of their own . Song-- ? ^ M " Co-operators , come rejoieeon this our festive . '» V I For our exertions have been blessed in itttU ' rmM perousway .- | ^ J ? 1 " ^~ C 0 ? - att « B <» the endeavours of all i , DnMJ tive Societies ,- was responded to by Mr . W . Cl « " ^ M in a clear , elegant , and beautiful manner sh ^ . ruM rapid progress co-operation li naklnT and i » M- L H long the operatives would form"STWRjJ fU society throughout the country . * M Song— " The fruitful fields confess our toll , 9 The palaces our genius show , M The boundles ocean and the Isle : M

      £ Acknowledge our labour too . " ¦ " The produc ive classes the source of all wcn ' . th mJm may they co-oporate to obtain that wealth wl » u , mS | SiiZSffiTW * ° Mr / SBnnol 'Oitoda « 4 , wli SSSS ^ » i tno « h the operaures prortuceTaH the wealth in existence , yet they would continue iahM n poverty and want , so longas they laboured fwothetll nssead of themselves , and . Ucluded b ^ aU ^ uSi the wealth-produdng classes to come forwa-d uM enrol themseves under the banner of Co ^ perati" * ' ^ M Song— " Hark t the cumb ' rous shacUei' fall H From the rude uncivil grasp ; 9 Freeing labour from the thrall m Of fell mammon's savage clasp / . ' -m Freedom , freedom , is the word M ost be

      , -. ^ m with wealth crowa-i -M ¦ S . ? £ ?* «*««* ofssword ; T M ThUU bribery confound . " ., ' \ jM "May the friends of humanity never cease toa « ia 3 cate the cause of the people nntU the tabourenr * 3 » ll and philantropUste who were at present advoeatb ^ B cause of the people , but he called upon theTpeoX ^ B take their affairs Into their own haVds . and'KH shoulder to

      the wheel in good earnest , tor &od hrfXI them that help themselves . There were otbw- a ^ S speeches made in the course of the evening , W tffli company was supplied throughout with lemonlli vSM cake ; and , after welcoming Si the new year , ikinhfflm ing " lord dismiss us with thy blearing , " andlaa | g § l that right would overcome might , and ardently wUtwl for the time when all will become indepenflast ^ H bourers , having the full fruits of their udastfy e ^ 9 mankind living together as one family in peaw . ' loiEJl and charity , the company separated , highly deugttflffl with the evening ' s entertainments """! : ^

      Abraham Turner , SeaM Lecture on the Cork Laws .- ^ -Oh Thursday aw Friday , the 26 th and 27 th ult ., the celebrated Mi Smith , of Manchester , came here to lecdure on iJB Corn Laws . He was attended by a small parM with Mr . W . Brooke at their head , as chainnsi ? Mr . Smith blew up the aristocracy and landowuS to such an extent , that , had he . been a ChartieVM might have expected being sent to York dtj&i bail ; he also held up the whole of the members if the House of Commons to the greatest ridiauM declaring himself to be an eye witness of their hiSp bility either to do good to themselves or any o&W part of society ; he praised the good conduct of tbi

      -MWVU . K , wuu d « m \ . uv nuuiu lauin gu tutu 61 U 3 p « npE : and take the first 658 persons to do the bustajS and that they would have more good manners aw " civility than he had ever witnessed in the Heoii ( A person in the meeting then called out , " ExteM the Suffrage , and better men will be sent . " ) MP Smith promised to give his views on that point , b * forgot . A person in the gallery was anxious to up him some questions , but the Chairman mterfijrai The lecturer promised to answer any questions * the conclusion of each lecture . All was very mm * until he had concluded , when Mr . Pitketbly afikef . him a number of questions on the PoorLawl&M which Mr . Smith deprecated as cruel and unjustm the face of the bastile crew . After some altercnii *

      betwixt Mr . Brooke Willans and Mr . Pitlrtthl ^ the meeting broke up . ¦' ¦'¦ ^ T ^ J On the Friday the meeting was a great deal ltr « frl with expectation that several questions wbuldibfi aaked , and resolutions submitted . Mr . S , n »| menced at seven o ' clock , and did not conclude taJO hear ten o ' clock—a great many of the Bastile' fSS ^ I not daring to attend again . Mr * Williams wai m I in the chair . At the conclusion of the JectureIS . 1 Binne rose and addressed the chairman , wfacKw was stopped by him to say a few worda , wbifi ^ p did , and told the meeting they had been thereloii enough ; they mi ght go home to their wives and families , the meeting was dissolved .

      Proceedings arising out of thb New Poor La * , —On Saturday , Mr . Brunton was summoned before Messrs . Brook , Suteliffe , and Joe Starkey , to show cause why he would not deliver up the situation M master of the workhouse . Mr . Floyd . Clerk to tin Guardians , appeared for the case . Mr . Bronton applied for the summons to stand over until Tuesday as some of the other Magistrates would be there , and he might have a fair hearing , as that was their own cate , they being tbe bastile ex offitios ; but it was not allowed ; and they ordered him to deliver up possession on Monday , or they would oonviei

      him in the full penalty of £ 5 . Accordingly , on Men * day morning , Mr . Brunton left the place , and delivered up possession to Mr . Poppleton , one of tbt overseers . All was in a Btate of excitement , and great numbers assembled , expecting to see Ms . Ainsworth enter the House ; but to the joy and surprise of the rate-payers , Mr . Poppleton told thedl he would keep it as long as there was a stone left , and he had power . The Clerk and Guardians are won derfully puzzled to know how to get hold of the property , as the rate-payers generally are determined not to let it be made into a bastile .

      MXDDLETON . Public Meeting . —On Sunday , the 29 th Decem ber , at two o ' clock in the afternoon , a public meet * ing was held in the Reformers' Chapel , top fit Barrowfield , for the purpose of electing a committee * o look after the political interests of the Chartists of Middleton . Robert Ward in the chair . The following persons were elected on the committee—Robert Ward , John Winter , John Cooper , John OgdeU f James Smith , John Hunt . William Hilton , Roger Gregory , and Thomas Wild . > Lecture . —According to announcement , that Mb . Chappel , of Rochdale , would deliver a lecture in thft Reformers ' Chapel , on Tuesday , the 31 stDeeembef .

      ( the subject , the principles of the People ' s Charter , ) to commence at eight o ' clock in the evening , all assemblage of persons took place , and waited very patiently till about nine o ' clock for the lecturer who came not . John Hunt was unanimously elected to preside . The meeting was addressed by the presfr » dent and Mr . Robert Ward . The leading article of last week ' s Northern Star was read fay . the Chairman , which seemed to give , great satisfaction , and very beautifully supplied the place of a lecture . Tht meeting quietly separated a few minutes befell eleven o'clock . —Correspondent .

      BAUPORD . ' . Radical Association *—The ¦ embenrof tbkbwJf are exerting themselves during the recess of tilt General Convention , to organise the town , for < bl next meeting of the Convention . The question 01 sending a delegate to represent the town of SalfoiA , was brought under the consideration of the memberi at the weekly meeting , on Monday last , when it was unanimously resolved , that a fund for the rap * port of the member for Salford commence immedi ately , and that a guarantee committee be appointed . On the motion or Mr . Campbell , it was resolved that a pnblio meeting - of the working metv of Salford

      tuke place in the Town Hall , for the purpose of considering the case of Mr . Frost and others , now in Monmouth gaol , and that Feargus O'Connor , Esq ., Messrs , Lloyd and Wardenorf , Belton , and other friends , who arerespectfttliy invited to attend , and that the meeting takes place in the Town HaU , on Wednesday next , 8 th January . The members 'w . 'M pectfully informed that a general meeting will take place in the Association Booms , Ho ^ M stephen-street , on Monday , previous to the gres meeting in the TowaHall . The oommittee for oonducting Mr . Frost ' sDefonee Fund earnestly request that those friends of humanity that have not yet come forward , will do so immediately , as the bMs > > ng expanses of the trials render it necessary that the nwney should be sent off without any delay .

      - - * ¦ SABMtXXT . ; , ... l NoRTBim Union . —The members of the rfs * them Union have held a meeting , and passed tife f ollowinf reioluUon : — "A » Ui « town and neifhboishood oontribated tke sum » f £ 90 towards Uie de / ort of the Rev . Jeeepb Rayner Stephens , iris the opinion , as die trial is over , that tbe surplus shoul bf « appropriated to the defenoe of Mr . John Fsjgtl and the Welsh patrioto . " Frost ' s DBFENee Fund . —I bavo tent ydu the sum of £ 5 towards the defence of the Wehib patriots . You will see by a letter signed Dailey , that their i 9 fc is enclosed , and also 2 i . 6 d . from a friend . ^ Statb op TRADB .- ^ Trade is in a sickly state , The fancy trade isnearly over , and nothing to supp ^ its place . There are many out of employment Some warehouses have completely stoppeo , aM others are reduciog their number of workmen . /

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      wen interred in Mansneio ; church-yard , within » lew d » yi of each other , whose uniUd aces amounted to B 82 years-.-Mrs . Mitens , SO : Mrs . RoMnsen . 8 Q ; Mrs . Maseey , 82 j and Mrs . Slaney , SK ) . Tho latter being born in 1750 , of eourse lived ten years in the reign of George II .-Dmcaster . Wbmh Fmdrbs . —We are glad to announce tk * t , * t the instigation of Earl Speneer ( better known t . 109 far me" of Eogland as Lord Althoro ) a priw is in future to be offered at Smithfleld Cattle Sfiow'for ^ e best breed of Welsh oattle . Aaotner prue ia offered to Sootland .-Cii « oHafi .

      -I J- ^_-»»»»»»»»»»»»»»*-» ^ » ^ »^T ^&Gt; ^^^M^^—^I Leeds And West-Riding News.

      -I j- ^_ - »»»»»»»»»»»»»»* - » ^ » ^ »^ t ^> ^^^ M ^^—^ i LEEDS AND WEST-RIDING NEWS .

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      B M ¦ ¦ i , 4 THg NORTHERN STA /

      Lo*Fhvitt. —Lart . Week, Tonr Venerable Dames

      Lo * fHviTT . —Lart . week , tonr venerable dames

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), Jan. 4, 1840, page 4, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/king-y1kbzq92ze2665/page/4/